1
|
Anderson VE, Brilha SS, Weber AM, Pachnio A, Wiedermann GE, Dauleh S, Ahmed T, Pope GR, Quinn LL, Docta RY, Quattrini A, Masters S, Cartwright N, Viswanathan P, Melchiori L, Rice LV, Sevko A, Gueguen C, Saini M, Tavano B, Abbott RJ, Silk JD, Laugel B, Sanderson JP, Gerry AB. Enhancing Efficacy of TCR-engineered CD4 + T Cells Via Coexpression of CD8α. J Immunother 2023; 46:132-144. [PMID: 36826388 PMCID: PMC10072215 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with T cells expressing affinity-enhanced T-cell receptors (TCRs) is a promising treatment for solid tumors. Efforts are ongoing to further engineer these T cells to increase the depth and durability of clinical responses and broaden efficacy toward additional indications. In the present study, we investigated one such approach: T cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector to coexpress an affinity-enhanced HLA class I-restricted TCR directed against MAGE-A4 alongside a CD8α coreceptor. We hypothesized that this approach would enhance CD4 + T-cell helper and effector functions, possibly leading to a more potent antitumor response. Activation of transduced CD4 + T cells was measured by detecting CD40 ligand expression on the surface and cytokine and chemokine secretion from CD4 + T cells and dendritic cells cultured with melanoma-associated antigen A4 + tumor cells. In addition, T-cell cytotoxic activity against 3-dimensional tumor spheroids was measured. Our data demonstrated that CD4 + T cells coexpressing the TCR and CD8α coreceptor displayed enhanced responses, including CD40 ligand expression, interferon-gamma secretion, and cytotoxic activity, along with improved dendritic cell activation. Therefore, our study supports the addition of the CD8α coreceptor to HLA class I-restricted TCR-engineered T cells to enhance CD4 + T-cell functions, which may potentially improve the depth and durability of antitumor responses in patients.
Collapse
|
2
|
Spyropoulos AC, Goldin M, Giannis D, Diab W, Wang J, Khanijo S, Mignatti A, Gianos E, Cohen M, Sharifova G, Lund JM, Tafur A, Lewis PA, Cohoon KP, Rahman H, Sison CP, Lesser ML, Ochani K, Agrawal N, Hsia J, Anderson VE, Bonaca M, Halperin JL, Weitz JI. Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutic-Dose Heparin vs Standard Prophylactic or Intermediate-Dose Heparins for Thromboprophylaxis in High-risk Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: The HEP-COVID Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181:1612-1620. [PMID: 34617959 PMCID: PMC8498934 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 are at risk for venous and arterial thromboembolism and death. Optimal thromboprophylaxis dosing in high-risk patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of therapeutic-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) vs institutional standard prophylactic or intermediate-dose heparins for thromboprophylaxis in high-risk hospitalized patients with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The HEP-COVID multicenter randomized clinical trial recruited hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 with D-dimer levels more than 4 times the upper limit of normal or sepsis-induced coagulopathy score of 4 or greater from May 8, 2020, through May 14, 2021, at 12 academic centers in the US. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to institutional standard prophylactic or intermediate-dose LMWH or unfractionated heparin vs therapeutic-dose enoxaparin, 1 mg/kg subcutaneous, twice daily if creatinine clearance was 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater (0.5 mg/kg twice daily if creatinine clearance was 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2) throughout hospitalization. Patients were stratified at the time of randomization based on intensive care unit (ICU) or non-ICU status. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary efficacy outcome was venous thromboembolism (VTE), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), or death from any cause, and the principal safety outcome was major bleeding at 30 ± 2 days. Data were collected and adjudicated locally by blinded investigators via imaging, laboratory, and health record data. RESULTS Of 257 patients randomized, 253 were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 66.7 [14.0] years; men, 136 [53.8%]; women, 117 [46.2%]); 249 patients (98.4%) met inclusion criteria based on D-dimer elevation and 83 patients (32.8%) were stratified as ICU-level care. There were 124 patients (49%) in the standard-dose vs 129 patients (51%) in the therapeutic-dose group. The primary efficacy outcome was met in 52 of 124 patients (41.9%) (28.2% VTE, 3.2% ATE, 25.0% death) with standard-dose heparins vs 37 of 129 patients (28.7%) (11.7% VTE, 3.2% ATE, 19.4% death) with therapeutic-dose LMWH (relative risk [RR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49-0.96; P = .03), including a reduction in thromboembolism (29.0% vs 10.9%; RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.21-0.66; P < .001). The incidence of major bleeding was 1.6% with standard-dose vs 4.7% with therapeutic-dose heparins (RR, 2.88; 95% CI, 0.59-14.02; P = .17). The primary efficacy outcome was reduced in non-ICU patients (36.1% vs 16.7%; RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27-0.81; P = .004) but not ICU patients (55.3% vs 51.1%; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.62-1.39; P = .71). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, therapeutic-dose LMWH reduced major thromboembolism and death compared with institutional standard heparin thromboprophylaxis among inpatients with COVID-19 with very elevated D-dimer levels. The treatment effect was not seen in ICU patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04401293.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Spyropoulos
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Goldin
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Wassim Diab
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Janice Wang
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Sameer Khanijo
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Andrea Mignatti
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York.,Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York
| | - Eugenia Gianos
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York.,Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York
| | - Marc Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gulru Sharifova
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Alfonso Tafur
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.,Division of Cardiology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Kevin P Cohoon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Husneara Rahman
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Cristina P Sison
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York.,Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Martin L Lesser
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York.,Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Nirav Agrawal
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Judith Hsia
- Colorado Prevention Center (CPC) Clinical Research, Aurora.,Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | | | - Marc Bonaca
- Colorado Prevention Center (CPC) Clinical Research, Aurora.,Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Jonathan L Halperin
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goldin M, Giannis D, Diab W, Wang J, Khanijo S, Sharifova G, Cohen M, Lund JM, Mignatti A, Gianos E, Tafur A, Lewis PA, Cohoon K, Kittelson JM, Lesser ML, Sison CP, Rahman H, Ochani K, Hiatt WR, Dale RA, Anderson VE, Bonaca M, Halperin JL, Weitz JI, Spyropoulos AC. Treatment-Dose LMWH versus Prophylactic/Intermediate Dose Heparins in High-Risk COVID-19 Inpatients: Rationale and Design of the HEP-COVID Trial. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1684-1695. [PMID: 33823560 DOI: 10.1055/a-1475-2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with significant risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and mortality particularly among hospitalized patients with critical illness and elevated D-dimer (Dd) levels. Conflicting data have yet to elucidate optimal thromboprophylaxis dosing. HEP-COVID (NCT04401293) is a phase 3, multicenter, pragmatic, prospective, randomized, pseudo-blinded, active control trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of therapeutic-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) versus prophylactic-/intermediate-dose LMWH or unfractionated heparin (UFH) for prevention of a primary efficacy composite outcome of VTE, ATE, and all-cause mortality 30 ± 2 days post-enrollment. Eligible patients have COVID-19 diagnosis by nasal swab or serologic testing, requirement for supplemental oxygen per investigator judgment, and Dd >4 × upper limit of normal (ULN) or sepsis-induced coagulopathy score ≥4. Subjects are randomized to enoxaparin 1 mg/kg subcutaneous (SQ)/two times a day (BID) (creatinine clearance [CrCl] ≥ 30 mL/min) or 0.5 mg/kg (CrCl 15-30 mL/min) versus local institutional prophylactic regimens including (1) UFH up to 22,500 IU (international unit) daily (divided BID or three times a day), (2) enoxaparin 30 and 40 mg SQ QD (once daily) or BID, or (3) dalteparin 2,500 IU or 5,000 IU QD. The principal safety outcome is major bleeding. Events are adjudicated locally. Based on expected 40% relative risk reduction with treatment-dose compared with prophylactic-dose prophylaxis, 308 subjects will be enrolled (assuming 20% drop-out) to achieve 80% power. Distinguishing design features include an enriched population for the composite endpoint anchored on Dd >4 × ULN, stratification by intensive care unit (ICU) versus non-ICU, and the ability to capture asymptomatic proximal deep venous thrombosis via screening ultrasonography prior to discharge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Goldin
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States
| | - Wassim Diab
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Janice Wang
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Sameer Khanijo
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Gulru Sharifova
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Marc Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jeet M Lund
- Wellspan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Andrea Mignatti
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States.,Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Eugenia Gianos
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States.,Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Alfonso Tafur
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, United States.,Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Paul A Lewis
- Evidence Based Medicine, Baycare Health System, Clearwater, Florida, United States
| | - Kevin Cohoon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John M Kittelson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Martin L Lesser
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Cristina P Sison
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| | - Husneara Rahman
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States
| | - William R Hiatt
- Biostatistics, Colorado Prevention Center (CPC) Clinical Research, Aurora, Colorado, United States.,Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Rita A Dale
- Biostatistics, Colorado Prevention Center (CPC) Clinical Research, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Victoria E Anderson
- Biostatistics, Colorado Prevention Center (CPC) Clinical Research, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Marc Bonaca
- Biostatistics, Colorado Prevention Center (CPC) Clinical Research, Aurora, Colorado, United States.,Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Jonathan L Halperin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex C Spyropoulos
