151
|
Zhu D, Song K, Chen J, Wang J, Sun X, Qian H, Gu X, Zhang L, Qin Y, Duan Y. Expression of Septin4 in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse livers after praziquantel treatment. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:19. [PMID: 25582427 PMCID: PMC4298944 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Septin4 (SEPT4) exists widely in human tissues and is related to mechanical stability, actin dynamics, membrane trafficking, viral replication and apoptosis. Data from many studies have suggested that SEPT4 plays a significant role in liver fibrosis. SEPT4 is down-regulated in the model of CCl4 and BDL treated liver fibrosis. However, it is up-regulated and peaked at 12 weeks post-infection (p.i.), and then decreased subsequently in Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) egg-induced liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to observe the dynamic alteration of SEPT4 after the treatment of praziquantel (PZQ) in ICR mice infected with S. japonicum. Methods Expression of SEPT4 was determined by western blot, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. And pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by qRT-PCR. The number of eggs, the diameter of egg granulomas and fibrosis-associated genes were also measured. Results Our results showed that the granulomatous inflammation was reduced, whereafter the expression of SEPT4 on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was decreased after PZQ anti-schistosome therapy. And the variation tendency of SEPT4 had positive correlation with the inflammatory response in the area of S. japonicum egg granulomas. Conclusions Based on these findings, the inhibition of the expression of the SEPT4 by PZQ might be due to alleviation of the inflammatory response at the chronic and advanced stage of S. japonicum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Qian
- Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xijuan Gu
- Nantong University Xinglin College, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Odegaard JI, Hsieh MH. Immune responses to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:428-38. [PMID: 25201406 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is one of the greatest single infectious sources of human morbidity and mortality known. Through a complex cycle of infection, migration and eventual maturation and mating, S. haematobium (the aetiological agent of urogenital schistosomiasis) deposits highly immunogenic eggs within the bladder and other pelvic organs, activating a wide range of immune programs that determine both infection outcome as well as downstream immunopathology. In this review, we discuss the experimental and observational bases for our current understanding of these immune programs, focusing specifically on how the balance of type 1 and type 2 responses governs subsequent immunopathology and clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Odegaard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Ndlovu H, Brombacher F. Role of IL-4Rα during acute schistosomiasis in mice. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:421-7. [PMID: 24127774 PMCID: PMC4286023 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important parasitic disease that causes major host morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. Research conducted in mouse models of schistosomiasis has provided great insights and understanding of how host protective immunity is orchestrated and key cellular populations involved in this process. Earlier studies using cytokine-deficient mice demonstrated the importance of IL-4 and IL-10 in mediating host survival during acute schistosomiasis. Subsequent studies employing transgenic mice carrying cell-specific deletion of IL-4Rα generated using the Cre/LoxP recombination system have been instrumental in providing more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms conferring host resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection. In this review, we will summarize the contributions of IL-4/IL-13-responsive cellular populations in host resistance during acute schistosomiasis and their role in limiting tissue pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ndlovu
- Division of Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Omega-1 knockdown in Schistosoma mansoni eggs by lentivirus transduction reduces granuloma size in vivo. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5375. [PMID: 25400038 PMCID: PMC4243216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases worldwide, is caused by flatworms (blood flukes or schistosomes) that live in the bloodstream of humans. The hepatointestinal form of this debilitating disease results from a chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum. No vaccine is available to prevent schistosomiasis, and treatment relies predominantly on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. In spite of considerable research effort over the years, very little is known about the complex in vivo events that lead to granuloma formation and other pathological changes during infection. Here we use, for the first time, a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted short hairpin RNAs (shRNAmirs) into the parasite to silence and explore selected protein-encoding genes of S. mansoni implicated in the disease process. This gene-silencing system has potential to be used for functional genomic–phenomic studies of a range of socioeconomically important pathogens. Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, is caused by flatworms such as Schistosoma mansoni. Here, Hagen et al. describe a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted small hairpin RNAs into S. mansoni to inhibit transcription of selected genes implicated in the disease process.
