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Zeng PYF, Prokopec SD, Lai SY, Pinto N, Chan-Seng-Yue MA, Clifton-Bligh R, Williams MD, Howlett CJ, Plantinga P, Cecchini MJ, Lam AK, Siddiqui I, Wang J, Sun RX, Watson JD, Korah R, Carling T, Agrawal N, Cipriani N, Ball D, Nelkin B, Rooper LM, Bishop JA, Garnis C, Berean K, Nicolson NG, Weinberger P, Henderson YC, Lalansingh CM, Tian M, Yamaguchi TN, Livingstone J, Salcedo A, Patel K, Vizeacoumar F, Datti A, Xi L, Nikiforov YE, Smallridge R, Copland JA, Marlow LA, Hyrcza MD, Delbridge L, Sidhu S, Sywak M, Robinson B, Fung K, Ghasemi F, Kwan K, MacNeil SD, Mendez A, Palma DA, Khan MI, Shaikh M, Ruicci KM, Wehrli B, Winquist E, Yoo J, Mymryk JS, Rocco JW, Wheeler D, Scherer S, Giordano TJ, Barrett JW, Faquin WC, Gill AJ, Clayman G, Boutros PC, Nichols AC. The genomic and evolutionary landscapes of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113826. [PMID: 38412093 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is arguably the most lethal human malignancy. It often co-occurs with differentiated thyroid cancers, yet the molecular origins of its aggressivity are unknown. We sequenced tumor DNA from 329 regions of thyroid cancer, including 213 from patients with primary anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. We also whole genome sequenced 9 patients using multi-region sequencing of both differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer components. Using these data, we demonstrate thatanaplastic thyroid carcinomas have a higher burden of mutations than other thyroid cancers, with distinct mutational signatures and molecular subtypes. Further, different cancer driver genes are mutated in anaplastic and differentiated thyroid carcinomas, even those arising in a single patient. Finally, we unambiguously demonstrate that anaplastic thyroid carcinomas share a genomic origin with co-occurring differentiated carcinomas and emerge from a common malignant field through acquisition of characteristic clonal driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y F Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephenie D Prokopec
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Division of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul Plantinga
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ren X Sun
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John D Watson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole Cipriani
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Ball
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry Nelkin
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Rooper
- Division of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Weinberger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ying C Henderson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mao Tian
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takafumi N Yamaguchi
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie Livingstone
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Salcedo
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Krupal Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro Datti
- Network Biology Collaborative Centre, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Liu Xi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert Smallridge
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Martin D Hyrcza
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Leigh Delbridge
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NWS, Australia
| | - Stan Sidhu
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NWS, Australia
| | - Mark Sywak
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NWS, Australia
| | - Bruce Robinson
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NWS, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Farhad Ghasemi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Kwan
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - S Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Mendez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David A Palma
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed I Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mushfiq Shaikh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kara M Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bret Wehrli
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Winquist
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - James W Rocco
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steve Scherer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - William C Faquin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony J Gill
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NWS, Australia; Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary Clayman
- The Clayman Thyroid Surgery and Thyroid Cancer Center, The Thyroid Institute, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Bodnar D, Bosley E, Raven S, Williams S, Ryan G, Wullschleger M, Lam AK. The nature and timing of coagulation dysfunction in a cohort of trauma patients in the Australian pre-hospital setting. Injury 2024; 55:111124. [PMID: 37858445 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy (ATC) is a complex pathological process that is associated with patient mortality and increased blood transfusion requirements. It is evident on hospital arrival, but there is a paucity of information about the nature of ATC and the characteristics of patients that develop ATC in the pre-hospital setting. The objective of this study was to describe the nature and timing of coagulation dysfunction in a cohort of injured patients and to report on patient and pre-hospital factors associated with the development of ATC in the field. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of a convenience sample of trauma patients. Patients had blood taken during the pre-hospital phase of care and evaluated for derangements in Conventional Coagulation Assays (CCA) and Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Associations between coagulation derangement and pre-hospital factors and patient outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 216 patients who had either a complete CCA or ROTEM were included in the analysis. One hundred and eighty (83 %) of patients were male, with a median injury severity score of 17 [interquartile range (IQR) 10-27] and median age of 34 years [IQR = 25.0-52.0]. Hypofibrinogenemia was the predominant abnormality seen, (CCA Hypofibrinogenemia: 51/193, 26 %; ROTEM hypofibrinogenemia: 65/204, 32 %). Increased CCA derangement, the presence of ROTEM coagulopathy, worsening INR, worsening FibTEM and decreasing fibrinogen concentration, were all associated with both mortality and early massive transfusion. CONCLUSION Clinically significant, multifaceted coagulopathy develops early in the clinical course, with hypofibrinogenemia being the predominant coagulopathy. In keeping with the ED literature, pre-hospital coagulation dysfunction was associated with mortality and early massive transfusion. Further work is required to identify strategies to identify and guide the pre-hospital management of the coagulation dysfunction seen in trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bodnar
- Office of the Medical Director, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia; Emergency Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Emma Bosley
- Office of the Medical Director, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven Raven
- Office of the Medical Director, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sue Williams
- Pathology Queensland Central Transfusion Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Glenn Ryan
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Emergency Department, The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Martin Wullschleger
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Trauma Service, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia
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Thet Z, Lam AK, Khoo TK. Author reply to Gu et al. re Multidisciplinary care of skin cancer. Intern Med J 2024; 54:194. [PMID: 38267378 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Thet
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Islam MS, Gopalan V, Lam AK, Shiddiky MJA. Current advances in detecting genetic and epigenetic biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115611. [PMID: 37619478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in terms of diagnosis and the second in terms of mortality. Recent studies have shown that various proteins, extracellular vesicles (i.e., exosomes), specific genetic variants, gene transcripts, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and altered epigenetic patterns, can be used to detect, and assess the prognosis of CRC. Over the last decade, a plethora of conventional methodologies (e.g., polymerase chain reaction [PCR], direct sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], microarray, in situ hybridization) as well as advanced analytical methodologies (e.g., microfluidics, electrochemical biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [SERS]) have been developed for analyzing genetic and epigenetic biomarkers using both optical and non-optical tools. Despite these methodologies, no gold standard detection method has yet been implemented that can analyze CRC with high specificity and sensitivity in an inexpensive, simple, and time-efficient manner. Moreover, until now, no study has critically reviewed the advantages and limitations of these methodologies. Here, an overview of the most used genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for CRC and their detection methods are discussed. Furthermore, a summary of the major biological, technical, and clinical challenges and advantages/limitations of existing techniques is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sajedul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia.
