151
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Karimi A, Denizot B, Passirani C, Hindré F, Roux J, Legras P, Le Jeune J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated by bisphosphonates: The effects of electrical charge and molecule length. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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152
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Srinivasan AR, Shoyele SA. Self-associated submicron IgG1 particles for pulmonary delivery: effects of non-ionic surfactants on size, shape, stability, and aerosol performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:200-10. [PMID: 23255200 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce submicron particles of monoclonal antibodies of different sizes and shapes would enhance their application to pulmonary delivery. Although non-ionic surfactants are widely used as stabilizers in protein formulations, we hypothesized that non-ionic surfactants will affect the shape and size of submicron IgG particles manufactured through precipitation. Submicron particles of IgG1 were produced by a precipitation process which explores the fact that proteins have minimum solubility but maximum precipitation at the isoelectric point. Non-ionic surfactants were used for size and shape control, and as stabilizing agents. Aerosol performance of the antibody nanoparticles was assessed using Andersen Cascade Impactor. Spinhaler® and Handihaler® were used as model DPI devices. SEM micrographs revealed that the shape of the submicron particles was altered by varying the type of surfactant added to the precipitating medium. Particle size as measured by dynamic light scattering was also varied based on the type and concentration of the surfactant. The surfactants were able to stabilize the IgG during the precipitation process. Polyhedral, sponge-like, and spherical nanoparticles demonstrated improved aerosolization properties compared to irregularly shaped (>20 μm) unprocessed particles. Stable antibody submicron particles of different shapes and sizes were prepared. Careful control of the shape of such particles is critical to ensuring optimized lung delivery by dry powder inhalation.
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153
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Abstract
This position paper discusses progress made and to be made with so-called advanced drug delivery systems, particularly but not exclusively those in the nanometre domain. The paper has resulted from discussions with a number of international experts in the field who shared their views on aspects of the subject, from the nomenclature used for such systems, the sometimes overwrought claims made in the era of nanotechnology, the complex nature of targeting delivery systems to specific destinations in vivo, the need for setting standards for the choice and characterisation of cell lines used in in vitro studies, to attention to the manufacturability, stability and analytical profiling of systems and more relevant studies on toxicology. The historical background to the development of many systems is emphasised. So too is the stochastic nature of many of the steps to successful access to and action in targets. A lacuna in the field is the lack of availability of data on a variety of carrier systems using the same models in vitro and in vivo using standard controls. The paper asserts that greater emphasis must also be paid to the effective levels of active attained in target organs, for without such crucial data it will be difficult for many experimental systems to enter the clinic. This means the use of diagnostic/imaging technologies to monitor targeted drug delivery and stratify patient groups, identifying patients with optimum chances for successful therapy. Last, but not least, the critical importance of the development of science bases for regulatory policies, scientific platforms overseeing the field and new paradigms of financing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3511 ME Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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154
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Iqbal A, Ahmad I, Khalid MH, Nawaz MS, Gan SH, Kamal MA. Nanoneurotoxicity to nanoneuroprotection using biological and computational approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:256-284. [PMID: 24024521 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.829706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) that are ∼100 nm in diameter can potentially cause toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). Although NPs exhibit positive aspects, these molecules primarily exert negative or harmful effects. Thus, the beneficial and harmful effects should be compared. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and some brain tumors, has increased. However, the major cause of these diseases remains unknown. NPs have been considered as one of the major potential causes of these diseases, penetrating the human body via different pathways. This review summarizes various pathways for NP-induced neurotoxicity, suggesting the development of strategies for nanoneuroprotection using in silico and biological methods. Studies of oxidative stress associated with gene expression analyses provide efficient information for understanding neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration associated with NPs. The brain is a sensitive and fragile organ, and evolution has developed mechanisms to protect it from injury; however, this protection also hinders the methods used for therapeutic purposes. Thus, brain and CNS-related diseases that are the cause of disability and disorder are the most difficult to treat. There are many obstacles to drug delivery in the CNS, such as the blood brain barrier and blood tumor barrier. Considering these barriers, we have reviewed the strategies available to map NPs using biological techniques. The surface adsorption energy of NPs is the basic force driving NP gathering, protein corona formation, and many other interactions of NPs within biological systems. These interactions can be described using an approach named the biological surface adsorption index. A quantitative structural activity relationship study helps to understand different protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions. Moreover, equilibrium between cerebrovascular permeability is required when a drug is transferred via the circulatory system for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Various drug delivery approaches, such as chemical drug delivery and carrier-mediated drug delivery, have been established to avoid different barriers inhibiting CNS penetration by therapeutic substances. Developing an improved understanding of drug receptors and the sites of drug action, together with advances in medicinal chemistry, will make it possible to design drugs with greatly enhanced activity and selectivity; this may result in a significant increase in the therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Iqbal
- a Department of Biosciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Chak Shahzad , Islamabad , Pakistan
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155
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Nichols JW, Bae YH. Odyssey of a cancer nanoparticle: from injection site to site of action. NANO TODAY 2012; 7:606-618. [PMID: 23243460 PMCID: PMC3519442 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
No chemotherapeutic drug can be effective until it is delivered to its target site. Nano-sized drug carriers are designed to transport therapeutic or diagnostic materials from the point of administration to the drug's site of action. This task requires the nanoparticle carrying the drug to complete a journey from the injection site to the site of action. The journey begins with the injection of the drug carrier into the bloodstream and continues through stages of circulation, extravasation, accumulation, distribution, endocytosis, endosomal escape, intracellular localization and-finally-action. Effective nanoparticle design should consider all of these stages to maximize drug delivery to the entire tumor and effectiveness of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Nichols
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108
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156
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Tsai DH, Shelton MP, DelRio FW, Elzey S, Guha S, Zachariah MR, Hackley VA. Quantifying dithiothreitol displacement of functional ligands from gold nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:3015-23. [PMID: 23104310 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based displacement is widely utilized for separating ligands from their gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugates, a critical step for differentiating and quantifying surface-bound functional ligands and therefore the effective surface density of these species on nanoparticle-based therapeutics and other functional constructs. The underlying assumption is that DTT is smaller and much more reactive toward gold compared with most ligands of interest, and as a result will reactively displace the ligands from surface sites thereby enabling their quantification. In this study, we use complementary dimensional and spectroscopic methods to characterize the efficiency of DTT displacement. Thiolated methoxypolyethylene glycol (SH-PEG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were chosen as representative ligands. Results clearly show that (1) DTT does not completely displace bound SH-PEG or BSA from AuNPs, and (2) the displacement efficiency is dependent on the binding affinity between the ligands and the AuNP surface. Additionally, the displacement efficiency for conjugated SH-PEG is moderately dependent on the molecular mass (yielding efficiencies ranging from 60 to 80% measured by ATR-FTIR and ≈90% by ES-DMA), indicating that the displacement efficiency for SH-PEG is predominantly determined by the S-Au bond. BSA is particularly difficult to displace with DTT (i.e., the displacement efficiency is nearly zero) when it is in the so-called normal form. The displacement efficiency for BSA improves to 80% when it undergoes a conformational change to the expanded form through a process of pH change or treatment with a surfactant. An analysis of the three-component system (SH-PEG + BSA + AuNP) indicates that the presence of SH-PEG decreases the displacement efficiency for BSA, whereas the displacement efficiency for SH-PEG is less impacted by the presence of BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hao Tsai
