151
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Platt MO, Wilder CL, Wells A, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA. Multipathway kinase signatures of multipotent stromal cells are predictive for osteogenic differentiation: tissue-specific stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2804-14. [PMID: 19750537 DOI: 10.1002/stem.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) offer great promise for regenerating tissue. Although certain transcription factors have been identified in association with tendency toward particular MSC differentiation phenotypes, the regulatory network of key receptor-mediated signaling pathways activated by extracellular ligands that induce various differentiation responses remains poorly understood. Attempts to predict differentiation fate tendencies from individual pathways in isolation are problematic due to the complex pathway interactions inherent in signaling networks. Accordingly, we have undertaken a multivariate systems approach integrating experimental measurement of multiple kinase pathway activities and osteogenic differentiation in MSCs, together with computational analysis to elucidate quantitative combinations of kinase signals predictive of cell behavior across diverse contexts. In particular, for culture on polymeric biomaterial surfaces presenting tethered epidermal growth factor, type I collagen, neither, or both, we have found that a partial least-squares regression model yields successful prediction of phenotypic behavior on the basis of two principal components comprising the weighted sums of eight intracellular phosphoproteins: phospho-epidermal growth factor receptor, phospho-Akt, phospho-extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, phospho-heat shock protein 27, phospho-c-Jun, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha/beta, phospho-p38, and phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. This combination provides the strongest predictive capability for 21-day differentiated phenotype status when calculated from day-7 signal measurements; day-4 and day-14 signal measurements are also significantly predictive, indicating a broad time frame during MSC osteogenesis wherein multiple pathways and states of the kinase signaling network are quantitatively integrated to regulate gene expression, cell processes, and ultimately, cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu O Platt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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152
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Chailakhyan RK, Gerasimov YV, Chailakhyan MR, Galoyan AA. Proline-rich hypothalamic polypeptide has opposite effects on the proliferation of human normal bone marrow stromal cells and human giant-cell tumour stromal cells. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:934-9. [PMID: 20087764 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we carried out experiments in vitro and in vivo and investigated the effect of proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the proliferation and effectiveness of colony formation of MMSCs in vitro. Various routes and doses of PRP administration to rats increased the number of MMSCs in bone marrow and spleen. Our research revealed opposite effects of PRP on the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells obtained from normal humans and stromal cells isolated from a human giant-cell tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chailakhyan
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Gamaleya str., 18, 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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153
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Schneider MR, Sibilia M, Erben RG. The EGFR network in bone biology and pathology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:517-24. [PMID: 19819718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The resorption, formation and maintenance of bone are coordinated by the action of several hormones, growth factors and transcription factors. Recent experiments based on genetically modified mouse models, gene microarrays and pharmacological intervention indicate that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) system plays important roles in skeletal biology and pathology. This network, including a family of seven growth factors - the EGFR ligands - and the related tyrosine kinase receptors EGFR (ERBB1), ERBB2, ERBB3 and ERBB4, regulates aspects such as proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, chondrocytes and osteoclasts, parathyroid hormone-mediated bone formation and cancer metastases in bone. Here, we summarize and discuss the role of the EGFR and its ligands in skeletal biology and pathology.
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154
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Cheng MT, Yang HW, Chen TH, Lee OKS. Modulation of Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Derived Stem Cells by Different Growth Factors. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:3979-89. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Te Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tain-Hsiung Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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155
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Takahashi H, Toyoda M, Birumachi JI, Horie A, Uyama T, Miyado K, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Umezawa A. Shortening of human cell life span by induction of p16ink4a through the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:335-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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156
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Indirect co-culture with tenocytes promotes proliferation and mRNA expression of tendon/ligament related genes in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotechnology 2009; 61:1-10. [PMID: 19842053 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences have suggested that humoral factors released from the appropriate co-cultured cells influenced the expansion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, little is known about the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs subjected to co-culture condition with tenocytes. In this study, we aimed to establish a co-culture system of MSCs and tenocytes and investigate the proliferation and tendon/ligament related gene expression of MSCs. MTT assay was used to detect the expansion of MSCs. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of proliferation associated c-fos gene and tendon/ligament related genes, including type I collagen (Col I), type III collagen (Col III), tenascin C and scleraxis. Significant increase in MSCs expansion was observed after 3 days of co-culture with tenocytes. The c-fos gene expression was found distinctly higher than for control group on day 4 and day 7 of co-culture. The mRNA expression of four tendon/ligament related genes was significantly up-regulated after 14 days of co-culture with tenocytes. Thus, our research indicates that indirect co-culture with tenocytes promotes the proliferation and mRNA expression of tendon/ligament related genes in MSCs, which suggests a directed differentiation of MSCs into tendon/ligament.