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Thet Z, Lam AK, Pham T, Ng SK, Steel JC, Sawhney S, Arellano CT, Aung SY, Han T, Ranganathan D, John G, Pepito C, Rautenberg T, Khoo TK. Clinical and economic burden of benign and malignant skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Intern Med J 2023; 53:2042-2049. [PMID: 36710434 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies evaluating the economic burden of dermatological care in the transplant setting are currently not available in Australia. AIMS To evaluate the clinical and economic burden of benign and malignant skin lesions in renal transplant recipients in Central Queensland. METHODS A bottom-up approach was used to determine the clinical burden and direct costs from patient-level Medicare data obtained from Service Australia for skin lesions. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of the renal transplant population in Central Queensland participated in this study. The median age was 57.0 years (standard deviation ± 13.6) and the majority (61.8%) of participants were men. The mean duration after transplant surgery was 99.9 months (interquartile range, 73.2-126.6 months). During a 2-year follow-up, 22 (40%) patients were diagnosed with benign skin lesions, 21 (38%) with nonmelanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC) and one (2%) with melanoma. There was a total of 231 visits to clinicians for diagnostic and therapeutic skin procedures and the direct costs to Medicare was $48 806 Australian Dollars (AUD) or $30 427 US Dollars (USD). Approximately 86% of the total direct costs was spent for nonNMSC and mean direct costs for NMSC was $763 AUD (or $476 USD). CONCLUSION This Medicare data-based study provides further insight into the burgeoning clinical and economic burden of the care for benign and malignant skin lesions in the renal transplantation setting in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Thet
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Pham
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason C Steel
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sirena Sawhney
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carolina T Arellano
- Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soe Yu Aung
- Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thin Han
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dwarakanathan Ranganathan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - George John
- Department of Nephrology, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina Pepito
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tamlyn Rautenberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Allied health, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Aktar S, Islam F, Cheng T, Gamage SMK, Choudhury IN, Islam MS, Lu CT, Hamid FB, Ishida H, Abe I, Xie N, Gopalan V, Lam AK. Correlation between KRAS Mutation and CTLA-4 mRNA Expression in Circulating Tumour Cells: Clinical Implications in Colorectal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1808. [PMID: 37761948 PMCID: PMC10530465 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination strategies of KRAS inhibition with immunotherapy in treating advanced or recurrent colorectal carcinoma (CRC) may need to be assessed in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) to achieve better clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the genomic variations of KRAS in CTCs and matched CRC tissues and compared mRNA expression of KRAS and CTLA-4 between wild-type and KRAS-mutated CTCs and CRC tissues. Clinicopathological correlations were also compared. Six known mutations of KRAS were identified at both codon 12 and codon 13 (c.35G>T/G12V, c.35G>A7/G12D, c.35G>C/G12A, c.34G>A/G12S, c.38G>C/G13A, and c.38G>A/G13D). Three CTC samples harboured the identified mutations (16.7%; 3/18), while fifteen matched primary tumour tissues (65.2%, 15/23) showed the mutations. CTCs harbouring the KRAS variant were different from matched CRC tissue. All the mutations were heterozygous. Though insignificant, CTLA-4 mRNA expression was higher in patients carrying KRAS mutations. Patients harbouring KRAS mutations in CTCs were more likely to have poorly differentiated tumours (p = 0.039) and with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.027) and perineural invasion (p = 0.014). KRAS mutations in CTCs were also significantly correlated with overall pathological stages (p = 0.027). These findings imply the genetic basis of KRAS with immunotherapeutic target molecules based on a real-time platform. This study also suggests the highly heterogeneous nature of cancer cells, which may facilitate the assessment of clonal dynamics across a single patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Aktar
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Tracie Cheng
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Sujani Madhurika Kodagoda Gamage
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Indra Neil Choudhury
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Md Sajedul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Barishal, Barishal 8254, Bangladesh
| | - Cu Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Faysal Bin Hamid
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Hirotaka Ishida
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
| | - Ichiro Abe
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
| | - Nan Xie
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
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7
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polypharmacy is associated with negative clinical consequences. The efficacy of deprescribing interventions within medical specialist outpatient clinics remains unclear. Here, we reviewed the research on the effectiveness of deprescribing interventions implemented within specialist outpatient clinics for patients ≥ 60 years. METHODS Systematic searches of key databases were undertaken for studies published between January 1990 and October 2021. The diverse nature of the study designs made it unsuitable for pooling for meta-analysis, thus, a narrative review was conducted and presented in both text and tabular formats. The primary outcome for review was that intervention resulted in a change in medication load (either total number of medications or appropriateness of medication). Secondary outcomes were the maintenance of deprescription and clinical benefits. Methodological quality of the publications was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. RESULTS Nineteen studies with a total of 10,914 participants were included for review. These included geriatric outpatient clinics, oncology/hematology clinics, hemodialysis clinics, and designated polypharmacy/multimorbidity clinics. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported statistically significant reductions in medication load with intervention; however, all studies had a high risk of bias. The inclusion of a pharmacist in outpatient clinics aims to increase deprescribing, however, the current evidence is mainly restricted to prospective and pilot studies. The data on secondary outcomes were very limited and highly variable. CONCLUSIONS Specialist outpatient clinics may provide valuable settings for implementing deprescribing interventions. The addition of a multidisciplinary team including a pharmacist and the use of validated medication assessment tools appear to be enablers. Further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Clarkson
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Northern New South Wales Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
| | - Laura Hart
- Lancet Neurology, London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Northern New South Wales Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Lam AK, Nagtegaal ID. Pathology Reporting of Esophagus Endoscopic Resections: Recommendations From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:373-378. [PMID: 34655572 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Department of Pathology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medicine and Dentistry, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Kamaludin Z, Siddig A, Yaacob NM, Lam AK, Rahman WFWA. Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma in Young Women. Pathophysiology 2022; 29:9-23. [PMID: 35366286 PMCID: PMC8955684 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker identification is imperative for invasive breast carcinoma, which is more aggressive and associated with higher mortality and worse prognosis in younger patients (<45 years) than in older patients (>50 years). The current study aimed to investigate angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) protein expression in breast tissue from young patients with breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was applied in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of breast carcinoma tissue from young patients aged <45 years at the time of diagnosis. Both proteins were expressed in the majority of cases. The highest frequency of positive ANGPTL4 and IGF-1 expression was observed in the luminal A subtype, whereas the HER2-overexpression subtype exhibited the lowest expression frequency for both proteins. There was no significant association between ANGPTL4 (p = 0.897) and IGF-1 (p = 0.091) expression and molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma. The histological grade was a significant predictor of ANGPTL4 expression (grade 1 vs. grade 3, adjusted odds ratio = 12.39, p = 0.040). Therefore, ANGPTL-4 and IGF-1 expressions are common in young breast carcinoma tissue. There is a potential use of them as biomarkers in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaleha Kamaludin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (Z.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alaa Siddig
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (Z.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Najib Majdi Yaacob
- Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (Z.K.); (A.S.)
- Breast Cancer Awareness and Research Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Robertson D, Ng SK, Baade PD, Lam AK. Risk of extracolonic second primary cancers following a primary colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37:541-551. [PMID: 35152308 PMCID: PMC8885556 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-022-04105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to assess the global risk of extracolonic secondary primary cancers (SPCs) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Studies of SPC in patients with CRC were included if they reported the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for extracolonic SPCs in patients with CRC compared with the general population. Pooled summary estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 7,716,750 patients with CRC from 13 retrospective cohort studies that reported extracolonic SPC incidence were included. The overall risk of several SPCs was significantly higher in patients with CRC compared with the general population, including cancers of the urinary bladder (pooled SIR 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.33; p = 0.003), female genital tract (1.88, 1.07-3.31; p = 0.03), kidney (1.50, 1.19-1.89; p = 0.0007), thorax (lung, bronchus and mediastinum) (1.16, 1.01-1.32; p = 0.03), small intestine (4.26, 2.58-7.01; p < 0.0001), stomach (1.22, 1.07-1.39; p = 0.003), and thyroid (1.40, 1.28-1.53; p < 0.0001), as well as melanoma (1.28, 1.01-1.62; p = 0.04). There was also a decreased risk of developing cancer of the gall bladder (0.75, 0.60-0.94; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with CRC had a significantly increased risk of extracolonic SPCs compared with the general population. These findings highlight the need to develop research strategies for the management of second primary cancer in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Robertson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Shu Kay Ng
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter D Baade
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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11
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Lam AK, Lee KTW. Application of Immunohistochemistry in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:175-195. [PMID: 35670976 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an economic and precise method to localize the presence of specific protein at cellular level in tissue. Although many papillary thyroid carcinomas do not require IHC to render a diagnosis, there are certain scenarios in which IHC are important. The major diagnostic applications of IHC include confirmation of papillary thyroid carcinoma in sites other than the thyroid, distinguish papillary thyroid carcinoma from other primary thyroid neoplasms in thyroid, and identify papillary thyroid carcinoma from secondary tumors to the thyroid. At research level, IHC could help identify prognostic information, identify underlying genetic alterations, and predict response to treatment in papillary thyroid carcinoma. The understanding of principle and recent advances in IHC will improve the diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid lesions including papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Katherine Ting-Wei Lee
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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12
