151
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Gammapatías monoclonales de significado renal. Nefrologia 2017; 37:465-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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152
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El Karoui K, Vignon M, Bridoux F. The Authors Reply. Kidney Int 2017; 92:766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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153
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Mehtat Ünlü Ş, Özsan H, Sarıoğlu S. The Scope of Kidney Affection in Monoclonal Gammopathies at All Levels of Clinical Significance. Turk J Haematol 2017; 34:282-288. [PMID: 28832010 PMCID: PMC5774361 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2017.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most important clonal malignant plasma cell disorders and renal involvement is associated with poor prognosis. Although there are several reasons for renal impairment in MM, the main cause is the toxic effects of monoclonal proteins. Although cast nephropathy is the best known and unchallenged diagnosis for hematologists and pathologists, the renal effects of monoclonal gammopathy can be various. Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance was proposed by the International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group for renal lesions in monoclonal gammopathy in recent years. Renal lesions in monoclonal gammopathy can be grouped as follows: light chain (cast) nephropathy, acute tubular injury/necrosis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, amyloidosis, monoclonal Ig deposition diseases, immunotactoid glomerulopathy, type I cryoglobulinemia, proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits, C3 glomerulopathy with monoclonal gammopathy, and crystal-storing histiocytosis, considering the previous and new terminology. In this study, renal involvement of monoclonal gammopathies, in terms of previous and new terminology, was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şadiye Mehtat Ünlü
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hayri Özsan
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sülen Sarıoğlu
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İzmir, Turkey
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154
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Vankalakunti M, Nada R, Kumar A, Patro K, Ramakrishnan S, Rangarajan D. Circulating Monoclonal IgG1-kappa Antibodies Causing Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Nephritis. Indian J Nephrol 2017; 27:327-329. [PMID: 28761240 PMCID: PMC5514834 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_113_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease is a rare but well-characterized cause of glomerulonephritis. Patients present with rapidly progressive renal failure with hemoptysis. Early diagnosis is crucial in salvaging the renal damage and life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage. Plasmapheresis and immunosuppression is the mode of therapy. Anti-GBM antibodies are polyclonal in nature. However, rare monoclonal antibodies can cause similar destruction of glomerular capillary walls. We describe distinct combination of circulating monoclonal and anti-GBM nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vankalakunti
- Department of Nephropathology, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Patro
- Department of Nephrology, NU Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Nephrology, NU Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D Rangarajan
- Department of Nephrology, NU Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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155
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Best Rocha A, Larsen CP. Membranous Glomerulopathy With Light Chain-Restricted Deposits: A Clinicopathological Analysis of 28 Cases. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:1141-1148. [PMID: 29270522 PMCID: PMC5733688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Membranous glomerulopathy (MG) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome that results from the formation of immune complexes along the subepithelial aspect of the glomerular basement membranes. Although it is most frequently caused by polytypic deposits, cases with light chain isotype-restricted deposits are rarely seen. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 28 cases of MG that showed light chain isotype restriction. Results The mean age at diagnosis was 62.2 years and the male-to-female ratio was 1. All patients presented with proteinuria (73.1% nephrotic range), and the mean serum creatinine was 1.5 mg/dl. Six patients had an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), 2 had autoimmune disease, and 1 patient was positive for both hepatitis B and syphilis. Only 1 of the patients with an LPD had a detectable monoclonal Ig. Four patients (14.3%) showed focal proliferation or crescents, 3 of whom had an underlying LPD. Kappa (κ) restriction was seen in 26 of 28 patients (85.7%). Staining for IgG subclasses was performed in 19 cases, 14 of which showed positive staining for a single subclass. PLA2R was positive in 7 of 27 cases. 30% of PLA2R-negative patients and 28.6% of those with positive staining for a single IgG subclass had an associated LPD. Discussion The majority of MG cases with light chain isotype-restricted deposits lack a recognizable secondary etiology. However, the absence of PLA2R positivity, positive staining for a single IgG subclass, and presence of focal proliferation are worrisome histopathologic features that should prompt a thorough clinical workup to exclude the presence of an underlying LPD.
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156
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Soldarini M, Farina L, Genderini A, Bolli N. A rare case of atypical chronic lymphocytic leukaemia presenting as nephrotic syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2016-218850. [PMID: 28710302 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-218850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterised by a lymphocytosis of mature-appearing clonal CD5+, CD23+ B lymphocytes. CLL cells arise from the bone marrow and infiltrate lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen. Presentation is usually through discovery of lymphocytosis or lymphadenopathy. Unusual presentations, especially paraneoplastic syndromes are rare. Here, we describe a rare case presenting with severe nephrotic syndrome associated with the presence of a monoclonal protein in serum. Workup for suspected plasma cell dyscrasia led instead to the diagnosis of bone marrow infiltration by atypical CLL without lymphocytosis. Renal biopsy showed a glomerulonephritis that turned out to be paraneoplastic as it went into remission after treatment for CLL. Our case shows an unusual presentation of CLL and prompts for increased awareness of lymphoproliferative disorders in the context of seemingly unrelated conditions that may be paraneoplastic in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Soldarini
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Onco-Ematologia, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Farina
- Dipartimento di Oncologia medica ed Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Augusto Genderini
- Unità operativa complessa di nefrologia e dialisi, Azienda Ospedaliera-Polo Universitario Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Niccolo Bolli
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Onco-Ematologia, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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157
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Hara S, Tsukaguchi H, Oka T, Kusabe M, Mizui M, Joh K. Monoclonal immunoglobulin-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis characterized by organized deposits of striated ultra-substructures: A case report. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017. [PMID: 28628381 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1336189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the case of a 64-year-old male who presented with progressive glomerulonephritis notable for organized and striated ultra-substructures. The patient was diagnosed with hypertension and proteinuria 3 years prior to admission and subsequently developed nephrotic syndrome and impairment of renal function. Laboratory tests did not reveal any evidence of infections or autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal gammopathy was not detected in serum or urine, although a small population of abnormal plasma cell clones was detected by flow cytometry. A renal biopsy showed mesangial and endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with lobular accentuation, accompanied with focal and segmental double-contour formation. Additionally, moderate tubulointerstitial scarring and arteriosclerosis were noted. Immunofluorescence staining revealed positive staining for IgG, IgM, C3, C1q, and fibrinogen. IgG subclass and light chain staining showed restricted positivity for IgG1κ. Electron microscopy demonstrated massive amounts of subendothelial deposits with a fibrillary and branching profile. At higher magnification, a periodic striated pattern was observed within the microfilament-like structures. Immunohistochemical staining was negative for myoglobin, laminin, and collagens (type III and IV). Steroid and antihypertensive therapy did not show improvement in renal function. The second biopsy performed 2 years later revealed a similar lobular proliferative glomerulonephritis pattern with more extensive tubulointerstitial damage, indicating poor response to immunosuppressive therapy. The patient progressed to end-stage renal disease and required hemodialysis. We discuss the possible origins of the deposits with unusual substructures observed in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Hara
- a Department of Diagnostic Pathology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe , Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsukaguchi
- b 2nd Department of Internal Medicine , Kansai Medical University , Hirakata , Japan
| | - Tastufumi Oka
- c Department of Nephrology , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Makiko Kusabe
- b 2nd Department of Internal Medicine , Kansai Medical University , Hirakata , Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- c Department of Nephrology , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Kensuke Joh
- d Department of Pathology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
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158
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Javaugue V, Bouteau I, Sirac C, Quellard N, Diolez J, Colombo A, Desport E, Ecotière L, Goujon JM, Fermand JP, Touchard G, Jaccard A, Bridoux F. [Classification and therapeutic management of monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance]. Rev Med Interne 2017; 39:161-170. [PMID: 28457684 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two categories of renal disorders associated with monoclonal gammopathies are to be distinguished, according to the characteristics of the underlying B-cell clone. The first group of renal diseases always occurs in the setting of high tumor mass with production of large amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins. The main complication is the so-called myeloma cast nephropathy, which almost invariably complicates high tumor mass myeloma. The second group includes all renal disorders caused by a monoclonal immunoglobulin secreted by a nonmalignant B-cell clone, and currently referred as a "monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)". This term was introduced to distinguish monoclonal gammopathies that are responsible for the development of kidney damage from those that are truly benign. The spectrum of renal diseases in MGRS is wide and its classification relies on the localization of renal lesions, either glomerular or tubular, and on the pattern of ultrastructural organization of immunoglobulin deposits. Physicochemical characteristics of the pathogenic monoclonal immunoglobulin are probably involved in their propensity to deposit or precipitate in the kidney, as illustrated by the high rate of recurrence of each specific type after kidney transplantation. Early diagnosis and efficient chemotherapy targeting the causal B-cell clone are mandatory to improve renal prognosis and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Javaugue
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France; CNRS-UMR 7276, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France.
