151
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Miri SM, Tafsiri E, Cho WCS, Ghaemi A. CRISPR-Cas, a robust gene-editing technology in the era of modern cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:456. [PMID: 32973401 PMCID: PMC7493839 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been emerged as a promising strategy for treatment of a broad spectrum of malignancies ranging from hematological to solid tumors. One of the principal approaches of cancer immunotherapy is transfer of natural or engineered tumor-specific T-cells into patients, a so called "adoptive cell transfer", or ACT, process. Construction of allogeneic T-cells is dependent on the employment of a gene-editing tool to modify donor-extracted T-cells and prepare them to specifically act against tumor cells with enhanced function and durability and least side-effects. In this context, CRISPR technology can be used to produce universal T-cells, equipped with recombinant T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), through multiplex genome engineering using Cas nucleases. The robust potential of CRISPR-Cas in preparing the building blocks of ACT immunotherapy has broaden the application of such therapies and some of them have gotten FDA approvals. Here, we have collected the last investigations in the field of immuno-oncology conducted in partnership with CRISPR technology. In addition, studies that have addressed the challenges in the path of CRISPR-mediated cancer immunotherapy, as well as pre-treatment applications of CRISPR-Cas have been mentioned in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Tafsiri
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Iran
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152
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Prat F, Toutain J, Boutin J, Amintas S, Cullot G, Lalanne M, Lamrissi-Garcia I, Moranvillier I, Richard E, Blouin JM, Dabernat S, Moreau-Gaudry F, Bedel A. Mutation-Specific Guide RNA for Compound Heterozygous Porphyria On-target Scarless Correction by CRISPR/Cas9 in Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:677-693. [PMID: 32795423 PMCID: PMC7486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising technology for gene correction. However, the edition is often biallelic, and uncontrolled small insertions and deletions (indels) concomitant to precise correction are created. Mutation-specific guide RNAs were recently tested to correct dominant inherited diseases, sparing the wild-type allele. We tested an original approach to correct compound heterozygous recessive mutations. We compared editing efficiency and genotoxicity by biallelic guide RNA versus mutant allele-specific guide RNA in iPSCs derived from a congenital erythropoietic porphyria patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations resulting in UROS gene invalidation. We obtained UROS function rescue and metabolic correction with both guides with the potential of use for porphyria clinical intervention. However, unlike the biallelic one, the mutant allele-specific guide was free of on-target collateral damage. We recommend this design to avoid genotoxicity and to obtain on-target scarless gene correction for recessive disease with frequent cases of compound heterozygous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Prat
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Jérôme Toutain
- Medical Genetic Laboratory, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Julian Boutin
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Samuel Amintas
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France; Laboratory of Tumor Biology, CHU Bordeaux, Pessac 33604, France
| | - Grégoire Cullot
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Magalie Lalanne
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Isabelle Lamrissi-Garcia
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Richard
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France; Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jean-Marc Blouin
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France; Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Sandrine Dabernat
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France; Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France; Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Aurélie Bedel
- Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux 33000, France; Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France.
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153
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Yamaguchi T, Uchida E, Okada T, Ozawa K, Onodera M, Kume A, Shimada T, Takahashi S, Tani K, Nasu Y, Mashimo T, Mizuguchi H, Mitani K, Maki K. Aspects of Gene Therapy Products Using Current Genome-Editing Technology in Japan. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:1043-1053. [PMID: 32731837 PMCID: PMC7585607 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of genome-editing technology could lead to breakthrough gene therapy. Genome editing has made it possible to easily knock out or modify a target gene, while current gene therapy using a virus vector or plasmid hampering modification with respect to gene replacement therapies. Clinical development using these genome-editing tools is progressing rapidly. However, it is also becoming clear that there is a possibility of unintended gene sequence modification or deletion, or the insertion of undesired genes, or the selection of cells with abnormalities in the cancer suppressor gene p53; these unwanted actions are not possible with current gene therapy. The Science Board of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan has compiled a report on the expected aspects of such genome-editing technology and the risks associated with it. This article summarizes the history of that discussion and compares the key concepts with information provided by other regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhide Yamaguchi
- Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan.,Nihon Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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154