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Smith RA, Lam AK. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical Significance and Detection by High-Resolution Melting. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:149-159. [PMID: 35670974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can have a variety of implications for the progression and development of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Identification of SNPs, either as germline variants or mutations occurring in tumor tissue, can thus have useful implications for patient management. There are many potential methods that can be used to identify a specific SNP or other genetic variant, and among these is high-resolution melting (HRM). HRM can be used to detect the presence of a genetic variant in a single sealed tube, involving undertaking a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of a saturating intercalating dye. Once PCR is complete, the amplicons produced can be melted through incremental raising of the temperature and the genotype of individual samples determined by changes in the change in fluorescence as the fluorescent dye is released by the melting DNA. In this chapter, we detail a method for the genotyping of DNA samples using HRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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13
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Abe I, Lam AK. Fine-Needle Aspiration Under Guidance of Ultrasound Examination of Thyroid Lesions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:29-37. [PMID: 35670966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the most common method for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas including papillary carcinoma. The procedure is best performed with ultrasound by operator with professional skill and knowledge. Several guidelines recommend the indication of fine-needle aspiration concerning the pattern of ultrasound and size of nodules. Besides, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes should be performed if malignancies are suspected. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid gland is mostly safe, but complications such as blood extravasation-related complications, acute thyroid enlargement, infection in thyroid gland, and pneumothorax could occur. The most frequent complications are blood extravasation-related complications, which could be fatal. Similarly, acute thyroid enlargement could also be severe. To conclude, fine-needle aspiration biopsy is useful and should be performed under the precise indication and the updated knowledge of complications including the way of handling if they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Abe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Fukuoka, Japan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Genome-wide analysis (GWAS) of lncRNAs expression in PTC samples exhibited up and down regulation of lncRNAs, thus, acting as tumor promoting oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the pathogenesis of PTC by interacting with target genes. For example, lncRNAs such as HOTAIR, NEAT1, MALAT1, FAL1, HOXD-AS1, etc. are overexpressed in PTC in comparison to that of non-cancerous thyroid tissues, which stimulate the pathogenesis of PTC. On the other hand, lncRNAs such as MEG3, CASC2, PANDAR, LINC00271, NAMA, PTCSC3, etc. are down regulated in PTC tissues when compared to that of non-cancerous thyroid samples, suppressing formation of PTC. Also, several lncRNAs such as BANCR acts as oncogenic or tumor suppressor in PTC formation depending on which they are interacting with. In addition, lncRNAs expression in patients with PTC associated with clinicopathological parameters such as distance metastasis, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, pathological stage, and response to therapy. Thus, lncRNAs profiles could have the potential to be used as prognostic or predictive biomarker in patients with PTC. Therefore, we describe the microarray method to examine lncRNAs expression in PTC tissue samples, which could facilitate better management of patients with PTC. Furthermore, this method could be fabricated to examine lncRNAs expression in other biological and/or clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Institute for Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
Whole-slide imaging (WSI) has wide spectrum of application in histopathology, especially in the study of cancer including papillary thyroid carcinoma. The main applications of WSI system include research, teaching, and assessment and recently pathology practices. The other major advantages of WSI over histological sections on glass slides are easier storage and sharing of information as well as adaptation of use in artificial intelligence. The applications of WSI depend on factors such as volume of services requiring WSI, physical factors (computer server, bandwidth limitation of networks, storages requirements for data), adaption of the WSI images with the laboratory workflow, personnel (IT expert, pathologist, technicians) adaptation to the WSI workflow, validation studies, ethics, and cost efficiency of the application(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alfa Bai
- ACT GENOMICS (HONG KONG) LTD, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Melissa Leung
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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16
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Lam AK. Concepts of Pathological Staging and Prognosis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:109-119. [PMID: 35670971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) staging and American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk predication system are the best predicators of mortality and cancer recurrence, respectively, in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, including papillary thyroid carcinoma. In ATA risk stratification of differentiated thyroid carcinomas, clinical features, nodal features, and pathological features are assessed. Many of the features are also assessed in pathological staging. The prognostic stage grouping of papillary thyroid carcinoma in AJCC/UICC depends on the age of the patients as well as the standard parameters-extent of tumor (T), lymph node status (N), and presence of distant metastasis (M). Major changes noted in the current pathological staging protocol include the cut-off age from 45-year to 55-year in grouping of patients, use of gross invasion of strap muscles instead of minimal microscopic extrathyroidal extensions as T3b and downstage of many prognostic groups such as those with lymph node metastases (without distant metastases) from Stage III to Stage II. The staging protocol have moved many patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma into good prognostic groups for better predication of patients' survival rates and to avoid unnecessary treatment. This new approach has been verified by different groups globally, although modifications could be expected in the future for better prognostic assessment in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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17
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Lam AK. Histopathological Assessment for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:93-108. [PMID: 35670970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Histologic assessments of papillary thyroid carcinoma are crucial for management of patients with the cancer as well as research on the cancer as papillary thyroid carcinoma has different histologic subtypes and many parameters which are essential in predicting the biological aggressiveness of the cancer. The histologic assessments should be guided by universally adopted protocols including World Health Organization (WHO) classification of endocrine tumors, International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) dataset, American Thyroid Association initial risk stratification for differentiated thyroid carcinomas and TNM stage groupings. The essential steps in histologic assessment involve the identification of characteristic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma, correct histologic subtyping, noting the number of carcinomas, measuring the size of the carcinoma, documenting the different aggressive histological parameters (mitotic activity, presence of tumor encapsulation/circumscription, lymphatic vessel invasion, blood vessel invasion, necrosis, extrathyroidal extension), resection margin status, associated pathology, presence of parathyroid gland, lymph node and distant metastases as well as synthesis of pathological stage based on the various clinical, macroscopic, and histological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
Ultrasound examination of the thyroid is useful for preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules including papillary thyroid carcinoma. The examination mainly is to determine the malignant potential of thyroid nodule(s). There are different systems to predict malignant potential in the thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes by ultrasound. Ultrasound is used in conjunction with fine-needle aspiration to diagnosis papillary thyroid carcinoma. It is used as guidance to locate the sites to obtain the samples for diagnosis and research in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Abe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Fukuoka, Japan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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19
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Lam AK. Macroscopic Examination of Surgical Specimen of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:79-91. [PMID: 35670969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standardized pathology reporting of thyroid cancer is important for quality clinical management, research as well as education purposes. International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) has produced a Dataset for reporting carcinoma of thyroid. Of the 19 core elements to report, six (operative procedure, operative findings, specimen submitted, tumor focality, tumor site, tumor dimensions) depend on the proper macroscopic examination of the surgical specimen with thyroid carcinoma. The other core elements to report depend on proper and adequate sampling on macroscopic examination. Thus, proper handling, examination, dissection, and sampling of different types, the surgical specimen(s) are needed in different situations for patients with thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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20
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Islam F, Zhou Y, Lam AK. Liposomal siRNA Delivery in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:121-133. [PMID: 35670972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) has opened a new strategy in cancer therapy, especially by silencing target genes. Pharmacologically it can be achieved by introducing of small (19-21 base pairs) dsRNA molecules known as small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting interested genes. siRNA mediated gene has been widely investigated for its utility in treating various diseases including cancer. However, the systemic delivery of interested siRNA via non-viral methods remains a major challenge with large numbers of polymeric and liposomal systems being tested. The most effective methods involving cationic liposomes delivery to cells. Nonetheless, systemic delivery of siRNA via cationic lipid particles is often poor due to rapid uptake by reticuloendothelial organs, resulting in decreased delivery of these particles to the site of interest. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been used in siRNA-liposomes formulation to minimize reticuloendothelial uptake. Also, PEGylation permits the accumulation of the liposomes-loaded siRNA at the tumor sites with defective vasculatures such as enhanced permeability and retention phenomena. Thus, a simple method to prepare stable PEGylated siRNA-loaded lipid particles could provide better systemic delivery system in treating various cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma. Here we illustrate a simple protocol for the formulation of siRNA-loaded lipid particles by hydration of freeze-dried matrix (HFDM) method for effective delivery of target specific siRNA to papillary thyroid carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Institute for Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Smith RA, Lam AK. BRAF Mutations in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Genomic Approach Using Probe-Based DNA Capture for Next-Generation Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2534:161-174. [PMID: 35670975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is the major mutation in classical subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma and other cancers. It is the most studied predictor of clinical and pathological characteristics as well as molecular targets for cancer therapy. On the other hand, there is potential for many more forms of activating mutation in BRAF that are not detectable by simple assays to detect V600E, or even simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing for full-length BRAF. Such activating mutations could arise from larger-scale rearrangements which may apparently leave no sequence change to BRAF while causing increased expression or activation by unusual means, such as gene fusion. Detection of these kinds of changes can take place using a variety of methods, though capture-based sequencing can identify the existence of such forms of mutant BRAF without needing foreknowledge of the loci involved in these kinds of mutation. In this chapter, we detail a method for capture of specific DNA sequences and their amplification to prepare for massively parallel sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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22
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Shi C, Badgwell BD, Grabsch HI, Gibson MK, Hong SM, Kumarasinghe P, Lam AK, Lauwers G, O'Donovan M, van der Post RS, Tang L, Ushiku T, Vieth M, Selinger CI, Webster F, Nagtegaal ID. Data Set for Reporting Carcinoma of the Stomach in Gastrectomy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 146:1072-1083. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0225-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
A standardized detailed surgical pathology report is the cornerstone of gastric cancer management.