Collapse
|
155
|
Inobaya MT, Olveda RM, Chau TNP, Olveda DU, Ross AGP. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective. Res Rep Trop Med 2014; 2014:65-75. [PMID: 25400499 PMCID: PMC4231879 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s44274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that ranks second only to malaria in terms of human suffering in the tropics and subtropics. Five species are known to infect man and there are currently over 240 million people infected worldwide. The cornerstone of control to date has been mass drug administration with 40 mg/kg of praziquantel but there are problems with this approach. Human and bovine vaccines are in various stages of development. Integrated control, targeting the life cycle, is the only approach that will lead to sustainability and future elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianette T Inobaya
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Thao NP Chau
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David U Olveda
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Allen GP Ross
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Dakir ELH, Mollinedo F, Muro A. In vitro and in vivo anti-schistosomal activity of the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109431. [PMID: 25302497 PMCID: PMC4193788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Five species of Schistosoma are known to infect humans, out of which S. haematobium is the most prevalent, causing the chronic parasitic disease schistosomiasis that still represents a major problem of public health in many regions of the world and especially in tropical areas, leading to serious manifestations and mortality in developing countries. Since the 1970s, praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis, but concerns about relying on a single drug to treat millions of people, and the potential appearance of drug resistance, make identification of alternative schistosomiasis chemotherapies a high priority. Alkylphospholipid analogs (APLs), together with their prototypic molecule edelfosine (EDLF), are a family of synthetic antineoplastic compounds that show additional pharmacological actions, including antiparasitic activities against several protozoan parasites. Methodology/Principal Findings We found APLs ranked edelfosine> perifosine> erucylphosphocholine> miltefosine for their in vitro schistosomicidal activity against adult S. mansoni worms. Edelfosine accumulated mainly in the worm tegument, and led to tegumental alterations, membrane permeabilization, motility impairment, blockade of male-female pairing as well as induction of apoptosis-like processes in cells in the close vicinity to the tegument. Edelfosine oral treatment also showed in vivo schistosomicidal activity and decreased significantly the egg burden in the liver, a key event in schistosomiasis. Conclusions/Significance Our data show that edelfosine is the most potent APL in killing S. mansoni adult worms in vitro. Edelfosine schistosomicidal activity seems to depend on its action on the tegumental structure, leading to tegumental damage, membrane permeabilization and apoptosis-like cell death. Oral administration of edelfosine diminished worm and egg burdens in S. mansoni-infected CD1 mice. Here we report that edelfosine showed promising antischistosomal properties in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - E. L. Habib Dakir
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Propolis enhances the effectiveness of praziquantel in experimental schistosomiasis: biochemical and histopathological study. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4513-23. [PMID: 25266217 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide current use of praziquantel (PZQ) in treatment of schistosomiasis, low cure rates have been recorded in many studies. The aim of this study was directed to evaluate the curative effect of propolis (Pps) alone or in combination with PZQ on biochemical, immunological, parasitological, and histological changes associated with experimental schistosomiasis in mice. Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were divided into two experimental sets, each with four subgroups: (i) untreated, (ii) treated with Pps/day p.o for 4 weeks, (iii) treated with PZQ p.o 2 × 500 mg/kg bd wt, and (iv) treated with Pps + PZQ as in group ii and iii; all treatments started on the 8th week postinfection, in addition to uninfected group as control for the previous groups. Treatment of infected mice with Pps, although failed to eradicate the worm, significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma number, their lymphocytic infiltration and aggregation, hepatic and splenic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and plasma, and liver and thymus nitric oxide (NOx) levels together with normalization of plasma proteins and alleviation of oxidative stress in the examined tissues as evidenced by reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) and normalization of glutathione (GSH). Promising results were obtained when Pps was given in combination with PZQ, where the anti-schistosomal activity of PZQ was markedly potentiated with complete alleviation and amelioration of the histological and biochemical alteration associated with schistosomiasis. This study highlights the potential usefulness of Pps as an adjunct to PZQ in schistosomiasis.