| | - I Bouteau
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - C Sirac
- CNRS-UMR 7276, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - N Quellard
- Service de pathologie ultrastructurale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - J Diolez
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - A Colombo
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - E Desport
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - L Ecotière
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - J-M Goujon
- Service de pathologie ultrastructurale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France; Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - J-P Fermand
- Service d'immunologie et d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - G Touchard
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France; Service de pathologie ultrastructurale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - A Jaccard
- Service d'hématologie, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - F Bridoux
- Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse et transplantation rénale, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France; CNRS-UMR 7276, centre national de référence maladies rares : amylose AL et autres maladies par dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
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159
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Shah R, Segal MS, Wilkowski MJ. Case Report of Spontaneous Remission of Biopsy-Proven Idiopathic Immune Complex-Mediated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis. Case Rep Nephrol Dial 2017; 7:81-90. [PMID: 28868298 PMCID: PMC5566695 DOI: 10.1159/000477660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a histopathologic diagnosis causing microscopic hematuria, nephrotic range proteinuria, and chronic renal failure. Current understanding divides pathogenesis into two broad categories: immune complex mediated and complement mediated (now termed C3 glomerulopathy). The term idiopathic immune complex-mediated MPGN would apply to a patient without an identifiable source of immune complex production and no evidence of C3 glomerulopathy. Presented is a patient with idiopathic immune complex mediated MPGN and her clinical course. The patient opted for conservative therapy with losartan, carvedilol, chlorthalidone, and atorvastatin. Nephrotic range proteinuria of 8.7 g per day resolved over 5 months, with improvement of serum from 3.3 to 1.2 mg/dL. Remission continues at follow-up 21 months after biopsy. For idiopathic immune complex-mediated MPGN, resorting to empiric immunosuppression therapy may not be the best option. As this patient demonstrates, a conservative approach of blood pressure control with anti-renin-angiotensin agents, control of lipids, and watchful follow-up can be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Shah
- Tift Regional Medical Center, Tifton, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark S Segal
- Division of Nephrology, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael J Wilkowski
- Mercer University School of Medicine - Savannah Campus, Savannah, Georgia, USA
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160
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Noto R, Kamiura N, Ono Y, Tabata S, Hara S, Yokoi H, Yoshimoto A, Yanagita M. Successful treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone for proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits in multiple myeloma: a case report. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:127. [PMID: 28385149 PMCID: PMC5382661 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) is a form of renal involvement by monoclonal IgG deposits that was found in mesangial, subendothelial or subepithelial regions. The distribution of glomerular deposits was completely different from that in monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease. PGNMID is reported to be rarely associated with a hematological malignancy. Previously, only five cases of PGNMID with multiple myeloma have been reported. However, the pathogenic relationship between PGNMID and multiple myeloma was unclear because a detailed description was not provided. We report that a patient with PGNMID associated with multiple myeloma was treated with bortezomib and dexamethasone and underwent the second renal biopsy after treatment, showing that chemotherapy was effective for PGNMID clinically and pathologically. Case presentation A 75-year-old man presented with progressive leg edema, had nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, moderate renal failure, and occult blood in his urine. Electrophoresis results showed serum and urinary monoclonal spikes of IgGκ type immunoglobulin. A renal biopsy specimen showed lobular mesangial proliferation with mesangiolysis, glomerular micro-aneurysm, and endocapillary hypercellularity. Immunofluorescence results revealed strong granular capillary and mesangial staining for IgG1, C3 and κ light chain in glomeruli without tubular deposits of any immunoglobulin. Electron microscopy also showed dense granular deposits in subendothelial and mesangial areas. PGNMID associated with multiple myeloma (IgGκ type) was diagnosed on the basis of a subsequent bone marrow examination. Bortezomib and dexamethasone therapy significantly reduced proteinuria and elevated serum albumin level. Eight months later, the second renal biopsy showed no active lesions and that the IgG1 and κ light chain deposits had drastically disappeared. Conclusions This is the first case of PGNMID with multiple myeloma successfully treated with bortezomib and dexamethasone in which comparative renal biopsies were performed before and after treatment. Our findings suggest the pathogenesis of PGNMID and therapeutic options for PGNMID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Noto
- Department of Clinical Nephrology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kamiura
- Department of Clinical Nephrology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ono
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sumie Tabata
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Clinical Nephrology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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161
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Hussain SM, Sureshkumar KK. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits; an unusual cause of de novo disease in kidney allograft. J Nephropathol 2017; 6:220-224. [PMID: 28975104 PMCID: PMC5607986 DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) is
a newly described and rare entity that can develop in native and very rarely in transplanted
kidneys. We present a patient who developed de novo PGNMID in the kidney allograft
along with a review of the literature.
Case Presentation:
A 38-year old female with type 1 diabetes who underwent successful
simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation 6 years earlier presented with rising
serum creatinine, nephrotic range proteinuria and microhematuria. She underwent
extensive work up and kidney allograft biopsy revealed mesangial expansion and
hypercelluarity on light microscopy, mesangial staining for IgG3, kappa light chains, C1q
and C3 on immunofluorescence and abundant mesangial electron dense deposits without
substructures on electron microscopy. Serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis
were negative. A diagnosis of de novo PGNMID was made. Patient’s proteinuria improved
and serum creatinine stabilized with conservative therapy.
Conclusions:
PGNMID can rarely develop in kidney allograft as recurrent or de novo disease
and may be mislabeled as transplant glomerulopathy if careful immunofluorescence and
electron microscopy are not performed on biopsy specimens. Further studies are needed
to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease entity and to develop optimal
therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha M Hussain
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kalathil K Sureshkumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA
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162
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Merhi B, Patel N, Bayliss G, Henriksen KJ, Gohh R. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits in two kidney allografts successfully treated with rituximab. Clin Kidney J 2017; 10:405-410. [PMID: 28616219 PMCID: PMC5466084 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposit (PGNMID), a recently described pathologic entity in native kidneys, has been recognized in kidney transplant patients, where it can present as either recurrent or de novo disease. There is no definitive treatment to date, in either population. Here, we present two cases of PGNMID in kidney allografts that illustrate the challenges of diagnostic approach and highlight the allograft outcome after treatment with rituximab as a potential treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Merhi
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - George Bayliss
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Reginald Gohh
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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163
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Mahmood U, Isbel N, Mollee P, Mallett A, Govindarajulu S, Francis R. Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance triggering atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 22 Suppl 1:15-17. [PMID: 28176474 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome is a rare condition with an overall incidence of one to two cases in a population of 100 000 and approximately 10% of these cases are classified as atypical. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. aHUS can be genetic, acquired or idiopathic (negative genetic screening and no environmental triggers). We describe a case of aHUS triggered by monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) successfully treated with plasmapheresis and a bortezomib-based chemotherapy regimen, resulting in marked improvement in renal function and other markers of haemolysis. This patient has been in remission for more than 2 years currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Mahmood
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Isbel
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Mollee
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Mallett
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ross Francis
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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164
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Correia SO, Santos S, Malheiro J, Cabrita A, Martins LS, Santos J. Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: Diagnostic workup. World J Nephrol 2017; 6:72-78. [PMID: 28316940 PMCID: PMC5339639 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v6.i2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of diseases associated with monoclonal gammopathies is wide and they are most commonly the consequence of renal deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin or its components. The differential diagnosis is difficult and renal biopsy is essential. To distinguish many of these pathologies is necessary to use techniques that are not always available, even in tertiary central hospitals. This review will discuss the clinical presentation, pathologic features, treatment, prognosis and common diagnostic difficulties of these entities.