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157
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Schubert R, Geiger H, Zielen S, Baer PC. Simultaneous detection of ERK-, p38-, and JNK-MAPK phosphorylation in human adipose-derived stem cells using the Cytometric Bead Array technology. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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158
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Allori AC, Sailon AM, Warren SM. Biological basis of bone formation, remodeling, and repair-part I: biochemical signaling molecules. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:259-73. [PMID: 18665803 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The bony biochemical environment is an active and dynamic system that permits and promotes cellular functions that lead to matrix production and ossification. Each component is capable of conveying important regulatory cues to nearby cells, thus effecting gene expression and changes at the cytostructural level. Here, we review the various signaling molecules that contribute to the active and dynamic nature of the biochemical system. These components include hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. We describe their role in regulating bone metabolism. Certain growth factors (i.e., TGF-beta, IGF-1, and VEGF) are described in greater detail because of their potential importance in developing successful tissue-engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Allori
- Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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159
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Platt MO, Roman AJ, Wells A, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG. Sustained epidermal growth factor receptor levels and activation by tethered ligand binding enhances osteogenic differentiation of multi-potent marrow stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:306-17. [PMID: 19544388 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling helps regulate bone development and healing through its effects on osteogenic cells. Here, we show how EGFR activity and osteogenic differentiation responses in primary human bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are influenced by presenting covalently tethered epidermal growth factor (tEGF) on the culture substratum, a presentation mode that reduces EGFR internalization and restricts signaling to the cell surface. In both absence and presence of tEGF, MSCs increase expression levels of EGFR and its heterodimerization partner HER2 during the course of osteogenic differentiation. tEGF substrata increased levels of phosphorylated EGFR and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) compared to control substrata, and these elevations were associated with a twofold enhancement of MSC alkaline phosphatase activity at day 7 and matrix mineralization at day 21. Surprisingly, addition of soluble EGF (sEGF) to cells cultured on tEGF substrata reduces osteogenic differentiation, even though EGFR signaling is more strongly activated in acute, short-term manner by sEGF treatment than by tEGF treatment. A striking concomitant result of the sEGF effects is near-complete downregulation of EGFR and HER2, demonstrating that the tEGF/EGFR interaction is dynamically reversible even though temporally sustained. Taken together, our results show that enhanced MSC osteogenic differentiation corresponds to a sustained combination of receptor expression and ligand presentation, both of which are maintained by tEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu O Platt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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160
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Marcantonio NA, Boehm CA, Rozic R, Au A, Wells A, Muschler GF, Griffith LG. The influence of tethered epidermal growth factor on connective tissue progenitor colony formation. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4629-38. [PMID: 19540579 PMCID: PMC3119364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to combine aspirated marrow cells with scaffolds to treat connective tissue defects are gaining increasing clinical attention and use. In situations such as large defects where initial survival and proliferation of transplanted connective tissue progenitors (CTPs) are limiting, therapeutic outcomes might be improved by using the scaffold to deliver growth factors that promote the early stages of cell function in the graft. Signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a role in cell survival and has been implicated in bone development and homeostasis. Providing epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a scaffold-tethered format may sustain local delivery and shift EGFR signaling to pro-survival modes compared to soluble ligand. We therefore examined the effect of tethered EGF on osteogenic colony formation from human bone marrow aspirates in the context of three different adhesion environments using a total of 39 donors. We found that tethered EGF, but not soluble EGF, increased the numbers of colonies formed regardless of adhesion background, and that tethered EGF did not impair early stages of osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Marcantonio
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Boehm
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Richard Rozic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Ada Au
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - George F. Muschler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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161
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Zhu Y, Su Y, Cheng T, Chung LWK, Shi C. Beta2-microglobulin as a potential factor for the expansion of mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1361-5. [PMID: 19466557 PMCID: PMC2984555 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine, but one of the biggest challenges facing for their application is the ex vivo expansion to obtain enough undifferentiated cells. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), which can elicit possible contaminations of prion, virus, zoonosis or immunological reaction against xenogenic serum antigens, still remains essential to the culture formulations. There is an urgent need to identify potential factors for the undifferentiated expansion of MSCs to reduce the use of FBS or eventually replace it. A previously recognized housekeeping gene, beta2-microglobulin (beta2M), is demonstrated to act as a novel growth factor to stimulate the undifferentiated ex vivo expansion and preserve the pluripotency of adult MSCs from various sources. The use of beta2M might have promising implications for future clinical application of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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162
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Kuo TK, Ho JH, Lee OK. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Nonmusculoskeletal Diseases: Emerging Applications. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:1013-28. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x471206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are stem/progenitor cells originated from the mesoderm and can different into multiple cell types of the musculoskeletal system. The vast differentiation potential and the relative ease for culture expansion have established mesenchymal stem cells as the building blocks in cell therapy and tissue engineering applications for a variety of musculoskeletal diseases, including repair of fractures and bone defects, cartilage regeneration, treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and correction of genetic diseases such as osteogenesis imperfect. However, research in the past decade has revealed differentiation potentials of mesenchymal stem cells beyond lineages of the mesoderm, suggesting broader applications than originally perceived. In this article, we review the recent developments in mesenchymal stem cell research with respect to their emerging properties and applications in nonmusculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom K. Kuo
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer H. Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K. Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
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163