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Theophanous RG, Vissoci JRN, Wen FH, Griffin SM, Anderson VE, Mullins ME, Brandehoff NP, Quackenbush EB, Bush SP, Toschlog EA, Greene SC, Sharma K, Kleinschmidt K, Charlton NP, Rose SR, Schwartz R, Lewis B, Lavonas EJ, Gerardo CJ. Validity and reliability of telephone administration of the patient-specific functional scale for the assessment of recovery from snakebite envenomation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007935. [PMID: 31834923 PMCID: PMC6934321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although more than 1.8 million people survive snakebite envenomation each year, their recovery is understudied. Obtaining long-term follow-up is challenging in both high- and low-resource settings. The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is an easily administered, well-accepted patient-reported outcome that is validated for assessing limb recovery from snakebite envenomation. We studied whether the PSFS is valid and reliable when administered by telephone. Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial. We analyzed the results of PSFS collected in-person on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and by telephone on days 10, 17, and 24. We assessed the following scale psychometric properties: (a) content validity (ceiling and floor effects), (b) internal structure and consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), and (c) temporal and external validity using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Temporal stability was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and agreement between adjacent in-person and telephonic assessments with Cohen’s kappa. Bland Altman analysis was used to assess differential bias in low and high score results. Results Data from 74 patients were available for analysis. Floor effects were seen in the early post-injury time points (median: 3 (IQR: 0, 5) at 3 days post-enrollment) and ceiling effects in the late time points (median: 9 (IQR: 8, 10). Internal consistency was good to excellent with both in-person (Cronbach α: 0.91 (95%CI 0.88, 0.95)) and telephone administration (0.81 (0.73, 0.89). Temporal stability was also good (ICC: 0.83 (0.72, 0.89) in-person, 0.80 (0.68, 0.88) telephone). A strong linear correlation was found between in-person and telephone administration (Spearman’s ρ: 0.83 (CI: 0.78, 0.84), consistency was assessed as excellent (Cohen’s κ 0.81 (CI: 0.78, 0.84), and Bland Altman analysis showed no systematic bias. Conclusions Telephone administration of the PSFS provides valid, reliable, and consistent data for the assessment of recovery from snakebite envenomation. Snakebite envenomation is an important but neglected tropical disease that impacts millions of people worldwide each year. These bites lead to both death and permanent disability. As they occur in tropical and subtropical regions, they primarily impact people from low-income areas of the world. As potential new treatments are being developed, we must understand their potential benefit in humans before they can be widely disseminated. Performing these human studies requires the ability to determine how patients recovered with these treatments. Having people return for evaluation during recovery is difficult in these low-income regions. We evaluated the ability to use a telephone version of an already accepted measurement of recovery in snakebite, the Patient-Specific Functional Scale. This study demonstrates that using this telephone-administered measure is feasible, valid, and reliable. With the results of this study, we now have an important tool to easily measure recovery in areas where snakebite predominates. This tool will help snakebite envenomation researchers evaluate the potential benefit of new treatments and accelerate the process of bringing new effective treatments to those snakebite patients in the most need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Theophanous
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Joao Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Hospital Vital, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. Michelle Griffin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Victoria E. Anderson
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Mullins
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nicklaus P. Brandehoff
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States of America
| | - Eugenia B. Quackenbush
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Bush
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Toschlog
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Spencer C. Greene
- Henry J. N. Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kapil Sharma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Kurt Kleinschmidt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Nathan P. Charlton
- Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - S. Rutherfoord Rose
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Hospital Services, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brandon Lewis
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Lavonas
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Gerardo
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanderson JP, Crowley DJ, Wiedermann GE, Quinn LL, Crossland KL, Tunbridge HM, Cornforth TV, Barnes CS, Ahmed T, Howe K, Saini M, Abbott RJ, Anderson VE, Tavano B, Maroto M, Gerry AB. Preclinical evaluation of an affinity-enhanced MAGE-A4-specific T-cell receptor for adoptive T-cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2019; 9:1682381. [PMID: 32002290 PMCID: PMC6959444 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1682381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial obstacle to the success of adoptive T cell-based cancer immunotherapy is the sub-optimal affinity of T-cell receptors (TCRs) for most tumor antigens. Genetically engineered TCRs that have enhanced affinity for specific tumor peptide-MHC complexes may overcome this barrier. However, this enhancement risks increasing weak TCR cross-reactivity to other antigens expressed by normal tissues, potentially leading to clinical toxicities. To reduce the risk of such adverse clinical outcomes, we have developed an extensive preclinical testing strategy, involving potency testing using 2D and 3D human cell cultures and primary tumor material, and safety testing using human primary cell and cell-line cross-reactivity screening and molecular analysis to predict peptides recognized by the affinity-enhanced TCR. Here, we describe this strategy using a developmental T-cell therapy, ADP-A2M4, which recognizes the HLA-A2-restricted MAGE-A4 peptide GVYDGREHTV. ADP-A2M4 demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in the absence of major off-target cross-reactivity against a range of human primary cells and cell lines. Identification and characterization of peptides recognized by the affinity-enhanced TCR also revealed no cross-reactivity. These studies demonstrated that this TCR is highly potent and without major safety concerns, and as a result, this TCR is now being investigated in two clinical trials (NCT03132922, NCT04044768).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tina Ahmed
- Preclinical Research, Adaptimmune, Abingdon, UK
| | - Karen Howe
- Target Validation, Adaptimmune, Abingdon, UK
| | - Manoj Saini
- Preclinical Research, Adaptimmune, Abingdon, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lavonas EJ, Burnham RI, Schwarz J, Quackenbush E, Lewis B, Rose SR, Greene S, Toschlog EA, Charlton NP, Mullins ME, Schwartz R, Denning D, Sharma K, Kleinschmidt K, Bush SP, Anderson VE, Ginde AA, Gerardo CJ. Recovery from Copperhead Snake Envenomation: Role of Age, Sex, Bite Location, Severity, and Treatment. J Med Toxicol 2019; 16:17-23. [PMID: 31482319 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-019-00733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few data exist to understand the recovery phase of pit viper envenomation. A recently published placebo-controlled clinical trial affords this opportunity. The purpose of this study is to examine the time course of recovery from copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) envenomation patients managed with and without the use of antivenom, stratified by age, sex, anatomic site of envenomation, initial severity of envenomation, and geographic region. METHODS This is a post-hoc subgroup analysis of data from a multi-center double-blinded clinical trial of Fab antivenom (FabAV) vs. placebo. Outcomes were the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) score at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after envenomation. Least-squares mean PSFS score curves were calculated for each subgroup, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to estimate between-group comparisons. RESULTS Seventy-two subjects were included, of whom 44 received FabAV. Males demonstrated better overall recovery than females (model predicted PSFS score 6.18 vs 4.99; difference 1.19; 95% CI 0.12 to 2.25; p = 0.029). No sex difference was found in response to FabAV. Overall recovery and effect of FabAV were similar in adult vs adolescent patients, patients with upper vs lower extremity envenomation, and patients with initially mild vs moderate envenomation signs. Analysis by geographic location was not successful due to ANOVA mode instability. CONCLUSIONS Male victims of copperhead snake envenomation demonstrate slightly better recovery than females, but response to Fab antivenom overall is similar across all subgroups studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lavonas
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Randy I Burnham
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John Schwarz
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Eugenia Quackenbush
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandon Lewis
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - S Rutherfoord Rose
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Spencer Greene
- Henry J. N. Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Toschlog
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Nathan P Charlton
- Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael E Mullins
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Hospital Services, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David Denning
- Department of Surgery, Marshall Health, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Kapil Sharma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kurt Kleinschmidt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sean P Bush
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Victoria E Anderson
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Adit A Ginde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles J Gerardo
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dart RC, Bush SP, Heard K, Arnold TC, Sutter M, Campagne D, Holstege CP, Seifert SA, Lo JC, Quan D, Borron S, Meurer DA, Burnham RI, McNally J, Garcia-Ubbelohde W, Anderson VE. The Efficacy of Antivenin Latrodectus (Black Widow) Equine Immune F(abʹ)2 Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Latrodectism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med 2019; 74:439-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Mullins ME, Gerardo CJ, Bush SP, Rose SR, Greene S, Quackenbush EB, Lewis B, Anderson VE, Kleinschmidt KC, Schwarz RB, Charlton NP, Toschlog EA, Sharma K, Denning DA, Lavonas EJ. Adverse Events in the Efficacy of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab Antivenom vs Placebo in Recovery from Copperhead Snakebite Trial. South Med J 2019; 111:716-720. [PMID: 30512122 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions following copperhead envenomation treated with Fab antivenom (FabAV) or placebo. METHODS Patients with copperhead snakebites received treatment and follow-up in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of FabAV or placebo. The treatment allocation ratio was 2:1 (FabAV:placebo). All of the included patients received at least one dose of study treatment. We reviewed all treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) using a previously published scale to classify likely hypersensitivity reactions as mild, moderate, or severe. RESULTS We enrolled 74 patients at 13 sites. Forty-five patients received FabAV, and 29 patients received placebo. Five FabAV patients and 4 placebo patients had moderate envenomations; the rest were mild. Twenty-five FabAV patients and 8 placebo patients had at least 1 AE. Mild skin reactions occurred in 11 (24%) FabAV patients (pruritis, urticaria, rash, ecchymosis, erythema) and 1 (3%) placebo patient (pruritis). Moderate gastrointestinal AEs occurred in 7 (16%) FabAV patients (nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, oral paresthesia) and in 2 (7%) placebo patients (nausea). Respiratory AEs occurred in 3 (7%) FabAV patients (dyspnea, pulmonary embolism, nasal congestion, sneezing) and no placebo patients. Hypotension occurred in 1 patient in each group. CONCLUSIONS In a randomized controlled trial of FabAV for copperhead bites, the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions was low. Most reactions were mild skin reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Mullins