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165
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Vignon M, Cohen C, Faguer S, Noel LH, Guilbeau C, Rabant M, Higgins S, Hummel A, Hertig A, Francois H, Lequintrec M, Vilaine E, Knebelmann B, Pourrat J, Chauveau D, Goujon JM, Javaugue V, Touchard G, El Karoui K, Bridoux F. The clinicopathologic characteristics of kidney diseases related to monotypic IgA deposits. Kidney Int 2017; 91:720-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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166
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Małyszko J, Kozłowska K, Małyszko JS. Amyloidosis: A cancer-derived paraproteinemia and kidney involvement. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:31-38. [PMID: 28153807 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is the general term describing the extracellular tissue deposition of fibrils composed of low molecular weight subunits of a variety of proteins. There are multiple different human protein precursors of amyloid fibrils. Amyloid deposits are stained using Congo Red and show typical apple-green birefringence in polarized microscopy. Nowadays, a novel technique LMD/MS technique or laser microdissection combined with mass spectrometry help to diagnose amyloidosis. Amyloidosis of the kidney is typically classified as being either one of two types: AL or AA. Less common is the hereditary amyloidosis. Clinical manifestations are usually determined by the type of precursor protein, the tissue distribution, and the amount of amyloid deposition. Renal manifestation is usually present as asymptomatic proteinuria or clinically apparent nephrotic syndrome. In some patients clinical presentation include impaired kidney function with no or mild proteinuria. Patients with renal amyloidosis who progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be treated with either dialysis or renal transplantation. Diagnosis of amyloidosis is prerequisite to consider treatment options to avoid unnecessary chemotherapy. Treatment of amyloidosis is aimed at decreasing the precursors of fibrillary proteins and/or decrease in synthesis/deposition of amyloid fibrils. It depends upon the type of amyloidosis and cause of excess fibril production.
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167
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Tsuji T, Miura M, Yanai M, Itami H, Ishii Y, Akimoto M, Fukasawa Y. De novo proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits of the IgG1κ subtype in a kidney allograft. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 21 Suppl 1:44-7. [PMID: 26976360 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposits (PGNMID) has recently been described in cases with glomerular disease. Only 16 cases of recurrent or de novo PGNMID have been reported in the transplanted kidney. Here we report a case of de novo PGNMID in a renal allograft diagnosed in the early stage by protocol biopsy. A 41-year-old male with end-stage kidney disease caused by focal glomerular sclerosis received a living-related kidney transplant. The post-transplantation course was stable, except for an early episode of acute T cell-mediated rejection. Mesangial C1q deposition was found on the 3-year protocol biopsy. On the 4-year protocol biopsy, mild mesangioproliferative changes and deposition of IgG, C1q, C3, IgG1, and κ light chain were evident, confirming the diagnosis of PGNMID of the IgG1κ subtype. Furthermore, mild proteinuria was detected at that time. Because a subsequent haematological examination revealed high copy number Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA and free κ light chain in blood, the post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was suspected. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was discontinued and rituximab was administered for the treatment of PTLD; subsequently, the improvement in proteinuria and serum creatinine was found 2 months after rituximab administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayoshi Miura
- Departments of Renal Transplant Surgery and Urology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Yanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital
| | - Hiroe Itami
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital
| | - Yasushi Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital
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168
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Kozlovskaya LV, Rameev VV, Kogarko IN, Gordovskaya NB, Chebotareva NV, Androsova TV, Roshchupkina SV, Mrykhin NN, Russkikh AV, Loshkareva OA, Sidorova EI. Renal lesions associated with monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance: clinical forms, mechanisms of development, approaches to treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-12-892-901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The term «monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance» (MGUS) was introduced by R. Kyle in 1978 to designate the condition characterized by the presence ofsmall amounts ofM-protein in the serum. In some patients, such condition remains benign for a long time but predetermines for the development of multiple myeloma and other B-lymphocytic tumours. Also, it can provoke non-cancerous diseases due to the toxic action of monoclonal proteins (immunoglobulins and free light chains) on various organs, especially kidneys. MGUS-associated renal lesions include glomerulopathies with organized deposits, such as AL-amyloidosis (amyloid light chain of immunoglobulin), cryoglobulinic and immunotactoid glomerulonephritis, and with unorganized deposits (light chain deposition and proliferative forms of idiopathic glomerulonephritis. The available experimental data throw light on the possible mechanisms of renal lesions. We summarized the literature data and original observations to describe methods for differential diagnostics of MGUS-associated renal lesions including the highly sensitive test for free light chine identification (Freelite method) and principles of pathogenetic treatment by the impact on the pathological B-cell clone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. V. Rameev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. V. Russkikh
- Clinical Hospital of Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
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169
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Kozlovskaya LV, Rameev VV, Androsova TV, Kogarko IN, Kogarko BS, Mrykhin NN, Rekhtina IG. [Oligosecretory monoclonal gammopathy with renal involvement]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 88:82-87. [PMID: 28139565 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016881282-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The article deals with the so-called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which is being actively explored in the world and has been recently investigated in Russia. It indicates the principles of identifying the phenotypes of MGUS and criteria for assessing the risk of its progression to cancer. There is an update on the possible involvement of monoclonal proteins in the pathogenesis of certain non-neoplastic kidney diseases, renal injuries in particular. The paper gives their classification and enumerates differential diagnostic techniques, including the Freelite method, a highly sensitive one to determine free light chains (FLC), prognostic criteria, and approaches to treating each separate form in relation to the phenotype of a monoclonal protein. The authors present their own data on detection rates for MGUS at a multidisciplinary hospital and a clinical case of MGUS-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, by justifying a treatment regimen containing bortezomib (velcade).
