151
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Pulmonary infection in traumatic brain injury patients undergoing tracheostomy: predicators and nursing care. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:130. [PMID: 35392885 PMCID: PMC8988413 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-01928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary infection is common yet serious complication in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). We aimed to evaluate the predicators of pulmonary infection in STBI patients undergoing tracheostomy, to provide evidence for the clinical nursing care of STBI patients. Methods This study was a retrospective cohort design. STBI patients undergoing tracheostomy treatment from January 1, 2019 to August 31, 2021 in our hospital were included. The characteristics of pulmonary infection and no pulmonary infection patients were analyzed. Results A total 216 STBI patients undergoing tracheostomy were included, the incidence of pulmonary infection was 26.85%. Diabetes (r = 0.782), hypoproteinemia (r = 0.804), duration of coma(r = 0.672), duration of mechanical ventilation(r = 0.724) and length of hospital stay (r = 0.655), length of hospital stay post tracheostomy (r = 0.554), mortality (r = 0.598) were all correlated with pulmonary infection (all p < 0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae (33.87%) and Staphylococcus aureus (29.03%) were the most commonly seen pathogens in the pulmonary infection of TBI patients. Logistic regression analyses indicated that diabetes (OR 2.232, 95% CI 1.215–3.904), hypoproteinemia with plasma total protein < 60 g/L (OR 1.922, 95% CI 1.083–3.031), duration of coma ≥ 22 h (OR 2.864, 95% CI 1.344–5.012), duration of mechanical ventilation ≥ 5 days (OR 3.602, 95% CI 1.297–5.626), length of hospital stay ≥ 21 days (OR 2.048, 95% CI 1.022–3.859) were the risk factors of pulmonary infection in TBI patients undergoing tracheostomy (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Further investigations on the early preventions and treatments targeted on those risk factors are needed to reduce the pulmonary infection in clinical practice.
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Ding S, Cao Y, Lu X, Zhang H, Cong L, Yi T, Xu M, Wang L. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) silencing protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by modulating microglia polarization via the activation of the STAT6 signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2022; 491:110-121. [PMID: 35395356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is the major pathophysiological process in stroke and could lead to severe and permanent disability. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. We established a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model with suture-occluded method in vivo. Then, BV-2 cells were conducted to oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. The results showed that DOCK2 was highly expressed in ischemic brain following MCAO and in BV-2 cells induced by OGD/R. DOCK2 depletion protected against MCAO-induced brain infarcts and neuron degeneration. DOCK2 downregulation improved long-term neurological function, which was assessed by the Morris water-maze test. Moreover, silencing of DOCK2 promoted M2 polarization (anti-inflammation) and repressed M1 polarization (pro-inflammation) of microglia both in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, we found that the loss of DOCK2 upregulated the expression of p-STAT6. DOCK2 knockdown-induced microglial cell polarization towards M2 phenotype was partly abrogated by the STAT6 inhibitor AS1517499. In conclusion, DOCK2 downregulation protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by modulating microglia polarization via the activation of the STAT6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Huixue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Tingting Yi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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153
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Lippa SM, Gill J, Brickell TA, Guedes VA, French LM, Lange RT. Blood Biomarkers Predict Future Cognitive Decline after Military-Related Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:351-363. [PMID: 35362372 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220330144432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with increased likelihood of late-life dementia; however, the mechanisms driving this relationship are elusive. Blood-based biomarkers may provide insight into these mechanisms and serve as useful prognostic indicators of cognitive recovery or decline following a TBI. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine blood biomarkers within one year of TBI and explore their relationship with cognitive decline. METHODS Service members and veterans (n=224) without injury (n=77), or with history of bodily injury (n=37), uncomplicated mild TBI (n=55), or more severe TBI (n=55), underwent a blood draw and neuropsychological assessment within one year of their injury as part of a case-control study. A subsample (n=87) completed follow-up cognitive assessment. RESULTS In the more severe TBI group, baseline glial fibrillary acidic protein (p=.008) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (p=.026) were associated with processing speed at baseline, and baseline ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 predicted change in immediate (R2Δ=.244, p=.005) and delayed memory (R2Δ=.390, p=.003) over time. In the mild TBI group, higher baseline tau predicted greater negative change in perceptual reasoning (R2Δ=.188, p=.033) and executive functioning (R2Δ=.298, p=.007); higher baseline neurofilament light predicted greater negative change in perceptual reasoning (R2Δ=.211, p=.012). CONCLUSION Baseline ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 strongly predicted memory decline in the more severe TBI group, while tau and neurofilament light strongly predicted decline in the mild TBI group. A panel including these biomarkers could be particularly helpful in identifying those at risk for future cognitive decline following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Lippa