Objective.—
To guide management and prognostication for patients with gastric carcinomas globally, the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting aimed to produce an evidence-based international pathology reporting data set with a panel of globally recognized expert pathologists and clinicians.
Design.—
Based on published guidelines/data sets for gastric carcinomas, a working draft was developed by the chair of the expert panel of pathologists and clinicians. The draft was then circulated to the panel and discussed in a series of teleconferences and email communications until consensus was achieved. The draft data set was uploaded on the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting Web site for public comment. The data set was reviewed in consideration of the feedback, and a final version was approved by the panel.
Results.—
This data set was developed for gastrectomy specimens for primary gastric carcinomas, including neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasms. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, nonepithelial malignancies, and secondary tumors were excluded from this data set. The final data set contains 15 core (required) elements and 8 noncore (recommended) elements. A commentary is provided for each element.
Conclusions.—
The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting has published freely available, evidence-based data sets for gastric cancer reporting. Standardized reporting has been shown to improve patient care and facilitates data exchange and analysis for quality assurance, cancer epidemiology, and clinical and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Shi
- From the Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Shi)
| | - Brian D. Badgwell
- The Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Badgwell)
| | - Heike I. Grabsch
- The Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands (Grabsch)
- The Division of Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (Grabsch)
| | - Michael K. Gibson
- The Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Gibson)
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- The Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Hong)
| | - Priyanthi Kumarasinghe
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, PathWest QEII Medical Center, Perth, Australia (Kumarasinghe)
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- Pathology, School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia (Lam)
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Australia (Lam)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia (Lam)
| | - Gregory Lauwers
- The Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (Lauwers)
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- The Histopathology Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (O'Donovan)
| | - Rachel S. van der Post
- The Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (van der Post and Nagtegaal)
| | - Laura Tang
- The Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, (Tang)
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- The Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Ushiku)
| | - Michael Vieth
- The Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, Germany (Vieth)
| | | | - Fleur Webster
- The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting, Sydney, Australia (Webster)
| | - Iris D. Nagtegaal
- The Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (van der Post and Nagtegaal)
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23
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Cheng T, Lam AK, Gopalan V. Diet derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its pathogenic roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 168:103522. [PMID: 34748942 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are molecules that contaminate meat products during the high-temperature cooking of meat. This study reviewed the pathogenic roles of meat derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Ingested PAHs undergo xenobiotic metabolism resulting in the activation of genotoxic metabolites that can induce DNA damage in the colorectum. Genetic polymorphisms in PAH xenobiotic enzymes are linked to the risk of CRC and suggest a role for PAH-meat ingestion in carcinogenesis of colorectal malignancies. Furthermore, PAH specific DNA adducts have been identified in colorectal cancer tissue and linked to high meat intake. DNA adduct resolution is mediated by the nucleotide excision repair, and polymorphisms within genes of this repair pathway and high meat intake are associated with increased CRC risk. In the literature, there is evidence from metabolic enzyme gene variants, DNA repair genes, PAH metabolites, and epidemiological studies suggesting PAH involvement in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie Cheng
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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24
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Tao Y, Wang F, Shen X, Zhu G, Liu R, Viola D, Elisei R, Puxeddu E, Fugazzola L, Colombo C, Jarzab B, Czarniecka A, Lam AK, Mian C, Vianello F, Yip L, Riesco-Eizaguirre G, Santisteban P, O’Neill CJ, Sywak MS, Clifton-Bligh R, Bendlova B, Sýkorová V, Zhao S, Wang Y, Xing M. BRAF V600E Status Sharply Differentiates Lymph Node Metastasis-associated Mortality Risk in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3228-3238. [PMID: 34273152 PMCID: PMC8530728 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT How lymph node metastasis (LNM)-associated mortality risk is affected by BRAF V600E in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains undefined. OBJECTIVE To study whether BRAF V600E affected LNM-associated mortality in PTC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We retrospectively analyzed the effect of LNM on PTC-specific mortality with respect to BRAF status in 2638 patients (2015 females and 623 males) from 11 centers in 6 countries, with median age of 46 [interquartile range (IQR) 35-58] years and median follow-up time of 58 (IQR 26-107) months. RESULTS Overall, LNM showed a modest mortality risk in wild-type BRAF patients but a strong one in BRAF V600E patients. In conventional PTC (CPTC), LNM showed no increased mortality risk in wild-type BRAF patients but a robustly increased one in BRAF V600E patients; mortality rates were 2/659 (0.3%) vs 4/321 (1.2%) in non-LNM vs LNM patients (P = 0.094) with wild-type BRAF, corresponding to a hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 4.37 (0.80-23.89), which remained insignificant at 3.32 (0.52-21.14) after multivariate adjustment. In BRAF V600E CPTC, morality rates were 7/515 (1.4%) vs 28/363 (7.7%) in non-LNM vs LNM patients (P < 0.001), corresponding to an HR of 4.90 (2.12-11.29) or, after multivariate adjustment, 5.76 (2.19-15.11). Adjusted mortality HR of coexisting LNM and BRAF V600E vs absence of both was 27.39 (5.15-145.80), with Kaplan-Meier analyses showing a similar synergism. CONCLUSIONS LNM-associated mortality risk is sharply differentiated by the BRAF status in PTC; in CPTC, LNM showed no increased mortality risk with wild-type BRAF but a robust one with BRAF mutation. These results have strong clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaopei Shen
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangwu Zhu
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rengyun Liu
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Viola
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Efisio Puxeddu
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Colombo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice,Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czarniecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice,Poland
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine, Griffith University–Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Caterina Mian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Linwah Yip
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Garcilaso Riesco-Eizaguirre
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Hospital Universitario La Paz and Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute “Alberto Sols,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciberonc, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Biomedical Research Institute “Alberto Sols,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciberonc, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mark S Sywak
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Bela Bendlova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Sýkorová
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shihua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Mingzhao Xing, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD 21207, USA.