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Lamb AM, Wang Z, Simmer P, Chung H, Wittkopp PJ. ebony Affects Pigmentation Divergence and Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana. Front Ecol Evol 2020; 8. [PMID: 37035752 PMCID: PMC10077920 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila pigmentation has been a fruitful model system for understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying phenotypic evolution. For example, prior work has shown that divergence of the tan gene contributes to pigmentation differences between two members of the virilis group: Drosophila novamexicana, which has a light yellow body color, and D. americana, which has a dark brown body color. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and expression analysis has suggested that divergence of the ebony gene might also contribute to pigmentation differences between these two species. Here, we directly test this hypothesis by using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate ebony null mutants in D. americana and D. novamexicana and then using reciprocal hemizygosity testing to compare the effects of each species' ebony allele on pigmentation. We find that divergence of ebony does indeed contribute to the pigmentation divergence between species, with effects on both the overall body color as well as a difference in pigmentation along the dorsal abdominal midline. Motivated by recent work in D. melanogaster, we also used the ebony null mutants to test for effects of ebony on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. We found that ebony affects CHC abundance in both species, but does not contribute to qualitative differences in the CHC profiles between these two species. Additional transgenic resources for working with D. americana and D. novamexicana, such as white mutants of both species and yellow mutants in D. novamexicana, were generated in the course of this work and are also described. Taken together, this study advances our understanding of loci contributing to phenotypic divergence and illustrates how the latest genome editing tools can be used for functional testing in non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M. Lamb
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zinan Wang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Patricia Simmer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Patricia J. Wittkopp
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Correspondence: Patricia J Wittkopp,
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155
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CRISPR-Mediated Non-Viral Site-Specific Gene Integration and Expression in T Cells: Protocol and Application for T-Cell Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061704. [PMID: 32604839 PMCID: PMC7352666 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) show great promise in the treatment of some cancers. Modifying T cells to express CARs generally relies on T-cell transduction using viral vectors carrying a transgene, resulting in semi-random DNA integration within the T-cell genome. While this approach has proven successful and is used in generating the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) approved B-lymphocyte antigen CD19-specific CAR T cells, it is possible the transgene could integrate into a locus that would lead to malignant transformation of the engineered T cells. In addition, manufacturing viral vectors is time-consuming and expensive. One way to overcome these challenges is site-specific gene integration, which can be achieved through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) mediated editing and non-viral DNA, which serves as a template for homology-directed repair (HDR). This non-viral gene editing approach provides a rapid, highly specific, and inexpensive way to engineer T cells. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the site-specific knock-in of a large transgene in primary human T cells using non-viral double stranded DNA as a repair template. As proof-of-principle, we targeted the T-cell receptor alpha constant (TRAC) locus for insertion of a large transgene containing green fluorescence protein (GFP) and interleukin-15 (IL-15). To optimize the knock-in conditions we tested template DNA concentration, homology arm length, cell number, and knock-in efficiency over time. We then applied these established guidelines to target the TRAC or interleukin-13 (IL-13) locus for the knock-in of synthetic molecules, such as a CAR, bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), and other transgenes. While integration efficiency depends on the targeted gene locus and selected transgene, this optimized protocol reliably generates the desired insertion at rates upwards of 20%. Thus, it should serve as a good starting point for investigators who are interested in knocking in transgenes into specific loci.
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156
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Hashemi A. CRISPR-Cas9/CRISPRi tools for cell factory construction in E. coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:96. [PMID: 32583135 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The innovative CRISPR-Cas based genome editing technology provides some functionality and advantages such as the high efficiency and specificity as well as ease of handling. Both aspects of the CRISPR-Cas9 system including genetic engineering and gene regulation are advantageously applicable to the construction of microbial cell factories. As one of the most extensively used cell factories, E. coli has been engineered to produce various high value-added chemical compounds such as pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and biofuels. Therefore, to improve the production of valuable metabolites, many investigations have been performed by focusing on CRISPR-Cas- based metabolic engineering of this host. In the current review, the biology underlying CRISPR-Cas9 system was briefly explained and then the applications of CRISPR-Cas9/CRISPRi tools were considered for cell factory construction in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Hashemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 2660, Vali-e-Asr Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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157