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracey A Brickell
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Centre of Excellence on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian A Guedes
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis M French
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rael T Lange
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Centre of Excellence on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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154
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Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling in the central nervous system and the potential of its pharmacological inhibitors to halt the progression of neurological disorders. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:821-842. [PMID: 35290551 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1)/Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, maintenance, and proliferation of macrophage lineage cells. Within the central nervous system, CSF-1R signaling primarily maintains microglial homeostasis. Microglia, being the resident macrophage and first responder to any neurological insults, plays critical importance in overall health of the human brain. Aberrant and sustained activation of microglia along with continued proliferation and release of neurotoxic proinflammatory cytokines have been reported in various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, halting the neuroinflammatory pathway via targeting microglial proliferation, which depends on CSF-1R signaling, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. However, apart from regulating the microglial function, recently it has been discovered that CSF-1R has much broader role in central nervous system. These findings limit the therapeutic utility of CSF-1R inhibitors but also highlight the need for a complete understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. Moreover, it has been found that selective inhibitors of CSF-1R may be more efficient in avoiding non-specific targeting and associated side effects. Short-term depletion of microglial population in diseased conditions have also been found to be beneficial; however, the dose and therapeutic window for optimum effects may need to be standardized further.This review summarizes the present understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. We discuss the CSF-1R signaling in the context of microglia function, crosstalk between microglia and astroglia, and regulation of neuronal cell function. We also discuss a few of the neurological disorders with a focus on the utility of CSF-1R inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategy for halting the progression of neurological diseases.
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155
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Tetrandrine Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury by Regulating Autophagy to Reduce Ferroptosis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1574-1587. [PMID: 35266084 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in trauma patients. However, the effects and mechanism of autophagy after TBI remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether tetrandrine could ameliorate TBI through autophagy to reduce ferroptosis. A mice model for TBI was implemented. Behavioral and histomorphological experiments were performed to evaluate outcomes of the mice. The ferroptosis levels was detected by Perls staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) levels in the brain tissue. Western blot test was performed to detect Beclin 1, light chain 3 (LC3) II/I, p62, GPX4, SCL7A11, and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) levels, and the expression of LC3B, Beclin 1, GPX4, and FTH1 in the brain tissue was detected by immunofluorescence (IF). The behavioral and histomorphological results demonstrated that tetrandrine improved the neurological function and cerebral edema on days 1, 3, and 7 after TBI. The ELISA results suggested that tetrandrine reduced the MDA concentration and increased GSH concentration on days 1, 3, and 7 after TBI. IF staining and Perls staining reflected that tetrandrine promoted autophagy and inhibited ferroptosis on days 1, 3, and 7 after TBI, respectively. Tetrandrine further improved the neurological function, cerebral edema, autophagy, and ferroptosis on days 1, 3, and 7 after TBI after adding the autophagy inducer rapamycin. The effect of TET in alleviating TBI increased with the increase of time and dose. Tetrandrine ameliorated TBI by regulating autophagy to reduce ferroptosis, providing a new therapeutic strategy for TBI.