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25
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Curtin J, Wong G, Wang W, Thomson P, Lam AK, Choi SW. A comparison of two methods for the detection of circulating tumour cells in patients with oral cavity cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 51:249-255. [PMID: 34586677 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) detected in patient blood samples are relevant as diagnostic and prognostic markers offering insights into tumour behaviour and guiding treatment of cancer at an individualised level. The aim of this study was to ascertain the feasibility of detecting CTCs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using two different methods so as to determine the optimal method for the study of this cancer. METHODS Comparison of the numbers of CTCs, circulating tumour micro-emboli (CTMs) and circulating tumour endothelial cells (CTECs), was undertaken in forty clinical samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) determined by filtration (ISET® ) and in situ fluorescent immunostaining (i-FISH, Cytelligen® ) immunostaining and in situ hybridisation. RESULTS i-FISH detected CTCs in 80% of samples compared with 40% of samples analysed by microfiltration. i-FISH detected CTCs in a further 40% of samples in which microfiltration did not detect CTCs. No CTC clusters were detected by microfiltration while i-FISH detected CTM in 12.5% of samples. i-FISH analysis detected CTECs in 20/40 samples. CONCLUSION These results highlight significant differences in detection of CTCs, CTM and CTECs between i-FISH and microfiltration when applied to OSCC samples, suggesting that technologies capable of detecting circulating aneuploid cells more accurately detect CTCs. i-FISH also detected CTM and CTEC not detected using ISET® . With proven prognostic relevance in adenocarcinomas, accurate enumeration of CTCs, CTMs and CTECs may be a clinically useful tool in the management of OSCC and may aid in the reduction of false-negative diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Curtin
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Gordon Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Weilan Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peter Thomson
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Siu-Wai Choi
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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26
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Islam F, Gopalan V, Lu CT, Pillai S, Lam AK. Identification of novel mutations and functional impacts of EPAS1 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5557-5573. [PMID: 34250767 PMCID: PMC8366083 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial PAS domain‐containing protein 1 (EPAS1) has implications in many cancers. However, the molecular behaviours, functional roles and mutational status of EPAS1 have never been studied in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The study aims to examine the genetic alterations and functional roles of EPAS1 in CRC. In addition, the clinical impacts of EPAS1 in CRC were studied. Significant EPAS1 DNA amplification (63.4%; n = 52/82) and consequent mRNA overexpression (72%; n = 59/82) were noted in patients with CRC. In CRC, 16% (n = 13/82) of the patients had mutations in the EPAS1 coding sequence and most of the mutated samples exhibited aberrant DNA changes and mRNA overexpression. We have identified two novel variants, c.1084C>T; p.L362L and c.1121T>G; p.F374C in CRC. These EPAS1 aberrations in CRC were correlated with clinicopathological parameters, including tumour size, histological grade, T‐stages, cancer perforation as well as the presence of synchronous cancer. Also, reduced cell proliferation, wound healing, migration and invasion were noted in colon cancer cells followed by EPAS1 silencing. To conclude, the results obtained from the current study indicated that EPAS1 plays important role in colorectal carcinogenesis, thus, could be useful as a prognostic marker and as a target for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cu Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Thet Z, Lam AK, Ranganathan D, Aung SY, Han T, Khoo TK. Reducing non-melanoma skin cancer risk in renal transplant recipients. Nephrology (Carlton) 2021; 26:907-919. [PMID: 34240786 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing number of renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and improving patient survival, a higher incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been observed. NMSC in RTRs are often more numerous and biologically more aggressive than the general population, thus contributing towards an increase in morbidity and to a lesser degree, mortality. The resultant cumulative health and financial burden is a recognized concern. Proposed strategies in mitigating risks of developing NMSC and early therapeutic options thereof include tailored modification of immunosuppressants in conjunction with sun protection in all transplant patients. This review highlights the clinical and financial burden of transplant-associated skin cancers, carcinogenic mechanisms in association with immunosuppression, importance of skin cancer awareness campaign and integrated transplant skin clinic, and the potential role of chemoprotective agents. A scheme is proposed for primary and secondary prevention of NMSC based on the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Thet
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dwarakanathan Ranganathan
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soe Yu Aung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Oncology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thin Han
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Candy PA, Koh MA, Lam AK, Pillai S. Case report: primary parotid gland squamous cell carcinoma occurring within a concurrent lymphoepithelial cyst. Pathology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Lam AK, Bourke MJ, Chen R, Fiocca R, Fujishima F, Fujii S, Jansen M, Kumarasinghe P, Langer R, Law S, Meijer SL, Muldoon C, Novelli M, Shi C, Tang L, Nagtegaal ID. Dataset for the reporting of carcinoma of the esophagus in resection specimens: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting. Hum Pathol 2021; 114:54-65. [PMID: 33992659 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A standardized data set for esophageal carcinoma pathology reporting was developed based on the approach of the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) for the purpose of improving cancer patient outcomes and international benchmarking in cancer management. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ICCR convened a multidisciplinary international expert panel to identify the best evidence-based clinical and pathological parameters for inclusion in the data set for esophageal carcinoma. The data set incorporated the current edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, and Tumour-Node-Metastasis staging systems. RESULTS The scope of the data set encompassed resection specimens of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction with tumor epicenter ≤20 mm into the proximal stomach. Core reporting elements included information on neoadjuvant therapy, operative procedure used, tumor focality, tumor site, tumor dimensions, distance of tumor to resection margins, histological tumor type, presence and type of dysplasia, tumor grade, extent of invasion in the esophagus, lymphovascular invasion, response to neoadjuvant therapy, status of resection margin, ancillary studies, lymph node status, distant metastases, and pathological staging. Additional non-core elements considered useful to report included clinical information, specimen dimensions, macroscopic appearance of tumor, and coexistent pathology. CONCLUSIONS This is the first international peer-reviewed structured reporting data set for surgically resected specimens of the esophagus. The ICCR carcinoma of the esophagus data set is recommended for routine use globally and is a valuable tool to support standardized reporting, to benefit patient care by providing diagnostic and prognostic best-practice parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
| | - Michael J Bourke
- Westmead Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.
| | - Renyin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Roberto Fiocca
- Department of Pathology, University of Genova and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Centre Hospital East, Kashiwa, 6-5-1, Japan.
| | - Marnix Jansen
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom; University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Priyanthi Kumarasinghe
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, PathWest QEII Medical Centre, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Simon Law
- Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Cian Muldoon
- Histopathology Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin, D08 NHY1, Ireland.
| | - Marco Novelli
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, United States.
| | - Laura Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York City, NY, 10065, United States.
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6500, the Netherlands.