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Charles J Gerardo
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Sean P Bush
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - S Rutherfoord Rose
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Spencer Greene
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Eugenia B Quackenbush
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Brandon Lewis
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Victoria E Anderson
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Kurt C Kleinschmidt
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Richard B Schwarz
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Nathan P Charlton
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Eric A Toschlog
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Kapil Sharma
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - David A Denning
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Eric J Lavonas
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, the Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, the Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, the Department of Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, and the Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lavonas
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Charles J Gerardo
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anderson VE, Weber AM, Wiedermann GE, Pachnio A, Dauleh S, Ahmed T, Docta RY, Quattrini A, Pope G, Quinn L, Ashton TM, Tunbridge HM, Sanderson JP, Gerry AB. Abstract 2313: Enhanced activity of second-generation MAGE-A4 SPEAR T-cells through co-expression of a CD8α homodimer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Affinity enhanced T-cell receptors (TCRs) have shown promise in the clinic. Second-generation strategies that enhance T-cell function alongside the TCR may improve the depth and durability of anti-tumor responses. In this second-generation TCR study, we added a CD8α homodimer to our MAGE-A4c1032TCR, a first-generation TCR currently being tested in a clinical trial (NCT03132922). Transduction of HLA class I-restricted, specific peptide enhanced affinity receptor (SPEAR) TCRs into peripheral blood lymphocytes creates both cytotoxic (CD8+) and helper (CD4+) T-cells of the same specificity; however, the lack of CD8 co-receptors on CD4+ T-cells may affect binding avidity of the engineered TCR. The addition of CD8α co-receptor into CD4+ T-cells alongside the engineered TCR (CD8α_MAGE-A4c1032) is anticipated to increase TCR binding avidity and enhance the polyfunctional response of CD4+ T-cells against tumor antigens, thereby widening the immune response to the tumor through dendritic cell (DC) activation and enhanced cytotoxicity. The effect of co-expressing the CD8α co-receptor on the MAGE-A4c1032TCR was assessed by in vitro assays addressing proof of concept for increased potency, focusing on CD4+ function, in parallel with assessment of potential safety issues. In assays involving antigen-positive tumor cell lines co-cultured with T-cells, we demonstrated improved T-cell engagement, as measured by increased CD40L on the T-cell surface in response to antigen. There were modest improvements in T-cell proliferation and cytokine production in response to tumor cells, particularly when isolated CD4+ cells were analyzed. However, when immature DCs were added to the co-culture, a more marked improvement with the second-generation T-cells was seen. DCs and T-cells in conditions containing CD8α_MAGE-A4c1032T-cells produced higher levels of cytokines and chemokines (e.g. IL-12, MIG for DCs, IFNγ, IL-2 for T-cells) than in conditions that contained MAGE-A4c1032T-cells without the CD8α co-receptor. Flow cytometry analyses illustrated T-cell-driven maturation of the DCs during the course of the co-culture. We also saw that second-generation CD4+ T-cells expressing the CD8α homodimer were able to kill antigen-expressing 3D tumor line microspheres, an additional benefit to the improvement of CD4+ helper functions. No changes in TCR specificity, sensitivity, or aberrant cytokine release arose from co-expressing the CD8α co-receptor in T-cells transduced with the MAGE-A4c1032TCR, suggesting no change to the existing safety profile. These data illustrate improved engagement and function in the CD4+ T-cells transduced with CD8α_MAGE-A4c1032, without additional off-target reactivity. The second generation CD8α_MAGE-A4 SPEAR T-cells are expected to improve long term T-cell functions as well as immediate anti-tumor activity in vivo.
Citation Format: Victoria E. Anderson, Anika M. Weber, Guy E. Wiedermann, Anette Pachnio, Sumaya Dauleh, Tina Ahmed, Roslin Y. Docta, Adriano Quattrini, George Pope, Laura Quinn, Thomas M. Ashton, Helen M. Tunbridge, Joseph P. Sanderson, Andrew B. Gerry. Enhanced activity of second-generation MAGE-A4 SPEAR T-cells through co-expression of a CD8α homodimer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2313.
Collapse
|
11
|
Docta RY, Ferronha T, Sanderson JP, Weissensteiner T, Pope GR, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Ferjentsik Z, Quinn LL, Wiedermann GE, Anderson VE, Saini M, Maroto M, Norry E, Gerry AB. Tuning T-Cell Receptor Affinity to Optimize Clinical Risk-Benefit When Targeting Alpha-Fetoprotein-Positive Liver Cancer. Hepatology 2019; 69:2061-2075. [PMID: 30561769 PMCID: PMC6593660 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is often expressed at high levels in HCC and is an established clinical biomarker of the disease. Expression of AFP in nonmalignant liver can occur, particularly in a subset of progenitor cells and during chronic inflammation, at levels typically lower than in HCC. This cancer-specific overexpression indicates that AFP may be a promising target for immunotherapy. We verified expression of AFP in normal and diseased tissue and generated an affinity-optimized T-cell receptor (TCR) with specificity to AFP/HLA-A*02+ tumors. Expression of AFP was investigated using database searches, by qPCR, and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of a panel of human tissue samples, including normal, diseased, and malignant liver. Using in vitro mutagenesis and screening, we generated a TCR that recognizes the HLA-A*02-restricted AFP158-166 peptide, FMNKFIYEI, with an optimum balance of potency and specificity. These properties were confirmed by an extension of the alanine scan (X-scan) and testing TCR-transduced T cells against normal and tumor cells covering a variety of tissues, cell types, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Conclusion: We have used a combination of physicochemical, in silico, and cell biology methods for optimizing a TCR for improved affinity and function, with properties that are expected to allow TCR-transduced T cells to differentiate between antigen levels on nonmalignant and cancer cells. T cells transduced with this TCR constitute the basis for a trial of HCC adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Freiermuth CE, Lavonas EJ, Anderson VE, Kleinschmidt KC, Sharma K, Rapp-Olsson M, Gerardo C. Antivenom Treatment Is Associated with Fewer Patients using Opioids after Copperhead Envenomation. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:497-505. [PMID: 31123552 PMCID: PMC6526891 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.3.42693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Copperhead envenomation causes local tissue destruction, leading people to seek treatment for the pain and swelling. First-line treatment for the pain is opioid medications. There is rising concern that an initial opioid prescription from the emergency department (ED) can lead to long-term addiction. This analysis sought to determine whether use of Fab antivenom (FabAV) for copperhead envenomation affected opioid use. Methods We performed a secondary analysis using data from a randomized clinical trial designed to determine the effect of FabAV on limb injury recovery following mild to moderate copperhead envenomation. Opioid use was a defined secondary outcome in the parent trial. Patients were contacted after discharge, and data were obtained regarding medications used for pain and the patients’ functional status. This analysis describes the proportion of patients in each treatment group reporting opioid use at each time point. It also assesses the interaction between functional status and use of opioids. Results We enrolled 74 patients in the parent trial (45 received FabAV, 29 placebo), of whom 72 were included in this secondary analysis. Thirty-five reported use of any opioids after hospital discharge. A smaller proportion of patients treated with FabAV reported opioid use: 40.9% vs 60.7% of those in the placebo group. The proportion of patients using opioids remained smaller in the FabAV group at each follow-up time point. Controlling for confounders and interactions between variables, the model estimated that the odds ratio of using opioids after hospital discharge among those who received placebo was 5.67 times that of those who received FabAV. Patients who reported higher baseline pain, those with moderate as opposed to mild envenomation, and females were more likely to report opioid use at follow-up. Patients with ongoing limitations to functional status had an increased probability of opioid use, with a stronger association over time. Opioid use corresponded with the trial’s predefined criteria for full recovery, with only two patients reporting opioid use in the 24 hours prior to achieving full limb recovery and no patients in either group reporting opioid use after full limb recovery. Conclusion In this study population, the proportion of patients using opioids for pain related to envenomation was smaller in the FabAV treatment group at all follow-up time points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric J Lavonas
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Victoria E Anderson
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kurt C Kleinschmidt
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kapil Sharma
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dallas, Texas
| | - Malin Rapp-Olsson
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Charles Gerardo
- Duke University, Division of Emergency Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lavonas EJ, Anderson VE, Gerardo CJ. Response to carpenter and colleagues. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:674-676. [PMID: 30757930 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1554816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lavonas
- a Department of Emergency Medicine and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health , Denver , CO , USA
| | | | - Charles J Gerardo
- c Division of Emergency Medicine , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anderson VE, Gerardo CJ, Rapp-Olsson M, Bush SP, Mullins ME, Greene S, Toschlog EA, Quackenbush E, Rose SR, Schwartz RB, Charlton NP, Lewis B, Kleinschmidt KC, Sharma K, Lavonas EJ. Early administration of Fab antivenom resulted in faster limb recovery in copperhead snake envenomation patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 57:25-30. [PMID: 30175628 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1491982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No previous research has studied whether early snake antivenom administration leads to better clinical outcomes than late antivenom administration in North American pit viper envenomation. METHODS A secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of Fab antivenom (FabAV) versus placebo for copperhead snake envenomation was conducted. Patients treated before the median time to FabAV administration were classified as receiving early treatment and those treated after the median time were defined as the late treatment group. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare time to full recovery on the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) instrument between groups. Secondary analyses compared estimated mean PSFS scores using a generalized linear model and the estimated proportion of patients with full recovery at each time point using logistic regression. To evaluate for confounding, the main analysis was repeated using data from placebo-treated subjects. RESULTS Forty-five subjects were treated with FabAV at a median of 5.47 h after envenomation. Patients in the early treatment group had a significantly shorter time to full recovery than those treated late (median time: 17 versus 28 days, p = .025). Model-estimated PSFS scores were numerically higher at each time point in the early group. No difference was found between patients treated early versus late with placebo. CONCLUSIONS In this secondary analysis of trial data, recovery of limb function was faster when Fab antivenom was administered soon after envenomation, as opposed to late administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Anderson