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Kunii A, Yamamoto T, Sakuma T. Various strategies of effector accumulation to improve the efficiency of genome editing and derivative methodologies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:359-366. [PMID: 32514717 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is a sophisticated tool in which Cas9/sgRNA complexes bind to the programmed target sequences and induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) enabling highly efficient genome editing. Moreover, when nuclease-inactive Cas9 (dCas9) is employed, its specific DNA-binding activity provides a variety of derivative technologies such as transcriptional activation/repression, epigenome editing, and chromosome visualization. In these derivative technologies, particular effector molecules are fused with dCas9 or recruited to the target site. However, there had been room for improvement, because both genome editing and derivative technologies require not only the DNA-binding tools but also the additional components for their efficient and flexible outcomes. For genome editing, DSB repair molecules and knock-in donor templates need to act at the DSB sites. Derivative technologies also require their various effector domains to be gathered onto the target sites. Recently, many groups have developed and utilized inventive platforms to accumulate these additional components to the target sequence by modifying Cas9 protein and/or sgRNA. Here, we summarize the strategies of CRISPR-based effector accumulation and the improved methodologies using these creative platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kunii
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
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158
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Zhang T, Peterson RT. Modeling Lysosomal Storage Diseases in the Zebrafish. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:82. [PMID: 32435656 PMCID: PMC7218095 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a family of 70 metabolic disorders characterized by mutations in lysosomal proteins that lead to storage material accumulation, multiple-organ pathologies that often involve neurodegeneration, and early mortality in a significant number of patients. Along with the necessity for more effective therapies, there exists an unmet need for further understanding of disease etiology, which could uncover novel pathways and drug targets. Over the past few decades, the growth in knowledge of disease-associated pathways has been facilitated by studies in model organisms, as advancements in mutagenesis techniques markedly improved the efficiency of model generation in mammalian and non-mammalian systems. In this review we highlight non-mammalian models of LSDs, focusing specifically on the zebrafish, a vertebrate model organism that shares remarkable genetic and metabolic similarities with mammals while also conferring unique advantages such as optical transparency and amenability toward high-throughput applications. We examine published zebrafish LSD models and their reported phenotypes, address organism-specific advantages and limitations, and discuss recent technological innovations that could provide potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - R T Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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159
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Mohammadzadeh I, Qujeq D, Yousefi T, Ferns GA, Maniati M, Vaghari-Tabari M. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: A new therapeutic approach in the treatment of infection and autoimmunity. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1603-1621. [PMID: 32344465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein9) may be viewed as an adaptive bacterial immune system. When a virus infects a bacterium, a fragment of the virus genome is inserted into the CRISPR sequence of the bacterial genome as a memory. When the bacterium becomes infected again with the same virus, an RNA molecule that is a transcript of the memory sequence, directs Cas9, an endonuclease, to the complementary region of the virus genome, and Cas9 disables the virus by a double-strand break. In recent years, studies have shown that by designing synthetic RNA molecules and delivering them along with Cas9 into eukaryotic cells, different regions of the cell's genome can be targeted and manipulated. These findings have drawn much attention to this new technology and it has been shown that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing can be used to treat some human diseases. These include infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In this review article, in addition to a brief overview of the biology of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we collected the most recent findings on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for better investigation of the pathogenesis and treatment of viral infections (human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis virus infections, and onco-virus infections), non-viral infections (parasitic, fungal, and bacterial infections), and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tooba Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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160
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Application of CRISPR Tools for Variant Interpretation and Disease Modeling in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050473. [PMID: 32349249 PMCID: PMC7290804 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies are an assorted group of rare diseases that collectively account for the major cause of visual impairment of genetic origin worldwide. Besides clinically, these vision loss disorders present a high genetic and allelic heterogeneity. To date, over 250 genes have been associated to retinal dystrophies with reported causative variants of every nature (nonsense, missense, frameshift, splice-site, large rearrangements, and so forth). Except for a fistful of mutations, most of them are private and affect one or few families, making it a challenge to ratify the newly identified candidate genes or the pathogenicity of dubious variants in disease-associated loci. A recurrent option involves altering the gene in in vitro or in vivo systems to contrast the resulting phenotype and molecular imprint. To validate specific mutations, the process must rely on simulating the precise genetic change, which, until recently, proved to be a difficult endeavor. The rise of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its adaptation for genetic engineering now offers a resourceful suite of tools to alleviate the process of functional studies. Here we review the implementation of these RNA-programmable Cas9 nucleases in culture-based and animal models to elucidate the role of novel genes and variants in retinal dystrophies.