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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157
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Liu L, Yong KT, Roy I, Law WC, Ye L, Liu J, Liu J, Kumar R, Zhang X, Prasad PN. Bioconjugated pluronic triblock-copolymer micelle-encapsulated quantum dots for targeted imaging of cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies. Theranostics 2012; 2:705-13. [PMID: 22896772 PMCID: PMC3418931 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in this study, CdTe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were encapsulated in carboxylated Pluronic F127 triblock polymeric micelle, to preserve the optical and colloidal stability of QDs in biological fluids. Folic acid (FA) was then conjugated to the surface of QDs for the targeted delivery of the QD formulation to the tumor site, by exploiting the overexpressed FA receptors (FARs) on the tumor cells. Cytotoxicity study demonstrated that the QD formulation has negligible in vitro toxicity. The in vitro study showed that the bioconjugated micelle-encapsulated QDs, but not the unconjugated QDs, were able to efficiently label Panc-1 cancer cells. In vivo imaging study showed that bioconjugated QDs were able to target tumor site after intravenous injection of the formulation in tumor-bearing mice.
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158
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Microstructure study of liposomes decorated by hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:563-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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159
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Kersey FR, Merkel TJ, Perry JL, Napier ME, DeSimone JM. Effect of aspect ratio and deformability on nanoparticle extravasation through nanopores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:8773-81. [PMID: 22612428 PMCID: PMC3374061 DOI: 10.1021/la301279v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of filamentous hydrogel nanoparticles using a unique soft lithography based particle molding process referred to as PRINT (particle replication in nonwetting templates). The nanoparticles possess a constant width of 80 nm, and we varied their lengths ranging from 180 to 5000 nm. In addition to varying the aspect ratio of the particles, the deformability of the particles was tuned by varying the cross-link density within the particle matrix. Size characteristics such as hydrodynamic diameter and persistence length of the particles were analyzed using dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy techniques, respectively, while particle deformability was assessed by atomic force microscopy. Additionally, the ability of the particles to pass through membranes containing 0.2 μm pores was assessed by means of a simple filtration technique, and particle recovery was determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that particle recovery is mostly independent of aspect ratio at all cross-linker concentrations utilized, with the exception of 96 wt % PEG diacrylate 80 × 5000 nm particles, which showed the lowest percent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrell R. Kersey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Timothy J. Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jillian L. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mary E. Napier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Materials Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Corresponding author
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160
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Safari D, Marradi M, Chiodo F, Th Dekker HA, Shan Y, Adamo R, Oscarson S, Rijkers GT, Lahmann M, Kamerling JP, Penadés S, Snippe H. Gold nanoparticles as carriers for a synthetic Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 conjugate vaccine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:651-62. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Coupling of capsular polysaccharides of pathogens to immunogenic protein carriers (conjugate vaccines) improves carbohydrate immune response. Our idea is to explore gold nanoclusters as carriers to prepare fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines. Materials & methods: Gold glyconanoparticles bearing a synthetic tetrasaccharide epitope related to the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide (Pn14PS), the T-helper ovalbumin 323–339 peptide (OVA323–339), and D-glucose were prepared by a one-pot method. Their immunogenicity was tested in mice. Cytokine levels after spleen cell stimulation with OVA323–339 were analyzed using a luminex-multiplex cytokine assay. The capacity of the evoked antibodies to promote the uptake of S. pneumoniae type 14 by leukocytes was assessed. Results & discussion: Glyconanoparticles containing 45% of tetrasaccharide and 5% OVA323–339 triggered specific anti-Pn14PS IgG antibodies. Cytokine levels confirmed that glyconanoparticles led to T-helper cell activation. The anti-saccharide antibodies promoted the phagocytosis of type 14 bacteria by human leukocytes, indicating the functionality of the antibodies. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles have great potential as carriers for the development of a great diversity of fully synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. Original submitted 17 May 2011; Revised submitted 27 July 2011
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodi Safari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Marradi
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain and Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Huberta A Th Dekker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yulong Shan
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ger T Rijkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Soledad Penadés
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain and Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Harm Snippe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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161
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Liu R, Lin S, Rallo R, Zhao Y, Damoiseaux R, Xia T, Lin S, Nel A, Cohen Y. Automated phenotype recognition for zebrafish embryo based in vivo high throughput toxicity screening of engineered nano-materials. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35014. [PMID: 22506062 PMCID: PMC3323610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenotype recognition model was developed for high throughput screening (HTS) of engineered Nano-Materials (eNMs) toxicity using zebrafish embryo developmental response classified, from automatically captured images and without manual manipulation of zebrafish positioning, by three basic phenotypes (i.e., hatched, unhatched, and dead). The recognition model was built with a set of vectorial descriptors providing image color and texture information. The best performing model was attained with three image descriptors (color histogram, representative color, and color layout) identified as most suitable from an initial pool of six descriptors. This model had an average recognition accuracy of 97.40±0.95% in a 10-fold cross-validation and 93.75% in a stress test of low quality zebrafish images. The present work has shown that a phenotyping model can be developed with accurate recognition ability suitable for zebrafish-based HTS assays. Although the present methodology was successfully demonstrated for only three basic zebrafish embryonic phenotypes, it can be readily adapted to incorporate more subtle phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sijie Lin
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Rallo
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informatica i Matematiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Molecular Shared Screening Resources, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine - Division of NanoMedicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andre Nel
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine - Division of NanoMedicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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162
