151
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Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Mandraffino G, Calatroni A, Saitta A, Campo S, Campo GM. Hyaluronan in experimental injured/inflamed cartilage: In vivo studies. Life Sci 2018; 193:132-140. [PMID: 29126884 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Joint disease is characterized by an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone accompanied by capsular fibrosis, osteophyte formation and varying degrees of inflammation of the synovial membrane. Many animal models have been developed to study arthritis and osteoarthritis that enable experimental conditions, diet and environmental risk factors to be carefully controlled. Animal-based studies have demonstrated the positive effects of exogenous HA on the preservation of joint cartilage in different models of arthritis and osteoarthritis. Although many promising effects of exogenous HA have been reported, there remains uncertainty as to its effectiveness in reversing cartilage injury and other manifestations of joint diseases because of difficulties in interpreting and unifying the results of these studies. A review of the literature of the last decade was conducted to report the results and to determine what we have learned from animal models in relation to joint inflammation induced by experimental models and HA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Avenoso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela D'Ascola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Calatroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Saitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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152
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Wu SC, Chen CH, Wang JY, Lin YS, Chang JK, Ho ML. Hyaluronan size alters chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells via the CD44/ERK/SOX-9 pathway. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:224-237. [PMID: 29128538 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural linear polymer that is one of the main types of extracellular matrix during the early stage of chondrogenesis. We found that the chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be initiated and promoted by the application of HA to mimic the chondrogenic niche. The aim of this study is to investigate the optimal HA molecular weight (Mw) for chondrogenesis of ADSCs and the detailed mechanism. In this study, we investigated the relationships among HA Mw, CD44 clustering, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/SOX-9 pathway during chondrogenesis of ADSCs. Human ADSCs (hADSCs) and rabbit ADSCs (rADSCs) were isolated and expanded. Chondrogenesis was induced in rADSCs by culturing cells in HA-coated wells (HA Mw: 80 kDa, 600 kDa and 2000 kDa) and evaluated by examining cell aggregation, chondrogenic gene expression (collagen type II and aggrecan) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) deposition in vitro. Cartilaginous tissue formation in vivo was confirmed by implanting HA/rADSCs into joint cavities. CD44 clustering, ERK phosphorylation, SOX-9 expression and SOX-9 phosphorylation in cultured hADSCs were further evaluated. Isolated and expanded rADSCs showed multilineage potential and anchorage-independent growth properties. Cell aggregation, chondrogenic gene expression, and sGAG deposition increased with increasing HA Mw in rADSCs. The 2000 kDa HA had the most pronounced chondrogenic effect on rADSCs in vitro, and implanted 2000 kDa HA/rADSCs exhibited marked cartilaginous tissue formation in vivo. CD44 clustering and cell aggregation of hADSCs were enhanced by an increase in HA Mw. In addition, higher HA Mws further enhanced CD44 clustering, ERK phosphorylation, and SOX-9 expression and phosphorylation in hADSCs. Inhibiting CD44 clustering in hADSCs reduced HA-induced chondrogenic gene expression. Inhibiting ERK phosphorylation also simultaneously attenuated HA-induced SOX-9 expression and phosphorylation and chondrogenic gene expression in hADSCs. Our results indicate that HA initiates ADSC chondrogenesis and that higher Mw HAs exhibit stronger effects, with 2000 kDa HA having the strongest effect. These effects may be mediated through increased CD44 clustering and the ERK/SOX-9 signaling pathway. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE HA-based biomaterials have been studied in stem cell-based articular cartilage tissue engineering. However, little is known about the optimal HA size for stem cell chondrogenesis and the mechanism of how HA size modulates stem cell chondrogenesis. Accordingly, we used HAs with various Mws (80-2000 kDa) as culture substrates and tested their chondrogenic effect on ADSCs. Our results demonstrated that HAs with a Mw of 2000 kDa showed the optimal effect for chondrogenesis of ADSCs. Moreover, we found that HA size can regulate ADSC chondrogenesis via the CD44/ERK/SOX-9 pathway. This finding provides new information regarding the biochemical control of chondrogenesis by HA substrates that may add value to the development of HA-based biomaterials for articular cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Cheng Wu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Ya Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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153