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kozlovskaya
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Rameev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - T V Androsova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - I N Kogarko
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - B S Kogarko
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Mrykhin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Rekhtina
- Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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170
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Nasr SH, Collins AB, Alexander MP, Schraith DF, Herrera Hernandez L, Fidler ME, Sethi S, Leung N, Fervenza FC, Cornell LD. The clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis. Kidney Int 2017; 89:897-908. [PMID: 26994577 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Classic anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease presents with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (GN) with or without pulmonary hemorrhage. On biopsy typical disease displays bright polytypic linear GBM staining for IgG by immunofluorescence and diffuse crescentic/necrotizing GN on light microscopy. Here, we studied 20 patients with atypical anti-GBM nephritis typified by bright linear GBM staining for immunoglobulins but without a diffuse crescentic phenotype. Patients had hematuria, proteinuria, and mild renal insufficiency, without pulmonary hemorrhage. Light microscopy showed endocapillary proliferative GN in 9 patients, mesangial proliferative GN in 6, membranoproliferative GN in 3, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with mesangial hypercellularity in 2. Eight of the 20 showed features of microangiopathy. Crescents/necrosis were absent in 12 and were focal in 8 patients. Bright linear GBM staining for IgG was seen in 17 patients, IgM in 2, and IgA in 1 patient, which was polytypic in 10 patients and monotypic in 10 patients. No circulating α3NC1 antibodies were detected by commercial ELISA. The 1-year patient and renal survival rates were 93% and 85%, respectively. Thus, atypical anti-GBM nephritis is a rare variant of anti-GBM disease characterized clinically by an indolent course, no pulmonary involvement, and undetectable circulating α3NC1 antibodies. Further studies are needed to characterize the molecular architecture of GBM autoantigens in these patients and establish optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih H Nasr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - A Bernard Collins
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel F Schraith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Mary E Fidler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lynn D Cornell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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171
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Hamzi MA, Zniber A, Badaoui GE, Mahtat E, Alhamany Z, Bayahia R, Ouzeddoun N. C3 glomerulopathy associated to multiple myeloma successfully treated by autologous stem cell transplant. Indian J Nephrol 2017; 27:141-144. [PMID: 28356669 PMCID: PMC5358157 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.181884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 32-year-old male presented with advanced renal failure and nephrotic proteinuria due to lambda light chain multiple myeloma. Renal biopsy showed a proliferative glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits. Renal recovery was obtained after chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant. We review previously described cases of C3 glomerulopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hamzi
- Department of Medicine, 5 Military Hospital, Guelmim, Morocco
| | - A Zniber
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Renal Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - G E Badaoui
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Renal Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - E Mahtat
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Z Alhamany
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - R Bayahia
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Renal Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - N Ouzeddoun
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Renal Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
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172
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Takehara E, Mandai S, Shikuma S, Akita W, Chiga M, Mori T, Oda T, Kuwahara M, Uchida S. Post-infectious Proliferative Glomerulonephritis with Monoclonal Immunoglobulin G Deposits Associated with Complement Factor H Mutation. Intern Med 2017; 56:811-817. [PMID: 28381748 PMCID: PMC5457925 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 55-year-old man developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. A kidney biopsy specimen showed diffuse proliferative and crescentic glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG1κ, humps, and nephritis-associated plasmin receptor, indicating infection-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits (PGNMID). Despite dialysis-dependent renal failure, symptomatic therapy resulted in spontaneous recovery of the renal function, mimicking post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN). A heterozygous complement factor H mutation was detected by comprehensive genetic testing of alternative pathway regulatory genes, which might lead to persistent infection-triggered alternative pathway activation and account for severe glomerulonephritis. Post-infectious PGNMID and PIGN might share common clinical presentations and pathogenesis related to the complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Takehara
- Department of Nephrology, Shuuwa General Hospital, Japan
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173
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Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Kidney Int 2016; 91:691-698. [PMID: 27998645 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare disease comprising of a diverse set of disorders linked by a common histologic finding of endothelial injury. Monoclonal immunoglobulins may act as a potential trigger in the pathogenesis of TMA. To determine the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy and clinicopathological features of TMA associated with monoclonal immunoglobulin, we performed a retrospective study in adults (18 and older) with a clinical diagnosis of TMA. Of 146 patients with TMA, we detected monoclonal immunoglobulin in 20 patients (13.7%). Among patients 50 and older, the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy was 21%, which is approximately five-fold higher than the 4.2% expected rate in this population. Fifteen patients had monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, one had multiple myeloma, one with smoldering myeloma, two had POEMS syndrome, and one had T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Renal biopsy was performed in 15 cases, of which six showed thrombi, 11 showed mesangiolysis, and all showed double contours along glomerular capillary walls. Acute tubular injury was present in 12 cases. Treatment options were varied and included therapeutic plasma exchange in 11 patients. Ten patients progressed to end-stage renal disease, of which two received kidney transplant. Thus, our study shows an unexpectedly high prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy in patients with TMA, suggesting a potential pathogenetic mechanism. This study underscores the importance of evaluating for a monoclonal gammopathy in patients with TMA as well as the potential for targeting the underlying hematologic disorder as an approach to treating TMA.
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174
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Ziogas DC, Kastritis E, Terpos E, Roussou M, Migkou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Spanomichou D, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Fotiou D, Panagiotidis I, Kafantari E, Psimenou E, Boletis I, Vlahakos DV, Gakiopoulou H, Matsouka C, Dimopoulos MA. Hematologic and renal improvement of monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease after treatment with bortezomib-based regimens. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1832-1839. [PMID: 27967286 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1267349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD) is characterized by non-organized immunoglobulin-fragments along renal basement membranes with subsequent organ deterioration. Treatment is directed against the immunoglobulin-producing clone. We treated 18 MIDD patients with bortezomib-based regimens (12 received bortezomib-dexamethasone, 6 bortezomib-dexamethasone with cyclophosphamide). Eleven (61%) patients achieved a hematologic response, but only 6 (33.3%) reached to a complete (CR) or very good partial response (VGPR). Regarding renal outcomes 77.8 and 55.6% had ≥30 and ≥50% reduction of proteinuria, respectively, but 33.3% ended up in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Among patients with CR or VGPR, median eGFR improvement was 7.7 ml/min/1.73 m2 and none progressed to ESRD, but no significant renal recovery was observed in patients achieving a partial response or less, with 50% progressing to dialysis. Pretreatment eGFR seems to influence renal prognosis. Bortezomib-based treatment is considered an effective approach in MIDD and reaching to a deep hematologic response (≥VGPR) conditionally controls further renal declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ziogas
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Roussou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Magdalini Migkou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Despoina Spanomichou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelos Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Despoina Fotiou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioannis Panagiotidis
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Eftychia Kafantari
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Erasmia Psimenou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioannis Boletis
- b Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Unit , Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Demetrios V Vlahakos
- c Renal Unit, Attikon General Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Hariklia Gakiopoulou
- d Department of Histopathology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Charis Matsouka
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
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175
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Rosner MH, Edeani A, Yanagita M, Glezerman IG, Leung N. Paraprotein-Related Kidney Disease: Diagnosing and Treating Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:2280-2287. [PMID: 27526705 PMCID: PMC5142062 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02920316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Paraprotein-related kidney disease represents a complex group of diseases caused by an abnormal paraprotein secreted by a clone of B cells. The disease manifestations range from tubulopathies, such as the Fanconi syndrome, to a spectrum of glomerular diseases that can present with varying degrees of proteinuria and renal dysfunction. Diagnosis of these diseases can be challenging because of the wide range of manifestations as well as the relatively common finding of a serum paraprotein, especially in elderly patients. Thus, renal biopsy along with detailed hematologic workup is essential to link the presence of the paraprotein to the associated renal disease. Recent advances in treatment with more effective and targeted chemotherapies, as well as stem cell transplantation, have improved the renal and overall prognosis for many of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H. Rosner
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amaka Edeani
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ilya G. Glezerman
- Renal Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - Nelson Leung
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension and
- Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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176
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Motwani SS, Herlitz L, Monga D, Jhaveri KD, Lam AQ. Paraprotein-Related Kidney Disease: Glomerular Diseases Associated with Paraproteinemias. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:2260-2272. [PMID: 27526706 PMCID: PMC5142064 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02980316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paraproteins are monoclonal Igs that accumulate in blood as a result of abnormal excess production. These circulating proteins cause a diversity of kidney disorders that are increasingly being comanaged by nephrologists. In this review, we discuss paraprotein-related diseases that affect the glomerulus. We provide a broad overview of diseases characterized by nonorganized deposits, such as monoclonal Ig deposition disease (MIDD), proliferative GN with monoclonal Ig deposits (PGNMID), and C3 glomerulopathy, as well as those characterized by organized deposits, such as amyloidosis, immunotactoid glomerulopathy, fibrillary GN, and cryoglobulinemic GN, and rarer disorders, such as monoclonal crystalline glomerulopathies, paraprotein-related thrombotic microangiopathies, and membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgGκ deposits. This review will provide the nephrologist with an up to date understanding of these entities and highlight the areas of deficit in evidence and future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shveta S. Motwani
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Adult Survivorship Program, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Divya Monga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Kenar D. Jhaveri
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York
| | - Albert Q. Lam
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Adult Survivorship Program, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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177
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Liu Y, Jin J, Zou W, Tang J, He Q. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-016-0535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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178
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Spectrum of manifestations of monoclonal gammopathy-associated renal lesions. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2016; 25:127-37. [PMID: 26735145 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Monoclonal gammopathies result from an overt malignant process, such as multiple myeloma, or a premalignant process, such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The kidney is often affected in the setting of a monoclonal gammopathy. The term 'monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)' was recently introduced to draw attention to renal diseases related to the monoclonal gammopathy. In this review, we define the pathology of these monoclonal gammopathy-associated kidney diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Renal disease can be caused by deposition of the monoclonal immunoglobulin (direct mechanism) or by activation of the alternative pathway of complement by the monoclonal immunoglobulin (indirect mechanism). The deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin can affect the glomeruli, tubules, and the interstitium and vessels. The glomerular diseases include proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits, immunotactoid glomerulopathy, and, less commonly, fibrillary glomerulonephritis. Tubular lesions associated with monoclonal immunoglobulin include cast nephropathy and light-chain proximal tubulopathy. Lesions involving the glomeruli, tubules, interstitium or vessels include amyloidosis and monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases. Rarely, monoclonal immunoglobulin may also cause C3 glomerulopathy or atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome by interfering with the regulation of the alternative pathway of complement. SUMMARY Monoclonal gammopathy are associated with a variety of kidney diseases. The monoclonal gammopathy-associated renal diseases are distinct in their pathogenesis, kidney biopsy findings, clinical presentation, progression, prognosis, and treatment. The term monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance helps highlight patients who have renal disease secondary to monoclonal immunoglobulin secreted by a premalignant or malignant clone, but is not a disease or diagnosis in itself.