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Ksiazek K. A comprehensive review on mesenchymal stem cell growth and senescence. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:105-16. [PMID: 19405814 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have generated a great deal of excitement as an attractive alternative to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in cell-based regenerative medicine. In contrast to cells of embryonic origin, however, the clinical application of MSCs is heavily restricted by their finite ability of self-renewal, in which they resemble the rest of the somatic cells. Yet the mechanisms controlling MSC proliferation and senescence remain unclear. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the factors affecting MSC expansion in vitro and discusses the pattern of their senescence with particular emphasis on the role of telomere shortening, activation of effectory pathways, and oxidative stress. The issues associated with MSC growth and senescence will be shown in the context of other somatic cells, and all of the parallels and disparities will be delineated precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ksiazek
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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164
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Lozito TP, Kuo CK, Taboas JM, Tuan RS. Human mesenchymal stem cells express vascular cell phenotypes upon interaction with endothelial cell matrix. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:714-22. [PMID: 19415687 PMCID: PMC5543930 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are thought to occupy a perivascular niche where they are exposed to signals originating from vascular cells. This study focused on the effects of endothelial cell (EC)-derived signals on MSC differentiation toward vascular cell lineages. Upon co-culture with two types of ECs, macrovascular (macro) ECs and microvascular (micro) ECs, the former caused MSCs to increase expression of both EC and smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, while the latter induced expression of EC markers only. These marker changes in MSCs were linked to the extracellular matrixes secreted by the ECs (EC-matrix) rather than soluble EC-secreted factors. Beyond enhanced marker expression, EC-matrix also induced functional changes in MSCs indicative of development of a genuine vascular cell phenotype. These included enhanced incorporation into vessels and cytoskeletal localization of vascular SMC-specific contractile elements. The bioactivity of EC-matrix was sensitive to EDTA washes and required sulfated glycosaminoglycans. However, neither soluble VEGF nor substrate surfaces coated with fibronectin, collagen type IV, or laminin recreated the effects of EC-matrix on MSC vascular differentiation. In conclusion, these results identified EC-matrix as a critical regulator of vascular cell differentiation of MSCs. Elucidating these MSC-EC-matrix interactions and identifying the specific EC-matrix components involved will shed light on the perivascular signals seen by MSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Lozito
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine K. Kuo
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Juan M. Taboas
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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165
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Li C, Kong Y, Wang H, Wang S, Yu H, Liu X, Yang L, Jiang X, Li L, Li L. Homing of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells mediated by sphingosine 1-phosphate contributes to liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2009; 50:1174-83. [PMID: 19398237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Myofibroblasts play a central role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Myofibroblasts of bone marrow (BM) origin have recently been identified in fibrotic liver. However, little is known about the mechanism that controls their mobilization in vivo. Here we confirmed that BM mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can migrate to the damaged liver and differentiate into myofibroblasts. We also investigated the mechanism underlying the homing of BMSCs after liver injury. METHODS ICR mice were lethally irradiated and received BM transplants from enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. Carbon tetrachloride or bile duct ligation was used to induce liver fibrosis. The fibrotic liver tissue was examined by immunofluorescent staining to identify BM-derived myofibroblasts. RESULTS BMSCs contributed significantly to myofibroblast population in fibrotic liver. Moreover, analysis in vivo and in vitro suggested that homing of BMSCs to the damaged liver was in response to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) gradient between liver and BM. Furthermore, S1P receptor type 3 (S1P3) was required for migration of BMSCs triggered by S1P. CONCLUSIONS S1P mediates liver fibrogenesis through homing of BMSCs via S1P3 receptor, which may represent a novel therapeutic target in liver fibrosis through inhibiting S1P formation and/or receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China
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166
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Jung J, Moon N, Ahn JY, Oh EJ, Kim M, Cho CS, Shin JC, Oh IH. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Expanded in Human Allogenic Cord Blood Serum Display Higher Self-Renewal and Enhanced Osteogenic Potential. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:559-71. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Jung
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Noory Moon
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Ahn
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Shin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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167
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Schraufstatter IU, DiScipio RG, Zhao M, Khaldoyanidi SK. C3a and C5a Are Chemotactic Factors for Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Which Cause Prolonged ERK1/2 Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3827-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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168
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Baer PC, Schubert R, Bereiter-Hahn J, Plösser M, Geiger H. Expression of a functional epidermal growth factor receptor on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and its signaling mechanism. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:273-83. [PMID: 19167776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells act as a pluripotent source of regenerative cells during tissue injury. Despite expanded research in stem cell biology, understanding how growth and migration of adipose-derived adult mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) are governed by interactions with growth factors is very limited. One important property of ASC is the presence of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and the cellular response to soluble EGF. Expression of the EGF receptor was proven by PCR and Western blotting. Signal transduction was analyzed by Western blotting and PhosFlow assay. EGF caused robust phosphorylation of SHC and ERK1/2, which could be inhibited by EGF receptor antagonist AG1478 and MEK inhibitor PD98059. ASC proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Stem cell migration was analyzed in a modified Boyden chamber. Incubation with EGF led to cell proliferation and induced cell migration, but did not change the undifferentiated state of the cells. In the kidney, injured renal tubular cells express high amounts of EGF. Therefore, our results may highlight a mechanism underlying renal regeneration. Thus, future in vivo studies that focus on the effects of EGF on recruitment of ASC to sites of injury are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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169