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161
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Page A, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Towards Physiologically and Tightly Regulated Vectored Antibody Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E962. [PMID: 32295072 PMCID: PMC7226531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent highly significant health issues and the options for their treatment are often not efficient to cure the disease. Immunotherapy strategies have been developed to modulate the patient's immune system in order to eradicate cancerous cells. For instance, passive immunization consists in the administration at high doses of exogenously produced monoclonal antibodies directed either against tumor antigen or against immune checkpoint inhibitors. Its main advantage is that it provides immediate immunity, though during a relatively short period, which consequently requires frequent injections. To circumvent this limitation, several approaches, reviewed here, have emerged to induce in vivo antibody secretion at physiological doses. Gene delivery vectors, such as adenoviral vectors or adeno-associated vectors, have been designed to induce antibody secretion in vivo after in situ cell modification, and have driven significant improvements in several cancer models. However, anti-idiotypic antibodies and escape mutants have been detected, probably because of both the continuous expression of antibodies and their expression by unspecialized cell types. To overcome these hurdles, adoptive transfer of genetically modified B cells that secrete antibodies either constitutively or in a regulated manner have been developed by ex vivo transgene insertion with viral vectors. Recently, with the emergence of gene editing technologies, the endogenous B cell receptor loci of B cells have been modified with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas-9) system to change their specificity in order to target a given antigen. The expression of the modified BCR gene hence follows the endogenous regulation mechanisms, which may prevent or at least reduce side effects. Although these approaches seem promising for cancer treatments, major questions, such as the persistence and the re-activation potential of these engineered cells, remain to be addressed in clinically relevant animal models before translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRICentre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France; (A.P.); (F.F.)
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162
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Vermersch E, Jouve C, Hulot JS. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing strategies in cardiovascular cells. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:894-907. [PMID: 31584620 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Western countries and considered as a leading public health issue. Therefore, there is a strong need for new disease models to support the development of novel therapeutics approaches. The successive improvement of genome editing tools with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and more recently with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) has enabled the generation of genetically modified cells and organisms with much greater efficiency and precision than before. The simplicity of CRISPR/Cas9 technology made it especially suited for different studies, both in vitro and in vivo, and has been used in multiple studies evaluating gene functions, disease modelling, transcriptional regulation, and testing of novel therapeutic approaches. Notably, with the parallel development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), the generation of knock-out and knock-in human cell lines significantly increased our understanding of mutation impacts and physiopathological mechanisms within the cardiovascular domain. Here, we review the recent development of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, the alternative tools, the available strategies to conduct genome editing in cardiovascular cells with a focus on its use for correcting mutations in vitro and in vivo both in germ and somatic cells. We will also highlight that, despite its potential, CRISPR/Cas9 technology comes with important technical and ethical limitations. The development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for cardiovascular diseases indeed requires to develop a specific strategy in order to optimize the design of the genome editing tools, the manipulation of DNA repair mechanisms, the packaging and delivery of the tools to the studied organism, and the assessment of their efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vermersch
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Université de Paris, INSERM, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charlène Jouve
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Université de Paris, INSERM, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Université de Paris, INSERM, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques CIC1418, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
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163
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Yu J, Xiang X, Huang J, Liang X, Pan X, Dong Z, Petersen TS, Qu K, Yang L, Zhao X, Li S, Zheng T, Xu Z, Liu C, Han P, Xu F, Yang H, Liu X, Zhang X, Bolund L, Luo Y, Lin L. Haplotyping by CRISPR-mediated DNA circularization (CRISPR-hapC) broadens allele-specific gene editing. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e25. [PMID: 31943080 PMCID: PMC7049710 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allele-specific protospacer adjacent motif (asPAM)-positioning SNPs and CRISPRs are valuable resources for gene therapy of dominant disorders. However, one technical hurdle is to identify the haplotype comprising the disease-causing allele and the distal asPAM SNPs. Here, we describe a novel CRISPR-based method (CRISPR-hapC) for haplotyping. Based on the generation (with a pair of CRISPRs) of extrachromosomal circular DNA in cells, the CRISPR-hapC can map haplotypes from a few hundred bases to over 200 Mb. To streamline and demonstrate the applicability of the CRISPR-hapC and asPAM CRISPR for allele-specific gene editing, we reanalyzed the 1000 human pan-genome and generated a high frequency asPAM SNP and CRISPR database (www.crispratlas.com/knockout) for four CRISPR systems (SaCas9, SpCas9, xCas9 and Cas12a). Using the huntingtin (HTT) CAG expansion and transthyretin (TTR) exon 2 mutation as examples, we showed that the asPAM CRISPRs can specifically discriminate active and dead PAMs for all 23 loci tested. Combination of the CRISPR-hapC and asPAM CRISPRs further demonstrated the capability for achieving highly accurate and haplotype-specific deletion of the HTT CAG expansion allele and TTR exon 2 mutation in human cells. Taken together, our study provides a new approach and an important resource for genome research and allele-specific (haplotype-specific) gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Xue Liang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xiaoguang Pan
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Zhanying Dong
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | | | - Kunli Qu