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Patri AK, Simak J, Hall JB, Semberova J, De Paoli Lacerda SH, McNeil SE. Nanoparticle size and surface charge determine effects of PAMAM dendrimers on human platelets in vitro. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:382-93. [PMID: 22026635 PMCID: PMC3624701 DOI: 10.1021/mp200463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood platelets are essential in maintaining hemostasis. Various materials can activate platelets and cause them to aggregate. Platelet aggregation in vitro is often used as a marker for materials' thrombogenic properties, and studying nanomaterial interaction with platelets is an important step toward understanding their hematocompatibility. Here we report evaluation of 12 formulations of PAMAM dendrimers varying in size and surface charge. Using a cell counter based method, light transmission aggregometry and scanning electron microscopy, we show that only large cationic dendrimers, but not anionic, neutral or small cationic dendrimers, induce aggregation of human platelets in plasma in vitro. The aggregation caused by large cationic dendrimers was proportional to the number of surface amines. The observed aggregation was not associated with membrane microparticle release, and was insensitive to a variety of chemical and biological inhibitors known to interfere with various pathways of platelet activation. Taken in context with previously reported studies, our data suggest that large cationic PAMAM dendrimers induce platelet aggregation through disruption of membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Anil K. Patri
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jan Simak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20852-1448, United States
| | - Jennifer B. Hall
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jana Semberova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20852-1448, United States
| | - Silvia H. De Paoli Lacerda
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20852-1448, United States
| | - Scott E. McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
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163
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Stan G, DelRio FW, MacCuspie RI, Cook RF. Nanomechanical Properties of Polyethylene Glycol Brushes on Gold Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3138-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Stan
- Ceramics Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Frank W. DelRio
- Ceramics Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Robert I. MacCuspie
- Ceramics Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Robert F. Cook
- Ceramics Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
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164
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Ribeiro C, Neto AP, das Neves J, Bahia MF, Sarmento B. Preparation of polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes containing recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor as potential oral carriers for liver regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 811:113-25. [PMID: 22042676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-388-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The large number of cytokines and growth factors implicated in the regulation of liver regeneration has led to the possibility of using these molecules in therapy, namely, in the case of recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (rhHGF). The importance and potential clinical usefulness of rhHGF has been extensively studied and documented, with results suggesting that this molecule could be a powerful tool toward increased success in hepatic regenerative therapy. However, the peptidic nature of this drug presents several challenges toward its effective administration and targeting. The possibility of encapsulating rhHGF in dextran sulfate/chitosan nanoparticles to allow its oral administration and direct liver-targeting is discussed in this manuscript. Details of a rapid and simple method for the preparation of such rhHGF-loaded nanocomplexes are presented. Beyond the practical aspects of the method, characterization techniques and main experimental features of obtained nanocarriers are also briefly analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Ribeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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165
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Patri AK, Potter TM, Rodriguez JC, Hall JB, McNeil SE. Dendrimer-induced leukocyte procoagulant activity depends on particle size and surface charge. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:245-56. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Thrombogenicity associated with the induction of leukocyte procoagulant activity (PCA) is a common complication in sepsis and cancer. Since nanoparticles are increasingly used for drug delivery, their interaction with coagulation systems is an important part of the safety assessment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoparticle physicochemical properties on leukocyte PCA, and to get insight into the mechanism of PCA induction. Materials & Methods: A total of 12 formulations of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, varying in size and surface charge, were studied in vitro using recalcification time assay. Results: Irrespective of their size, anionic and neutral dendrimers did not induce leukocyte PCA in vitro. Cationic particles induced PCA in a size- and charge-dependent manner. The mechanism of PCA induction was similar to that of doxorubicin. Cationic dendrimers were also found to exacerbate endotoxin-induced PCA. Conclusion: PAMAM dendrimer-induced leukocyte PCA depends on particle size, charge and density of surface groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469 Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Anil K Patri
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469 Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Timothy M Potter
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469 Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jamie C Rodriguez
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469 Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer B Hall
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469 Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Scott E McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469 Frederick MD, 21702, USA
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166
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Fonte P, Andrade JC, Seabra V, Sarmento B. Chitosan-based nanoparticles as delivery systems of therapeutic proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 899:471-487. [PMID: 22735970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-921-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins represent a significant part of the new pharmaceuticals coming on the market every year and are now widely spread in therapy to treat or relief symptoms related to many metabolic and oncologic diseases. The parenteral route remains as a primary strategy for protein administration essentially due to its specific physicochemical properties. However, the research on alternative nonparenteral delivery routes continues. The high molecular weight (MW), hydrophilicity, and charged nature of therapeutically valued proteins render transport through membranes very difficult. In this regard, chitosan arises as a promising candidate for the development of protein-containing drug formulations, due to its exceptional biological properties. Chitosan-based delivery systems have been proposed as valid approaches to provide protective conditions to proteins from denaturation and loss of activity, during preparation and delivery, as well as during long-term storage of the prepared formulation. In this chapter, one production method of a chitosan-based nanoparticle formulation is presented, as well as several characterization techniques to assess both nanoparticles and proteins characteristics and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CICS, Health Sciences Research Center, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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167
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Yiu HHP, Pickard MR, Olariu CI, Williams SR, Chari DM, Rosseinsky MJ. Fe3O4-PEI-RITC magnetic nanoparticles with imaging and gene transfer capability: development of a tool for neural cell transplantation therapies. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1328-43. [PMID: 22134779 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop Fe(3)O(4)-PEI-RITC magnetic nanoparticles with multimodal MRI-fluorescence imaging and transfection capability, for use in neural cell replacement therapies. METHODS The Fe(3)O(4)-PEI-RITC MNPs were synthesised through a multi-step chemical grafting procedure: (i) Silanisation of MNPs with 3-iodopropyltrimethoxysilane; (ii) PEI coupling with iodopropyl groups on the MNP surface; and (iii) RITC binding onto the PEI coating. The cell labelling and transfection capabilities of these particles were evaluated in astrocytes derived from primary cultures. RESULTS Fe(3)O(4)-PEI-RITC MNPs did not exert acute toxic effects in astrocytes (at ≤ 6 days). Cells showed rapid and extensive particle uptake with up to 100% cellular labelling observed by 24 h. MRI and microscopy studies demonstrate that the particles have potential for use in bimodal MR-fluorescence imaging. Additionally, the particles were capable of delivering plasmids encoding reporter protein (approximately 4 kb) to astrocytes, albeit with low efficiencies. CONCLUSIONS Multifunctional Fe(3)O(4)-PEI-RITC MNPs were successfully prepared using a multi-step synthetic pathway, with the PEI and RITC chemically bound onto the MNP surface. Their combined MR-fluorescence imaging capabilities with additional potential for transfection applications can provide a powerful tool, after further development, for non-invasive cell tracking and gene transfer to neural transplant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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168