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Charles J Gerardo
- b Division of Emergency Medicine , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Malin Rapp-Olsson
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Sean P Bush
- c Department of Emergency Medicine , Brody School of Medicine , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Michael E Mullins
- d Division of Emergency Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Spencer Greene
- e Department of Emergency Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Eric A Toschlog
- f Department of Surgery , Brody School of Medicine , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Eugenia Quackenbush
- g Department of Emergency Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - S Rutherfoord Rose
- h Department of Emergency Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Richard B Schwartz
- i Department of Emergency Medicine and Hospital Services , Medical College of Georgia , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - Nathan P Charlton
- j Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Brandon Lewis
- k Texas A&M Health Science Center , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Kurt C Kleinschmidt
- l Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Kapil Sharma
- l Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Eric J Lavonas
- m Department of Emergency Medicine and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver , CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heard K, Anderson VE, Lavonas EJ, Dart RC, Green JL. Serum paracetamol-protein adducts in ambulatory subjects: Relationship to recent reported paracetamol use. Biomarkers 2017; 23:288-292. [PMID: 29179598 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1410857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum paracetamol-protein adducts (PPAs) are a novel potential biomarker of paracetamol exposure. The relationship between serum PPA concentrations and reported paracetamol use in ambulatory adults has not been previously described. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of ambulatory adults. A detailed medication history was obtained from all subjects and subjects were stratified by reported paracetamol use in the 2 weeks prior to enrolment. Serum PPAs were measured in all subjects and correlated with reported dose, time of last ingestion and demographics. RESULTS We enrolled 230 in the paracetamol exposure arm and 74 in the no exposure arm. 98/230 (42.6%)of subjects who reported paracetamol exposure had PPA detected and 68/74 (91.9%) of subjects who denied paracetamol exposure had no PPA detected. PPA concentrations were positively correlated with total paracetamol dose and with more recent ingestion. DISCUSSION Detection of serum PPA generally reflects paracetamol exposure histories in ambulatory adults. Concentrations are well correlated with reported dose and time from last dose. CONCLUSIONS Serum PPA can be detected with reported therapeutic use of paracetamol but may not be detected in all patients who report taking paracetamol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kennon Heard
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospitals , Denver , CO , USA.,b Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Victoria E Anderson
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospitals , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Eric J Lavonas
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospitals , Denver , CO , USA.,b Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA.,c Department of Emergency Medicine , Denver Health and Hospitals , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Richard C Dart
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospitals , Denver , CO , USA.,b Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Jody L Green
- a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center , Denver Health and Hospitals , Denver , CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gerardo CJ, Quackenbush E, Lewis B, Rose SR, Greene S, Toschlog EA, Charlton NP, Mullins ME, Schwartz R, Denning D, Sharma K, Kleinschmidt K, Bush SP, Ryan S, Gasior M, Anderson VE, Lavonas EJ. The Efficacy of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) Antivenom Versus Placebo Plus Optional Rescue Therapy on Recovery From Copperhead Snake Envenomation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med 2017; 70:233-244.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Heard K, Anderson VE, Dart RC, Green JL. Accuracy of the Structured Medication History Assessment Tool (MedHAT) Compared with Recorded Real-Time Medication Use. Pharmacotherapy 2016; 36:496-504. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennon Heard
- Denver Health and Hospitals; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center; Denver Colorado
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine and Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Aurora Colorado
| | - Victoria E. Anderson
- Denver Health and Hospitals; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center; Denver Colorado
| | - Richard C. Dart
- Denver Health and Hospitals; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center; Denver Colorado
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine and Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Aurora Colorado
| | - Jody L. Green
- Denver Health and Hospitals; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center; Denver Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Seifert SA, Kovnat D, Anderson VE, Green JL, Dart RC, Heard KJ. Acute hepatotoxicity associated with therapeutic doses of intravenous acetaminophen. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:282-5. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1134798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Seifert
- Department of Emergency Medicine and New Mexico Poison and Drug Information Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel Kovnat
- Christus St. Vincent Regional Medical Center, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | | | - Jody L. Green
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Richard C. Dart
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kennon J. Heard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Anderson VE, Walton MI, Eve PD, Boxall KJ, Antoni L, Caldwell JJ, Aherne W, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Collins I, Garrett MD. CCT241533 is a potent and selective inhibitor of CHK2 that potentiates the cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:463-72. [PMID: 21239475 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CHK2 is a checkpoint kinase involved in the ATM-mediated response to double-strand DNA breaks. Its potential as a drug target is still unclear, but inhibitors of CHK2 may increase the efficacy of genotoxic cancer therapies in a p53 mutant background by eliminating one of the checkpoints or DNA repair pathways contributing to cellular resistance. We report here the identification and characterization of a novel CHK2 kinase inhibitor, CCT241533. X-ray crystallography confirmed that CCT241533 bound to CHK2 in the ATP pocket. This compound inhibits CHK2 with an IC(50) of 3 nmol/L and shows minimal cross-reactivity against a panel of kinases at 1 μmol/L. CCT241533 blocked CHK2 activity in human tumor cell lines in response to DNA damage, as shown by inhibition of CHK2 autophosphorylation at S516, band shift mobility changes, and HDMX degradation. CCT241533 did not potentiate the cytotoxicity of a selection of genotoxic agents in several cell lines. However, this compound significantly potentiates the cytotoxicity of two structurally distinct PARP inhibitors. Clear induction of the pS516 CHK2 signal was seen with a PARP inhibitor alone, and this activation was abolished by CCT241533, implying that the potentiation of PARP inhibitor cell killing by CCT241533 was due to inhibition of CHK2. Consequently, our findings imply that CHK2 inhibitors may exert therapeutic activity in combination with PARP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Caldwell JJ, Welsh EJ, Matijssen C, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Boxall K, Urban F, Hayes A, Raynaud FI, Rigoreau LJM, Raynham T, Aherne GW, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Garrett MD, Collins I. Structure-based design of potent and selective 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenol inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2. J Med Chem 2010; 54:580-90. [PMID: 21186793 DOI: 10.1021/jm101150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design was applied to the optimization of a series of 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenols to generate potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of the DNA damage response signaling enzyme checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2). Structure-activity relationships for multiple substituent positions were optimized separately and in combination leading to the 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenol 46 (IC(50) 3 nM) with good selectivity for CHK2 against CHK1 and a wider panel of kinases and with promising in vitro ADMET properties. Off-target activity at hERG ion channels shown by the core scaffold was successfully reduced by the addition of peripheral polar substitution. In addition to showing mechanistic inhibition of CHK2 in HT29 human colon cancer cells, a concentration dependent radioprotective effect in mouse thymocytes was demonstrated for the potent inhibitor 46 (CCT241533).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Caldwell
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hilton S, Naud S, Caldwell JJ, Boxall K, Burns S, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Allen CE, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Aherne GW, Garrett MD, Collins I. Corrigendum to “Identification and characterisation of 2-aminopyridine inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 707]. Bioorg Med Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Anderson VE, Eve PD, Walton MI, Caldwell JJ, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Collins I, Garrett MD. Abstract 3503: CCT241533 is a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of CHK2 and potentiates the cellular effects of PARP inhibitors. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CHK2 is a checkpoint kinase involved in the ATM-mediated response to double stranded DNA breaks (DSB). Detection of DSB by the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex leads to activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, which can then phosphorylate CHK2 on threonine 68. This facilitates CHK2 to dimerisation and autophosphorylation in trans at threonine 383/387, resulting in full activation and subsequent phosphorylation in cis at serine 516, a biomarker read out of CHK2 activation. Once activated, CHK2 phosphorylates a range of targets involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
It has been suggested that inhibitors of CHK2 may increase the efficacy of genotoxic cancer therapies. However, the evidence so far is inconsistent. We have therefore developed a CCT241533, a potent and selective inhibitor of CHK2, as a molecular tool and potential therapeutic agent (the structure will be disclosed in the presentation). The co-crystal structure of CCT241533 bound to the kinase domain of CHK2 confirms that the compound binds the ATP binding pocket. CCT241533 inhibits CHK2 with an IC50 of 3 nM and shows minimal inhibitory activity against a panel of known kinases at 1 μM, including CHK1 (IC50 = 245 nM). We show that CCT241533 blocks CHK2 activity in three human tumor cell lines (HT29, HeLa, MCF7) in which we have confirmed functional activation of CHK2. We also show that CCT241533 potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of two structurally distinct Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in p53 defective human cancer cells. We further demonstrate that this cellular effect correlates with inhibition of PARP inhibitor-mediated induction of CHK2 activity, as assessed by the phospho-serine 516 biomarker and CHK2 mobility shift. This adds strength to the conclusion that the potentiation between the two compounds is due to their effects on CHK2.