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156
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Yang Z, Li X, Luo W, Wu Y, Tang T, Wang Y. The Involvement of Long Non-coding RNA and Messenger RNA Based Molecular Networks and Pathways in the Subacute Phase of Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Mice. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:794342. [PMID: 35311004 PMCID: PMC8931714 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.794342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury with a multi-faceted recovery process. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are demonstrated to be involved in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, the roles of lncRNAs in long-term neurological deficits post-TBI are poorly understood. The present study depicted the microarray’s lncRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) profiles at 14 days in TBI mice hippocampi. LncRNA and mRNA microarray was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate the microarray results. Bioinformatics analysis [including Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network, and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network] were applied to explore the underlying mechanism. A total of 264 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 232 expressed mRNAs were identified (fold change > 1.5 and P-value < 0.05). Altered genes were enriched in inflammation, immune response, blood–brain barrier, glutamatergic neurological effects, and neuroactive ligand-receptor, which may be associated with TBI-induced pathophysiologic changes in the long-term neurological deficits. The lncRNAs-mRNAs co-expression network was generated for 74 lncRNA-mRNA pairs, most of which are positive correlations. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network included 12 lncRNAs, 59 miRNAs, and 25 mRNAs. Numerous significantly altered lncRNAs and mRNAs in mice hippocampi were enriched in inflammation and immune response. Furthermore, these dysregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets to overcome obstacles in long-term recovery following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Yang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuexuan Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weikang Luo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Tao Tang,
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang,
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157
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Brett BL, Gardner RC, Godbout J, Dams-O’Connor K, Keene CD. Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Neurodegenerative Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:498-507. [PMID: 34364650 PMCID: PMC8636548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly of greater severity (i.e., moderate to severe), has been identified as a risk factor for all-cause dementia and Parkinson's disease, with risk for specific dementia subtypes being more variable. Among the limited studies involving neuropathological (postmortem) confirmation, the association between TBI and risk for neurodegenerative disease increases in complexity, with polypathology often reported on examination. The heterogeneous clinical and neuropathological outcomes associated with TBI are likely reflective of the multifaceted postinjury acute and chronic processes that may contribute to neurodegeneration. Acutely in TBI, axonal injury and disrupted transport influences molecular mechanisms fundamental to the formation of pathological proteins, such as amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau. These protein deposits may develop into amyloid-β plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles, and dystrophic neurites. These and other characteristic neurodegenerative disease pathologies may then spread across brain regions. The acute immune and neuroinflammatory response involves alteration of microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells; release of downstream pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; and recruitment of peripheral immune cells. Although thought to be neuroprotective and reparative initially, prolongation of these processes may promote neurodegeneration. We review the evidence for TBI as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease, in clinical and neuropathological studies. Further, we describe the dynamic interactions between acute response to injury and chronic processes that may be involved in TBI-related pathogenesis and progression of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Brett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of
Wisconsin,Corresponding author: Benjamin L.
Brett, 414-955-7316, , Medical College of
Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Raquel C. Gardner
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill
Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco and the San
Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Jonathan Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury Program,
The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristen Dams-O’Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance,
Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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158
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Role of Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Associated Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: State of the Evidence and Where Do We Go From Here. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:438-448. [PMID: 34955170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increasing awareness that traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion substantially increase the risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Even mild TBI increases the risk for depression and anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder by two- to threefold, predisposing patients to further functional impairment. This strong epidemiological link supports examination of potential mechanisms driving neuropsychiatric symptom development after TBI. One potential mechanism for increased neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI is via inflammatory processes, as central nervous system inflammation can last years after initial injury. There is emerging preliminary evidence that TBI patients with posttraumatic stress disorder or depression exhibit increased central and peripheral inflammatory markers compared with TBI patients without these comorbidities. Growing evidence has demonstrated that immune signaling in animals plays an integral role in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors after severe stress or brain injury. In this review, we will 1) discuss current evidence for chronic inflammation after TBI in the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms, 2) highlight potential microglial activation and cytokine signaling contributions, and 3) discuss potential promise and pitfalls for immune-targeted interventions and biomarker strategies to identify and treat TBI patients with immune-related neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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159