Collapse
|
158
|
Olveda DU, Olveda RM, McManus DP, Cai P, Chau TNP, Lam AK, Li Y, Harn DA, Vinluan ML, Ross AGP. The chronic enteropathogenic disease schistosomiasis. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 28:193-203. [PMID: 25250908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic enteropathogenic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The disease afflicts approximately 240 million individuals globally, causing approximately 70 million disability-adjusted life years lost. Chronic infections with morbidity and mortality occur as a result of granuloma formation in the intestine, liver, or in the case of Schistosoma haematobium, the bladder. Various methods are utilized to diagnose and evaluate liver fibrosis due to schistosomiasis. Liver biopsy is still considered the gold standard, but it is invasive. Diagnostic imaging has proven to be an invaluable method in assessing hepatic morbidity in the hospital setting, but has practical limitations in the field. The potential of non-invasive biological markers, serum antibodies, cytokines, and circulating host microRNAs to diagnose hepatic fibrosis is presently undergoing evaluation. This review provides an update on the recent advances made with respect to gastrointestinal disease associated with chronic schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David U Olveda
- Department of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Donald P McManus
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thao N P Chau
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Department of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald A Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Marilyn L Vinluan
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Allen G P Ross
- Department of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Hai Y, Edwards JE, Van Zandt MC, Hoffmann KF, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of Schistosoma mansoni arginase, a potential drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4671-84. [PMID: 25007099 PMCID: PMC4138072 DOI: 10.1021/bi5004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of arginase from Schistosoma mansoni (SmARG) and the structures of its complexes with several amino acid inhibitors have been determined at atomic resolution. SmARG is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to form l-ornithine and urea, and this enzyme is upregulated in all forms of the parasite that interact with the human host. Current hypotheses suggest that parasitic arginases could play a role in host immune evasion by depleting pools of substrate l-arginine that would otherwise be utilized for NO biosynthesis and NO-dependent processes in the immune response. Although the amino acid sequence of SmARG is only 42% identical with that of human arginase I, residues important for substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. In general, classical amino acid inhibitors such as 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) tend to bind more weakly to SmARG than to human arginase I despite identical inhibitor binding modes in each enzyme active site. The identification of a patch on the enzyme surface capable of accommodating the additional Cα substitutent of an α,α-disubstituted amino acid inhibitor suggests that such inhibitors could exhibit higher affinity and biological activity. The structures of SmARG complexed with two different α,α-disubstituted derivatives of ABH are presented and provide a proof of concept for this approach in the enhancement of enzyme-inhibitor affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Boyett D, Hsieh MH. Wormholes in host defense: how helminths manipulate host tissues to survive and reproduce. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004014. [PMID: 24743351 PMCID: PMC3990715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Boyett
- Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Barros AF, Oliveira SA, Carvalho CL, Silva FL, Souza VCAD, Silva ALD, Araujo RED, Souza BSF, Soares MBP, Costa VMA, Coutinho EDM. Low transformation growth factor-β1 production and collagen synthesis correlate with the lack of hepatic periportal fibrosis development in undernourished mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:210-9. [PMID: 24676664 PMCID: PMC4015266 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Undernourished mice infected (UI) submitted to low and long-lasting infections by
Schistosoma mansoni are unable to develop the hepatic periportal
fibrosis that is equivalent to Symmers’ fibrosis in humans. In this report, the
effects of the host’s nutritional status on parasite (worm load, egg viability and
maturation) and host (growth curves, biology, collagen synthesis and characteristics
of the immunological response) were studied and these are considered as
interdependent factors influencing the amount and distribution of fibrous tissue in
hepatic periovular granulomas and portal spaces. The nutritional status of the host
influenced the low body weight and low parasite burden detected in UI mice as well as
the number, viability and maturation of released eggs. The reduced oviposition and
increased number of degenerated or dead eggs were associated with low protein
synthesis detected in deficient hosts, which likely induced the observed decrease in
transformation growth factor (TGF)-β1 and liver collagen. Despite the reduced number
of mature eggs in UI mice, the activation of TGF-β1 and hepatic stellate cells
occurred regardless of the unviability of most miracidia, due to stimulation by
fibrogenic proteins and eggshell glycoproteins. However, changes in the repair
mechanisms influenced by the nutritional status in deficient animals may account for
the decreased liver collagen detected in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ferreira Barros
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Sheilla Andrade Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Camila Lima Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Leticia Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Anekecia Lauro da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Roni Evencio de Araujo
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Bruno Solano F Souza
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Vlaudia M A Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Eridan de Medeiros Coutinho