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179
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Hogan JJ, Weiss BM. Bridging the Divide: An Onco-Nephrologic Approach to the Monoclonal Gammopathies of Renal Significance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:1681-1691. [PMID: 27416775 PMCID: PMC5012477 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03160316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance (MGRS) are a group of disorders characterized by monoclonal Ig deposition in the kidney, but are not associated with systemic lymphoma or overt multiple myeloma. The prevailing hypothesis is that the pathogenic paraproteins in MGRS are produced by underlying B cell or plasma cell clones. However, in the MGRS literature, the yield of detecting a clone has been variable, and progression to ESRD is common. Here, we present an "onco-nephrologic" approach to the MGRS disorders by highlighting recent advances in lymphoma and multiple myeloma that can be used in the evaluation and management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan M Weiss
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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180
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Abstract
Immunofluorescence staining plays a vital role in nephropathology, but the panel of antibodies used has not changed for decades. Further classification of immunoglobulin (Ig)G-containing immune-type deposits with IgG subclass staining (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) has been shown to be of diagnostic utility in glomerular diseases, but their value in the evaluation of renal biopsies has not been addressed systematically in large renal biopsy material. Between January 2007 and June 2014, using direct immunofluorescence, we stained every renal biopsy for the IgG subclasses if there was moderate to prominent glomerular IgG staining and/or IgG-predominant or IgG-codominant glomerular staining. The total number of biopsies stained was 1084, which included 367 cases of membranous glomerulonephritis, 307 cases of lupus nephritis, 74 cases of fibrillary glomerulonephritis, 53 cases of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits, and 25 cases of antiglomerular basement membrane disease, among others. We found that monoclonality of IgG deposits cannot always be reliably determined on the basis of kappa and lambda light chain staining alone, particularly if concomitant (frequently nonspecific) IgM staining is present. In IgG heavy and heavy and light chain deposition disease (3 cases), subclass staining is very helpful, and in proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits subclass staining is necessary. IgG subclass staining is useful in differentiating primary from secondary membranous glomerulonephritis. In proliferative glomerulonephritis with polyclonal IgG deposition, IgG1 dominance/codominance with concomitant IgG3 and IgG2 but weak or absent IgG4 staining favors an underlying autoimmune disease. IgG subclass staining is a very useful diagnostic method in a selected cohort of renal biopsies, particularly in biopsies with glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits.
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181
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Clinicopathologic Features of Membranous-Like Glomerulopathy With Masked IgG Kappa Deposits. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:299-305. [PMID: 29142932 PMCID: PMC5678740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ig deposits identified on renal biopsy samples by paraffin immunofluorescence that show negative staining by routine immunofluorescence on frozen tissue have become known as “masked” deposits. Membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG kappa (κ) deposits is a recently recognized pattern of immune complex deposition characterized by masked deposits that show IgG κ restriction and are subepithelial and mesangial by electron microscopy. Based on the frequent presence of C3-only staining by routine immunofluorescence microscopy (IF), these cases could be misdiagnosed as C3 glomerulonephritis in the absence of paraffin immunofluorescence evaluation. Methods The clinicopathologic details of all cases of membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG κ deposits diagnosed in our laboratory were included, beginning with the initial recognition of this entity in 2011 through the end of 2015. Inclusion was based on renal biopsy sample morphologic features including glomerular deposits that stain for IgG κ and have a staining intensity that is significantly brighter by paraffin IF than by routine IF on frozen tissue. Results This pattern of immune complex deposition has been seen in 41 patients in our laboratory over a 5-year period. The patients with these biopsy findings are most commonly young female individuals with a mean age of 27.5 years, with 88% being less than 40 years. All patients had proteinuria with a mean 24-hour urine protein of 3.5 g (range 0.5−12.8 years) and 35% with nephrotic-range proteinuria. Hematuria was present in 88% of patients, and 29% had elevated serum creatinine at presentation. Autoimmune serologic tests were positive in 55% of patients, with a weakly positive antinuclear antibody being most common. Despite this, only 1 patient (2%) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. The outcome data were mixed, as some patients showed spontaneous remission and mild disease whereas others progressed to end-stage renal disease. There was no apparent correlation between the treatment used and outcome in this retrospective analysis. One patient underwent transplantation and developed biopsy-proven recurrence of disease in the graft 42 months posttransplantation. The etiology of this entity remains unknown. Discussion We provide an expanded case series detailing the clinicopathologic findings of patients with membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG κ deposits. Patients are most commonly young female individuals <40 years of age and commonly have positive autoimmune serologic studies such as antinuclear antibody, although few carry a diagnosis of any well-defined autoimmune disease such as lupus. The outcome data were mixed, as some patients showed spontaneous remission and mild disease whereas others progressed to ESRD. There was no apparent correlation between the treatment used and outcome in this retrospective analysis.
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182
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Jain P, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Wierda W, Ferrajoli A, Keating M, Jain N. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Response to obinutuzumab. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2016; 10:151-154. [PMID: 27352257 PMCID: PMC7001725 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a common extramedullary renal presentation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and can present with either a frank renal failure or proteinuria. One of its etiologies has been attributed to a paraneoplastic, immune complex phenomenon occurring in CLL. Although there is no standard of care in such patients, use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies like rituximab have been used before in such patients with variable responses. Obinutuzumab is a novel, type II, immunoglobulin-G1 monoclonal antibody with a higher efficacy than rituximab and has an established safely profile in patients with comorbidities and poor renal functions. There are no such reported cases of MPGN in CLL being treated with obinutuzumab. METHODS We used the standard doses of obinutuzumab in our elderly patient (78-year-old woman) with high-risk CLL due to an underlying TP53 mutation, along with a MPGN-related acute renal failure. RESULTS The patient achieved complete remission after six cycles of obinutuzumab; however, she remained positive for minimal residual disease on flow cytometry. Her renal function improved completely, suggesting a complete response of her underlying MPGN. CONCLUSION Obinutuzumab has an established safety profile in patients with CLL, but our case is the first reported case of a paraneoplastic, immune complex-mediated MPGN in CLL being treated with obinutuzumab. Obinutuzumab should be explored as a potential option in patients with CLL and MPGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Jain
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Keating
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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183
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Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Siddiqui A, Quint PS, Pritt BS. Leishmaniasis-Associated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis With Massive Complement Deposition. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:125-130. [PMID: 29142921 PMCID: PMC5678859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Patrick S Quint
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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184
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Lloyd IE, Khalighi MA. Glomerulonephritis With Masked Monotypic Immunoglobulin Deposits and Concurrent Lymphomatous Infiltration. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:640-644. [PMID: 27337992 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury can be a complication of hematopoietic neoplasia by both direct and indirect mechanisms. Virtually all lymphomas and plasma cell dyscrasias can show kidney involvement, including parenchymal infiltration and by secondary injury. Recently, a unique form of glomerulonephritis with masked monotypic immunoglobulin deposits has been reported, which shows frequent association with hematopoietic neoplasia and a propensity for progressive kidney disease. In many instances, these cases are likely diagnosed as glomerulonephritis with dominant C3 due to the absence of immunoglobulin staining by routine immunofluorescence microscopy. The patient reported here showed lymphomatous infiltration on kidney biopsy and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with dominant staining for C3 without immunoglobulins on initial immunofluorescence; however, monotypic immunoglobulin G κ light chain was revealed after additional immunofluorescence staining was performed on the paraffin-embedded tissue. This patient's case highlights the evolving state of kidney biopsy interpretation and the expanding spectrum of kidney disease in the setting of hematopoietic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac E Lloyd