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Mercurio D, Fumagalli S, Schafer MKH, Pedragosa J, Ngassam LDC, Wilhelmi V, Winterberg S, Planas AM, Weihe E, De Simoni MG. Protein Expression of the Microglial Marker Tmem119 Decreases in Association With Morphological Changes and Location in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:820127. [PMID: 35221925 PMCID: PMC8866855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.820127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the infiltration of macrophages are hallmarks of neuroinflammation after acute brain injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The two myeloid populations share many features in the post-injury inflammatory response, thus, being antigenically indistinguishable. Recently Tmem119, a type I transmembrane protein specifically expressed by microglia under physiological conditions, was proposed as a tool to differentiate resident microglia from blood-borne macrophages, not expressing it. However, the validity of Tmem119 as a specific marker of resident microglia in the context of acute brain injury, where microglia are activated and macrophages are recruited, needs validation. Our purpose was to investigate Tmem119 expression and distribution in relation to the morphology of brain myeloid cells present in the injured area after TBI. Mice underwent sham surgery or TBI by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Brains from sham-operated, or TBI mice, were analyzed by in situ hybridization to identify the cells expressing Tmem119, and by Western blot and quantitative immunofluorescence to measure Tmem119 protein levels in the entire brain regions and single cells. The morphology of Iba1+ myeloid cells was analyzed at different times (4 and 7 days after TBI) and several distances from the contused edge in order to associate Tmem119 expression with morphological evolution of active microglia. In situ hybridization indicated an increased Tmem119 RNA along with increased microglial complement C1q activation in the contused area and surrounding regions. On the contrary, the biochemical evaluation showed a drop in Tmem119 protein levels in the same areas. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreased in Iba1+ myeloid cells found in the contused cortex at both time points, with the cells showing the hypertrophic ameboid morphology having no Tmem119 expression. The Tmem119 was present on ramifications of resident microglia and its presence was decreased as a consequence of microglial activation in cortical areas close to contusion. Based on the data, we conclude that the decrease of Tmem119 in reactive microglia may depend on the process of microglial activation, which involves the retracting of their branchings to acquire an ameboid shape. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreases in reactive microglia to similar levels than the blood-borne macrophages, thus, failing to discriminate the two myeloid populations after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin K-H Schafer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Verena Wilhelmi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Winterberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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160
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Celorrio M, Shumilov K, Payne C, Vadivelu S, Friess SH. Acute minocycline administration reduces brain injury and improves long-term functional outcomes after delayed hypoxemia following traumatic brain injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35090569 PMCID: PMC8796448 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of therapeutics for traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrating preclinical efficacy for TBI have failed to replicate these results in humans, in part due to the absence of clinically feasible therapeutic windows for administration. Minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, has been shown to be neuroprotective when administered early after experimental TBI but detrimental when administered chronically to human TBI survivors. Rather than focusing on the rescue of primary injury with early administration of therapeutics which may not be clinically feasible, we hypothesized that minocycline administered at a clinically feasible time point (24 h after injury) would be neuroprotective in a model of TBI plus delayed hypoxemia. We first explored several different regimens of minocycline dosing with the initial dose 24 h after injury and 2 h prior to hypoxemia, utilizing short-term neuropathology to select the most promising candidate. We found that a short course of minocycline reduced acute microglial activation, monocyte infiltration and hippocampal neuronal loss at 1 week post injury. We then conducted a preclinical trial to assess the long-term efficacy of a short course of minocycline finding reductions in hippocampal neurodegeneration and synapse loss, preservation of white matter myelination, and improvements in fear memory performance at 6 months after injury. Timing in relation to injury and duration of minocycline treatment and its impact on neuroinflammatory response may be responsible for extensive neuroprotection observed in our studies.
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161
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O'Neil SM, Hans EE, Jiang S, Wangler LM, Godbout JP. Astrocyte immunosenescence and deficits in interleukin 10 signaling in the aged brain disrupt the regulation of microglia following innate immune activation. Glia 2022; 70:913-934. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.24147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. O'Neil
- Department of Neuroscience The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Emma E. Hans
- Department of Neuroscience The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Starr Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Lynde M. Wangler
- Department of Neuroscience The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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162
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Green TRF, Murphy SM, Ortiz JB, Rowe RK. Age-At-Injury Influences the Glial Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Cortex of Male Juvenile Rats. Front Neurol 2022; 12:804139. [PMID: 35111130 PMCID: PMC8802670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.804139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few translational studies have examined how age-at-injury affects the glial response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that rats injured at post-natal day (PND) 17 would exhibit a greater glial response, that would persist into early adulthood, compared to rats injured at PND35. PND17 and PND35 rats (n = 75) received a mild to moderate midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. In three cortical regions [peri-injury, primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), perirhinal], we investigated the glial response relative to age-at-injury (PND17 or PND35), time post-injury (2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, 25 days, or 43 days), and post-natal age, such that rats injured at PND17 or PND35 were compared at the same post-natal-age (e.g., PND17 + 25D post-injury = PND42; PND35 + 7D post-injury = PND42). We measured Iba1 positive microglia cells (area, perimeter) and quantified their activation status using skeletal analysis (branch length/cell, mean processes/cell, cell abundance). GFAP expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and pixel analysis. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multivariate multi-level models. Independent of age-at-injury, TBI activated microglia (shorter branches, fewer processes) in the S1BF and perirhinal cortex with more microglia in all regions compared to uninjured shams. TBI-induced microglial activation (shorter branches) was sustained in the S1BF into early adulthood (PND60). Overall, PND17 injured rats had more microglial activation in the perirhinal cortex than PND35 injured rats. Activation was not confounded by age-dependent cell size changes, and microglial cell body sizes were similar between PND17 and PND35 rats. There were no differences in astrocyte GFAP expression. Increased microglial activation in PND17 brain-injured rats suggests that TBI upregulates the glial response at discrete stages of development. Age-at-injury and aging with an injury are translationally important because experiencing a TBI at an early age may trigger an exaggerated glial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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163
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Houle S, Kokiko-Cochran ON. A Levee to the Flood: Pre-injury Neuroinflammation and Immune Stress Influence Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:788055. [PMID: 35095471 PMCID: PMC8790486 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.788055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that aging influences the brain's response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), setting the stage for neurodegenerative pathology like Alzheimer's disease (AD). This topic is often dominated by discussions of post-injury aging and inflammation, which can diminish the consideration of those same factors before TBI. In fact, pre-TBI aging and inflammation may be just as critical in mediating outcomes. For example, elderly individuals suffer from the highest rates of TBI of all severities. Additionally, pre-injury immune challenges or stressors may alter pathology and outcome independent of age. The inflammatory response to TBI is malleable and influenced by previous, coincident, and subsequent immune insults. Therefore, pre-existing conditions that elicit or include an inflammatory response could substantially influence the brain's ability to respond to traumatic injury and ultimately affect chronic outcome. The purpose of this review is to detail how age-related cellular and molecular changes, as well as genetic risk variants for AD affect the neuroinflammatory response to TBI. First, we will review the sources and pathology of neuroinflammation following TBI. Then, we will highlight the significance of age-related, endogenous sources of inflammation, including changes in cytokine expression, reactive oxygen species processing, and mitochondrial function. Heightened focus is placed on the mitochondria as an integral link between inflammation and various genetic risk factors for AD. Together, this review will compile current clinical and experimental research to highlight how pre-existing inflammatory changes associated with infection and stress, aging, and genetic risk factors can alter response to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Houle
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
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164
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Koszegi Z, Cheong RY. Targeting the non-classical estrogen pathway in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:999236. [PMID: 36187099 PMCID: PMC9521328 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.999236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens can alter the biology of various tissues and organs, including the brain, and thus play an essential role in modulating homeostasis. Despite its traditional role in reproduction, it is now accepted that estrogen and its analogues can exert neuroprotective effects. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of estrogen in ameliorating and delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and various forms of brain injury disorders. While the classical effects of estrogen through intracellular receptors are more established, the impact of the non-classical pathway through receptors located at the plasma membrane as well as the rapid stimulation of intracellular signaling cascades are still under active research. Moreover, it has been suggested that the non-classical estrogen pathway plays a crucial role in neuroprotection in various brain areas. In this mini-review, we will discuss the use of compounds targeting the non-classical estrogen pathway in their potential use as treatment in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Y. Cheong
- Timeline Bioresearch AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rachel Y. Cheong,
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165
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Mostafavi E, Aref AR, Sethi G, Wang L, Tergaonkar V. Non-coding RNA-based regulation of inflammation. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101606. [PMID: 35691882 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a multifactorial process and various biological mechanisms and pathways participate in its development. The presence of inflammation is involved in pathogenesis of different diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and even, cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise large part of transcribed genome and their critical function in physiological and pathological conditions has been confirmed. The present review focuses on miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs as ncRNAs and their potential functions in inflammation regulation and resolution. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors are regulated by miRNAs via binding to 3'-UTR or indirectly via affecting other pathways such as SIRT1 and NF-κB. LncRNAs display a similar function and they can also affect miRNAs via sponging in regulating levels of cytokines. CircRNAs mainly affect miRNAs and reduce their expression in regulating cytokine levels. Notably, exosomal ncRNAs have shown capacity in inflammation resolution. In addition to pre-clinical studies, clinical trials have examined role of ncRNAs in inflammation-mediated disease pathogenesis and cytokine regulation. The therapeutic targeting of ncRNAs using drugs and nucleic acids have been analyzed to reduce inflammation in disease therapy. Therefore, ncRNAs can serve as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets in inflammation-related diseases in pre-clinical and clinical backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. 6, Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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166