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Afonin KA, Grabow WW, Walker FM, Bindewald E, Dobrovolskaia MA, Shapiro BA, Jaeger L. Design and self-assembly of siRNA-functionalized RNA nanoparticles for use in automated nanomedicine. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:2022-34. [PMID: 22134126 PMCID: PMC3498981 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Individual genes can be targeted with siRNAs. The use of nucleic acid nanoparticles (NPs) is a convenient method for delivering combinations of specific siRNAs in an organized and programmable manner. We present three assembly protocols to produce two different types of RNA self-assembling functional NPs using processes that are fully automatable. These NPs are engineered based on two complementary nanoscaffold designs (nanoring and nanocube), which serve as carriers of multiple siRNAs. The NPs are functionalized by the extension of up to six scaffold strands with siRNA duplexes. The assembly protocols yield functionalized RNA NPs, and we show that they interact in vitro with human recombinant Dicer to produce siRNAs. Our design strategies allow for fast, economical and easily controlled production of endotoxin-free therapeutic RNA NPs that are suitable for preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Afonin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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169
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Fernandez-Fernandez A, Manchanda R, McGoron AJ. Theranostic applications of nanomaterials in cancer: drug delivery, image-guided therapy, and multifunctional platforms. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1628-51. [PMID: 21947761 PMCID: PMC3239222 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful cancer management depends on accurate diagnostics along with specific treatment protocols. Current diagnostic techniques need to be improved to provide earlier detection capabilities, and traditional chemotherapy approaches to cancer treatment are limited by lack of specificity and systemic toxicity. This review highlights advances in nanotechnology that have allowed the development of multifunctional platforms for cancer detection, therapy, and monitoring. Nanomaterials can be used as MRI, optical imaging, and photoacoustic imaging contrast agents. When used as drug carriers, nanoformulations can increase tumor exposure to therapeutic agents and result in improved treatment effects by prolonging circulation times, protecting entrapped drugs from degradation, and enhancing tumor uptake through the enhanced permeability and retention effect as well as receptor-mediated endocytosis. Multiple therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy, antiangiogenic, or gene therapy agents can be simultaneously delivered by nanocarriers to tumor sites to enhance the effectiveness of therapy. Additionally, imaging and therapy agents can be co-delivered to provide seamless integration of diagnostics, therapy, and follow-up, and different therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy and hyperthermia can be co-administered to take advantage of synergistic effects. Liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots are examples of nanoformulations that can be used as multifunctional platforms for cancer theranostics. Nanomedicine approaches in cancer have great potential for clinically translatable advances that can positively impact the overall diagnostic and therapeutic process and result in enhanced quality of life for cancer patients. However, a concerted scientific effort is still necessary to fully explore long-term risks, effects, and precautions for safe human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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170
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Xia XR, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Mathur S, Song X, Xiao L, Oldenberg SJ, Fadeel B, Riviere JE. Mapping the surface adsorption forces of nanomaterials in biological systems. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9074-81. [PMID: 21999618 PMCID: PMC3222732 DOI: 10.1021/nn203303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biological surface adsorption index (BSAI) is a novel approach to characterize surface adsorption energy of nanomaterials that is the primary force behind nanoparticle aggregation, protein corona formation, and other complex interactions of nanomaterials within biological systems. Five quantitative nanodescriptors were obtained to represent the surface adsorption forces (hydrophobicity, hydrogen bond, polarity/polarizability, and lone-pair electrons) of the nanomaterial interaction with biological components. We have mapped the surface adsorption forces over 16 different nanomaterials. When the five-dimensional information of the nanodescriptors was reduced to two dimensions, the 16 nanomaterials were classified into distinct clusters according their surface adsorption properties. BSAI nanodescriptors are intrinsic properties of nanomaterials useful for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model development. This is the first success in quantitative characterization of the surface adsorption forces of nanomaterials in biological conditions, which could open a quantitative avenue in predictive nanomedicine development, risk assessment, and safety evaluation of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin R. Xia
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xuefeng Song
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisong Xiao
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Address correspondence to
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Sharma A, Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP. Toxicological considerations when creating nanoparticle-based drugs and drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:47-69. [PMID: 22097965 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.637916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biggest challenge faced by the scientific community involved in drug development is to deliver safe and effective dosage of drugs without causing systemic toxicity. Therefore, novel nano-based delivery vehicles specifically targeting tumors but not normal tissues are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED Nanoparticles have beneficial aspects but can be toxic themselves, which is always a concern for any drug or delivery agent. This review examines and details the toxicological aspects that should be considered when planning to use nanoparticles in animals or in man for drug delivery or imaging. Subjects discussed in this review include i) overviews of applications of various nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging; ii) toxicological aspects to consider when selecting particular nanoparticles for use in various applications in animals or man; iii) hurdles faced when examining nanoparticle toxicity; and iv) current approaches for assessing nanoparticle toxicity. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology has significant potential for advancing therapeutic efficacy and imaging in cancer; however, these agents can be toxic. Therefore, toxicity needs to be considered when selecting nanoparticles for a particular application. Methods for assessing nanoparticle toxicity need to be improved and standardized across all nanotechnology platforms in order to speed up the application of nanoparticle use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati Sharma
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, R130, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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172
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Li Y, Wei P, Li J, Li L. Pharmacokinetic analysis and optimization of hydroxycamptothecin-loaded nanoparticles for liver targeting. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:837-47. [PMID: 22092005 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.630393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a pharmacokinetic model to describe the tissue distribution process of nanoparticles was established. To test the possibility of the model, nanoparticles composed of poly(butylcyanoacrylate) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins (HP-β-CD) was prepared with a poorly soluble anticancer drug, hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). Characteristics were determined including particle's size, morphology and in vitro release. The tissue distribution of nanoparticles was also studied. Further, mathematical equation was fitted to the curve of drug concentration-time in liver of hydroxycamptothecin-loaded nanoparticles and the pharmacokinetic parameters of liver were obtained. The effectiveness of hydroxycamptothecin-loaded nanoparticles for liver targeting was evaluated. The results showed that nanoparticles composed of poly(butylcyanoacrylate) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins (HP-β-CD) exhibited enhanced liver targeting in rats after i.v. injection. More importantly, the pharmacokinetic parameters (transport constant from blood to target organ KT, drug release rate from nanoparticles Kr and drug elimination constant in target organ Ke) provided some quantitative measure of liver distribution and were useful guidelines for development of targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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173
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Komano Y, Yagi N, Onoue I, Kaneko K, Miyasaka N, Nanki T. Arthritic Joint-Targeting Small Interfering RNA-Encapsulated Liposome: Implication for Treatment Strategy for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:109-13. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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174