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Tamama K, Sen CK, Wells A. Differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the smooth muscle lineage by blocking ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:897-908. [PMID: 18564029 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are major components of blood vessels and other hollow visceral organs required for tissue engineering of these organs. This study aims to evaluate whether adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), multipotent cells, can be converted into SMCs. We examined the ERK/MAPK pathway as it exerts anti-myogenic signals in SMCs. Undifferentiated BMMSCs express most SMC marker genes, albeit mainly at low levels, except smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), the most definitive marker of differentiated SMC. The treatment of BMMSC with MEK inhibitor up-regulated the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), h-caldesmon, and SMMHC in BMMSC in low serum condition. MEK inhibitor-treated BMMSC also contracted a collagen gel in response to endothelin. Interestingly, inhibition of MEK induced myocardin expression in BMMSC. In conclusion, BMMSCs treated MEK inhibitor gain a SMC-like phenotype with ligand-induced cell contractility to endothelin in vitro. This approach has obvious implications for cell therapeutics and tissue engineering of hollow visceral organs such as blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamama
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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170
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Ge C, Yu M, Petitte JN, Zhang C. Epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells: involvement of calcium/protein kinase C and NFKB1. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:528-36. [PMID: 19005168 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to stimulate survival in diverse cells in vitro. In the present study, the effects of EGF and the EGF-related signaling pathway on proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) were investigated. Results showed that EGF (10-100 ng/ml) increased the number and area of PGC colonies in a time- and dose-dependent manner. EGF also activated PKC, a process that was inhibited by AG1478 (an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA; an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator). In addition, the degradation of NFKBIA and NFKB1 (p65) translocation was observed after EGF treatment, which was significantly blocked by pretreatment with AG1478, EGTA, H(7), or SN50 (NFKB1-specific inhibitor). Furthermore, we found that EGF-induced cell proliferation was significantly attenuated by AG1478, EGTA, H(7), and SN50, respectively. On the other hand, inhibition of EGFR, Ca(2+)/PKC, or NFKB1 abolished the EGF-stimulated increase in the expression of cyclins CCND1 and CCNE1, cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), CDK2, and BCL2, and restored the EGF-induced inhibition of BAX expression and caspase 3/9 activity, indicating that EGFR, PKC, and NFKB1 signaling cascades were involved in EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis and antiapoptosis action. In conclusion, EGF stimulated proliferation of chicken PGCs via activation of Ca(2+)/PKC involving NFKB1 signaling pathway. These observations suggest that EGF signaling is important in regulating germ cell proliferation in the chicken embryonic gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutian Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Etiology & Immunological Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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171
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Molchanova EA, Payushina OV, Starostin VI. Effects of growth factors on multipotent bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. BIOL BULL+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359008060010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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172
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Helledie T, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. A simple and reliable electroporation method for human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:837-48. [PMID: 18752428 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are able to differentiate into a range of specific cell types in vitro and in vivo, and thus hold tremendous potential for use in regenerative medicine. Despite this promise, deficient understanding of the mechanisms that regulate their differentiation has precluded their widespread use. Genetic manipulation of hMSCs by introduction of transgenes is an indispensable tool for gaining insight into these mechanisms. Like most primary cultures, hMSCs are difficult to transfect with conventional techniques, and although some viral transduction techniques are highly efficient, the protocols require extensive optimization and contain significant health risks. We were generally unable to achieve high transfection efficiencies with lipofection-based reagents that we found, in contrast to electroporation, adversely affected hMSC proliferation and differentiation. Here we report a simple and reliable electroporation protocol that results in transfection efficiencies up to 90% that are comparable to most viral methods while maintaining hMSC stemness. Most importantly, our protocol does not rely on a specific electroporator with preset programs and unique buffers, and is thus much simpler, cheaper, and easier to optimize. Furthermore, we show sustained transgene expression lasting several weeks that was useful for assessing the effects on hMSC function and in transient expression gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Helledie
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Repair, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
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173
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Biomedical vignette. J Biomed Sci 2008. [PMCID: PMC7089141 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-008-9279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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174
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Liu CM, Yu CH, Chang CH, Hsu CC, Huang LLH. Hyaluronan substratum holds mesenchymal stem cells in slow-cycling mode by prolonging G1 phase. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 334:435-43. [PMID: 18953571 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined, in vitro, whether hyaluronan induces slow cycling in placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDMSCs) by comparing cell growth on a hyaluronan-coated surface with cell growth on a tissue-culture polystyrene surface. The hyaluronan-coated surface significantly downregulated the proliferation of PDMSCs, more of which were maintained in the G(0)/G(1) phases than were cells on the tissue-culture polystyrene surface. Both PKH-26 labeling and BrdU incorporation assays showed that most PDMSCs grown on a hyaluronan-coated surface duplicated during cultivation indicating that the hyaluronan-coated surface did not inhibit PDMSCs from entering the cell cycle. Mitotic synchronization showed that the G(1)-phase transit was prolonged in PDMSCs growing on a hyaluronan-coated surface. Increases in p27(Kip1) and p130 were the crucial factors that allowed hyaluronan to lengthen the G(1) phase. Thus, hyaluronan might be a promising candidate for maintaining stem cells in slow-cycling mode by prolonging their G(1)-phase transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Mou Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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175
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Enhancement of ectopic bone formation by bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivery using heparin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles with transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Sci 2008; 15:771-7. [PMID: 18773307 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-008-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to determine if a combination of previously undifferentiated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) delivered via heparin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles (HCPNs) would extensively regenerate bone in vivo. In vitro testing found that the HCPNs were able to release BMP-2 over a 2-week period. Human BMMSCs cultured in medium containing BMP-2-loaded HCPNs for 2 weeks differentiated toward osteogenic cells expressing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA, while cells without BMP-2 expressed only ALP. In vivo testing found that undifferentiated BMMSCs with BMP-2-loaded HCPNs induce far more extensive bone formation than either implantation of BMP-2-loaded HCPNs or osteogenically differentiated BMMSCs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of extensive in vivo bone regeneration by transplantation of undifferentiated BMMSCs and BMP-2 delivery via HCPNs.