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Li G, Liu H, He Y, Hu Z, Gu Y, Li Y, Ye Y, Hu J. Neurological Symptoms and Their Associations With Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Chronic Phase Following Traumatic Brain Injuries. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:895852. [PMID: 35815027 PMCID: PMC9263586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.895852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying biological mechanisms for neurological symptoms following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the associations between serum inflammatory biomarkers and neurological symptoms in the chronic phase following moderate to severe TBI. METHODS The serum interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and the tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α in 72 TBI patients 6 months to 2 years post injury were measured. Neurological symptoms including depression, chronic headache, sleep disturbance, irritability, anxiety, and global neurological disability was assessed. The associations between the biomarkers and the neurological symptoms were assessed using correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS It was found that the most common post-injury symptom was sleep disturbance (84.7%), followed by chronic headaches (59.7%), irritability (55.6%), and depression (54.2%). TNF-α was a protective factor for chronic headache (OR = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.235-0.952). IL-6 was positively associated with sleep disturbance (r = 0.274, p = 0.021), while IL-5 and IL-12p70 were negatively associated with the degree of global neurological disability (r = -0.325, p = 0.006; r = -0.319, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for the association between chronic inflammation with neurological symptoms following a TBI, which suggests that anti-inflammatory could be a potential target for post-TBI neurological rehabilitation. Further research with larger sample sizes and more related biomarkers are still needed, however, to elucidate the inflammatory mechanisms for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqin Li
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong He
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeqing Hu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junmei Hu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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167
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Mou Q, Yao K, Ye M, Zhao B, Hu Y, Lou X, Li H, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Modulation of Sirt1-mTORC1 Pathway in Microglia Attenuates Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss After Optic Nerve Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6857-6869. [PMID: 34934336 PMCID: PMC8684404 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Optic nerve injury (ONI) causes neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration leading to visual deficits. The response of microglia has emerged as an impactful component of etiology in neurodegeneration. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SIRT1-mTORC1 signaling pathway in microglia regulation after ONI. Methods Cx3Cr1-CreERT2/RaptorF/F and Cx3Cr1-CreERT2/Sirt1F/F mice were used to delete Raptor and Sirt1 in microglia, respectively. Optic nerve crush (ONC) model was established to mimic ONI. PLX5622, a highly specific inhibitor of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), is used to eliminate microglia in optic nerve. Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunostaining was used to detect microglial activation. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified by Nissl staining and retinal whole-mount immunostaining with RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS). Axonal damage was valued by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Microglial activation emerged on day 3 post ONC and was earlier than RGCs loss which occurred at day 5 after injury. Depleting microglia with PLX5622 could attenuate the loss of RGCs and axon damage after ONC. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that SIRT1 determined the activation of microglia in optic nerve. In addition, microglia-specific deletion of Raptor resulted in decreased microglial activation. Interestingly, activating mTORC1 with CCT007093 could reverse the function of SIRT1 in regulating the process of microglial activation mediated RGCs loss. Conclusion Our study reveals a potential novel mechanism of SIRT1-mTORC1 pathway in microglia regulation, and indicates a therapeutic potential for the protection of RGCs in ONI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxue Mou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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168
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Shao R, Wang X, Xu T, Xia Y, Cui D. The balance between AIM2-associated inflammation and autophagy: the role of CHMP2A in brain injury after cardiac arrest. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:257. [PMID: 34740380 PMCID: PMC8571899 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome and impaired autophagosome clearance in neurons contribute significantly to cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation (CA-ROSC) injury, while the mechanism by which the AIM2 inflammasome is regulated and relationship between the processes remain poorly understood. Recently, charged multivesicular body protein 2A (CHMP2A), a subunit of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), was shown to regulate phagophore closure, and its depletion led to the accumulation of autophagosomes and induced cell death. Here, we investigated whether CHMP2A-mediated autophagy was an underlying mechanism of AIM2-associated inflammation after CA-ROSC and explored the potential link between the AIM2 inflammasome and autophagy under ischemic conditions. Methods AIM2 inflammasome activation and autophagic flux in the cortex were assessed in the CA-ROSC rat model. We injected LV-Vector or LV-CHMP2A virus into the motor cortex with stereotaxic coordinates and divided the rats into four groups: Sham, CA, CA+LV-Vector, and CA+LV-CHMP2A. Neurologic deficit scores (NDSs), balance beam tests, histopathological injury of the brain, and expression of the AIM2 inflammasome and proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed. Results AIM2 inflammasome activation and increased interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 release were concurrent with reduced levels of CHMP2A-induced autophagy in CA-ROSC rat neurons. In addition, silencing CHMP2A resulted in autophagosome accumulation and decreased autophagic degradation of the AIM2 inflammasome. In parallel, a reduction in AIM2 contributed to autophagy activation and mitigated oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD-Rep)-induced inflammation. Notably, CHMP2A overexpression in the cortex hindered neuroinflammation, protected against ischemic brain damage, and improved neurologic outcomes after CA. Conclusions Our results support a potential link between autophagy and AIM2 signaling, and targeting CHMP2A may provide new insights into neuroinflammation in the early phase during CA-ROSC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02307-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjiao Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xintao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yiyang Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Derong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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169