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30
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Abe I, Islam F, Lo CY, Liew V, Pillai S, Lam AK. VEGF-A/VEGF-B/VEGF-C expressions in non-hereditary, non-metastatic phaeochromocytoma. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:645-652. [PMID: 33734425 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is important in pathogenesis of different cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between different VEGFs and clinicopathological factors in patients with phaeochromocytomas. Twenty patients (10 men; 10 women) with non-hereditary, non-metastatic phaeochromocytomas were examined for VEGF mRNA expressions by polymerase chain reaction. The expressions were correlated with the clinical and pathological factors of the patients. In addition, mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) expression in these tumours were studied by immunohistochemistry. High expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and VEGF-C mRNA were detected in 11 (55%), 9 (45%), and 9 (45%) of the tumours respectively. High expression of VEGF-A in phaeochromocytomas was significantly correlated with the tumour size (p=0.025) but did not correlate with patients' age, gender, and tumour laterality. Besides, there was a trend of VEGF-A expression correlated with MDM2 expression (p=0.064). On the other hand, expressions of VEGF-B and VEGF-C were not significantly correlated with tumour size, patients' age, gender, tumour laterality, and MDM2 expression. In addition, high expressions of VEGF-B and VEGF-A were associated with increase of tumour size (p=0.042). Co-expression of different VEGFs did not correlate with MDM2 expression. To conclude, there is a role for VEGF-A/VEGF-B/VEGF-C in the pathogenesis of non-hereditary, non-metastatic phaeochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Abe
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Chung Yau Lo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Victor Liew
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast Private Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-22 nucleotides long single-stranded noncoding RNAs. They regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by base pairing with the complementary sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of their targeted mRNA. Aberrant expression of miRNAs leads to alterations in the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, thereby affecting cellular growth, proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion capacity of gastrointestinal cells, including cells of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Thus, alterations in miRNAs expression associated with the pathogenesis and progression of ESCC. In addition, expression profiles of miRNAs correlated with various clinicopathological factors, including pathological stages, histological differentiation, invasion, metastasis of cancer, as well as survival rates and therapy response of patients with ESCC. Consequently, expression profiles of miRNAs could be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and prediction biomarkers in ESCC. Herein, we describe the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and microarray methods for detection and quantitate miRNAs in ESCC. In addition, we summarize the roles of miRNAs in ESCC pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Researchers are developing new techniques and technologies to determine the characteristic features for cancer progression, thereby identifying potential targets and therapeutics to interfere these hallmark processes of cancer pathogenesis. The transformative researches using these in vitro methods have enable researchers to design precision treatments of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). These in vitro methods mainly include analysis of cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, colony formation, invasion, and migration in ESCC cells for analyzing manipulations affecting the biological behavior of ESCC. Because of these studies, important information on molecular mechanisms of different genes and proteins as well as result of therapeutic interventions are confirmed in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Washington MK, Goldberg RM, Chang GJ, Limburg P, Lam AK, Salto-Tellez M, Arends MJ, Nagtegaal ID, Klimstra DS, Rugge M, Schirmacher P, Lazar AJ, Odze RD, Carneiro F, Fukayama M, Cree IA. Diagnosis of digestive system tumours. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:1040-1050. [PMID: 32674220 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The WHO Classification of Tumours provides the international standards for the classification and diagnosis of tumours. It enables direct comparisons to be made between different countries. In the new fifth edition, the series has gone digital with the launch of a website as well as a series of books, known widely as the WHO Blue Books. The first volume to be produced is on the classification of Digestive System tumours, replacing the successful 2010 version. It has been rewritten and updated accordingly. This article summarises the major diagnostic innovations that have occurred over the last decade and that have now been incorporated in the classification. As an example, it incorporates the recently proposed classification of neuroendocrine tumours, based on the recognition that neuroendocrine tumours and carcinomas differ substantially in the genetic abnormalities that drive their growth, findings relevant to treatment selection and outcome prediction. Several themes have emerged during the production process. One is the importance of the progression from hyperplasia to dysplasia to carcinoma in the evolution of the malignant process. Advances in imaging techniques and endoscopy have resulted in enhanced access to precancerous lesions in the gastrointestinal and biliary tract, necessitating both changes in classification schema and clinical practice. Diagnosis of tumours is no longer the sole purview of pathologists, and some patients now receive treatment before tissue is obtained, based on clinical, radiological and liquid biopsy results. This makes the classification relevant to many disciplines involved in the care of patients with tumours of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M Goldberg
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute and the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - George J Chang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Limburg
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Pathology, School of Medicine, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Queen's Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander J Lazar
- Departments of Pathology, Genomic Medicine, and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ian A Cree
- WHO Classification of Tumours Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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Papathomas TG, Suurd DPD, Pacak K, Tischler AS, Vriens MR, Lam AK, de Krijger RR. What Have We Learned from Molecular Biology of Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas? Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:134-153. [PMID: 33433885 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics have led to increased understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). Thus, pan-genomic studies now provide a comprehensive integrated genomic analysis of PPGLs into distinct molecularly defined subtypes concordant with tumour genotypes. In addition, new embryological discoveries have refined the concept of how normal paraganglia develop, potentially establishing a developmental basis for genotype-phenotype correlations for PPGLs. The challenge for modern pathology is to translate these scientific discoveries into routine practice, which will be based largely on histopathology for the foreseeable future. Here, we review recent progress concerning the cell of origin and molecular pathogenesis of PPGLs, including pathogenetic mechanisms, genetic susceptibility and molecular classification. The current roles and tools of pathologists are considered from a histopathological perspective, including differential diagnoses, genotype-phenotype correlations and the use of immunohistochemistry in identifying hereditary predisposition and validating genetic variants of unknown significance. Current and potential molecular prognosticators are also presented with the hope that predictive molecular biomarkers will be integrated into risk stratification scoring systems to assess the metastatic potential of these intriguing neoplasms and identify potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Papathomas
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Gloucestershire Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Cheltenham General Hospital, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Diederik P D Suurd
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arthur S Tischler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The molecular characterization of poorly and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas has been greatly improved in the last years following the advent of high throughput technologies. However, with special reference to genomic data, the prevalence of reported alterations is partly affected by classification criteria. The impact of molecular pathology in these tumors is multifaceted and bears diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive implications although its use in the clinical practice is not completely assessed. Genomic profiling data claim that genetic alterations in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas include "Early" and "Late" molecular events, which are consistent with a multi-step model of progression. "Early" driver events are mostly RAS and BRAF mutations, whereas "Late" changes include above all TP53 and TERT promoter mutations, as well as dysregulation of gene involved in the cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA mismatch repair. Gene fusions are rare but represent relevant therapeutic targets. Epigenetic modifications are also playing a relevant role in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, with altered regulation of either genes by methylation/deacetylation or non-coding RNAs. The biological effects of epigenetic modifications are not fully elucidated but interfere with a wide spectrum of cellular functions. From a clinical standpoint, the combination of genomic and epigenetic data shows that several molecular alterations affect druggable cellular pathways in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, although the clinical impact of molecular typing of these tumors in terms of predictive biomarker testing is still under exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
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36
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Das PK, Islam F, Smith RA, Lam AK. Therapeutic Strategies Against Cancer Stem Cells in Esophageal Carcinomas. Front Oncol 2021; 10:598957. [PMID: 33665161 PMCID: PMC7921694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.598957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in esophageal cancer have a key role in tumor initiation, progression and therapy resistance. Novel therapeutic strategies to target CSCs are being tested, however, more in-depth research is necessary. Eradication of CSCs can result in successful therapeutic approaches against esophageal cancer. Recent evidence suggests that targeting signaling pathways, miRNA expression profiles and other properties of CSCs are important strategies for cancer therapy. Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo and other pathways play crucial roles in proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of stem cells as well as of CSCs. All of these pathways have been implicated in the regulation of esophageal CSCs and are potential therapeutic targets. Interference with these pathways or their components using small molecules could have therapeutic benefits. Similarly, miRNAs are able to regulate gene expression in esophageal CSCs, so targeting self-renewal pathways with miRNA could be utilized to as a potential therapeutic option. Moreover, hypoxia plays critical roles in esophageal cancer metabolism, stem cell proliferation, maintaining aggressiveness and in regulating the metastatic potential of cancer cells, therefore, targeting hypoxia factors could also provide effective therapeutic modalities against esophageal CSCs. To conclude, additional study of CSCs in esophageal carcinoma could open promising therapeutic options in esophageal carcinomas by targeting hyper-activated signaling pathways, manipulating miRNA expression and hypoxia mechanisms in esophageal CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert A Smith
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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37