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176
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone marrow are important for bone homeostasis. Although platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been reported to be involved in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, the role remains controversial and the network of PDGF signaling for MSCs has not been clarified. To clarify the underlying regulatory mechanism of MSC functions mediated by PDGF, we deleted the PDGF receptor (PDGFR)beta gene by Cre-loxP strategy and examined the role of PDGF in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and fracture repair. In cultured MSCs, the mRNA expression of PDGF-A, -B, -C, and -D as well as PDGFRalpha and beta was detected. Depletion of PDGFRbeta in MSCs decreased the mitogenic and migratory responses and enhanced osteogenic differentiation as evaluated by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA levels of ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, Runx2, and osterix in quantitative RT-PCR. PDGF-BB, but not PDGF-AA, inhibited osteogenic differentiation accompanied by decreased ALP activity and mRNA levels, except for BMP2. These effects of PDGF-BB were eliminated by depletion of PDGFRbeta in MSCs except that PDGF-BB still suppressed osterix expression in PDGFRbeta-depleted MSCs. Depletion of PDGFRbeta significantly increased the ratio of woven bone to callus after fracture. From the combined analyses of PDGF stimulation and specific PDGFRbeta gene deletion, we showed that PDGFRbeta signaling distinctively induces proliferative and migratory responses but strongly inhibits osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The effects of PDGFRalpha on the osteogenic differentiation were very subtle. PDGFRbeta could represent an important target for guided tissue regeneration or tissue engineering of bone.
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177
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Wang Y, Crisostomo PR, Wang M, Markel TA, Novotny NM, Meldrum DR. TGF-alpha increases human mesenchymal stem cell-secreted VEGF by MEK- and PI3-K- but not JNK- or ERK-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1115-23. [PMID: 18685072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90383.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) may be an important mediator of wound healing and the injury response. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) release VEGF as a potentially beneficial paracrine response; however, it remains unknown whether TGF-alpha stimulates the production of VEGF from MSCs and, if so, by which mechanisms. We hypothesized that TGF-alpha would increase human MSC VEGF production by MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK/MEK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-, ERK, and JNK-dependent mechanisms. To study this, MSCs were cultured and divided into the following groups: 1) with vehicle; 2) with various stimulants alone: TGF-alpha, TNF-alpha, or TGF-alpha+TNF-alpha; 3) with individual kinase inhibitors alone (two different inhibitors for each of the following kinases: MEK, PI3-K, ERK, or JNK); and 4) with the above stimulants and each of the eight inhibitors. After 24-h incubation, a TGF-alpha dose-response curve demonstrated that low-dose TGF-alpha (500 pg/ml) suppressed MSC production of VEGF compared with vehicle (502 +/- 16 pg/10(5) cells/ml to 332 +/- 9 pg/10(5) cells/ml), while high-dose TGF-alpha (250 ng/ml) significantly increased MSC VEGF production (603 +/- 24 pg/10(5) cells/ml). High-dose TGF-alpha also increased TNF-alpha-stimulated release of VEGF from MSCs. MSCs exposed to TGF-alpha and/or TNF-alpha also demonstrated increased activation of PI3-K, JNK, and ERK. The TGF-alpha-stimulated production of VEGF by MSCs and the additive effect of TNF-alpha and TGF-alpha on VEGF production were abolished by MEK and PI3-K inhibition, but not ERK or JNK inhibition. Our data suggest that TGF-alpha increases VEGF production in MSCs via MEK- and PI3-K- but not ERK- or JNK-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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178
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Bourin P, Gadelorge M, Peyrafitte JA, Fleury-Cappellesso S, Gomez M, Rage C, Sensebé L. Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells: Tissue Origin, Isolation and Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 35:160-167. [PMID: 21547114 DOI: 10.1159/000124734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY: Since the pioneering work of Alexander Friedenstein on multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), a tremendous amount of work has been done to isolate, characterize and culture such cells. Assay of colony forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs), the hallmark of MSCs, is used to estimate their frequency in tissue. MSCs are adherent cells, so they are easy to isolate, and they show contact inhibition. Thus, several parameters must be taken into account for culture: cell density, number of passages, culture medium, and growth factors used. The purity of the initial material is not a limiting parameter. Similar but not identical cell populations are found in almost all mammal or human tissues. MSCs seem to be very abundant in adipose tissue but at low frequency in blood from umbilical cord or in adult tissue. The culture conditions are very similar, whatever the source of cells. Because of their favorable properties, MSCs are very promising tools for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bourin
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie cellulaire, GECSoM, Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France
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179
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Cárcamo-Orive I, Tejados N, Delgado J, Gaztelumendi A, Otaegui D, Lang V, Trigueros C. ERK2 protein regulates the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells without affecting their mobilization and differentiation potential. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1777-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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180