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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185
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Leung N, Nasr SH. A Patient with Abnormal Kidney Function and a Monoclonal Light Chain in the Urine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:1073-1082. [PMID: 26992418 PMCID: PMC4891755 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10641015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathy is increasingly recognized as a cause of kidney injury. These renal conditions behave differently than ones without monoclonal gammopathy and require specific treatment. To avoid misdiagnosis, testing for paraprotein should be performed in addition to vasculitis and autoimmune diseases serologies in adults with unexplained AKI or proteinuria. Because the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy is much more common than glomerular diseases, the nephrotoxicity of the monoclonal protein must be confirmed before cytotoxic therapy is initiated. This can only be done by a kidney biopsy. After a monoclonal gammopathy of renal significant is verified, the evaluation should then focus on the identification of the pathologic clone, because therapy is clone specific. We present this patient to illustrate the clinical presentation of a patient with renal dysfunction and a monoclonal gammopathy. This patient is also used to discuss the diagnostic process in detail when monoclonal gammopathy-associated renal disease is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Leung
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension and
- Hematology and
| | - Samih H. Nasr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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186
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Thoreau B, Gatault P, Buchler M, Halimi J, Salmon C. Récidive sur greffon rénal d’une gammapathie monoclonale à expression rénale à type de glomérulonéphrite à dépôts d’IgG3 Kappa. Rev Med Interne 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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187
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Nagae H, Tsuchimoto A, Tsuruya K, Kawahara S, Shimomura Y, Noguchi H, Masutani K, Katafuchi R, Kitazono T. Clinicopathological significance of monoclonal IgA deposition in patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:266-274. [PMID: 27170372 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicopathological significance of monoclonal IgA deposition and its relation to bone marrow abnormalities in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remains unclear. METHODS We retrospectively investigated the prevalence and clinicopathological significance of monoclonal IgA deposition in 65 patients with IgAN. Serum-free light chain ratio, and urinary Bence Jones protein were also measured. RESULTS Thirty-nine percent of patients were men, median age was 40 and median observation period was 31 months. Five patients (Group M) showed monoclonal IgA lambda deposition and one showed monoclonal IgA kappa deposition. Fifty-nine patients (Group P) showed polyclonal IgA deposition. There were no significant differences in the degree of proteinuria, hematuria and renal function between Group M and Group P. Total protein and albumin were significantly lower in Group M than in Group P. According to the Oxford classification, the percentage of patients with M1 was significantly higher in Group M than in Group P. One patient in Group P showed serum monoclonal IgG lambda. No patient showed abnormal serum-free light chain ratio. Seventy-five percent in Group M and 42 % in Group P were treated with steroid. Three patients in Group P progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The frequency of disappearance of proteinuria or hematuria and progression to ESRD was not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of monoclonal IgA deposition was 9.2 %. Although some parameters differed between the groups, renal outcome were similar. Thus, IgAN with monoclonal IgA deposition seems not to be different entity from those with polyclonal IgA deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagae
- Kidney Unit, National Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3113, Japan. .,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Tsuchimoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Integrated Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shota Kawahara
- Kidney Unit, National Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3113, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimomura
- Kidney Unit, National Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3113, Japan
| | - Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Masutani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Katafuchi
- Kidney Unit, National Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3113, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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188
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Batal I, Markowitz GS, Wong W, Avasare R, Mapara MY, Appel GB, D'Agati VD. Filgrastim-Induced Crescentic Transformation of Recurrent IgG2λ GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:1911-5. [PMID: 27147425 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative GN with monoclonal IgG deposits is an increasingly recognized form of GN, but its relation to hematologic malignancy remains poorly understood. Filgrastim, an analog for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor produced by recombinant DNA technology, is frequently used to stimulate bone marrow release of hematopoietic progenitor cells in preparation for stem cell transplant. We report an exceptional case of proliferative GN with monoclonal IgG2λ deposits in a young man whose disease progressed slowly to CKD, which was followed by a preemptive kidney transplant. The patient developed recurrent GN in the allograft and clinically detectable plasma cell neoplasm 9 years after the first renal manifestations. Contemporaneous with filgrastim administration for stem cell mobilization, the patient's slowly progressive GN underwent severe crescentic transformation, leading to rapidly progressive and irreversible allograft failure. This report explores the spectrum of GN with monoclonal IgG deposits and the pathophysiologic role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in exacerbation of preexisting GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Batal
- Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology,
| | | | | | | | - Markus Y Mapara
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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189
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Zaidan M, Plasse F, Rabant M, Javaugue V, Knebelmann B, Alyanakian MA, Joly D, Nochy D, Bridoux F. [Renal involvement during type 1 cryoglobulinemia]. Nephrol Ther 2016; 12 Suppl 1:S71-81. [PMID: 26972092 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryoglobulins are circulating immunoglobulins that precipitate with cold temperature and dissolve with rewarming. Type 1 cryoglobulinemia is composed of a single monoclonal immunoglobulin and is associated with renal involvement in up to 40% of cases. Type 1 cryoglobulinemia is related to an underlying B-cell haematological malignancy in 60% of patients. In the remaining cases, in the absence of criteria for malignancy, the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance should be established. The clinical and biological setting and histological features of type 1 cryoglobulinemia are globally similar to those of mixed cryoglobulinemia. In case of haematological malignancy, the treatment is guided by the nature of the underlying disease, and aims at inducing haematological remission, which is necessary for the renal response. The management of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance has been clarified by an international consensus group and is based on the nature of the underlying clone. In case of monoclonal cryoglobulinemia associated with a plasma-cell clone (IgG or IgA), the treatment is based on the combination of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. In case of IgM monoclonal cryoglobulinemia, the treatment is similar to that of Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and is based on rituximab. The clinical course of renal monoclonal cryoglobulinemia is intimately associated with the haematological response, and is usually favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zaidan
- Service de néphrologie-transplantation adultes, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Florent Plasse
- Service de néphrologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France; Centre national de référence amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Marion Rabant
- Université Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Javaugue
- Service de néphrologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France; Centre national de référence amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Service de néphrologie-transplantation adultes, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian
- Université Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Service d'immunologie biologique, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Joly
- Service de néphrologie-transplantation adultes, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Nochy
- Université Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Service de néphrologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France; Centre national de référence amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
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190
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Minakawa A, Hisanaga S, Sato Y, Fujimoto S. New-onset haematoproteinuria in a 63-year-old man with intraperitoneal lymph node enlargement. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-214366. [PMID: 26907822 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-214366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 63-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of renal dysfunction with haematoproteinuria. Intraperitoneal lymph node enlargement was also noted. M protein was not detected by electrophoresis of his serum and urine; however, an increase in the κ/λ ratio was detected by free light-chain assay. Percutaneous kidney biopsy was performed, and the patient was diagnosed with proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits. Lymph node biopsy showed follicular lymphoma. Urinalysis findings improved after treatment of the lymphoma. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits is rarely considered to be associated with haematological disease. We report a case of lymphoma-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits with light-chain abnormality detected by free light-chain assay, but not by electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Minakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki-City, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hisanaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koga General Hospital, Miyazaki-City, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Sato