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Chukhlovina ML, Chukhlovin AA. [Features of the patient management with traumatic brain injury]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:145-151. [PMID: 34693703 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to consider features of pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the viewpoint of neurologist. The mechanisms of emerging injury of the central nervous system, including neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with TBI, and correlations between clinical manifestations and severity of TBI are discussed. Special attention is paid to the description of certain TBI consequences, e.g. structural drug-resistant epilepsy and post-traumatic stress disorder. We provide evidence for difficulties and lesser availability of rehabilitation programs to patients with TBI during COVID-19 pandemics. One should mention a need for administration of Mexidol as the antioxidant/antihypoxant drug into complex therapy of TBI in such patients. In the period of COVID-19 pandemics, the role of neurologist in management of TBI patients still increases, especially, at the outpatient treatment stage, and when carrying out therapy and medical rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Chukhlovina
- Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Chukhlovin
- Polenov Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute - Branch Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
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170
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Li XL, Wang B, Yang FB, Chen LG, You J. HOXA11-AS aggravates microglia-induced neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1096-1105. [PMID: 34558538 PMCID: PMC8552838 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in many pathophysiological processes after traumatic brain injury by mediating neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Homeobox A11 antisense RNA (HOXA11-AS) is a member of the lncRNA family that has been reported to participate in many inflammatory reactions; however, its role in traumatic brain injury remains unclear. In this study, we established rat models of traumatic brain injury using a weight-drop hitting device and injected LV-HOXA11-AS into the right lateral ventricle 2 weeks before modeling. The results revealed that overexpression of HOXA11-AS aggravated neurological deficits in traumatic brain injury rats, increased brain edema and apoptosis, promoted the secretion of proinflammatory factors interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α, and promoted the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Microglia were treated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours to establish in vitro cell models, and then transfected with pcDNA-HOXA11-AS, miR-124-3p mimic, or sh-MDK. The results revealed that HOXA11-AS inhibited miR-124-3p expression and boosted MDK expression and TLR4-nuclear factor-κB pathway activation. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide enhanced potent microglia-induced inflammatory responses in astrocytes. Forced overexpression of miR-124-3p or downregulating MDK repressed microglial activation and the inflammatory response of astrocytes. However, the miR-124-3p-mediated anti-inflammatory effects were reversed by HOXA11-AS. These findings suggest that HOXA11-AS can aggravate neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury by modulating the miR-124-3p-MDK axis. This study was approved by the Animal Protection and Use Committee of Southwest Medical University (approval No. SMU-2019-042) on February 4, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center and Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province; Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Functions, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fu-Bing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center and Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province; Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Functions, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian You
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center and Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province; Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Functions, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Chen T, Zhou H, Xiong L. Single cell sequencing technology and its application in Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy research. IBRAIN 2021; 7:227-234. [PMID: 37786794 PMCID: PMC10528982 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the common etiology of neonatal morbidity and mortality, which exerts a negative seriously influence for the growth and development of children, and even threatens their life. Therapeutic methods are timely not adopted, it will cause serious irreversible damage to the neonatal nervous system. As no promising therapeutic strategies exist currently, it is important to elucidate the pathological mechanism for HIE, which requires us to explore the nucleic acid molecules, protein, and cell function in HIE patients, and to understand the process of the onset and progression, then research and invent better treatment methods and therapeutic drugs. Single cell sequencing (SCS) exhibits an distinctive advantages in cells research because of the particularity of each cell. This method solves an puzzle about heterogeneit, which could not be solved with multi cell sample research, and provides a new idea and perspective for the un-elucidated and events further analyzed, such as the behaviors, mechanisms and the relationship between single cell and organism in cell population. It also plays an extremely significant role in the basic research and precision medicine. Some studies have suggested that SCS serves a vital function in the study of HIE. Therefore, this review is aim to elaborate SCS and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and trace the role of microglia in HIE, and prospect its unknown and undiscovered mechanism by SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Bao Chen
- Laboratory Zoology DepartmentKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Hong‐Su Zhou
- Department of AnesthesiologyGraduate School of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide5000South AustraliaAustralia
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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Ashwal S, Siebold L, Krueger AC, Wilson CG. Post-traumatic Neuroinflammation: Relevance to Pediatrics. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 122:50-58. [PMID: 34304972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Both detrimental and beneficial effects of post-traumatic neuroinflammation have become a major research focus as they offer the potential for immediate as well as delayed targeted reparative therapies. Understanding the complex interactions of central and peripheral immunocompetent cells as well as their mediators on brain injury and recovery is complicated by the temporal, regional, and developmental differences in their response to injuries. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have become central in these investigations as they serve a major surveillance function, have the ability to react swiftly to injury, recruit various cellular and chemical mediators, and monitor the reparative/degenerative processes. In this review we describe selected aspects of this burgeoning literature, describing the critical role of cytokines and chemokines, microglia, advances in neuroimaging, genetics and fractal morphology analysis, our research efforts in this area, and selected aspects of pediatric post-traumatic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.