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Tianyu Zheng
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Chengxun Liu
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Peng Han
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Fengping Xu
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
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164
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Adaptation of Human Testicular Niche Cells for Pluripotent Stem Cell and Testis Development Research. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:223-235. [PMID: 32114677 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human testicular cells are greatly valuable to the research community as tools for studying testicular physiology and the effects of environmental pollutants. Because adult testicular cells have a limited self-organization capacity and life span, we investigated whether human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be used together with testicular cells to move a step closer toward making an optimal model of the human testis. METHODS We used in vitro culture of donor testicular cells under serum-containing and chemically defined conditions. CRISPR-Cas9 technology was applied to introduce fluorescent transgenes (mCherry2 and EGFP) into hPSCs and testicular cells. hPSC-derived spheroids were co-cultured with human testicular cells in mini-spin bioreactors. RESULTS Traditional cell culture conditions used for maintenance of testicular somatic cells generally contain serum and pose limitations on evaluating the role of active molecules on cell functions. We established that chemically defined culture conditions can be used to maintain testicular cells without the loss of proliferative activity. These cultures demonstrate marker expression which is characteristic of common testicular cell types: Sertoli, Leydig, endothelial, myoid cells, and macrophages. In order to model testicular physiology, it is important to be able to perform live cell microscopy. Thus, we generated fluorescent protein-expressing human testicular cells and hPSCs and demonstrated that these cell types can be successfully co-cultured for prolonged periods of time in a three-dimensional microenvironment. CONCLUSION Our research extends the possible applications of human testis-derived somatic cells and shows that they can be used together with hPSCs for further studies of human male reproductive biology.
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165
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Recent advances in the use of genetically encodable optical tools to elicit and monitor signaling events. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:114-124. [PMID: 32058267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells rely on a complex network of spatiotemporally regulated signaling activities to effectively transduce information from extracellular cues to intracellular machinery. To probe this activity architecture, researchers have developed an extensive molecular tool kit of fluorescent biosensors and optogenetic actuators capable of monitoring and manipulating various signaling activities with high spatiotemporal precision. The goal of this review is to provide readers with an overview of basic concepts and recent advances in the development and application of genetically encodable biosensors and optogenetic tools for understanding signaling activity.
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166
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Wu J, Tang B, Tang Y. Allele-specific genome targeting in the development of precision medicine. Theranostics 2020; 10:3118-3137. [PMID: 32194858 PMCID: PMC7053192 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-based genome editing holds immense potential to fix disease-causing mutations, however, must also handle substantial natural genetic variations between individuals. Previous studies have shown that mismatches between the single guide RNA (sgRNA) and genomic DNA may negatively impact sgRNA efficiencies and lead to imprecise specificity prediction. Hence, the genetic variations bring about a great challenge for designing platinum sgRNAs in large human populations. However, they also provide a promising entry for designing allele-specific sgRNAs for the treatment of each individual. The CRISPR system is rather specific, with the potential ability to discriminate between similar alleles, even based on a single nucleotide difference. Genetic variants contribute to the discrimination capabilities, once they generate a novel protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site or locate in the seed region near an available PAM. Therefore, it can be leveraged to establish allele-specific targeting in numerous dominant human disorders, by selectively ablating the deleterious alleles. So far, allele-specific CRISPR has been increasingly implemented not only in treating dominantly inherited diseases, but also in research areas such as genome imprinting, haploinsufficiency, spatiotemporal loci imaging and immunocompatible manipulations. In this review, we will describe the working principles of allele-specific genome manipulations by virtue of expanding engineering tools of CRISPR. And then we will review new advances in the versatile applications of allele-specific CRISPR targeting in treating human genetic diseases, as well as in a series of other interesting research areas. Lastly, we will discuss their potential therapeutic utilities and considerations in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yu Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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167
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Redesigning small ruminant genomes with CRISPR toolkit: Overview and perspectives. Theriogenology 2020; 147:25-33. [PMID: 32086048 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification is a rapidly developing field in which numerous significant breakthroughs have been achieved. Over the last few decades, genetic modification has evolved from insertional transgenesis to gene targeting and editing and, more recently, to base and prime editing using CRISPR-derived systems. Currently, CRISPR-based genome editing systems are showing great potential for generating gene-edited offspring with defined genetic characteristics. Domestic small ruminants (sheep and goats) have shown great potential as large animal models for genome engineering. Ovine and caprine genomes have been engineered using CRISPR-based systems for numerous purposes. These include generating superior agricultural breeds, expression of therapeutic agents in mammary glands, and developing animal models to be used in the study of human genetic disorders and regenerative medicine. The creation of these models has been facilitated by the continuous emergence and development of genetic modification tools. In this review, we provide an overview on how CRISPR-based systems have been used in the generation of gene-edited small ruminants through the two main pathways (embryonic microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer) and highlight the ovine and caprine genes that have been targeted via knockout, knockin, HDR-mediated point mutation, and base editing approaches, as well as the aims of these specific manipulations.