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CD44 Signaling Mediates High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan-Induced Antihyperalgesia. J Neurosci 2017; 38:308-321. [PMID: 29175954 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2695-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied, in male Sprague Dawley rats, the role of the cognate hyaluronan receptor, CD44 signaling in the antihyperalgesia induced by high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH). Low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMWH) acts at both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors to induce mechanical hyperalgesia that is prevented by intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to CD44 mRNA, which also prevents hyperalgesia induced by a CD44 receptor agonist, A6. Ongoing LMWH and A6 hyperalgesia are reversed by HMWH. HMWH also reverses the hyperalgesia induced by diverse pronociceptive mediators, prostaglandin E2, epinephrine, TNFα, and interleukin-6, and the neuropathic pain induced by the cancer chemotherapy paclitaxel. Although CD44 antisense has no effect on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammatory mediators or paclitaxel, it eliminates the antihyperalgesic effect of HMWH. HMWH also reverses the hyperalgesia induced by activation of intracellular second messengers, PKA and PKCε, indicating that HMWH-induced antihyperalgesia, although dependent on CD44, is mediated by an intracellular signaling pathway rather than as a competitive receptor antagonist. Sensitization of cultured small-diameter DRG neurons by prostaglandin E2 is also prevented and reversed by HMWH. These results demonstrate the central role of CD44 signaling in HMWH-induced antihyperalgesia, and establish it as a therapeutic target against inflammatory and neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We demonstrate that hyaluronan (HA) with different molecular weights produces opposing nociceptive effects. While low molecular weight HA increases sensitivity to mechanical stimulation, high molecular weight HA reduces sensitization, attenuating inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Both pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of HA are mediated by activation of signaling pathways downstream CD44, the cognate HA receptor, in nociceptors. These results contribute to our understanding of the role of the extracellular matrix in pain, and indicate CD44 as a potential therapeutic target to alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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154
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Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a key component of the microenvironment surrounding cells. In healthy tissues, HA molecules have extremely high molecular mass and consequently large hydrodynamic volumes. Tethered to the cell surface by clustered receptor proteins, HA molecules crowd each other, as well as other macromolecular species. This leads to severe nonideality in physical properties of the biomatrix, because steric exclusion leads to an increase in effective concentration of the macromolecules. The excluded volume depends on both polymer concentration and hydrodynamic volume/molecular mass. The biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, tissue hydration, receptor clustering, and receptor-ligand interactions are strongly affected by the presence of HA and by its molecular mass. In inflammation, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species fragment the HA chains. Depending on the rate of chain degradation relative to the rates of new synthesis and removal of damaged chains, short fragments of the HA molecules can be present at significant levels. Not only are the physical properties of the extracellular matrix affected, but the HA fragments decluster their primary receptors and act as endogenous danger signals. Bioanalytical methods to isolate and quantify HA fragments have been developed to determine profiles of HA content and size in healthy and diseased biological fluids and tissues. These methods have potential use in medical diagnostic tests. Therapeutic agents that modulate signaling by HA fragments show promise in wound healing and tissue repair without fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Cowman
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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155
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Simmons PA, Vehige JG. Investigating the potential benefits of a new artificial tear formulation combining two polymers. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:1637-1642. [PMID: 28979093 PMCID: PMC5602465 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s135550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Artificial tear formulations typically contain a water-soluble polymer to enhance residence time, moisture retention, and binding to the mucin coat of the ocular surface, which facilitate corneal healing. This study investigated the potential advantages of combining carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hyaluronic acid (HA) polymers in a single formulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Individual CMC and HA solutions were prepared and tested for bulk viscosity in comparison to a solution that combined CMC and HA. Rheometry determined the differences between solutions at increasing shear rates, simulating eye movement and blinking. RESULTS The bulk viscosity of the individual 0.5% CMC and 0.1% HA solutions was 2.5 and 5.7 cP, respectively. The viscosity of the combined solution (13.1 cP) was 60% higher than predicted by additive effects. Rheometry revealed shear rates between 10/second (open eye) and 10,000/second (blinking eye). At these rates, viscosity ranged from 2.7 to 3.5 cP for 0.5% CMC, 2.8 to 6.8 cP for 0.1% HA, and 5.2 to 15.3 cP for the 0.5% CMC-0.1% HA combination. Low-shear viscosity of the CMC-HA combination increased 48% over the sum of the individual solutions, but high-shear viscosity remained virtually unchanged. Data from CMC and HA solutions at higher concentrations were consistent with these results. CONCLUSION Combining CMC and HA polymers produced a synergistic increase in low-shear viscosity (which cannot be fully explained by simple molecular entanglement), while the high-shear viscoelasticity of the combined solution remained unaffected. These data suggest that CMC-HA combinations have properties that may be used to formulate artificial tears that optimize ocular retention (through higher low-shear viscosity), while minimizing blur and stickiness during blinking (through lower high-shear viscosity).