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Ellor S, Shupe T, Petersen B. Stem cell therapy for inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:716-725. [PMID: 18375039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern medicine has conquered an enormous spectrum of health concerns, from the neonatal to the geriatric, the chronically ill to the acutely injured. Among the unmet challenges remaining in modern medicine are inborn disorders of metabolism within the liver. Such inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) often leave an otherwise healthy individual with a crippling imbalance. As the principal regulator of the body's many metabolic pathways, malencoded hepatic enzymes can drastically disrupt homeostasis throughout the entire body. Severe phenotypes are usually detected within the first few days of life, and treatments range from palliative lifestyle modifications to aggressive surgical procedures. While orthotopic liver transplantation is the single last resort "cure" for these conditions, research during the past few years has brought new therapeutic technologies ever closer to the clinic. Stem cells, therapeutic viral vectors, or a combination thereof, are projected to be the next, best, and final cure for IMDs, which is well-reflected by this generation's research initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ellor
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Florida
- The Program for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; University of Florida
| | - Thomas Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Florida
- The Program for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; University of Florida
| | - Bryon Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Florida
- The Program for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; University of Florida
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181
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Schneider RKM, Neuss S, Stainforth R, Laddach N, Bovi M, Knuechel R, Perez-Bouza A. Three-dimensional epidermis-like growth of human mesenchymal stem cells on dermal equivalents: contribution to tissue organization by adaptation of myofibroblastic phenotype and function. Differentiation 2008; 76:156-67. [PMID: 17634073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are able to differentiate into mature cells of various mesenchymal tissues. Recent studies have reported that hMSC may even give rise to cells of ectodermal origin. This indication of plasticity makes hMSC a promising donor source for cell-based therapies. This study explores the differentiation potential of hMSC in a tissue-specific microenvironment simulated in vitro. HMSC were cultured air-exposed on dermal equivalents (DEs) consisting of collagen types I and III with dermal fibroblasts and subjected to conditions similar to those used for tissue engineering of skin with keratinocytes. Culture conditions were additionally modified by pre-treating the cells with 5-azacytidine or supplementing the medium with all trans retinoic acid (RA). HMSC were capable of adaptation to epidermis-specific conditions without losing their mesenchymal multipotency. However, despite the viability and evident three-dimensional epidermis-like growth pattern, hMSC showed a persistent expression of mesenchymal but not of epithelial markers, thus indicating a lack of epidermal (trans) differentiation. Further, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that hMSC cultured under epidermis-specific conditions adopted a myofibroblastic phenotype and function, promoted in particular by air exposure. In conclusion, multipotent hMSC failed to differentiate into E-cadherin- or cytokeratin-expressing cells under optimized organotypic culture conditions for keratinocytes but differentiated into myofibroblast-like cells contracting the extracellular matrix, a phenomenon that was enhanced by RA and 5-azacytidine. These results indicate that hMSC might contribute to wound-healing processes by extracellular matrix reorganization and wound contraction but not by differentiation into keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka K M Schneider
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr, 35, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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182
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Adenoviral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor splice variants differentially regulate bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:458-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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183
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Reiterer G, Yen A. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Regulates Myeloid and Monocytic Differentiation of HL-60 Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7765-72. [PMID: 17699781 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) regulates myeloid and monocytic differentiation of HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia cells in response to retinoic acid (RA) and vitamin D3 (D3), respectively. Both RA and D3 decreased the expression of PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta throughout differentiation. When cells were treated with the PDGFR inhibitor AG1296 in addition to RA or D3, signs of terminal differentiation such as inducible oxidative metabolism and cell substrate adhesion were enhanced. These changes were accompanied by an increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. AG1296 also resulted in elevated expression of differentiation markers CD11b and CD66c when administered with RA or D3. Interestingly, other markers did not follow the same pattern. Cells receiving AG1296 in addition to RA or D3 showed decreased G1-G0 arrest and CD14, CD38, and CD89 expression. We thus provide evidence that certain sets of differentiation markers can be enhanced, whereas others can be inhibited by the PDGFR pathway. In addition, we found calcium levels to be decreased by RA and D3 but increased when AG1296 was given in addition to RA or D3, suggesting that calcium levels decrease during myeloid or monocytic differentiation, and elevated calcium levels can disturb the expression of certain differentiation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Reiterer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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184