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Kumar G, Malhotra S, Shafiq N, Pandhi P, Khuller GK, Sharma S. In vitrophysicochemical characterization and short termin vivotolerability study of ethionamide loaded PLGA nanoparticles: potentially effective agent for multidrug resistant tuberculosis. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:717-28. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.615948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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175
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Li R, Xie L, Zhu Z, Liu Q, Hu Y, Jiang X, Yu L, Qian X, Guo W, Ding Y, Liu B. Reversion of pH-induced physiological drug resistance: a novel function of copolymeric nanoparticles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24172. [PMID: 21966359 PMCID: PMC3180282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The extracellular pH of cancer cells is lower than the intracellular pH. Weakly basic anticancer drugs will be protonated extracellularly and display a decreased intracellular concentration. In this study, we show that copolymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are able to overcome this "pH-induced physiological drug resistance" (PIPDR) by delivering drugs to the cancer cells via endocytosis rather than passive diffussion. MATERIALS AND METHODS As a model nanoparticle, Tetradrine (Tet, Pka 7.80) was incorporated into mPEG-PCL. The effectiveness of free Tet and Tet-NPs were compared at different extracellular pHs (pH values 6.8 and 7.4, respectively) by MTT assay, morphological observation and apoptotic analysis in vitro and on a murine model by tumor volume measurement, PET-CT scanning and side effect evaluation in vivo. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of free Tet decreased prominently (P<0.05) when the extracellular pH decreased from 7.4 to 6.8. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of Tet-NPs was not significantly influenced by reduced pH. In vivo experiment also revealed that Tet-NPs reversed PIPDR more effectively than other existing methods and with much less side effects. CONCLUSION The reversion of PIPDR is a new discovered mechanism of copolymeric NPs. This study emphasized the importance of cancer microenvironmental factors in anticancer drug resistance and revealed the superiority of nanoscale drug carrier from a different aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutian Li
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xie
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenshu Zhu
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanhua Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitao Ding
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YTD); (BRL)
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YTD); (BRL)
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176
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Gallo J, García I, Genicio N, Padro D, Penadés S. Specific labelling of cell populations in blood with targeted immuno-fluorescent/magnetic glyconanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9818-25. [PMID: 21940045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Current performance of iron oxide nanoparticle-based contrast agents in clinical use is based on the unspecific accumulation of the probes in certain organs or tissues. Specific targeted biofunctional nanoparticles would significantly increase their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in vivo. In this study, multimodal fluorescent/magnetic glyco-nanoparticles were synthesized from gold-coated magnetite (glyco-ferrites) and converted into specific probes by the covalent coupling of protein G and subsequent incubation with an IgG antibody. The immuno-magnetic-fluorescent nanoparticles were applied to the specific labelling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a complex biological medium, as human blood. We have been able to label specifically PBMCs present in blood in a percentage as low as 0.10-0.17%. Red blood cells (RBCs) were also clearly labelled, even though the inherent T(2) contrast arising from the high iron content of these cells (coming mainly from haemoglobin). The labelling was further assessed at cellular level by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, we have developed new contrast agents able to label specifically a cell population under adverse biological conditions (low abundance, low intrinsic T(2), high protein content). These findings open the door to the application of these probes for the labelling and tracking of endogenous cell populations like metastatic cancer cells, or progenitor stem cells that exist in very low amount in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gallo
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, E-20009 San Sebastián, Spain
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177
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Herrmann IK, Urner M, Hasler M, Roth-Z’Graggen B, Aemisegger C, Baulig W, Athanassiou EK, Regenass S, Stark WJ, Beck-Schimmer B. Iron core/shell nanoparticles as magnetic drug carriers: possible interactions with the vascular compartment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1199-213. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Nanomagnets with metal cores have recently been shown to be promising candidates for magnetic drug delivery due to higher magnetic moments compared with commonly used metal oxides. Successful application strongly relies on a safe implementation that goes along with detailed knowledge of interactions and effects that nanomagnets might impart once entering the body. Materials & Methods: In this work, we put a particular focus on the interactions of ultra-strong metal nanomagnets (≥ three-times higher in magnetization compared with oxide nanoparticles) within the vascular compartment. Individual aspects of possible effects are addressed, including interactions with the coagulation cascade, the complement system, phagocytes and toxic or inflammatory reactions both by blood and endothelial cells in response to nanomagnet exposure. Results: We show that carbon-coated metal nanomagnets are well-tolerated by cells of the vascular compartment and have only minor effects on blood coagulation. Conclusion: These findings provide the fundament to initiate successful first in vivo evaluations opening metal nanomagnets with improved magnetic properties to fascinating applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge K Herrmann
- Institute for Chemical & Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Urner
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Hasler
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Roth-Z’Graggen
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner Baulig
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evagelos K Athanassiou
- Institute for Chemical & Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Regenass
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinics for Immunology, Diagnostics AKI, Häldeliweg 4, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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178
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Plapied L, Duhem N, des Rieux A, Préat V. Fate of polymeric nanocarriers for oral drug delivery. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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179
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Tsai DH, Cho TJ, DelRio FW, Taurozzi J, Zachariah MR, Hackley VA. Hydrodynamic Fractionation of Finite Size Gold Nanoparticle Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8884-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203328j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hao Tsai
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Tae Joon Cho
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Frank W. DelRio
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Julian Taurozzi
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Michael R. Zachariah
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Vincent A. Hackley
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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180
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Hanini A, Schmitt A, Kacem K, Chau F, Ammar S, Gavard J. Evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticle biocompatibility. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:787-94. [PMID: 21589646 PMCID: PMC3090275 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an exciting field of investigation for the development of new treatments for many human diseases. However, it is necessary to assess the biocompatibility of nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo before considering clinical applications. Our characterization of polyol-produced maghemite γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles showed high structural quality. The particles showed a homogeneous spherical size around 10 nm and could form aggregates depending on the dispersion conditions. Such nanoparticles were efficiently taken up in vitro by human endothelial cells, which represent the first biological barrier to nanoparticles in vivo. However, γ-Fe2O3 can cause cell death within 24 hours of exposure, most likely through oxidative stress. Further in vivo exploration suggests that although γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are rapidly cleared through the urine, they can lead to toxicity in the liver, kidneys and lungs, while the brain and heart remain unaffected. In conclusion, γ-Fe2O3 could exhibit harmful properties and therefore surface coating, cellular targeting, and local exposure should be considered before developing clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Hanini