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Williams TA, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rainey WE, Giordano TJ, Lam AK, Marker A, Mete O, Yamazaki Y, Zerbini MCN, Beuschlein F, Satoh F, Burrello J, Schneider H, Lenders JWM, Mulatero P, Castellano I, Knösel T, Papotti M, Saeger W, Sasano H, Reincke M. International Histopathology Consensus for Unilateral Primary Aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:42-54. [PMID: 32717746 PMCID: PMC7765663 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a consensus for the nomenclature and definition of adrenal histopathologic features in unilateral primary aldosteronism (PA). CONTEXT Unilateral PA is the most common surgically treated form of hypertension. Morphologic examination combined with CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) immunostaining reveals diverse histopathologic features of lesions in the resected adrenals. PATIENTS AND METHODS Surgically removed adrenals (n = 37) from 90 patients operated from 2015 to 2018 in Munich, Germany, were selected to represent the broad histologic spectrum of unilateral PA. Five pathologists (Group 1 from Germany, Italy, and Japan) evaluated the histopathology of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and CYP11B2 immunostained sections, and a consensus was established to define the identifiable features. The consensus was subsequently used by 6 additional pathologists (Group 2 from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, United States) for the assessment of all adrenals with disagreement for histopathologic diagnoses among group 1 pathologists. RESULTS Consensus was achieved to define histopathologic features associated with PA. Use of CYP11B2 immunostaining resulted in a change of the original HE morphology-driven diagnosis in 5 (14%) of 37 cases. Using the consensus criteria, group 2 pathologists agreed for the evaluation of 11 of the 12 cases of disagreement among group 1 pathologists. CONCLUSION The HISTALDO (histopathology of primary aldosteronism) consensus is useful to standardize nomenclature and achieve consistency among pathologists for the histopathologic diagnosis of unilateral PA. CYP11B2 immunohistochemistry should be incorporated into the routine clinical diagnostic workup to localize the likely source of aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Ann Williams
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Tracy Ann Williams PhD, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 München, Germany. E-mail: ; Hironobu Sasano MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryou-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan 980–8575. E-mail:
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alison Marker
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Holger Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabella Castellano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Tracy Ann Williams PhD, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 München, Germany. E-mail: ; Hironobu Sasano MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryou-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan 980–8575. E-mail:
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Ochi K, Abe I, Yamazaki Y, Nagata M, Senda Y, Takeshita K, Koga M, Yamao Y, Shigeoka T, Kudo T, Fukuhara Y, Miyajima S, Taira H, Haraoka S, Ishii T, Takashi Y, Lam AK, Sasano H, Kobayashi K. Adrenal Hemorrhage in a Cortisol-Secreting Adenoma Caused by Antiphospholipid Syndrome Revealed by Clinical and Pathological Investigations: A Case Report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:769450. [PMID: 35185780 PMCID: PMC8850263 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.769450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its rarity, adrenal hemorrhage is difficult to diagnose, and its precise etiology has remained unknown. One of the pivotal mechanisms of adrenal hemorrhage is the thrombosis of the adrenal vein, which could be due to thrombophilia. However, detailed pathological evaluation of resected adrenal glands is usually required for definitive diagnosis. Here, we report a case of a cortisol-secreting adenoma with concomitant foci of hemorrhage due to antiphospholipid syndrome diagnosed both clinically and pathologically. In addition, the tumor in this case was pathologically diagnosed as cortisol-secreting adenoma, although the patient did not necessarily fulfill the clinical diagnostic criteria of full-blown Cushing or sub-clinical Cushing syndrome during the clinical course, which also did highlight the importance of detailed histopathological investigations of resected adrenocortical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ochi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Ichiro Abe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ichiro Abe, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-7545-9751
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mai Nagata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Yuki Senda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Kaori Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Midori Koga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamao
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Toru Shigeoka
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Tadachika Kudo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Shigero Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Taira
- Department of Urology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Shoji Haraoka
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Tatsu Ishii
- Department of Urology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
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Thet Z, Lam AK, Ng SK, Aung SY, Han T, Ranganathan D, Borg J, Pepito C, Khoo TK. Comparison of skin cancer awareness and sun protection behaviours between renal transplant recipients and patients with glomerular disease treated with immunosuppressants. Nephrology (Carlton) 2020; 26:294-302. [PMID: 34308553 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no previous study that compare skin cancer awareness and photoprotective behaviours between renal transplant recipients (RTR) and patients with glomerular disease (GD). OBJECTIVES/METHODS Sixty-one RTR and 51 patients with GD were given a self-reported questionnaire to evaluate skin cancer awareness and photoprotective behaviours in this cross-sectional study. The former group received a formal education on skin cancer and the latter an informal session prior to immunosuppressant use. RESULTS Ninety-three percent (n = 57) of RTRs and 88% (n = 45) of patients with GD responded to the survey. Majority of participants from both groups were aware that ultraviolet radiation could play a role in the occurrence of skin cancers and the awareness increased in participants with higher education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-1.95, P = .003). Ninety-eight percent vs 71% were aware that immunosuppressants can increase the risk of developing cancer (P < .001) and higher awareness was noted in younger participants (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87-0.97, P = .003). Suboptimal photoprotective behaviours (sun avoidance, sunscreen usage and sun-protective clothing) were noted in both cohorts and slightly lower sun protection rates were reported in RTR when compared with patients having GD. The level of sun protective measures in RTR based on high, moderate and minimal use of photoprotective measures were 21%, 46% and 33%, respectively. In terms of patients with GD, the latter practices were 13%, 50% and 37%, respectively (P = .560). Higher educational status was significantly associated with better sunscreen usage in RTR (P = .017) whereas this finding was not observed in patients with GD. CONCLUSION Patients with GD and RTR should have formal education on the risks of skin cancers before starting immunosuppressants. Follow-up education and surveillance is required to improve skin protective practices in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Thet
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soe Yu Aung
- Department of Oncology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thin Han
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dwarakanathan Ranganathan
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Borg
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christine Pepito
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Fridman M, Krasko O, Levin L, Veyalkin I, Lam AK. Second primary malignancies in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after effect of post-chernobyl irradiation: A risk analysis of more than two decades of observations. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 70:101860. [PMID: 33260097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second primary malignancy in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl accident is an emerging problem. The aims of the study are to investigate the rates and distribution of second primary malignant tumours in Belarus survivors of post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma and the cumulative rate of developing a second primary malignancy in a group of patients with metachronous second primaries. METHODS Patients aged 18 or younger at the time of Chernobyl accident who were diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma after 1986 were identified from the Belarus Cancer Registry. The clinical and demographic of these patients were analysed to correlate with the factors for the development of secondary primary cancer. RESULTS Secondary primary cancer was detected in 1.8 % (119 of 6559) of the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. The cumulative incidence tended to rise with increasing age of the cohort and varied depending on the sex of patients. In female patients, breast carcinoma and genital tract carcinomas prevailed, in men patients - lymphoma/ leukaemia and the alimentary tract malignancies predominated. A significant excess risk was revealed for breast carcinoma in females, colon carcinoma in males, and the urinary system carcinomas in males (absolute excess risk [AER] = 3.23, 3.01 and 2.17 correspondingly). Overall, our results pointed to the increased risk of new solid primaries in females, males and both genders (AER = 3.31, 7.19, 4.28 correspondingly) as well as increase risk of lymphoid/hematopoietic malignancies in females and both genders (AER = 1.24) and leukaemia in male patients (AER = 1.45). CONCLUSION Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl accident are at risk of secondary primary malignancy. Awareness and screening of secondary cancer is needed for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Fridman
- Republican Centre for Thyroid Tumours, Department of Pathology, 220013, Nezavisimosty Av., 64, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Olga Krasko
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220012, Surganova St. 6, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Leonid Levin
- N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, 223040, Lesnoy, Belarus.
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Scientific Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, 246040, Illich, 290, Gomel, Belarus.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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Das PK, Asha SY, Abe I, Islam F, Lam AK. Roles of Non-Coding RNAs on Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3159. [PMID: 33126409 PMCID: PMC7693255 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) remains as one of the most aggressive human carcinomas with poor survival rates in patients with the cancer despite therapeutic interventions. Novel targeted and personalized therapies could solve the puzzle of poor survival rates of patients with ATC. In this review, we discuss the role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression in ATC as well as how the changes in their expression could potentially reshape the characteristics of ATCs. A broad range of miRNA, such as miR-205, miR-19a, miR-17-3p and miR-17-5p, miR-618, miR-20a, miR-155, etc., have abnormal expressions in ATC tissues and cells when compared to those of non-neoplastic thyroid tissues and cells. Moreover, lncRNAs, such as H19, Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex P5 (HCP5), Urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1), Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), etc., participate in transcription and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in ATC cells. Dysregulations of these non-coding RNAs were associated with development and progression of ATC by modulating the functions of oncogenes during tumour progression. Thus, restoration of the abnormal expression of these miRNAs and lncRNAs may serve as promising ways to treat the patients with ATC. In addition, siRNA mediated inhibition of several oncogenes may act as a potential option against ATC. Thus, non-coding RNAs can be useful as prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for the better management of patients with ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (P.K.D.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Saharia Yeasmin Asha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (P.K.D.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Ichiro Abe
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8502, Japan
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (P.K.D.); (S.Y.A.)