- Dialysis Division, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki-City, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Department of Hemovascular Medicine and Artificial Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki-City, Miyazaki, Japan
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191
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Troxell ML, Houghton DC. Atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Clin Kidney J 2015; 9:211-21. [PMID: 26985371 PMCID: PMC4792615 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease classically presents with aggressive necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, often with pulmonary hemorrhage. The pathologic hallmark is linear staining of GBMs for deposited immunoglobulin G (IgG), usually accompanied by serum autoantibodies to the collagen IV alpha-3 constituents of GBMs. Methods Renal pathology files were searched for cases with linear anti-GBM to identify cases with atypical or indolent course. Histopathology, laboratory studies, treatment and outcome of those cases was reviewed in detail. Results Five anti-GBM cases with atypical clinicopathologic features were identified (accounting for ∼8% of anti-GBM cases in our laboratory). Kidney biopsies showed minimal glomerular changes by light microscopy; one patient had monoclonal IgG deposits in an allograft (likely recurrent). Three patients did not have detectable serum anti-GBM by conventional assays. Three patients had indolent clinical courses after immunosuppressive treatment. One patient, untreated after presenting with brief mild hematuria, re-presented after a short interval with necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. Conclusions Thorough clinicopathologic characterization and close follow-up of patients with findings of atypical anti-GBM on renal biopsy are needed. Review of the literature reveals only rare well-documented atypical anti-GBM cases to date, only one of which progressed to end-stage kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Troxell
- Department of Pathology , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
| | - Donald C Houghton
- Department of Pathology , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
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192
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Glavey SV, Leung N. Monoclonal gammopathy: The good, the bad and the ugly. Blood Rev 2015; 30:223-31. [PMID: 26732417 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition characterized by the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy (MG) in which the clonal mass has not reached a predefined state in which the condition is considered malignant. It is a precursor to conditions such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma at a rate of ~1%/year. Thus, from a hematologic standpoint, MGUS is a fairly benign condition. However, it is now recognized that organ damage resulting from just the MG without the need MM or lymphoma can occur. One of the most recognized is nephropathy secondary to monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS). Other well-recognized conditions include neuropathies, oculopathies and dermopathies. Some conditions such as autoimmune diseases and coagulopathies are less common and recognized. Finally, systemic involvement of multiple organs is well described in several entities. In all of these conditions, the role of the MG is no longer insignificant. Thus, the term MGUS should be avoided when describing these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan V Glavey
- Department of Hematology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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193
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Gowda KK, Nada R, Ramachandran R, Joshi K, Tewari R, Kohli HS, Jha V, Gupta KL. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease: The utility of routine staining with immunoglobulin light chains. Indian J Nephrol 2015; 25:344-8. [PMID: 26664209 PMCID: PMC4663771 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.151354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative glomerulonephritis occurring as a consequence of monoclonal glomerular deposits of IgG is uncommon. It is a form of renal involvement in monoclonal gammopathy that mimics immune complex glomerulonephritis. Here, we report the first series of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) from the Indian subcontinent highlighting use of light chain immunofluorescence (IF) in routine renal biopsy interpretation. We retrieved 6 patients diagnosed as proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) out of 160 biopsies (3.7%) with membranoproliferative patterns over 5 1/2 years (2009-2014), one of whom had recurrence 6 months post-renal transplant. Four (67%) patients presented with rapidly progressive renal failure and two (33%) with nephrotic syndrome. None of these patients had overt multiple myeloma. The predominant histologic pattern was membranoproliferative with all the biopsies showing IgG3 Kappa deposits on IF. The deposits were primarily subendothelial on electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Gowda
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Nada
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - K Joshi
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Tewari
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - H S Kohli
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Jha
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - K L Gupta
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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194
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Sethi S, Haas M, Markowitz GS, D'Agati VD, Rennke HG, Jennette JC, Bajema IM, Alpers CE, Chang A, Cornell LD, Cosio FG, Fogo AB, Glassock RJ, Hariharan S, Kambham N, Lager DJ, Leung N, Mengel M, Nath KA, Roberts IS, Rovin BH, Seshan SV, Smith RJH, Walker PD, Winearls CG, Appel GB, Alexander MP, Cattran DC, Casado CA, Cook HT, De Vriese AS, Radhakrishnan J, Racusen LC, Ronco P, Fervenza FC. Mayo Clinic/Renal Pathology Society Consensus Report on Pathologic Classification, Diagnosis, and Reporting of GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015. [PMID: 26567243 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015101160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal pathologists and nephrologists met on February 20, 2015 to establish an etiology/pathogenesis-based system for classification and diagnosis of GN, with a major aim of standardizing the kidney biopsy report of GN. On the basis of etiology/pathogenesis, GN is classified into the following five pathogenic types, each with specific disease entities: immune-complex GN, pauci-immune GN, antiglomerular basement membrane GN, monoclonal Ig GN, and C3 glomerulopathy. The pathogenesis-based classification forms the basis of the kidney biopsy report. To standardize the report, the diagnosis consists of a primary diagnosis and a secondary diagnosis. The primary diagnosis should include the disease entity/pathogenic type (if disease entity is not known) followed in order by pattern of injury (mixed patterns may be present); score/grade/class for disease entities, such as IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and ANCA GN; and additional features as detailed herein. A pattern diagnosis as the sole primary diagnosis is not recommended. Secondary diagnoses should be reported separately and include coexisting lesions that do not form the primary diagnosis. Guidelines for the report format, light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and ancillary studies are also provided. In summary, this consensus report emphasizes a pathogenesis-based classification of GN and provides guidelines for the standardized reporting of GN.
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195
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Sethi S, Haas M, Markowitz GS, D'Agati VD, Rennke HG, Jennette JC, Bajema IM, Alpers CE, Chang A, Cornell LD, Cosio FG, Fogo AB, Glassock RJ, Hariharan S, Kambham N, Lager DJ, Leung N, Mengel M, Nath KA, Roberts IS, Rovin BH, Seshan SV, Smith RJH, Walker PD, Winearls CG, Appel GB, Alexander MP, Cattran DC, Casado CA, Cook HT, De Vriese AS, Radhakrishnan J, Racusen LC, Ronco P, Fervenza FC. Mayo Clinic/Renal Pathology Society Consensus Report on Pathologic Classification, Diagnosis, and Reporting of GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1278-87. [PMID: 26567243 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal pathologists and nephrologists met on February 20, 2015 to establish an etiology/pathogenesis-based system for classification and diagnosis of GN, with a major aim of standardizing the kidney biopsy report of GN. On the basis of etiology/pathogenesis, GN is classified into the following five pathogenic types, each with specific disease entities: immune-complex GN, pauci-immune GN, antiglomerular basement membrane GN, monoclonal Ig GN, and C3 glomerulopathy. The pathogenesis-based classification forms the basis of the kidney biopsy report. To standardize the report, the diagnosis consists of a primary diagnosis and a secondary diagnosis. The primary diagnosis should include the disease entity/pathogenic type (if disease entity is not known) followed in order by pattern of injury (mixed patterns may be present); score/grade/class for disease entities, such as IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and ANCA GN; and additional features as detailed herein. A pattern diagnosis as the sole primary diagnosis is not recommended. Secondary diagnoses should be reported separately and include coexisting lesions that do not form the primary diagnosis. Guidelines for the report format, light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and ancillary studies are also provided. In summary, this consensus report emphasizes a pathogenesis-based classification of GN and provides guidelines for the standardized reporting of GN.