- Interface Traitement, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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181
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Geronimo CLA, MacCuspie RI. Antibody-mediated self-limiting self-assembly for quantitative analysis of nanoparticle surfaces by atomic force microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:206-214. [PMID: 21366936 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610094559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of very low density molecular coatings on large (60 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is demonstrated via the use of antibody-mediated self-limiting self-assembly of small and large AuNPs into raspberry-like structures subsequently imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM imaging is proposed as an automated, lower-cost, higher-throughput alternative to immunostaining and imaging by transmission electron microscopy. Synthesis of large AuNPs, containing one of three ligand molecules in one of three stoichiometries (1, 2, or 10 ligands per AuNP), and small probe AuNPs with one of three antibody molecules in a one antibody per AuNP ratio, enabled a range of predicted self-limiting self-assembled structures. A model predicting the probability of observing a given small to large AuNP ratio based on a topography measurement such as AFM is described, in which random orientational deposition is assumed and which accounts for the stochastic synthesis method of the library AuNPs with varied ligand ratios. Experimental data were found to agree very well with the predictive models when using an established AFM sample preparation method that avoids drying-induced aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Lay A Geronimo
- Nanomechanical Properties Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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182
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Jokerst JV, Miao Z, Zavaleta C, Cheng Z, Gambhir SS. Affibody-functionalized gold-silica nanoparticles for Raman molecular imaging of the epidermal growth factor receptor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:625-33. [PMID: 21302357 PMCID: PMC3386295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The affibody functionalization of fluorescent surface-enhanced Raman scattering gold-silica nanoparticles as multimodal contrast agents for molecular imaging specific to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is reported. This nanoparticle bioconjugate reports EGFR-positive A431 tumors with a signal nearly 35-fold higher than EGFR-negative MDA-435S tumors. The low-level EGFR expression in adjacent healthy tissue is 7-fold lower than in the positive tumors. Validation via competitive inhibition reduces the signal by a factor of six, and independent measurement of EGFR via flow cytometry correlates at R(2) = 0.92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V. Jokerst
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Bio-X, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zheng Miao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Bio-X, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Bio-X, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Bio-X, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Bio-X, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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183
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Abstract
One challenge in developing a nanoparticle drug-delivery system is understanding the critical physicochemical properties that may impact its in vivo performance and establishing analytical techniques that can adequately characterize in vitro and in vivo properties. Doxil®/Caelyx®, a PEGylated liposomal doxorubincin (PLD), is one of the leading approved nanoparticle product used in cancer therapy. In this review, we use PLD as an example to illustrate identification of key in vitro and in vivo characteristics. The following characteristics, including liposome composition, state of encapsulated drug, internal environment of liposome, liposome size distribution, lamellarity, grafted polyethylene glycol at the liposome surface, electrical surface potential or charge, and in vitro leakage, are considered critical to demonstrate the supramolecular structure of PLD and ensure consistent drug delivery to cancer tissues. Corresponding analytical techniques are discussed to determine these liposome characteristics. Furthermore, in vivo stability of the PLD can be determined by plasma pharmacokinetics of both free and liposome-encapsulated drug. A better understanding of the critical in vitro and in vivo liposome characteristics together with improvements in analytical technology will enable generic liposome product development and ensure liposome product quality.
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184
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Kim JK, Howard MD, Dziubla TD, Rinehart JJ, Jay M, Lu X. Uniformity of drug payload and its effect on stability of solid lipid nanoparticles containing an ester prodrug. ACS NANO 2011; 5:209-216. [PMID: 21158414 DOI: 10.1021/nn102357y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarrier systems are frequently characterized by their size distribution, while drug encapsulation in nanocarriers is generally characterized in terms of an entire population, assuming that drug distribution is uniform. Careful characterization of nanocarriers and assessment of their behavior in biological environments are essential for adequate prediction of the fate of the nanoparticles in vivo. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing [(3)H]-dexamethasone palmitate (an ester prodrug) and [(14)C]-stearyl alcohol (a component of the nanoparticle matrix) were prepared using the nanotemplate engineering method for bioresponsive tumor delivery to overcome interstitial fluid pressure gradients, a physiological barrier to tumor uptake of chemotherapeutic agents. While particle size analysis indicated a uniform size distribution of 93.2 ± 0.5 nm, gel filtration chromatography (GFC) revealed two nanoparticle populations. Drug encapsulation efficiency was 97%, but it distributed differently in the two populations, with average drug/lipid ratios of 0.04 and 0.25, respectively. The difference in surface properties resulted in distinguishing protein adsorption features of the two populations. GFC and HPLC profiles of the mixture of nanoparticles and human serum albumin (HSA) showed that no HSA was adsorbed to the first population of nanoparticles, but minor amounts were adsorbed to the second population. After 24 h incubation in 50% human plasma, ≥80% of the [(3)H]-dexamethasone palmitate was associated with nanoparticles. Thus, characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles produced by this method may be challenging from a regulatory perspective, but the strong association of the drug with the nanoparticles in plasma indicates that this nanocarrier system has the potential for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ki Kim
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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185
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Marradi M, García I, Penadés S. Carbohydrate-Based Nanoparticles for Potential Applications in Medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:141-73. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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186
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McMillan J, Batrakova E, Gendelman HE. Cell delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:563-601. [PMID: 22093229 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine seeks to manufacture drugs and other biologically relevant molecules that are packaged into nanoscale systems for improved delivery. This includes known drugs, proteins, enzymes, and antibodies that have limited clinical efficacy based on delivery, circulating half-lives, or toxicity profiles. The <100 nm nanoscale physical properties afford them a unique biologic potential for biomedical applications. Hence they are attractive systems for treatment of cancer, heart and lung, blood, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Proposed clinical applications include tissue regeneration, cochlear and retinal implants, cartilage and joint repair, skin regeneration, antimicrobial therapy, correction of metabolic disorders, and targeted drug delivery to diseased sites including the central nervous system. The potential for cell and immune side effects has necessitated new methods for determining formulation toxicities. To realize the potential of nanomedicine from the bench to the patient bedside, our laboratories have embarked on developing cell-based carriage of drug nanoparticles to improve clinical outcomes in infectious and degenerative diseases. The past half decade has seen the development and use of cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage, including dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages, as Trojan horses for carriage of anti-inflammatory and anti-infective medicines. The promise of this new technology and the perils in translating it for clinical use are developed and discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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187
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Olariu CI, Yiu HHP, Bouffier L, Nedjadi T, Costello E, Williams SR, Halloran CM, Rosseinsky MJ. Multifunctional Fe3O4 nanoparticles for targeted bi-modal imaging of pancreatic cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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188