| | - Lorraine Siebold
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - A Camille Krueger
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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173
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Todd BP, Chimenti MS, Luo Z, Ferguson PJ, Bassuk AG, Newell EA. Traumatic brain injury results in unique microglial and astrocyte transcriptomes enriched for type I interferon response. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:151. [PMID: 34225752 PMCID: PMC8259035 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability that lacks neuroprotective therapies. Following a TBI, secondary injury response pathways are activated and contribute to ongoing neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes are critical neuroimmune modulators with early and persistent reactivity following a TBI. Although histologic glial reactivity is well established, a precise understanding of microglia and astrocyte function following trauma remains unknown. Methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice underwent either fluid percussion or sham injury. RNA sequencing of concurrently isolated microglia and astrocytes was conducted 7 days post-injury to evaluate cell-type-specific transcriptional responses to TBI. Dual in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were used to validate the TBI-induced gene expression changes in microglia and astrocytes and to identify spatial orientation of cells expressing these genes. Comparative analysis was performed between our glial transcriptomes and those from prior reports in mild TBI and other neurologic diseases to determine if severe TBI induces unique states of microglial and astrocyte activation. Results Our findings revealed sustained, lineage-specific transcriptional changes in both microglia and astrocytes, with microglia showing a greater transcriptional response than astrocytes at this subacute time point. Microglia and astrocytes showed overlapping enrichment for genes related to type I interferon signaling and MHC class I antigen presentation. The microglia and astrocyte transcriptional response to severe TBI was distinct from prior reports in mild TBI and other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Conclusion Concurrent lineage-specific analysis revealed novel TBI-specific transcriptional changes; these findings highlight the importance of cell-type-specific analysis of glial reactivity following TBI and may assist with the identification of novel, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P Todd
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Bioinformatics Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zili Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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174
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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175
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Neuroimmune cleanup crews in brain injury. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:480-494. [PMID: 33941486 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Mounting evidence indicates that the immune system is critically involved in TBI pathogenesis, where it is deployed to dispose of neurotoxic material generated from head trauma and to instruct the wound healing process. However, the immune response to brain damage must be carefully held in check as aberrant regulation of immune signaling can lead to deleterious neuroinflammation, brain pathology, and neurological dysfunction. Efficient clearance of neurotoxic material by microglia (the brain's resident phagocytes) and the glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic drainage system are paramount to keeping the immune system in balance following head trauma. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that defines pivotal roles for microglia and the recently discovered glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system in TBI pathogenesis.
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176
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Kung WM, Lin MS. Beneficial Impacts of Alpha-Eleostearic Acid from Wild Bitter Melon and Curcumin on Promotion of CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2: Therapeutic Roles in CNS Injuries and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073289. [PMID: 33804820 PMCID: PMC8037269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function are related to the cause of aging, neurodegeneration, and neurotrauma. The activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), exaggerating these two pathologies, underlies the pathogenesis for the aforementioned injuries and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) belongs to the human NEET protein family with the [2Fe-2S] cluster. CISD2 has been verified as an NFκB antagonist through the association with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β). This protective protein can be attenuated under circumstances of CNS injuries and diseases, thereby causing NFκB activation and exaggerating NFκB-provoked neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function. Consequently, CISD2-elevating plans of action provide pathways in the management of various disease categories. Various bioactive molecules derived from plants exert protective anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and serve as natural antioxidants, such as conjugated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Herein, we have summarized pharmacological characters of the two phytochemicals, namely, alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acids derived from wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.), and curcumin, a polyphenol derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. In this review, the unique function of the CISD2-elevating effect of α-ESA and curcumin are particularly emphasized, and these natural compounds are expected to serve as a potential therapeutic target for CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2665-1900
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