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196
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Al-Rabadi L, Francis JM, Henderson J, Ghai S. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin in renal allografts. Clin Kidney J 2015; 8:722-8. [PMID: 26613031 PMCID: PMC4655807 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulopathy due to dysproteinemia can have a wide spectrum of pathologic and clinical features based on specific characteristics of the abnormal protein and the response induced within the parenchymal tissue. Monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition can manifest as a different glomerular disease. Proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) is a unique entity mimicking immune complex GN that does not conform to any of those subtypes. IgG monoclonal granular deposition in the glomeruli with a pattern similar to immune complex disease suggested by C3 and C1q deposition should prompt consideration of PGNMID. Literature is scarce in terms of recurrence of disease in renal allografts. In this article we present the clinical–pathologic features of three cases of PGNMID in the renal allograft showing the variable course and manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Rabadi
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean M Francis
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Henderson
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandeep Ghai
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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197
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Pavinic J, Miglinas M. The incidence of possible causes of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: a single-center experience. Hippokratia 2015; 19:314-318. [PMID: 27688695 PMCID: PMC5033141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is based on kidney biopsy findings: unique glomerular injury pattern and characteristic changes on light, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. The purpose of this study was to identify possible etiology and incidence of glomerular injury among patients with a diagnosed MPGN. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis (years 2000-2014) of 81 clinical cases with a diagnosis of MPGN based on biopsy results was performed. Records were examined, and data about viral, bacterial infections, autoimmune and hematological diseases was collected. Test results of blood C3 and C4 factors of the complement system, and results of kidney biopsy immunohistochemical analysis were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Study population consisted of 55 males (67.9%) and 26 females (32.1%). The average patients' age was 48.53 (standard deviation ± 16.67) years. The identified etiology of MPGN was: idiopathic in 26 cases (32.10%), bacterial infections in 20 cases (24.69%), viral hepatitis in 16 cases (19.75%), autoimmune diseases in 11 cases (13.58%), and hematological diseases in eight cases (9.88%). Changes of the concentration of complement component C3 as well as component C4 were found; their concentration was decreased in 26 (32.1%) and 17 (20.99%) patients' respectively while concentration was within the normal range in 11 (13.58%) and 19 (23.46%) patients respectively. Immunohistochemistry results revealed immunoglobulin (Ig) deposits: C3+/Ig+ was found in 47 (58.02%) cases, C3-/Ig+ was found in 16 (19.75%) cases and in six (7.41%) cases test was not performed. The total number of immunoglobulin positive biopsies (C3+/Ig+ and C3-/Ig+, also called immune-complex mediated MPGN) was 63 (77.78%). Complement-mediated MPGN (C3+/Ig-) was less common and was diagnosed only in seven cases (8.64%). C3-/Ig- was found in five cases (6.17%). CONCLUSIONS The leading cause of MPGN was idiopathic as well as bacterial infections. Complement component C3 concentration was mostly decreased. The incidence of normal and decreased concentration of the complement component C4 was almost equal. Most immunohistochemical deposits in kidney biopsy appeared to be C3/Ig positive, and it was observed in more than half of the cases of each MPGN etiological group. Hippokratia 2015; 19 (4): 314-318.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pavinic
- Nephrology Center of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - M Miglinas
- Nephrology Center of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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198
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Larsen CP, Messias NC, Walker PD, Fidler ME, Cornell LD, Hernandez LH, Alexander MP, Sethi S, Nasr SH. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with masked monotypic immunoglobulin deposits. Kidney Int 2015; 88:867-73. [PMID: 26154922 PMCID: PMC4687465 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has recently undergone change from an electron microscopy-based classification scheme to one based largely on immunofluorescence findings. This change is due to the recognition that many of these cases are driven by abnormalities of the alternative complement cascade, resulting in the concept of C3 glomerulopathy. Here we reviewed our case files to identify those with an MPGN pattern that show false negative staining for monoclonal immunoglobulins by routine immunofluorescence. Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits were unmasked by performing immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue after protease digestion. Clinico-pathological details of 16 such cases with a mean serum creatinine of 2.7 mg/dl and mean 24 h proteinuria of 7.1 g were then determined. Hypocomplementemia was present in two-thirds of patients. Fourteen patients had a paraprotein on serum immunofixation, all of which matched the biopsy immunofluorescence staining pattern. Bone marrow biopsy showed plasma cell dyscrasia or B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in 13 patients. Ten of these patients had findings on biopsy most consistent with C3 glomerulonephritis prior to performing paraffin immunofluorescence. Thus a high index of suspicion is necessary to avoid misdiagnosis in these cases, as many would have been mistakenly diagnosed as C3 glomerulopathy or unclassified MPGN if paraffin immunofluorescence was not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mary E Fidler
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lynn D Cornell
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Loren H Hernandez
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Sanjeev Sethi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samih H Nasr
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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199
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Sethi S, Nasr SH, De Vriese AS, Fervenza FC. C4d as a Diagnostic Tool in Proliferative GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2852-9. [PMID: 25991041 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative GN is classified as immune complex-mediated or complement-mediated (C3 glomerulopathy). Immune complex-mediated GN results from glomerular deposition of immune-complexes/Ig and C3; the C3 is derived from activation of the classical and/or lectin pathways of complement. C3 glomerulopathy results from deposition of C3 and other complement fragments with minimal or no deposition of immune complexes/Ig; the C3 is derived from activation of the alternative pathway of complement. C4d is a byproduct of activation of the classic and lectin pathways. Although widely used as a marker for antibody-mediated rejection, the significance of C4d in C3 glomerulopathy is undetermined. We studied glomerular C4d staining in 18 biopsy specimens of immune-complex GN, 30 biopsy specimens of C3 GN, and 13 biopsy specimens of postinfectious GN. All specimens of immune complex-mediated GN, except two specimens of IgA nephropathy and one specimen of sclerosing membranoproliferative GN, showed bright (2-3+) C4d staining. The staining pattern of C4d mirrored the staining patterns of Ig and C3. Conversely, C4d staining was completely negative in 24 (80%) of 30 specimens of C3 glomerulopathy, and only trace/1+ C4d staining was detected in six (20%) specimens. With regard to postinfectious GN, C4d staining was negative in six (46%) of 13 specimens, suggesting an abnormality in the alternative pathway, and it was positive in seven (54%) specimens. To summarize, C4d serves as a positive marker for immune complex-mediated GN but is absent or minimally detected in C3 glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sethi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Samih H Nasr
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - An S De Vriese
- Division of Nephrology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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200
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Chauvet S, Bridoux F, Ecotière L, Javaugue V, Sirac C, Arnulf B, Thierry A, Quellard N, Milin S, Bender S, Goujon JM, Jaccard A, Fermand JP, Touchard G. Kidney diseases associated with monoclonal immunoglobulin M-secreting B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: a case series of 35 patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 66:756-67. [PMID: 25987261 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney diseases associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal gammopathy are poorly described, with few data for patient outcomes and renal response. STUDY DESIGN Case series. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 35 patients from 8 French departments of nephrology were retrospectively studied. Inclusion criteria were: (1) detectable serum monoclonal IgM, (2) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60mL/min/1.73m(2) and/or proteinuria with protein excretion > 0.5g/d and/or microscopic hematuria, and (3) kidney biopsy showing monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits and/or lymphomatous B-cell renal infiltration. All patients received chemotherapy, including rituximab-based regimens in 8 cases. PREDICTORS Patients were classified into 3 groups according to renal pathology: glomerular AL amyloidosis (group 1; n=11), nonamyloid glomerulopathies (group 2; n=15, including 9 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis), and tubulointerstitial nephropathies (group 3; n=9, including cast nephropathy in 5, light-chain Fanconi syndrome in 3, and isolated tumor infiltration in 1). OUTCOMES Posttreatment hematologic response (≥50% reduction in serum monoclonal IgM and/or free light chain level) and renal response (≥50% reduction in 24-hour proteinuria or eGFR≥30mL/min/1.73m(2) in patients with glomerular and tubulointerstitial disorders, respectively). RESULTS Nephrotic syndrome was observed in 11 and 6 patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Patients in group 3 presented with acute kidney injury (n=7) and/or proximal tubular dysfunction (n=3). Waldenström macroglobulinemia was present in 26 patients (8, 12, and 6 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Significant lymphomatous interstitial infiltration was observed in 18 patients (4, 9, and 5 patients, respectively). Only 9 of 29 evaluable patients had systemic signs of symptomatic hematologic disease (2, 5, and 2, respectively). In groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, hematologic response was achieved after first-line treatment in 3 of 9, 9 of 10, and 5 of 6 evaluable patients, while renal response occurred in 5 of 10, 9 of 15, and 5 of 8 evaluable patients. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study; insufficient population to establish the impact of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS IgM monoclonal gammopathy is associated with a wide spectrum of renal manifestations, with an under-recognized frequency of tubulointerstitial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chauvet
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; CNRS UMR 6101, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Laure Ecotière
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Vincent Javaugue
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Christophe Sirac
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; CNRS UMR 6101, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Arnulf
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Thierry
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Quellard
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Pathology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Serge Milin
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Bender
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; CNRS UMR 6101, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Goujon
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Pathology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Jaccard
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; CNRS UMR 6101, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Department of Hematology, CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Paul Fermand
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Guy Touchard
- Centre national de référence maladies rares amylose AL et autres maladies à dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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