To summarize, we have developed a potent and selective CHK2 inhibitor and show, for the first time, potentiation between CHK2 inhibition and PARP inhibition.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3503.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. Anderson
- 1CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Eve
- 1CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Walton
- 1CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Caldwell
- 1CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence H. Pearl
- 2Section of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- 2Section of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collins
- 1CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle D. Garrett
- 1CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hilton S, Naud S, Caldwell JJ, Boxall K, Burns S, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Allen CE, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Wynne Aherne G, Garrett MD, Collins I. Identification and characterisation of 2-aminopyridine inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:707-18. [PMID: 20022510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-(Hetero)aryl-3-(4-carboxamidophenyl)-2-aminopyridine inhibitors of CHK2 were identified from high throughput screening of a kinase-focussed compound library. Rapid exploration of the hits through straightforward chemistry established structure-activity relationships and a proposed ATP-competitive binding mode which was verified by X-ray crystallography of several analogues bound to CHK2. Variation of the 5-(hetero)aryl substituent identified bicyclic dioxolane and dioxane groups which improved the affinity and the selectivity of the compounds for CHK2 versus CHK1. The 3-(4-carboxamidophenyl) substituent could be successfully replaced by acyclic omega-aminoalkylamides, which made additional polar interactions within the binding site and led to more potent inhibitors of CHK2. Compounds from this series showed activity in cell-based mechanistic assays for inhibition of CHK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hilton
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Anderson VE, Nguyen Y, Weinberg JB. Effects of allergic airway disease on mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2009; 391:25-32. [PMID: 19564030 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection may contribute to asthma pathogenesis. In turn, a Th2-polarized pulmonary environment may increase host susceptibility to infection. We used a cockroach antigen (CRA) model of allergic airway disease to test the hypothesis that Th2 cytokine overproduction increases susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1). CRA sensitization led to upregulated lung expression of IL-4 and IL-13, lung cellular inflammation, and exaggerated airway mucus production. Following intranasal MAV-1 infection, lung cellular inflammation was more pronounced in CRA-sensitized mice than in unsensitized mice at 7 days post-infection but not at a later time point. CRA sensitization did not significantly suppress lung IFN-gamma expression, and lung IFN-gamma expression was upregulated in both CRA-sensitized mice and unsensitized mice over the course of MAV-1 infection. Despite CRA-induced differences in pulmonary inflammation, MAV-1 viral loads in lung and spleen and MAV-1 gene expression in the lung did not differ between CRA-sensitized and unsensitized mice. Our data therefore suggest that MAV-1 pathogenesis is not affected directly or indirectly by the Th2 polarization associated with allergic airway disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nguyen Y, McGuffie BA, Anderson VE, Weinberg JB. Gammaherpesvirus modulation of mouse adenovirus type 1 pathogenesis. Virology 2008; 380:182-90. [PMID: 18768196 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune function is likely to be shaped by multiple infections over time. Infection with one pathogen can confer cross-protection against heterologous pathogens. We tested the hypothesis that latent murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) infection modulates host inflammatory responses and susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1). Mice were infected intranasally (i.n.) with gammaHV68. 21 days later, they were infected i.n. with MAV-1. We assessed cytokine and chemokine expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR, cellular inflammation by histology, and viral loads by quantitative real-time PCR. Previous gammaHV68 infection led to persistently upregulated IFN-gamma in lungs and spleen and persistently upregulated CCL2 and CCL5 in the lungs. Previous gammaHV68 infection amplified MAV-1-induced CCL5 upregulation and cellular inflammation in the lungs. Previous gammaHV68 infection was associated with lower MAV-1 viral loads in the spleen but not the lung. There was no significant effect of previous gammaHV68 on IFN-gamma expression or MAV-1 viral loads when the interval between infections was increased to 44 days. In summary, previous gammaHV68 infection modulated lung inflammatory responses and decreased susceptibility to a heterologous virus in an organ- and time-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yn Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 7500 Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0684, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Anderson VE, Prudden J, Prochnik S, Giddings TH, Hardwick KG. Novel sfi1 alleles uncover additional functions for Sfi1p in bipolar spindle assembly and function. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2047-56. [PMID: 17392514 PMCID: PMC1877113 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of spindle and kinetochore defects have been shown to induce a mitotic delay through activation of the spindle checkpoint. With the aim of identifying novel mitotic defects we carried out a mad1 synthetic lethal screen in budding yeast. In this screen, four novel alleles of sfi1 were isolated. SFI1 is an essential gene, previously identified through its interaction with centrin/CDC31 and shown to be required for spindle pole body (SPB) duplication. The new mutations were all found in the C-terminal domain of Sfi1p, which has no known function, but it is well conserved among budding yeasts. Analysis of the novel sfi1 mutants, through a combination of light and electron microscopy, revealed duplicated SPBs <0.3 microm apart. Importantly, these SPBs have completed duplication, but they are not separated, suggesting a possible defect in splitting of the bridge. We discuss possible roles for Sfi1p in this step in bipolar spindle assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. Anderson
- *Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Prudden
- *Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Prochnik
- *Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas H. Giddings
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Kevin G. Hardwick
- *Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zimprich F, Ronen GM, Stögmann W, Baumgartner C, Stögmann E, Rett B, Pappas C, Leppert M, Singh N, Anderson VE. Andreas Rett and benign familial neonatal convulsions revisited. Neurology 2006; 67:864-6. [PMID: 16966552 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000234066.46806.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1964 Andreas Rett published the first account of a family with benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC). The authors retraced Rett's family and report that the clinical and genetic features of this original family fit the currently accepted definitions of BFNC. They also consider the career of Dr. Rett, a researcher and social reformer as well as an advocate for the rights of children with developmental disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Zimprich
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fillgrove KL, Anderson VE. The mechanism of dienoyl-CoA reduction by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase is stepwise: observation of a dienolate intermediate. Biochemistry 2001; 40:12412-21. [PMID: 11591162 DOI: 10.1021/bi0111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemical mechanism of the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34) from rat liver mitochondria has been investigated. This enzyme catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thiolesters to the resulting trans-3-enoyl-CoA. Steady-state kinetic parameters for trans-2,trans-4-hexadienoyl-CoA and 5-phenyl-trans-2,trans-4-pentadienoyl-CoA were determined and demonstrated that the dienoyl-CoA and NADPH bind to the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase via a sequential kinetic mechanism. Kinetic isotope effect studies and the transient kinetics of substrate binding support a random order of nucleotide and dienoyl-CoA addition. The large normal solvent isotope effects on V/K ((D)(2)(O)V/K) and V ((D)(2)(O)V) for trans-2,trans-4-hexadienoyl-CoA reduction indicate that a proton transfer step is rate limiting for this substrate. The stability gained by conjugating the phenyl ring to the diene in PPD-CoA results in the reversal of the rate-determining step, as evidenced by the normal isotope effects on V/K(CoA) ((D)V/K(CoA)) and V/K(NADPH) ((D)V/K(NADPH)). The reversal of the rate-determining step was supported by transient kinetics where a burst was observed for the reduction of trans-2,trans-4-hexadienoyl-CoA but not for 5-phenyl-trans-2,trans-4-pentadienoyl-CoA reduction. The chemical mechanism is stepwise where hydride transfer from NADPH occurs followed by protonation of the observable dienolate intermediate, which has an absorbance maximum at 286 nm. The exchange of the C alpha protons of trans-3-decenoyl-CoA, catalyzed by the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, in the presence of NADP(+) suggests that formation of the dienolate is catalyzed by the enzyme active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Fillgrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bonomo RA, Liu J, Chen Y, Ng L, Hujer AM, Anderson VE. Inactivation of CMY-2 beta-lactamase by tazobactam: initial mass spectroscopic characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1547:196-205. [PMID: 11410275 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The CMY-2 beta-lactamase, a plasmid determined class C cephalosporinase, was shown to be susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam (K(i)=40 microM). The reaction product(s) of CMY-2 beta-lactamase with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam were analyzed by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) to characterize the prominent intermediates of the inactivation pathway. The ESI/MS determined mass of CMY-2 beta-lactamase was 39851+/-3 Da. After inactivating CMY-2 beta-lactamase with excess tazobactam, a single species, M(r)=39931+/-3.0, was detected. Comparison of the peptide maps from tryptic digestion of the native enzyme and the inactivated beta-lactamase followed by LC/MS identified two 22 amino acid peptides containing the active site Ser64 modified by a fragment of tazobactam. These two peptides were increased in mass by 70 and 88 Da, respectively. UV difference spectra following inactivation revealed the presence of a new species with a 302 nm lambda(max). Based upon the increase in molecular mass of the tazobactam inactivated CMY-2 beta-lactamase, we propose that during the inactivation of this beta-lactamase by tazobactam an imine is formed. Tautomerization forms the spectrally observed enamine. Hydrolysis generates the covalently attached malonyl semialdehyde, its hydrate, or an enol. This work provides information on the mass of a stable enzyme intermediate of a class C beta-lactamase inactivated by tazobactam and, for the first time, unequivocal evidence that a cross-linked species is not required for apparent inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Bonomo