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Wu C, Chen Q, Fang Y, Wu J, Han Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chu M, Feng Y, Tan L, Guo X, Hu W, Wang Z. Schistosoma japonicum egg specific protein SjE16.7 recruits neutrophils and induces inflammatory hepatic granuloma initiation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2703. [PMID: 24551263 PMCID: PMC3923719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are known to play a major role in the egg granulomatous lesions caused by Schistosoma japonicum, but the precise mechanism by which eggs recruit or active neutrophil is unknown. Here we report S. japonicum egg specific EF-hand protein-SjE16.7 is a potent neutrophil recruiter and initiates the egg associated inflammatory granuloma in schistosomiasis. We show that the expression of SjE16.7 at level of both mRNA and protein is restricted to the egg stage. It locates in the miracidium and subshell area of the egg and can be secreted by the egg. The antigenic properties of SjE16.7 strongly suggest a role for SjE16.7 as an egg-derived molecule involved in host-parasite interactions. To study SjE16.7 functions in vivo, we challenged murine air pouch with recombinant SjE16.7. The results showed SjE16.7 trigged more inflammatory cell infiltration than vehicle or control protein. Using peritoneal exudate neutrophils from mice, we found that SjE16.7 significantly induced neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro, and the observed phenotypes were associated with enhanced Rac GTPase activation in SjE16.7 treated cells. Finally, in vivo hepatic granuloma formation model showed SjE16.7 coupled beads recruited more inflammatory cell infiltration than control beads. Our findings suggest SjE16.7 is an important pathogenic factor derived from egg. By recruiting neutrophils and inducing local inflammation, SjE16.7 facilitates eggs to be excreted through gut tissues and also initiates pathology in the liver; therefore SjE16.7 is a possible target for the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. As a neglected disease, schistosomiasis continues to be a significant cause of parasitic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Schistosoma japonicum is one of the major causative agents of human schistosomiasis. Trapped in the liver or intestinal tissue, S. japonicum eggs are the main cause of pathology following infection. They induce vigorous immune responses from the host, which facilitate the passage of the eggs from the tissue to the gut lumen and cause the pathology in liver. In this paper, we described, for the first time, S. japonicum egg specific EF-hand protein-SjE16.7 is a potent neutrophil recruiter and initiates the egg associated inflammatory granuloma in schistosomiasis. This study presents a precise mechanism by which eggs recruit neutrophil and induce inflammatory response. It furthers our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of human schistosomiasis. In addition, it provides a potential target for the prevention and treatment of this globally important parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chu
- The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linping Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Silymarin reduces profibrogenic cytokines and reverses hepatic fibrosis in chronic murine schistosomiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2076-83. [PMID: 24449779 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01936-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic schistosomiasis, hepatic fibrosis is linked to the portal hypertension that causes morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni infection. Silymarin (SIL) is a hepatoprotective and antioxidant medicament largely prescribed against liver diseases that has previously been shown to prevent fibrosis during acute murine schistosomiasis. Here we employed silymarin to try to reverse established hepatic fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. Silymarin or vehicle was administered to BALB/c mice every 48 h, starting on the 40th (80 days of treatment), 70th (50 days), or 110th (10 days) day postinfection (dpi). All mice were sacrificed and analyzed at 120 dpi. Treatment with silymarin reduced liver weight and granuloma sizes, reduced the increase in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and reduced the established hepatic fibrosis (assessed by hydroxyproline contents and picrosirius staining). Treatment with silymarin also reduced the levels of interleukin-13 (IL-13) in serum and increased the gamma interferon (IFN-γ)/IL-13 ratio. There was a linear correlation between IL-13 levels in serum and hydroxyproline hepatic content in both infected untreated and SIL-treated mice, with decreased IL-13 levels corresponding to decreased hydroxyproline hepatic contents. Treatment with either SIL or N-acetylcysteine reduced both proliferation of fibroblast cell lines and basal/IL-13-induced production of collagen I, indicating that besides inhibiting IL-13 production during infection, SIL antioxidant properties most likely contribute to inhibition of collagen production downstream of IL-13. These results show that silymarin interferes with fibrogenic cytokines, reduces established fibrosis, and inhibits downstream effects of IL-13 on fibrogenesis, indicating the drug as a safe and cheap treatment to liver fibrotic disease in schistosomiasis.
Collapse
|
164
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dov L Boros
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Mimche SM, Nyagode BA, Merrell MD, Lee CM, Prasanphanich NS, Cummings RD, Morgan ET. Hepatic cytochrome P450s, phase II enzymes and nuclear receptors are downregulated in a Th2 environment during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:134-40. [PMID: 24163175 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and infection downregulate the activity and expression of cytochrome P450s (P450s) and other drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) involved in hepatic drug clearance. Schistosoma mansoni infection was reported to cause a downregulation of hepatic P450-dependent activities in mouse liver, but little is known about the specific enzymes affected or whether phase II DMEs are also affected. Here we describe the effect of murine schistosomiasis on the expression of hepatic P450s, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (Cpr), phase II drug metabolizing enzymes, and nuclear receptors at 30 and 45 days postinfection (dpi). Although the hepatic expression of some of these genes was altered at 30 dpi, we observed substantial changes in the expression of the majority of P450 mRNAs and proteins measured, Cpr protein, as well as many of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases at 45 dpi. S. mansoni infection also altered nuclear receptor expression, inducing mRNA levels at 30 dpi and depressing levels at 45 dpi. S. mansoni evoked a T helper 2 (Th2) inflammatory response at 45 dpi, as indicated by the induction of hepatic Th2 cytokine mRNAs [interleukins 4, 5, and 13], whereas the hepatic proinflammatory response was relatively weak. Thus, chronic schistosomiasis markedly and selectively alters the expression of multiple DMEs, which may be associated with Th2 cytokine release. This would represent a novel mechanism of DME regulation in disease states. These findings have important implications for drug testing in infected mice, whereas the relevance to humans with schistosomiasis needs to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie M Mimche
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.M.M., B.A.N., M.D.M., C.-M.L., E.T.M.) and Biochemistry (N.S.P., R.D.C.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|