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Zhang X, Chibli H, Mielke R, Nadeau J. Ultrasmall Gold−Doxorubicin Conjugates Rapidly Kill Apoptosis-Resistant Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 22:235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100374p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Hicham Chibli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Randall Mielke
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
91109, United States
| | - Jay Nadeau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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189
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Tanaka T, Godin B, Bhavane R, Nieves-Alicea R, Gu J, Liu X, Chiappini C, Fakhoury JR, Amra S, Ewing A, Li Q, Fidler IJ, Ferrari M. In vivo evaluation of safety of nanoporous silicon carriers following single and multiple dose intravenous administrations in mice. Int J Pharm 2010; 402:190-7. [PMID: 20883755 PMCID: PMC2982888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (pSi) is being extensively studied as an emerging material for use in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, based on the biodegradability and versatile chemical and biophysical properties. We have recently introduced multistage nanoporous silicon microparticles (S1MP) designed as a cargo for nanocarrier drug delivery to enable the loaded therapeutics and diagnostics to sequentially overcome the biological barriers in order to reach their target. In this first report on biocompatibility of intravenously administered pSi structures, we examined the tolerability of negatively (-32.5±3.1mV) and positively (8.7±2.5mV) charged S1MP in acute single dose (10(7), 10(8), 5×10(8) S1MP/animal) and subchronic multiple dose (10(8) S1MP/animal/week for 4 weeks) administration schedules. Our data demonstrate that S1MP did not change plasma levels of renal (BUN and creatinine) and hepatic (LDH) biomarkers as well as 23 plasma cytokines. LDH plasma levels of 145.2±23.6, 115.4±29.1 vs. 127.0±10.4; and 155.8±38.4, 135.5±52.3 vs. 178.4±74.6 were detected in mice treated with 10(8) negatively charged S1MP, 10(8) positively charged S1MP vs. saline control in single and multiple dose schedules, respectively. The S1MPs did not alter LDH levels in liver and spleen, nor lead to infiltration of leukocytes into the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, brain, heart, and thyroid. Collectively, these data provide evidence of a safe intravenous administration of S1MPs as a drug delivery carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler, Suite 537, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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190
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Differential stability of lead sulfide nanoparticles influences biological responses in embryonic zebrafish. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:787-98. [PMID: 21140132 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As the number of nanoparticle-based products increase in the marketplace, there will be increased potential for human exposures to these engineered materials throughout the product life cycle. We currently lack sufficient data to understand or predict the inherent nanomaterial characteristics that drive nanomaterial-biological interactions and responses. In this study, we utilized the embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model to investigate the importance of nanoparticle (NP) surface functionalization, in particular as it pertains to nanoparticle stability, on in vivo biological responses. This is a comparative study where two lead sulfide nanoparticles (PbS-NPs) with nearly identical core sizes, but functionalized with either sodium 3-mercaptopropanesulfonate (MT) or sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DT) ligand, were used. Developmental exposures and assessments revealed differential biological responses to these engineered nanoparticles. Exposures beginning at 6 h post fertilization (hpf) to MT-functionalized nanoparticles (PbS-MT) led to 100% mortality by 120 hpf while exposure to DT-functionalized nanoparticles (PbS-DT) produced less than a 5% incident in mortality at the same concentration. Exposure to the MT and DT ligands themselves did not produce adverse developmental effects when not coupled to the NP core. Following exposure, we confirmed that the embryos took up both PbS-MT and PbS-DT material using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The stability of the nanoparticles in the aqueous solution was also characterized. The nanoparticles decompose and precipitate upon exposure to air. Soluble lead ions were observed following nanoparticle precipitation and in greater concentration for the PbS-MT sample compared to the PbS-DT sample. These studies demonstrate that in vivo assessments can be effectively used to characterize the role of NP surface functionalization in predicting biological responses.
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191
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Card JW, Jonaitis TS, Tafazoli S, Magnuson BA. An appraisal of the published literature on the safety and toxicity of food-related nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 41:22-49. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.524636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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192
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Johnson-Lyles DN, Peifley K, Lockett S, Neun BW, Hansen M, Clogston J, Stern ST, McNeil SE. Fullerenol cytotoxicity in kidney cells is associated with cytoskeleton disruption, autophagic vacuole accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:249-58. [PMID: 20713077 PMCID: PMC2949473 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Water soluble fullerenes, such as the hydroxylated fullerene, fullerenol (C₆₀OHx), are currently under development for diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical applications in the field of nanotechnology. These molecules have been shown to undergo urinary clearance, yet there is limited data available on their renal biocompatibility. Here we examine the biological responses of renal proximal tubule cells (LLC-PK1) exposed to fullerenol. Fullerenol was found to be cytotoxic in the millimolar range, with viability assessed by the sulforhodamine B and trypan blue assays. Fullerenol-induced cell death was associated with cytoskeleton disruption and autophagic vacuole accumulation. Interaction with the autophagy pathway was evaluated in vitro by Lysotracker Red dye uptake, LC3-II marker expression and TEM. Fullerenol treatment also resulted in coincident loss of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion, as measured by the Mitotracker Red dye and the luciferin-luciferase assays, respectively. Fullerenol-induced ATP depletion and loss of mitochondrial potential were partially ameliorated by co-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine. In vitro fullerenol treatment did not result in appreciable oxidative stress, as measured by lipid peroxide and glutathione content. Based on these data, it is hypothesized that cytoskeleton disruption may be an initiating event in fullerenol cytotoxicity, leading to subsequent autophagy dysfunction and loss of mitochondrial capacity. As nanoparticle-induced cytoskeleton disruption, autophagic vacuole accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction are commonly reported in the literature, the proposed mechanism may be relevant for a variety of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise N. Johnson-Lyles
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Kimberly Peifley
- Optical Microscopy Analysis Lab (OMAL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Stephen Lockett
- Optical Microscopy Analysis Lab (OMAL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Barry W. Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Matthew Hansen
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Jeffrey Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Stephan T. Stern
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Scott E. McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL), Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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193
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Massich MD, Giljohann DA, Schmucker AL, Patel PC, Mirkin CA. Cellular response of polyvalent oligonucleotide-gold nanoparticle conjugates. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5641-6. [PMID: 20860397 PMCID: PMC3025450 DOI: 10.1021/nn102228s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are finding utility in myriad biotechnological applications, including gene regulation, intracellular imaging, and medical diagnostics. Thus, evaluating the biocompatibility of these nanomaterials is imperative. Here we use genome-wide expression profiling to study the biological response of HeLa cells to gold nanoparticles functionalized with nucleic acids. Our study finds that the biological response to gold nanoparticles stabilized by weakly bound surface ligands is significant (cells recognize and react to the presence of the particles), yet when these same nanoparticles are stably functionalized with covalently attached nucleic acids, the cell shows no measurable response. This finding is important for researchers studying and using nanomaterials in biological settings, as it demonstrates how slight changes in surface chemistry and particle stability can lead to significant differences in cellular responses.