- Infectious Disease Section, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Christophorou LG, McCorkle DL, Anderson VE. Swarm-determined electron attachment cross sections as a function of electron energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/4/9/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Quinolones are a very important family of antibacterial agents that are widely prescribed for the treatment of infections in humans. Although the founding members of this drug class had little clinical impact, successive generations include the most active and broad spectrum oral antibacterials currently in use. In contrast to most other anti-infective drugs, quinolones do not kill bacteria by inhibiting a critical cellular process. Rather, they corrupt the activities of two essential enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and induce them to kill cells by generating high levels of double-stranded DNA breaks. A second unique aspect of quinolones is their differential ability to target these two enzymes in different bacteria. Depending upon the bacterial species and quinolone employed, either DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV serves as the primary cytotoxic target of drug action. While this unusual feature initially stymied development of quinolones with high activity against Gram-positive bacteria, it ultimately opened new vistas for the clinical use of this drug class. In addition to the antibacterial quinolones, specific members of this drug family display high activity against eukaryotic type II topoisomerases, as well as cultured mammalian cells and in vivo tumor models. These antineoplastic quinolones represent a potentially important source of new anticancer agents and provide an opportunity to examine drug mechanism across divergent species. Because of the clinical importance of quinolones, this review will discuss the mechanistic basis for drug efficacy and interactions between these compounds and their topoisomerase targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V E Anderson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McCorkle DL, Christophorou LG, Anderson VE. Low energy (≲1 eV) electron attachment to molecules at very high gas densities: O2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/5/6/023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
33
|
Nukuna BN, Goshe MB, Anderson VE. Sites of hydroxyl radical reaction with amino acids identified by (2)H NMR detection of induced (1)H/(2)H exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:1208-14. [PMID: 11456675 DOI: 10.1021/ja003342d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical reacts with the aliphatic C-H bonds of amino acids by H atom abstraction. Under anaerobic conditions inclusion of a (2)H atom donor results in (1)H/(2)H exchange into these C-H bonds [Goshe et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 1761--1770]. The site of (1)H/(2)H exchange can be detected and quantified by (2)H NMR. Integration of the (2)H NMR resonances within a single spectrum permits the relative rate of H atom abstraction from each position to be determined. Analysis of the aliphatic amino acid spectra indicates that the methine and methylene positions were more reactive than the methyl positions. The (2)H NMR spectra of isoleucine and leucine show that H-atom abstraction distal to the alpha-carbon occurs preferentially. Significant (1)H/(2)H exchange was observed into the delta positions of proline and arginine and into the epsilon-methylene of lysine, indicating that a positive charge on a geminal N does not inhibit the (1)H/(2)H exchange. Comparisons of (2)H NMR integrations between amino acid spectra indicated that (1)H/(2)H exchange occurred in the following descending order: L > I > V > R > K > Y > P > H > F >M> T > A > [C, S, D, N, E, Q, G, W]. The extent of (1)H/(2)H exchange into methionine, N-glycyl-methionine, and methionine sulfoxide suggests that a prominent solvent exchange pathway involving hydroxyl radical mediated oxidation of methionine exists to account for the large (2)H incorporation into the gamma-methylene of methionine sulfoxide that is absent for N-glycyl-methionine. Analysis of the (1)H NMR spectra of the reactions with phenylalanine and tyrosine indicated that hydroxyl radical addition to the phenyl ring under the anaerobic reductive reaction conditions did not result in either exchange or hydroxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B N Nukuna
- Departments of Chemistry, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Baker-Malcolm JF, Lantz M, Anderson VE, Thorpe C. Novel inactivation of enoyl-CoA hydratase via beta-elimination of 5, 6-dichloro-7,7,7-trifluoro-4-thia-5-heptenoyl-CoA. Biochemistry 2000; 39:12007-18. [PMID: 11009615 DOI: 10.1021/bi0010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dichloro-7,7,7-trifluoro-4-thia-5-heptenoyl-CoA (DCTFTH-CoA) is an analogue of a class of cytotoxic 4-thiaacyl-CoA thioesters that can undergo a beta-elimination reaction to form highly unstable thiolate fragments, which yield electrophilic thioketene or thionoacyl halide species. Previous work demonstrated that the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase both bioactivates and is inhibited by these CoA thioesters through enzyme-catalyzed beta-elimination of the reactive thiolate moiety [Baker-Malcolm, J. F., Haeffner-Gormley, L., Wang, L., Anders, M. W., and Thorpe, C. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 1383-1393]. This paper shows that DCTFTH-CoA can be directly bioactivated by the enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) with the release of 1,2-dichloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenethiolate and acryloyl-CoA. In the absence of competing exogenous trapping agents, DCTFTH-CoA effects rapid and irreversible loss of hydratase activity. The inactivator is particularly effective at pH 9.0, with a stoichiometry approaching 1 mol of DCTFTH-CoA per enzyme subunit. Modification is associated with a new protein-bound chromophore at 360 nm and an increase in mass of 89 +/- 5 per subunit. Surprisingly, ECH exhibiting less than 2% residual hydratase activity retains essentially 100% beta-eliminase activity and continues to generate reactive thiolate species from DCTFTH-CoA. This leads to progressive derivatization of the enzyme with additional UV absorbance, covalent cross-linking of subunits, and an eventual complete loss of beta-eliminase activity. A range of exogenous trapping agents, including small thiol nucleophiles, various proteins, and even phospholipid bilayers, exert strong protection against modification of ECH. Peptide mapping, thiol titrations, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry show that inactivation involves the covalent modification of Cys62 and/or Cys111 of the recombinant rat liver ECH. These data suggest that enoyl-CoA hydratase is an important enzyme in the bioactivation of DCTFTH-CoA, in a pathway which does not require involvement of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Baker-Malcolm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vachon CM, Kuni CC, Anderson K, Anderson VE, Sellers TA. Association of mammographically defined percent breast density with epidemiologic risk factors for breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11:653-62. [PMID: 10977110 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008926607428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mammographically defined percent breast density is an important risk factor for breast cancer, but the epidemiology of this trait is poorly understood. Although several studies have investigated the associations between reproductive factors and density, few data are available on the associations of breast density and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), physical activity, education, alcohol and smoking. METHODS We investigated the associations of known and suspected breast cancer risk factors with breast density in a large breast cancer family study. Information was collected on members of 426 families through telephone interviews, mailed questionnaires and mammography. Mammographic films on 1900 women were digitized and breast density was estimated in discrete five-unit increments by one radiologist. Analysis of covariance techniques were used and all analyses were performed stratified by menopausal status. RESULTS Similar to other reports, nulliparity, late age at first birth, younger age and lower body mass index were associated with increased percent density in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and hormone replacement therapy among postmenopausal women. Higher levels of alcohol consumption and low WHR were associated with increased percent density among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women (differences of 3-11% between high and low categories). However, smoking and education were inversely associated with percent density among premenopausal (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively) but not postmenopausal women (p = 0.52 and p = 0.90). Physical activity was not associated with percent density in either stratum (p values > 0.25). Combined, these factors explained approximately 37% of the variability in the percent density measure in premenopausal women and 19% in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Many of these factors may potentially affect breast cancer risk through their effect on percent breast density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Vachon
- Mayo Foundation, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Although many segregation analyses of breast cancer have been published, few have included risk factor covariates. Maximum likelihood segregation analyses examining age-at-onset (model 1) and susceptibility (model 2) models of breast cancer were performed on 426 four-generation families originally ascertained between 1944 and 1952 through a breast cancer proband. Cancer status and risk factor data were collected through interviews of participants or surrogates. When segregation analyses were performed on 10,791 women, without estimation of any covariates, all hypotheses under both models were rejected. Model 1, which required estimation of fewer parameters than model 2, provided a better fit to the data according to Akaike's Information Criterion. Further segregation analyses were performed under model 1 on a subset of women with complete data on education, age at first birth (nulliparous women included), and alcohol use, covariates that were found to significantly (P<0.05) improve the fit over the addition of exam age alone in logistic regression models. All three covariates improved the fit of the models, as did year of birth, but at all stages of model building, all of the hypotheses were still rejected. After the allele frequency was fixed at 0.0033, a subset of families appeared to fit a dominant model. Using this model, risk estimates were calculated based on inferred genotype, age, and covariate values. The penetrance was estimated to be 0.15, much lower than previous estimates based on families ascertained through breast cancer probands with early onset. Moreover, the estimates of penetrance were not greatly influenced by incorporation of the measured risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Grabrick