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
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Islam F, Gopalan V, Law S, Lam AK, Pillai S. Molecular Deregulation of EPAS1 in the Pathogenesis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1534. [PMID: 33042797 PMCID: PMC7518048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1) is an angiogenic factor and its implications have been reported in many cancers but not in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Herein, we aim to examine the genetic and molecular alterations, clinical implications, and functional roles of EPAS1 in ESCC. High-resolution melt-curve analysis and Sanger sequencing were used to detect mutations in EPAS1 sequence. EPAS1 DNA number changes and mRNA expressions were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. in vitro functional assays were used to study the impact of EPAS1 on cellular behaviors. Overall, 7.5% (n = 6/80) of patients with ESCC had mutations in EPAS1, and eight novel variants (c.1084C>T, c.1099C>A, c.1145_1145delT, c.1093C>G, c.1121T>G, c.1137_1137delG, c.1135_1136insT, and c.1091_1092insT) were detected. Among these mutations, four were frameshift (V382Gfs*12, A381Lfs*13, K379Ifs*6, and K364Nfs*12) mutations and showed the potential of non–sense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in computational analysis. The majority of patients showed molecular deregulation of EPAS1 [45% (n = 36/80) DNA amplification, 42.5% (n = 34/80) DNA deletion, as well as 53.7% (n = 43/80) high mRNA expression, 20% (n = 16/80) low mRNA expression]. These alterations of EPAS1 were associated with tumor location and T stages. Patients with stage III ESCC having EPAS1 DNA amplification had poorer survival rates in comparison to EPAS1 DNA deletion (p = 0.04). In addition, suppression of EPAS1 in ESCC cells showed reduced proliferation, wound healing, migration, and invasion in comparison to that of control cells. Thus, the molecular and functional studies implied that EPAS1 plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of ESCC and has the potential to be used as a prognostic marker and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Law
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Ghossein R, Barletta JA, Bullock M, Johnson SJ, Kakudo K, Lam AK, Moonim MT, Poller DN, Tallini G, Tuttle RM, Xu B, Gill AJ. Data set for reporting carcinoma of the thyroid: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting. Hum Pathol 2020; 110:62-72. [PMID: 32920035 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer therapy is increasingly tailored to patients' risk of recurrence and death, placing renewed importance on pathologic parameters. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), an organization promoting evidence-based, internationally agreed-upon standardized pathology data sets, is the ideal conduit for the development of a pathology reporting protocol aimed at improving the care of patients with thyroid carcinomas. An international expert panel reviewed each element of thyroid pathology reporting. Recommendations were made based on the most recent literature and expert opinion.The data set uses the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification for the purpose of a more clinically and prognostically relevant nomenclature. One example is the restriction of the term minimally invasive follicular carcinoma to tumors with capsular invasion only. It reinforces the already established criteria for blood vessel invasion adopted by the most recent WHO classification and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology fascicle. It emphasizes the importance of the extent of blood vessel invasion and extrathyroid extension to better stratify patients for appropriate therapy. It is the first data set that requires pathologists to use the more recently recognized prognostically powerful parameters of mitotic activity and tumor necrosis. It highlights the importance of assessing nodal disease volume in predicting the risk of recurrence.The ICCR thyroid data set provides the tools to generate a report that will guide patient treatment in a more rational manner aiming to prevent the undertreatment of threatening malignancies and spare patients with indolent tumors the morbidity of unnecessary therapy. We recommend its routine use internationally for reporting thyroid carcinoma histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Martin Bullock
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Kennichi Kakudo
- Department of Pathology and Thyroid Disease Centre, Izumi City General Hospital, Izumi, 594-0073, Japan
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Mufaddal T Moonim
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David N Poller
- Department of Pathology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY, UK
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Pathology, University of Bologna Medical Center, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Michael Tuttle
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anthony J Gill
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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Quezada-Marín JI, Lam AK, Ochiai A, Odze RD, Washington KM, Fukayama M, Rugge M, Klimstra DS, Nagtegaal ID, Tan PH, Arends MJ, Goldblum JR, Cree IA, Salto-Tellez M. Gastrointestinal tissue-based molecular biomarkers: a practical categorisation based on the 2019 World Health Organization classification of epithelial digestive tumours. Histopathology 2020; 77:340-350. [PMID: 32320495 DOI: 10.1111/his.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers have come to constitute one of the cornerstones of oncological pathology. The method of classification not only directly affects the manner in which patients are diagnosed and treated, but also guides the development of drugs and of artificial intelligence tools. The aim of this article is to organise and update gastrointestinal molecular biomarkers in order to produce an easy-to-use guide for routine diagnostics. For this purpose, we have extracted and reorganised the molecular information on epithelial neoplasms included in the 2019 World Health Organization classification of tumours. Digestive system tumours, 5th edn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I Quezada-Marín
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Anatomical Pathology Service, Puerto Montt Hospital, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Centre, National Cancer Centre, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Kay M Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Puay-Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John R Goldblum
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ian A Cree
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Cellular Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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Das PK, Islam F, Lam AK. The Roles of Cancer Stem Cells and Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061392. [PMID: 32503256 PMCID: PMC7348976 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main culprits involved in therapy resistance and disease recurrence in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Results using cell culture, animal models and tissues from patients with CRC suggest the indispensable roles of colorectal CSCs in therapeutic failure. Conventional therapies target proliferating and mature cancer cells, while CSCs are mostly quiescent and poorly differentiated, thereby they can easily survive chemotherapeutic insults. The aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo/YAP (Yes-associated protein) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B facilitates CSCs with excessive self-renewal and therapy resistance property in CRC. CSCs survive the chemo-radiotherapies by escaping therapy mediated DNA damage via altering the cell cycle checkpoints, increasing DNA damage repair capacity and by an efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, dysregulations of miRNAs e.g., miR-21, miR-93, miR-203, miR-215, miR-497 etc., modulate the therapeutic sensitivity of colorectal CSCs by regulating growth and survival signalling. In addition, a reversible quiescent G0 state and the re-entering cell cycle capacity of colorectal CSCs can accelerate tumour regeneration after treatment. Moreover, switching to favourable metabolic signatures during a therapeutic regimen will add more complexity in therapeutic outcomes against CSCs. Therapeutic strategies targeting these underlying mechanisms of CSCs’ therapy resistance could provide a promising outcome, however, deep understanding and concerted research are necessary to design novel therapies targeting CSCs. To conclude, the understanding of these mechanisms of CSC in CRC could lead to the improved management of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: or (F.I.); (A.K.L.); Tel.: +88-0721-750041-9 (F.I.); +61-7-56780718 (A.K.L.); Fax: +88-0721-750064 (F.I.); +61-7-56780303 (A.K.L.)
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: or (F.I.); (A.K.L.); Tel.: +88-0721-750041-9 (F.I.); +61-7-56780718 (A.K.L.); Fax: +88-0721-750064 (F.I.); +61-7-56780303 (A.K.L.)
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Thet Z, Lam AK, Ranganathan D, Aung SY, Khoo TK. Cancer risks along the disease trajectory in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:2501-2513. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gounden S, Chan E, Ho D, Gopalan V, Lam AK. Evaluating self reported student competency in clinically integrated histopathology using a multi-station based and student-centred approach in graduate medical education. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.01.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gounden S, Tin K, Lam AK, Olumbe AK. Rare occurrence of cerebral metastases in a young female with adrenocortical carcinoma: forensic presentation. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.01.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yu VZ, Ip JCY, Ko JMY, Tao L, Lam AK, Lung ML. Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2129:149-160. [PMID: 32056176 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0377-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orthotopic xenograft model recapitulates the faithful organ-specific microenvironment and facilitates analyses involving tumor-stromal interactions that are crucial for developing new-generation cancer therapy. Herein, we describe the detailed rationales and protocols of a versatile orthotopic xenograft model for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valen Z Yu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Joseph C Y Ip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Vium Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Josephine M Y Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Vium Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Lihua Tao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria L Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological subtype of esophageal cancer. The carcinoma is more common in high-incidence areas such as in Central and Southeast Asia, Eastern and Southern Africa, South America, etc. Common risk factors associated with the cancer are tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Dietary factors, genetic factors, microorganisms, and some other environmental factors may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Despite the global incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma decreases slightly in the recent years, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is still a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Further improvement of the outcomes of the patients with the disease could be achieved by early diagnosis, collaborative efforts of multidisciplinary clinical and research teams, use of standardized protocol for pathological reporting and staging of the disease, proper use of cancer tissue, as well as improvement in clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and research approaches to the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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