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194
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Liu F, Park JY, Zhang Y, Conwell C, Liu Y, Bathula SR, Huang L. Targeted Cancer Therapy With Novel High Drug-Loading Nanocrystals. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3542-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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195
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is expected to contribute to the therapeutic delivery field in the coming decade. Although the US FDA has multiple guidance documents in place to deal with novel drug products, nanoparticles may produce issues that have not been previously encountered with small drug molecules. This regulatory focus highlights some current guidance documents and thinking of the FDA as applied to nanoparticles used for therapeutic delivery.
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196
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Neun BW, Clogston JD, Ding H, Ljubimova J, McNeil SE. Ambiguities in applying traditional Limulus amebocyte lysate tests to quantify endotoxin in nanoparticle formulations. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:555-62. [PMID: 20528451 PMCID: PMC2900157 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is finding increasing application in biology and medicine. As with other pharmaceutical formulations and medical devices intended for use in animals and human patients, contamination of nanoparticles with bacterial endotoxins should be thoroughly investigated before preclinical in vitro and in vivo characterization. Traditional methods to study endotoxin contamination include the in vitro quantitative Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test and the in vivo qualitative rabbit pyrogen test. Both of these tests have a long history of use for traditional pharmaceuticals and medical devices and are routinely used in drug development. Here we report that nanoparticles often interfere with these traditional endotoxin detection tests and suggest approaches to detect and overcome such interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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197
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Scheinberg DA, Villa CH, Escorcia FE, McDevitt MR. Conscripts of the infinite armada: systemic cancer therapy using nanomaterials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010; 7:266-76. [PMID: 20351700 PMCID: PMC4411965 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The field of clinical nanomaterials is enlarging steadily, with more than a billion US dollars of funding allocated to research by US government agencies in the past decade. The first generation of anti-cancer agents using novel nanomaterials has successfully entered widespread use. Newer nanomaterials are garnering increasing interest as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents; these drugs are conferred novel properties, by virtue of their size and shape. The new features of these agents could potentially allow increased cancer selectivity, changes in pharmacokinetics, amplification of cytotoxic effects, and simultaneous imaging capabilities. After attachment to cancer target reactive-ligands, which interact with cell-surface antigens or receptors, these new constructs can deliver cytolytic and imaging payloads. The molecules also introduce new challenges for drug development. While nanoscale molecules are of a similar size to proteins, the paradigms for how cells, tissues and organs of the body react to the non-biological materials are not well understood, because most cellular and metabolic processes have evolved to deal with globular, enzyme degradable molecules. We discuss examples of different materials to illustrate interesting principles for development and future applications of these nanomaterial medicines with emphasis on the possible pharmacologic and safety hurdles for accomplishing therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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198
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Valencia PM, Basto PA, Zhang L, Rhee M, Langer R, Farokhzad OC, Karnik R. Single-step assembly of homogenous lipid-polymeric and lipid-quantum dot nanoparticles enabled by microfluidic rapid mixing. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1671-9. [PMID: 20166699 PMCID: PMC2923464 DOI: 10.1021/nn901433u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in the synthesis of multicomponent nanoparticles (NPs) for therapy or diagnosis is obtaining reproducible monodisperse NPs with a minimum number of preparation steps. Here we report the use of microfluidic rapid mixing using hydrodynamic flow focusing in combination with passive mixing structures to realize the self-assembly of monodisperse lipid-polymer and lipid-quantum dot (QD) NPs in a single mixing step. These NPs are composed of a polymeric core for drug encapsulation or a QD core for imaging purposes, a hydrophilic polymeric shell, and a lipid monolayer at the interface of the core and the shell. In contrast to slow mixing of lipid and polymeric solutions, rapid mixing directly results in formation of homogeneous NPs with relatively narrow size distribution that obviates the need for subsequent thermal or mechanical agitation for homogenization. We identify rapid mixing conditions that result in formation of homogeneous NPs and show that self-assembly of polymeric core occurs independent of the lipid component, which only provides stability against aggregation over time and in the presence of high salt concentrations. Physicochemical properties of the NPs including size (35-180 nm) and zeta potential (-10 to +20 mV in PBS) are controlled by simply varying the composition and concentration of precursors. This method for preparation of hybrid NPs in a single mixing step may be useful for combinatorial synthesis of NPs with different properties for imaging and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Valencia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pamela A. Basto
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Minsoung Rhee
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Rohit Karnik, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. , Omid C. Farokhzad, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - Rohit Karnik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Rohit Karnik, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. , Omid C. Farokhzad, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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199
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Celia C, Cosco D, Paolino D, Fresta M. Nanoparticulate devices for brain drug delivery. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:716-56. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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200
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Braunschweig AB, Schmucker AL, Wei WD, Mirkin CA. Nanostructures Enabled by On-Wire Lithography (OWL). Chem Phys Lett 2010; 486:89-98. [PMID: 20396668 PMCID: PMC2853594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructures fabricated by a novel technique, termed On-Wire-Lithography (OWL), can be combined with organic and biological molecules to create systems with emergent and highly functional properties. OWL is a template-based, electrochemical process for forming gapped cylindrical structures on a solid support, with feature sizes (both gap and segment length) that can be controlled on the sub-100 nm length scale. Structures prepared by this method have provided valuable insight into the plasmonic properties of noble metal nanomaterials and have formed the basis for novel molecular electronic, encoding, and biological detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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