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fillgrove KL, Anderson VE. Orientation of coenzyme A substrates, nicotinamide and active site functional groups in (Di)enoyl-coenzyme A reductases. Biochemistry 2000; 39:7001-11. [PMID: 10841782 DOI: 10.1021/bi0000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemical course of reduction of dienoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thiolesters catalyzed by the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from rat liver mitochondria was investigated. The configuration of the double bond in the 3-enoyl-CoA products was determined by (1)H NMR, and experiments to determine the stereochemical course of reduction at Calpha and Cdelta by use of 4-(2)H-labeled beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH), were conducted in H(2)O and D(2)O. Defining the diastereoselectivity of the reaction, catalyzed by the Delta(3),Delta(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase, facilitated the determination of the stereochemical course of reduction by 2, 4-dienoyl-CoA reductase. The absence of solvent exchange of the proton transferred during the Delta(3),Delta(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase catalyzed equilibration of trans-2- and trans-3-enoyl-CoAs, coupled with the strong sequence homology to enoyl-CoA hydratase support the intramolecular suprafacial transfer of the pro-2R proton of trans-3-enoyl-CoA to the pro-4R position of trans-2-enoyl-CoA. The results indicate that the configuration of the double bond of the 3-enoyl-CoA product is trans and that a general acid-catalyzed addition of a solvent derived proton/deuteron occurs on the si face at Calpha of the dienoyl-CoA. The addition of the pro-4S hydrogen from NADPH occurs on the si face at Cdelta of trans-2, cis-4-dienoyl-CoA and on the re face at Cdelta of trans-2, trans-4-dienoyl-CoA. The stereochemical course of reduction of InhA, an enoyl-thiolester reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was also determined by use of ¿4-(2)HNADH in D(2)O. The reduction of trans-2-octenoyl-CoA catalyzed by InhA resulted in the syn addition of (2)H(2) across the double bond yielding (2R,3S)-¿2, 3-(2)H(2)ŏctanoyl-CoA. In the crystal structure of the InhA ternary complex, the residue donating the proton to Calpha could not be identified ¿Rozwarski, D. A., Vilcheze, C., Sugantino, M., Bittman, R., and Sacchettini, J. C. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15582-15589. The current results place further restrictions on the source of the proton and suggest the reduction is stepwise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Fillgrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Anderson VE, Zaniewski RP, Kaczmarek FS, Gootz TD, Osheroff N. Action of quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV: basis for DNA cleavage enhancement. Biochemistry 2000; 39:2726-32. [PMID: 10704224 DOI: 10.1021/bi992302n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase IV is the primary cellular target for most quinolones in Gram-positive bacteria; however, its interaction with these agents is poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of four clinically relevant antibacterial quinolones (ciprofloxacin, and three new generation quinolones: trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and sparfloxacin) on the DNA cleavage/religation reaction of Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV were characterized. These quinolones stimulated enzyme-mediated DNA scission to a similar extent, but their potencies varied significantly. Drug order in the absence of ATP was trovafloxacin > ciprofloxacin > levofloxacin > sparfloxacin. Potency was enhanced by ATP, but to a different extent for each drug. Under all conditions examined, trovafloxacin was the most potent quinolone and sparfloxacin was the least. The enhanced potency of trovafloxacin correlated with several properties. Trovafloxacin induced topoisomerase IV-mediated DNA scission more rapidly than other quinolones and generated more cleavage at some sites. The most striking correlation, however, was between quinolone potency and inhibition of enzyme-mediated DNA religation: the greater the potency, the stronger the inhibition. Dose-response experiments with two topoisomerase IV mutants that confer clinical resistance to quinolones (GrlA(Ser80Phe) and GrlA(Glu84Lys)) indicate that resistance is caused by a decrease in both drug affinity and efficacy. Trovafloxacin is more active against these enzymes than ciprofloxacin because it partially overcomes the effect on affinity. Finally, comparative studies on DNA cleavage and decatenation suggest that the antibacterial properties of trovafloxacin result from increased S. aureus topoisomerase IV-mediated DNA cleavage rather than inhibition of enzyme catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V E Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goshe MB, Chen YH, Anderson VE. Identification of the sites of hydroxyl radical reaction with peptides by hydrogen/deuterium exchange: prevalence of reactions with the side chains. Biochemistry 2000; 39:1761-70. [PMID: 10677225 DOI: 10.1021/bi991569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical-effected protium/deuterium ((1)H/(2)H) exchange into the C-H bonds present in peptides has been used to identify the site of hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radical. Radiolysis of anaerobic, N(2)O-saturated D(2)O solutions containing peptide and dithiothreitol generates a hydroxyl radical that mediates (1)H/(2)H exchange into the side chains of peptides of up to 66 atom % excess (2)H. The (1)H/(2)H exchange is determined by measuring the isotope ratio, [M + H + 1](+)/[M + H](+), of the peptide using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The (1)H/(2)H exchange within each residue of the peptide was determined by measuring the isotope ratio of each isolated dansyl amino acid following hydrolysis and derivatization. Generation of 0.40 mM hydroxyl radical effected (1)H/(2)H exchange into each of the five different residues of (Ala(2))-leucine enkephalin (YAGFL). The propensity of the residues to undergo exchange was L > Y > A congruent with F > G, independent of whether they were radiolyzed separately or as the peptide. The minimal exchange into glycine suggests that reaction of hydroxyl radical with the side chain hydrogens predominates over reaction with the polypeptide alpha-hydrogens. The ability of radiolysis to effect (1)H/(2)H exchange into a larger peptide, SNEQKACKVLGI, was also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Goshe
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Anderson VE, Zaniewski RP, Kaczmarek FS, Gootz TD, Osheroff N. Quinolones inhibit DNA religation mediated by Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV. Changes in drug mechanism across evolutionary boundaries. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35927-32. [PMID: 10585479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are the most active oral antibacterials in clinical use and act by increasing DNA cleavage mediated by prokaryotic type II topoisomerases. Although topoisomerase IV appears to be the primary cytotoxic target for most quinolones in Gram-positive bacteria, interactions between the enzyme and these drugs are poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of ciprofloxacin on the DNA cleavage and religation reactions of Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV were characterized. Ciprofloxacin doubled DNA scission at 150 nM drug and increased cleavage approximately 9-fold at 5 microM. Furthermore, it dramatically inhibited rates of DNA religation mediated by S. aureus topoisomerase IV. This inhibition of religation is in marked contrast to the effects of antineoplastic quinolones on eukaryotic topoisomerase II, and suggests that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action against type II topoisomerases has not been maintained across evolutionary boundaries. The apparent change in quinolone mechanism was not caused by an overt difference in the drug interaction domain on topoisomerase IV. Therefore, we propose that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action is regulated by subtle changes in drug orientation within the enzyme.drug.DNA ternary complex rather than gross differences in the site of drug binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V E Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sellers TA, King RA, Cerhan JR, Chen PL, Grabrick DM, Kushi LH, Oetting WS, Vierkant RA, Vachon CM, Couch FJ, Therneau TM, Olson JE, Pankratz VS, Hartmann LC, Anderson VE. Fifty-year follow-up of cancer incidence in a historical cohort of Minnesota breast cancer families. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8:1051-7. [PMID: 10613336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A family history of breast cancer is well established as a risk factor for the disease. Because family history is a dynamic rather than a static characteristic, longitudinal studies of entire families can be very instructive in quantifying the significance of risk classification. The Minnesota Breast Cancer Family Study is a historical cohort study of relatives of a consecutive series of 426 breast cancer cases (probands) identified between 1944 and 1952. The incidence of cancer and the measurement of risk factors in sisters, daughters, granddaughters, nieces, and marry-ins was determined through telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires. Ninety-eight percent of eligible families were recruited, and 93% of members participated. A total of 9073 at-risk women were studied: 56% were biological relatives of the case probands, whereas the others were related through marriage. Through 1996, 564 breast cancers were identified in nonprobands. Compared to the rate of breast cancer among marry-ins (188 cases), sisters and daughters of the probands were at a 1.9-fold greater age-adjusted risk (128 cases; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-2.4); granddaughters and nieces were at a 1.5-fold greater risk (248 cases, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.8). The breast cancer risk since 1952 was not distributed equally across families: although all biological relatives had a family history of breast cancer, 166 families (39%) experienced no additional cases. Most of the cases occurred among a subset of families: 21 families had 5 breast or ovarian cancers, 8 had 6, 2 had 7, and 4 had > or =8. There was no evidence of significantly increased risk for cancer at other sites, including the ovaries, cervix, uterus, colon, pancreas, stomach, or lymphatic tissue, although there was some evidence that stomach cancer in previous generations may help define the susceptible subset. These families contain four to five generations of validated occurrences of cancer, thus minimizing the uncertainty of genetic risk inherent in a disease with a late and variable age at onset. The patterns of breast cancer in these multigeneration families is consistent with the influence of autosomal dominant susceptibility in a subset, low penetrance genes in another, and purely environmental influences in the remainder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Sellers
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kean EL, Wei Z, Anderson VE, Zhang N, Sayre LM. Regulation of the biosynthesis of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol, feedback and product inhibition. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:34072-82. [PMID: 10567375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.48.34072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the core oligosaccharide region of asparagine-linked glycoproteins proceeds by means of the dolichol pathway. The first step of this pathway, the reaction of dolichol phosphate with UDP-GlcNAc to form N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol (GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol), is under investigation as a possible site of metabolic regulation. This report describes feedback inhibition of this reaction by the second intermediate of the pathway, N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol (GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol), and product inhibition by GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol itself. These influences were revealed when the reactions were carried out in the presence of showdomycin, a nucleoside antibiotic, present at concentrations that block the de novo formation of GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol but not that of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol. The apparent K(i) values for GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol and GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol under basal conditions were 4.4 and 2.8 microM, respectively. Inhibition was also observed under conditions where mannosyl-P-dolichol (Man-P-dol) stimulated the biosynthesis of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol; the apparent K(i) values for GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol and GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol were 2.2 and 11 microM, respectively. Kinetic analysis of the types of inhibition indicated competitive inhibition by GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol toward the substrate UDP-GlcNAc and non-competitive inhibition toward dolichol phosphate. Inhibition by GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol was uncompetitive toward UDP-GlcNAc and competitive toward dolichol phosphate. A model is presented for the kinetic mechanism of the synthesis of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol. GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol also exerts a stimulatory effect on the biosynthesis of Man-P-dol, i.e. a reciprocal relationship to that previously observed between these two intermediates of the dolichol pathway. This network of inhibitory and stimulatory influences may be aspects of metabolic control of the pathway and thus of glycoprotein biosynthesis in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Kean