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156
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Collins DS, Kourtis LC, Thyagarajapuram NR, Sirkar R, Kapur S, Harrison MW, Bryan DJ, Jones GB, Wright JM. Optimizing the Bioavailability of Subcutaneously Administered Biotherapeutics Through Mechanochemical Drivers. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2000-2011. [PMID: 28707164 PMCID: PMC5579144 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route offers myriad benefits for the administration of biotherapeutics in both acute and chronic diseases, including convenience, cost effectiveness and the potential for automation through closed-loop systems. Recent advances in parenteral administration devices and the use of additives which enhance drug dispersion have generated substantial additional interest in IV to SQ switching studies. Designing pre-clinical and clinical studies using SQ mediated delivery however requires deep understanding of complex inter-related physiologies and transport pathways governing the interstitial matrix, vascular system and lymphatic channels. This expert review will highlight key structural features which contribute to transport and biodistribution in the subcutaneous space and also assess the impact of drug formulations. Based on the rapidly growing interest in the SQ delivery route, a number of potential areas for future development are highlighted, which are likely to allow continued evolution and innovation in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Collins
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - L C Kourtis
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - N R Thyagarajapuram
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - R Sirkar
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - S Kapur
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - M W Harrison
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - D J Bryan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, 01805, USA
| | - G B Jones
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Tufts University Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA.
| | - J M Wright
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
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157
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Tang S, Chaudhry A, Kim N, Reddy JN, Righetti R. Effect of bone-soft tissue friction on ultrasound axial shear strain elastography. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:6074-6091. [PMID: 28699617 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa766f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone-soft tissue friction is an important factor affecting several musculoskeletal disorders, frictional syndromes and the ability of a bone fracture to heal. However, this parameter is difficult to determine using non-invasive imaging modalities, especially in clinical settings. Ultrasound axial shear strain elastography is a non-invasive imaging modality that has been used in the recent past to estimate the bonding between different tissue layers. As most elastography methods, axial shear strain elastography is primarily used in soft tissues. More recently, this technique has been proposed to assess the bone-soft tissue interface. In this paper, we investigate the effect of a variation in bone-soft tissue friction coefficient in the resulting axial shear strain elastograms. Finite element poroelastic models of bone specimens exhibiting different bone-soft tissue friction coefficients were created and mechanically analyzed. These models were then imported to an ultrasound elastography simulation module to assess the presence of axial shear strain patterns. In vitro experiments were performed to corroborate selected simulation results. The results of this study show that the normalized axial shear strain estimated at the bone-soft tissue interface is statistically correlated to the bone-soft tissue coefficient of friction. This information may prove useful to better interpret ultrasound elastography results obtained in bone-related applications and, possibly, monitor bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyuan Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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158
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Barnes JM, Przybyla L, Weaver VM. Tissue mechanics regulate brain development, homeostasis and disease. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:71-82. [PMID: 28043968 PMCID: PMC5394781 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells sense and integrate mechanical and biochemical cues from their environment to orchestrate organismal development and maintain tissue homeostasis. Mechanotransduction is the evolutionarily conserved process whereby mechanical force is translated into biochemical signals that can influence cell differentiation, survival, proliferation and migration to change tissue behavior. Not surprisingly, disease develops if these mechanical cues are abnormal or are misinterpreted by the cells - for example, when interstitial pressure or compression force aberrantly increases, or the extracellular matrix (ECM) abnormally stiffens. Disease might also develop if the ability of cells to regulate their contractility becomes corrupted. Consistently, disease states, such as cardiovascular disease, fibrosis and cancer, are characterized by dramatic changes in cell and tissue mechanics, and dysregulation of forces at the cell and tissue level can activate mechanosignaling to compromise tissue integrity and function, and promote disease progression. In this Commentary, we discuss the impact of cell and tissue mechanics on tissue homeostasis and disease, focusing on their role in brain development, homeostasis and neural degeneration, as well as in brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Barnes
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laralynne Przybyla
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Departments of Anatomy, Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Radiation Oncology, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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159
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Cowman MK. Mutual macromolecular crowding as the basis for polymer solution non-ideality. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Cowman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering; New York University; 433 First Avenue New York NY 10010 USA
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160
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161
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Rajasekar S, Marchand AM. Fascial Manipulation ® for persistent knee pain following ACL and meniscus repair. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2016; 21:452-458. [PMID: 28532890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fascial Manipulation® (FM) is a manual therapy approach for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Anomalous fascial tension is common following surgery due to surgical scar, inadequate mobility and fear of movement. Fascial tension may result in pain and loss of mobility. This case report aims at investigating the effectiveness of FM® on pain and function in a patient following knee surgery. A 32 years old male patient, with persisting knee pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (hamstring graft) and meniscal repair, underwent the systematic FM® assessment process, the selected centers of coordination of myofascial units were treated. Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire was obtained prior treatment and after 4 treatment sessions. Results showed clinically significant improvements in all subscales of KOOS after 4 weeks, the effect was maintained in subsequent follow-ups at 3 months, 6 months, one year and two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannasi Rajasekar
- Srinivas College of Physiotherapy and Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575 001, India
| | - Aurélie Marie Marchand
- Clinical Lecturer, Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 13-15 Parkwood Road, BH5 2DF Bournemouth, United Kingdom.