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Satija NK, Gurudutta GU, Sharma S, Afrin F, Gupta P, Verma YK, Singh VK, Tripathi RP. Mesenchymal stem cells: molecular targets for tissue engineering. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:7-23. [PMID: 17348802 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.9998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an adherent, fibroblast-like population present not only in the bone marrow, but in a number of tissues, including blood, adipose tissue, muscle, and dermis. Their extensive proliferation and transdifferentiation potential makes them best suited for tissue engineering applications. Identification of growth factors and signaling pathways involved in self-renewal and differentiation is important for designing strategies to overcome replicative senescence and attain directed differentiation. Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and Notch pathways have been implicated to play key roles in self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic, intestinal, and epidermal stem cells. They are also involved in regulating MSC differentiation. However, MSC self-renewal has not received much attention, with Nucleostemin being the only recently identified proliferation molecule. Although immortalization using viral oncogenes and telomerase has been achieved, transformation in long-term cultures is a potential risk. Understanding of the mechanisms governing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs is expanding with the recent identification of two major transcription factors, Osterix and Runx2. Enhanced expansion as well as osteogenic differentiation of MSCs can be attained using a combinatorial approach involving co-expression of proliferation and differentiation genes. However, a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism is necessary for enhancing the self-renewal ability and osteogenic potential in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Satija
- Stem Cell Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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185
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Li D, Wang GY, Dong BH, Zhang YC, Wang YX, Sun BC. Biological characteristics of human placental mesenchymal stem cells and their proliferative response to various cytokines. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 186:169-79. [PMID: 17630477 DOI: 10.1159/000105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an attractive new source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but the biological characteristics of placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs) have not yet been characterized. We successfully isolated, cultured and expanded P-MSCs using routine methods. Under appropriate induction conditions, these cells can differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat and hepatocyte-like cells. In addition, the proliferative response of P-MSCs to different cytokines was monitored using the MTT assay. The results show that low concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. RANTES, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-8 can stimulate the proliferation of P-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner, peaking at concentrations of 40 ng/ml of RANTES, 10 ng/ml of IL-1 and IL-6, and 150 ng/ml of IL-8 (p < 0.01). The level of proliferation decreased when the concentration of these four cytokines increased beyond these values. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokines hepatocyte growth factor and IL-4 had an inhibitory effect on P-MSCs. In conclusion, the placenta contains MSCs that are consistent with the characteristics of bone marrow MSCs. Low concentrations of proinflammatory chemokines stimulated the proliferation of P-MSCs while anti-inflammatory cytokines inhibited the growth of P-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Biological Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinan University, Jinan, China
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186
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Marie PJ, Fromigué O. Osteogenic differentiation of human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 2007; 1:539-48. [PMID: 17465848 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.1.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adherent cells that differentiate into chondroblasts, osteoblasts and adipocytes. In this short review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that are known to control osteoblast differentiation and osteogenic potential of MSCs in vitro. We discuss the advances made in gene-based therapy to promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and the perspectives for an optimal use of MSCs for bone tissue regeneration or repair. One important challenge at the present time is to identify factors and pathways that promote osteogenic commitment of MSCs in order to use MSCs with functional potential for optimal bone repair in humans. In this context, genomic and proteomic analyses may help to identify molecules that could be used to promote osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs. In the future this may lead to selective therapeutic strategies for tissue engineering application in bone regeneration and repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- Laboratory of Osteoblast Biology and Pathology Unité 606 INSERM, Hopital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.
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187
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Abstract
Ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), known to be important for supporting tissue development particularly in the gut and brain, have also been implicated in regulating postnatal somatic growth. Although optimal levels of both milk-borne and endogenous EGF-R ligands are important for supporting postnatal somatic growth through regulating gastrointestinal growth and maturation, supraphysiological levels of EGF-R ligands can cause retarded and disproportionate growth and alter body composition because they can increase growth of epithelial tissues but decrease masses of muscle, fat, and bone. Apart from their indirect roles in influencing growth, possibly via regulating levels of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins, EGF-R ligands can regulate bone growth and modeling directly because they can enhance proliferation but suppress maturation of growth plate chondrocytes (for building a calcified cartilage scaffold for bone deposition), stimulate proliferation but inhibit differentiation of osteoblasts (for depositing bone matrix), and promote formation and function of osteoclasts (for resorption of calcified cartilage or bone). In addition, EGF-like ligands, particularly amphiregulin, can be strongly regulated by PTH, an important regulatory factor in bone modeling and remodeling. Finally, EGF-R ligands can regulate bone homeostasis by regulating a pool of progenitor cells in the bone marrow through promoting proliferation but suppressing differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Xian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia.