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168
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TIRR: a potential front runner in HDR race−hypotheses and perspectives. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2371-2379. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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169
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Tomoyasu Y, Halfon MS. How to study enhancers in non-traditional insect models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb212241. [PMID: 32034049 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional enhancers are central to the function and evolution of genes and gene regulation. At the organismal level, enhancers play a crucial role in coordinating tissue- and context-dependent gene expression. At the population level, changes in enhancers are thought to be a major driving force that facilitates evolution of diverse traits. An amazing array of diverse traits seen in insect morphology, physiology and behavior has been the subject of research for centuries. Although enhancer studies in insects outside of Drosophila have been limited, recent advances in functional genomic approaches have begun to make such studies possible in an increasing selection of insect species. Here, instead of comprehensively reviewing currently available technologies for enhancer studies in established model organisms such as Drosophila, we focus on a subset of computational and experimental approaches that are likely applicable to non-Drosophila insects, and discuss the pros and cons of each approach. We discuss the importance of validating enhancer function and evaluate several possible validation methods, such as reporter assays and genome editing. Key points and potential pitfalls when establishing a reporter assay system in non-traditional insect models are also discussed. We close with a discussion of how to advance enhancer studies in insects, both by improving computational approaches and by expanding the genetic toolbox in various insects. Through these discussions, this Review provides a conceptual framework for studying the function and evolution of enhancers in non-traditional insect models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc S Halfon
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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170
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Banan M. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-ins in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2020; 308:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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171
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Advances in Sphingolipidoses: CRISPR-Cas9 Editing as an Option for Modelling and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235897. [PMID: 31771289 PMCID: PMC6928934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are inherited genetic diseases characterized by the accumulation of glycosphingolipids. Sphingolipidoses (SP), which usually involve the loss of sphingolipid hydrolase function, are of lysosomal origin, and represent an important group of rare diseases among lysosomal storage disorders. Initial treatments consisted of enzyme replacement therapy, but, in recent decades, various therapeutic approaches have been developed. However, these commonly used treatments for SP fail to be fully effective and do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. New approaches, such as genome editing, have great potential for both the treatment and study of sphingolipidoses. Here, we review the most recent advances in the treatment and modelling of SP through the application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. CRISPR-Cas9 is currently the most widely used method for genome editing. This technique is versatile; it can be used for altering the regulation of genes involved in sphingolipid degradation and synthesis pathways, interrogating gene function, generating knock out models, or knocking in mutations. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is being used as an approach to disease treatment, but more frequently it is utilized to create models of disease. New CRISPR-Cas9-based tools of gene editing with diminished off-targeting effects are evolving and seem to be more promising for the correction of individual mutations. Emerging Prime results and CRISPR-Cas9 difficulties are also discussed.