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162
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Morphological Diversity of Pretibial Myxedema and Its Mechanism of Evolving Process and Outcome: A Retrospective Study of 216 Cases. J Thyroid Res 2016; 2016:2652174. [PMID: 27648339 PMCID: PMC5014960 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2652174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Pretibial myxedema (PTM) is a rare dermopathy. The morphologic features and mechanism of its evolving process are not reported in large case series. Methods. 216 cases with PTM were retrospectively reviewed to analyze demographics, history, lesional morphology and its evolving process, histopathology and immunohistochemistry, serum TRAb levels, treatment, and outcome. Results. First appearing lesions evolved into 6 variants that were correlated with serum TRAb levels. Subvariants were caused by different kinds and frequencies of local trauma. The evolving process could be classified into 4 stages that were correlated with serum TRAb levels and perivascular infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. Serum TRAb levels at remission and in nonrecurred cases became lower than those before therapy and in recurred cases, respectively, but increased when PTM relapsed. TRAb level in nodule variant went down invariably with the extension of course and its autoimmune activity had a trend to stop but in other 5 variants TRAb levels fluctuated. Their autoimmune activities had no trends to stop and clinically worsen through intermittent repeats of active and stable stages. Conclusions. In the chronic course of PTM, nodule variant is self-limited and other 5 variants are not self-limited. PTM needed early treatment to avoid severe variants.
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163
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Martin-Alarcon L, Schmidt T. Rheological effects of macromolecular interactions in synovial fluid. Biorheology 2016; 53:49-67. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Martin-Alarcon
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T.A. Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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164
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Raghavan P, Lu Y, Mirchandani M, Stecco A. Human Recombinant Hyaluronidase Injections For Upper Limb Muscle Stiffness in Individuals With Cerebral Injury: A Case Series. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:306-313. [PMID: 27333050 PMCID: PMC4972484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Raghavan
- Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States; Steinhardt School of Education, Culture and Human Development, New York University, New York, United States.
| | - Ying Lu
- Steinhardt School of Education, Culture and Human Development, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Mona Mirchandani
- Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Antonio Stecco
- Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States; University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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165
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Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Bogen O, Levine JD. Extracellular matrix hyaluronan signals via its CD44 receptor in the increased responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Neuroscience 2016; 324:390-8. [PMID: 26996509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose that the extracellular matrix (ECM) signals CD44, a hyaluronan receptor, to increase the responsiveness to mechanical stimulation in the rat hind paw. We report that intradermal injection of hyaluronidase induces mechanical hyperalgesia, that is inhibited by co-administration of a CD44 receptor antagonist, A5G27. The intradermal injection of low (LMWH) but not high (HMWH) molecular weight hyaluronan also induces mechanical hyperalgesia, an effect that was attenuated by pretreatment with HMWH or A5G27. Pretreatment with HMWH also attenuated the hyperalgesia induced by hyaluronidase. Similarly, intradermal injection of A6, a CD44 receptor agonist, produced hyperalgesia that was inhibited by HMWH and A5G27. Inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA) and Src, but not protein kinase C (PKC), significantly attenuated the hyperalgesia induced by both A6 and LMWH. Finally, to determine if CD44 receptor signaling is involved in a preclinical model of inflammatory pain, we evaluated the effect of A5G27 and HMWH on the mechanical hyperalgesia associated with the inflammation induced by carrageenan. Both A5G27 and HMWH attenuated carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Thus, while LMWH acts at its cognate receptor, CD44, to induce mechanical hyperalgesia, HMWH acts at the same receptor as an antagonist. That the local administration of HMWH or A5G27 inhibits carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia supports the suggestion that carrageenan produces changes in the ECM that contributes to inflammatory pain. These studies define a clinically relevant role for signaling by the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, in increased responsiveness to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferrari
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - D Araldi
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - O Bogen
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - J D Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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