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188
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Duque G. As a matter of fat: New perspectives on the understanding of age-related bone loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1138/20070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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189
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Ponte AL, Marais E, Gallay N, Langonné A, Delorme B, Hérault O, Charbord P, Domenech J. The in vitro migration capacity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of chemokine and growth factor chemotactic activities. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1737-45. [PMID: 17395768 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and MSCs, represent an important source of cells for the repair of a number of damaged tissues. In contrast to HSCs, the soluble factors able to induce MSC migration have not been extensively studied. In the present work, we compared the in vitro migration capacity of human BM-derived MSCs, preincubated or not with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (IL1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), in response to 16 growth factors (GFs) and chemokines. We show that BM MSCs migrate in response to many chemotactic factors. The GFs platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are the most potent, whereas the chemokines RANTES, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) have limited effect. Remarkably, preincubation with TNFalpha leads to increased MSC migration toward chemokines, whereas migration toward most GFs is unchanged. Consistent with these results, BM MSCs express the tyrosine kinase receptors PDGF-receptor (R) alpha, PDGF-Rbeta, and IGF-R, as well as the RANTES and MDC receptors CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4 and the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4. TNFalpha increases CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4 expression (as opposed to that of CXCR4), together with RANTES membrane binding. These data indicate that the migration capacity of BM MSCs is under the control of a large range of receptor tyrosine kinase GFs and CC and CXC chemokines. Most chemokines are more effective on TNFalpha-primed cells. Our results suggest that the mobilization of MSCs and their subsequent homing to injured tissues may depend on the systemic and local inflammatory state. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana López Ponte
- Laboratoire d'Hématopoïèse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ER15, IFR135 Université François Rebelais, Tours, France
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190
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Kocaoemer A, Kern S, Klüter H, Bieback K. Human AB serum and thrombin-activated platelet-rich plasma are suitable alternatives to fetal calf serum for the expansion of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1270-8. [PMID: 17255520 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
MSCs are currently in focus regarding their clinical potential in cell therapy and tissue engineering. However, most isolation and expansion protocols for clinical-scale production of MSCs use fetal calf serum (FCS) as a supplement, which poses a potential risk for infections as well as immunological reactions. To find a suitable FCS substitute, we investigated the effects of pooled human AB serum (AB-HS) and thrombin-activated platelet-rich plasma (tPRP) on adipose tissue MSCs (AT-MSCs) with FCS as the standard control medium. AT-MSCs of 10 donors were cultured under three different conditions: (a) 10% FCS, (b) 10% AB-HS, and (c) 10% tPRP. Colony-forming units, cumulative population doubling rates, and differentiation capacity toward the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages were assessed, along with immunophenotype. We demonstrated that AB-HS and tPRP provide a significantly higher proliferative effect on AT-MSCs than does FCS. In the first six passages, AB-HS and tPRP MSCs exhibited a fold expansion of 66.6 +/- 15.7 and 68.1 +/- 6.7, respectively, compared with 24.4 +/- 0.7 for FCS. Differentiation capacity was preserved throughout long-term culture. Immunophenotype was characteristic for MSCs and comparable for all culture conditions with the exception of a distinct CD45-/CD14-positive side population for AB-HS and tPRP that tended to diminish with prolonged culture. We showed that pooled human AB serum and thrombin-activated platelet-rich plasma are alternatives to FCS for AT-MSCs. These human sources are better characterized regarding potential infectious threats, while providing a higher proliferation rate and retaining differentiation capacity and mesenchymal stem cell marker expression throughout long-term culture. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Kocaoemer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service of Baden-Württemberg Hessen, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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191
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Fan VH, Tamama K, Au A, Littrell R, Richardson LB, Wright JW, Wells A, Griffith LG. Tethered epidermal growth factor provides a survival advantage to mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1241-51. [PMID: 17234993 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MSC can act as a pluripotent source of reparative cells during injury and therefore have great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the response of MSC to many growth factors and cytokines is unknown. Many envisioned applications of MSC, such as treating large defects in bone, involve in vivo implantation of MSC attached to a scaffold, a process that creates an acute inflammatory environment that may be hostile to MSC survival. Here, we investigated cellular responses of MSC on a biomaterial surface covalently modified with epidermal growth factor (EGF). We found that surface-tethered EGF promotes both cell spreading and survival more strongly than saturating concentrations of soluble EGF. By sustaining mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular-regulated kinase signaling, tethered EGF increases the contact of MSC with an otherwise moderately adhesive synthetic polymer and confers resistance to cell death induced by the proinflammatory cytokine, Fas ligand. We concluded that tethered EGF may offer a protective advantage to MSC in vivo during acute inflammatory reactions to tissue engineering scaffolds. The tethered EGF-modified polymers described here could be used together with structural materials to construct MSC scaffolds for the treatment of hard-tissue lesions, such as large bony defects. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H Fan
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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192
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Jang AS. Stem Cells in Respiratory Diseases. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.63.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- An Soo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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193
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Li H, Fu X, Ouyang Y, Cai C, Wang J, Sun T. Adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells contribute to wound healing of skin appendages. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:725-36. [PMID: 16906419 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are well-established as having the capacity to differentiate into cells with mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal characteristics and can leave their niche to home toward and engraft within foreign tissues. To investigate whether adult MSCs contribute to the repair of skin appendages after injury, BrdU-labeled MSCs were co-cultured with heat-shocked confluent sweat gland cells (SGCs) in vitro and later intravenously injected into full-thickness skin wounds in rats. When adult MSCs were co-cultured with heat-shocked SGCs, a subset of adult MSCs differentiated into SGCs, the percentage of differentiation being enhanced by epidermal growth factor and the injured microenviroment, but weakened by PD98059. The ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, especially pERK, was involved in the phenotype conversion of human MSCs into human SGC. Labeled MSCs were noted in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and dermis in full-thickness wounds, and the incorporated cells in hair follicles and sebaceous glands were also positive for pan-cytokeratin. After wound healing, some labeled MSCs returned to the bone marrow, whereas other were retained in the dermis. We conclude that adult MSCs have the capacity to dock at specific sites, to contribute to wound healing of skin appendages, and to home toward marrow, and that engraftment of bone-marrow-derived cells is a functional event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital (304th Hospital), General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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