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172
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Anderson ME, Mavica J, Shackleford L, Flis I, Fochler S, Basu S, Alphey L. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the West Nile Virus vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224857. [PMID: 31714905 PMCID: PMC6850532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say is an opportunistic blood feeder with a wide geographic distribution which is also a major vector for a range of diseases of both animals and humans. CRISPR/Cas technologies have been applied to a wide variety of organisms for both applied and basic research purposes. CRISPR/Cas methods open new possibilities for genetic research in non-model organisms of public health importance. In this work we have adapted microinjection techniques commonly used in other mosquito species to Culex quinquefasciatus, and have shown these to be effective at generating homozygous knock-out mutations of a target gene in one generation. This is the first description of the kmo gene and mutant phenotype in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Anderson
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Mavica
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Shackleford
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Flis
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Fochler
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Basu
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Alphey
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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173
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Moon SB, Kim DY, Ko JH, Kim YS. Recent advances in the CRISPR genome editing tool set. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-11. [PMID: 31685795 PMCID: PMC6828703 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing took a dramatic turn with the development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) system. The CRISPR-Cas system is functionally divided into classes 1 and 2 according to the composition of the effector genes. Class 2 consists of a single effector nuclease, and routine practice of genome editing has been achieved by the development of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas system, which includes the type II, V, and VI CRISPR-Cas systems. Types II and V can be used for DNA editing, while type VI is employed for RNA editing. CRISPR techniques induce both qualitative and quantitative alterations in gene expression via the double-stranded breakage (DSB) repair pathway, base editing, transposase-dependent DNA integration, and gene regulation using the CRISPR-dCas or type VI CRISPR system. Despite significant technical improvements, technical challenges should be further addressed, including insufficient indel and HDR efficiency, off-target activity, the large size of Cas, PAM restrictions, and immune responses. If sophisticatedly refined, CRISPR technology will harness the process of DNA rewriting, which has potential applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Moon
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yon Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Ko
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sam Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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174
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Su Y, Nichuguti N, Kuroki-Kami A, Fujiwara H. Sequence-specific retrotransposition of 28S rDNA-specific LINE R2Ol in human cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:1432-1438. [PMID: 31434792 PMCID: PMC6795142 DOI: 10.1261/rna.072512.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
R2 is a long interspersed element (LINE) found in a specific sequence of the 28S rDNA among a wide variety of animals. Recently, we observed that R2Ol isolated from medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, retrotransposes sequence specifically into the target sequence of zebrafish. Because the 28S target and flanking regions are widely conserved among vertebrates, we examined whether R2Ol can also integrate in a sequence-specific manner in human cells. Using adenovirus-mediated expression of R2Ol constructs, we confirmed an accurate insertion of R2Ol into the 28S target of human 293T cells. However, the R2Ol mutant devoid of endonuclease (EN) activity showed no retrotransposition ability, suggesting that the sequence-specific integration of R2Ol into 28S rDNA occurs via the cleavage activity of EN. By introducing both R2Ol helper virus and donor plasmid in human cells, we succeeded in retrotransposing an exogenous EGFP gene into the 28S target site by the trans-complementation system, which enabled simplification of specific gene knock-in in a time-efficient manner. We believe that R2Ol may provide an alternative targeted gene knock-in method for practical applications such as gene therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Su
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Narisu Nichuguti
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Azusa Kuroki-Kami
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fujiwara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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175
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Brodehl A, Ebbinghaus H, Deutsch MA, Gummert J, Gärtner A, Ratnavadivel S, Milting H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184381. [PMID: 31489928 PMCID: PMC6770343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, many pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic mutations in over hundred different genes have been described for non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies. However, the functional knowledge about most of these mutations is still limited because the generation of adequate animal models is time-consuming and challenging. Therefore, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying specific cardiomyopathy-associated mutations are a promising alternative. Since the original discovery that pluripotency can be artificially induced by the expression of different transcription factors, various patient-specific-induced pluripotent stem cell lines have been generated to model non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies in vitro. In this review, we describe the genetic landscape of non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies and give an overview about different human iPSC lines, which have been developed for the disease modeling of inherited cardiomyopathies. We summarize different methods and protocols for the general differentiation of human iPSCs into cardiomyocytes. In addition, we describe methods and technologies to investigate functionally human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we summarize novel genome editing approaches for the genetic manipulation of human iPSCs. This review provides an overview about the genetic landscape of inherited cardiomyopathies with a focus on iPSC technology, which might be of interest for clinicians and basic scientists interested in genetic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Hans Ebbinghaus
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Jan Gummert
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Ratnavadivel
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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176
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Young CS, Pyle AD, Spencer MJ. CRISPR for Neuromuscular Disorders: Gene Editing and Beyond. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:341-353. [PMID: 31389773 PMCID: PMC6863376 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a review describing advances in CRISPR/Cas-mediated therapies for neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). We explore both CRISPR-mediated editing and dead Cas approaches as potential therapeutic strategies for multiple NMDs. Last, therapeutic considerations, including delivery and off-target effects, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Young
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - April D Pyle
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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177
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We have entered the era of genome-edited farmed animals. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:645-649. [PMID: 33523167 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing technology provides a transformative approach to animal breeding. Otherwise difficult or impossible-to-access genetic variation can now be used in a given target population, with leading examples focussing on animal health and welfare. The race is on for the first food from genome-edited farm animals to reach the shops.