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Singh N, Charlier C, Peiffer A, Stauffer D, Melis R, Enoch MA, Goldman D, Rogers S, Anderson VE, Leppert M. Genes for rare idiopathic generalized epilepsies: BFNC. Adv Neurol 1999; 79:341-50. [PMID: 10514825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Anderson VE, Hauser WA, Rich SS. Genetic heterogeneity and epidemiology of the epilepsies. Adv Neurol 1999; 79:59-73. [PMID: 10514805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V E Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fillgrove KL, Anderson VE, Mizugaki M. Cloning, expression, and purification of the functional 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from rat liver mitochondria. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 17:57-63. [PMID: 10497069 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34) is an auxiliary enzyme for the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Import of this enzyme into the mitochondria requires a mitochondrial signal sequence at the amino terminus of the polypeptide chain which is processed/removed once inside the mitochondria. The cDNA of the full-length 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase was previously cloned as pRDR181. PCR methodologies were used to subclone the gene encoding the functional 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from pRDR181. The PCR product was inserted into a pET15b expression vector and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The soluble expressed protein can be separated into high- and low-activity fractions. The low-activity fraction can be converted to the high specific activity form by thermal annealing, suggesting it is a metastable misfolded form of the enzyme. Using ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, the enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and exhibits a single band on Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass of 32,413 Da determined by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry indicates that the amino-terminal methionine had been removed. The Michaelis constants for trans-2, trans-4-hexadienoyl-CoA and NADPH were determined to be 0.46 and 2.5 microM, respectively; a turnover number of 2.1 s(-1) was calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Fillgrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen X, Chen YH, Anderson VE. Protein cross-links: universal isolation and characterization by isotopic derivatization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1999; 273:192-203. [PMID: 10469490 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A general method of unequivocally identifying and obtaining sequence information on cross-linked peptides derived by proteolytic digestion of cross-linked proteins has been developed. The method is based on isotopic labeling of alpha-amino groups with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proteins containing covalent cross-link(s) are reductively methylated to convert lysine residues to dimethyl lysine. The methylated protein is partially hydrolyzed and the liberated alpha-amino termini are derivatized with an equimolar mixture of DNFB and [(2)H(3)]DNFB. Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-labeled peptides may be fractionated into mono- and bis-DNP pools by chromatography on phenyl media. The bis-DNP peptides are further separated by reverse-phase HPLC and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The molecular ions of cross-linked peptides are unambiguously identified as 1:2:1 triplets in the mass spectrum resulting from the binomial distribution of isotopic label in the bis-DNP derivative. Sequence information can be elucidated from the unique product ion patterns which are generated from in-source fragmentation at an elevated cone voltage. Analysis of the disulfide cross-linked peptide (VTCG)(2) was undertaken as a proof of concept and the generality of the method was demonstrated by isolating and sequencing the isopeptide bond of polyubiquitin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The role of two glutamate residues (E164 and E144) in the active site of enoyl-CoA hydratase has been probed by site-directed mutagenesis. The catalytic activity of the E164Q and E144Q mutants has been determined using 3'-dephosphocrotonyl-CoA. Removal of the 3'-phosphate group reduces the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme, thereby facilitating the determination of K(m) and simplifying the analysis of the enzymes' pH dependence. k(cat) for the hydration of 3'-dephosphocrotonyl-CoA is reduced 7700-fold for the E144Q mutant and 630000-fold for the E164Q mutant, while K(m) is unaffected. These results indicate that both glutamate residues play crucial roles in the hydration chemistry catalyzed by the enzyme. Previously, we reported that, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme, the E164Q mutant was unable to exchange the alpha-proton of butyryl-CoA with D(2)O [D'Ordine, R. L., Bahnson, B. J., Tonge, P. J. , and Anderson, V. E. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 14733-14742]. Here we demonstrate that E144Q is also unable to catalyze alpha-proton exchange even though E164, the glutamate that is positioned to abstract the alpha-proton, is intact in the active site. The catalytic function of each residue has been further investigated by exploring the ability of the wild-type and mutant enzymes to eliminate 2-mercaptobenzothiazole from 4-(2-benzothiazole)-4-thiabutanoyl-CoA (BTTB-CoA). As expected, reactivity toward BTTB-CoA is substantially reduced (690-fold) for the E164Q enzyme compared to wild-type. However, E144Q is also less active than wild-type (180-fold) even though elimination of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (pK(a) 6.8) should require no assistance from an acid catalyst. Clearly, the ability of E164 to function as an acid-base in the active site is affected by mutation of E144 and it is concluded that the two glutamates act in concert to effect catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Hofstein
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794-3400, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Paterson AD, Naimark DM, Huang J, Vachon C, Petronis A, King RA, Anderson VE, Sellers TA. Genetic anticipation and breast cancer: a prospective follow-up study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 55:21-8. [PMID: 10472776 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006151132592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic anticipation is characterized by an earlier age of disease onset, increased severity, and a greater proportion of affected individuals in succeeding generations. The discovery of trinucleotide repeat expansion (TRE) mutations as the molecular correlate of anticipation in a number of rare Mendelian neurodegenerative disorders has led to a resurgence of interest in this phenomenon. Because of the difficulties presented to traditional genetics by complex diseases, the testing for genetic anticipation coupled with TRE detection has been proposed as a strategy for expediting the identification of susceptibility genes for complex disorders. In the case of breast cancer, a number of previous studies found evidence consistent with genetic anticipation. It is known that a proportion of such families are linked to either BRCA1 or BRCA2, but no TRE mutations have been identified. It has been shown that the typical ascertainment employed in studies purporting to demonstrate genetic anticipation combined with unadjusted statistical analysis can dramatically elevate the type I error. We re-examine the evidence for anticipation in breast cancer by applying a new statistical approach that appears to have validity in the analysis of anticipation to data ascertained from a recent follow-up of a large prospective cohort family study of breast cancer. Using this approach, we find no statistically significant evidence for genetic anticipation in familial breast cancer. We discuss the limitations of our analysis, including the problem of adequate sample size for this new statistical test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Clarke Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen X, Anderson VE, Chen YH. Isotope edited product ion assignment by alpha-N labeling of peptides with [2H3(50%)]2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1999; 10:448-452. [PMID: 10222597 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An isotopic modification of Sanger's method for identifying peptide N-termini has been developed to assist peptide sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. Tryptic peptides, such as Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-Val-Glu-Lys, are derivatized with an equimolar mixture of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and [2H3]2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Under optimized derivatization conditions, the alpha-amino group could be derivatized while the epsilon-amine of the lysine side chain and the imidazole of histidine remained underivatized. The alpha-dinitrophenyl modified peptides were characterized by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS. The [M + H]+ ions showed a doublet pattern with a delta m/z of 3 and the [M + 2H]2+ ions were recognized as doublets with a delta m/z of 1.5. MS/MS was employed where both isotopic [M + 2H]2+ ions were alternately subjected to collision-induced dissociation in the second quadrupole. Fragmentation in the ionization source generated identical product ion patterns that were observed during fragmentation in the second quadrupole. In the product ion mass spectra, the N-terminal a and b ions (no c ion observed) are doublets with a delta m/z of 3 or 1.5, while the C-terminal y and z ions (no x ion observed) are singlets appearing at identical masses. Thus, the product ions containing the N-terminus derivatized with a dinitrophenyl group are unequivocally distinguished from the product ions containing the C-terminus. The dinitrophenyl modification generally enhanced the production of a and b ions without diminishing y and z ion yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Goshe MB, Anderson VE. Hydroxyl radical-induced hydrogen/deuterium exchange in amino acid carbon-hydrogen bonds. Radiat Res 1999; 151:50-8. [PMID: 9973083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radicals produced by radiolysis under anaerobic conditions in the presence of dithiothreitol and D2O have been shown to be capable of inducing hydrogen/deuterium (1H/2H) exchange in carbon-hydrogen bonds of amino acids. When the solution is saturated with N2O, a 1H/2H exchange efficiency of 38% (based on the G value of 5.6 x 10(-7) mol J(-1) for hydroxyl radical) was determined by measuring the amino acid isotope ratio [M+H+1]+/[M+H]+ using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The incorporation of 2H was proportional to the amount of hydroxyl radical generated and required the presence of dithiothreitol. Using standard anaerobic reaction conditions with dithiothreitol and N2O, incorporations of 2H of 3% and 8% into L-valine (100 microM, 35 microM DTT) and L-leucine (100 microM, 31 microM DTT), respectively, were achieved after a dose of 89 Gy and, using d8-DL-valine (100 microM, 35 microM DTT) with H2O as the solvent, approximately 2% incorporation of protium was detected. Additionally, 1H/2H exchange into the peptide (Ala2)-leucine enkephalin produced 6% incorporation of 2H. These results directly demonstrate the ability of sulfhydryl groups to mediate the chemical repair of proteins through hydrogen-atom donation to an amino acid carbon-centered radical, thus providing a means of isotopically labeling solvent-accessible amino acid residues of peptides and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Goshe
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|