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178
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Wu N, Liu B, Du H, Zhao S, Li Y, Cheng X, Wang S, Lin J, Zhou J, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang J. The Progress of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Generating Mouse/Zebrafish Models of Human Skeletal Diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:954-962. [PMID: 31360334 PMCID: PMC6639410 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a substantial role in the etiology of skeletal diseases, which involve 1) defects in skeletal development, including intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification; 2) defects in skeletal metabolism, including late bone growth and bone remodeling; 3) defects in early developmental processes related to skeletal diseases, such as neural crest cell (NCC) and cilia functions; 4) disturbance of the cellular signaling pathways which potentially affect bone growth. Efficient and high-throughput genetic methods have enabled the exploration and verification of disease-causing genes and variants. Animal models including mouse and zebrafish have been extensively used in functional mechanism studies of causal genes and variants. The conventional approaches of generating mutant animal models include spontaneous mutagenesis, random integration, and targeted integration via mouse embryonic stem cells. These approaches are costly and time-consuming. Recent development and application of gene-editing tools, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has significantly accelerated the process of gene-editing in diverse organisms. Here we review both mice and zebrafish models of human skeletal diseases generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system, and their contributions to deciphering the underpins of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junde Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence to: Z. Wu, Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, China.
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence to: J. Zhang, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing 100730, China.
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179
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CRISPR/Cas9 applications in gene therapy for primary immunodeficiency diseases. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:277-287. [PMID: 33523134 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) encompass a range of diseases due to mutations in genes that are critical for immunity. Haploinsufficiency and gain-of-function mutations are more complex than simple loss-of-function mutations; in addition to increased susceptibility to infections, immune dysregulations like autoimmunity and hyperinflammation are common presentations. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy, using integrating vectors, provides potential cure of disease, but genome-wide transgene insertions and the lack of physiological endogenous gene regulation may yet present problems, and not applicable in PIDs where immune regulation is paramount. Targeted genome editing addresses these concerns; we discuss some approaches of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas system applicable for gene therapy in PIDs. Preclinical repair of gene mutations and insertion of complementary DNA restore endogenous gene regulation and they have shown very promising data for clinical application. However, ongoing studies to characterize off-target genotoxicity, careful donor designs to ensure physiological expression, and maneuvers to optimize engraftment potential are critical to ensure successful application of this next-gen targeted HSC gene therapy.
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180
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Patsali P, Turchiano G, Papasavva P, Romito M, Loucari CC, Stephanou C, Christou S, Sitarou M, Mussolino C, Cornu TI, Antoniou MN, Lederer CW, Cathomen T, Kleanthous M. Correction of IVS I-110(G>A) β-thalassemia by CRISPR/Cas-and TALEN-mediated disruption of aberrant regulatory elements in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:e497-e501. [PMID: 31004018 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.215178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Patsali
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giandomenico Turchiano
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Panayiota Papasavva
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marianna Romito
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantinos C Loucari
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Coralea Stephanou
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Maria Sitarou
- Thalassemia Center, Cyprus Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana I Cornu
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus .,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus .,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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181
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Wu G, Bazer FW. Application of new biotechnologies for improvements in swine nutrition and pork production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 31019685 PMCID: PMC6474057 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meeting the increasing demands for high-quality pork protein requires not only improved diets but also biotechnology-based breeding to generate swine with desired production traits. Biotechnology can be classified as the cloning of animals with identical genetic composition or genetic engineering (via recombinant DNA technology and gene editing) to produce genetically modified animals or microorganisms. Cloning helps to conserve species and breeds, particularly those with excellent biological and economical traits. Recombinant DNA technology combines genetic materials from multiple sources into single cells to generate proteins. Gene (genome) editing involves the deletion, insertion or silencing of genes to produce: (a) genetically modified pigs with important production traits; or (b) microorganisms without an ability to resist antimicrobial substances. Current gene-editing tools include the use of zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) as editors. ZFN, TALEN, or CRISPR/Cas9 components are delivered into target cells through transfection (lipid-based agents, electroporation, nucleofection, or microinjection) or bacteriophages, depending on cell type and plasmid. Compared to the ZFN and TALEN, CRISPR/Cas9 offers greater ease of design and greater flexibility in genetic engineering, but has a higher frequency of off-target effects. To date, genetically modified pigs have been generated to express bovine growth hormone, bacterial phytase, fungal carbohydrases, plant and C. elagan fatty acid desaturases, and uncoupling protein-1; and to lack myostatin, α-1,3-galactosyltransferase, or CD163 (a cellular receptor for the "blue ear disease" virus). Biotechnology holds promise in improving the efficiency of swine production and developing alternatives to antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471 USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471 USA
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