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Yu VZ, Ip JCY, Ko JMY, Tao L, Lam AK, Lung ML. Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2129:149-160. [PMID: 32056176 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0377-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orthotopic xenograft model recapitulates the faithful organ-specific microenvironment and facilitates analyses involving tumor-stromal interactions that are crucial for developing new-generation cancer therapy. Herein, we describe the detailed rationales and protocols of a versatile orthotopic xenograft model for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valen Z Yu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Joseph C Y Ip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Vium Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Josephine M Y Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Vium Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Lihua Tao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria L Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Cheng Y, Ho RLKY, Chan KC, Kan R, Tung E, Lung HL, Yau WL, Cheung AKL, Ko JMY, Zhang ZF, Luo DZ, Feng ZB, Chen S, Guan XY, Kwong D, Stanbridge EJ, Lung ML. Anti-angiogenic pathway associations of the 3p21.3 mapped BLU gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:4219-28. [PMID: 25347745 PMCID: PMC4761643 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-finger, MYND-type containing 10 (ZMYND10), or more commonly called BLU, expression is frequently downregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and many other tumors due to promoter hypermethylation. Functional evidence shows that the BLU gene inhibits tumor growth in animal assays, but the detailed molecular mechanism responsible for this is still not well understood. In current studies, we find that 93.5% of early-stage primary NPC tumors show downregulated BLU expression. Using a PCR array, overexpression of the BLU gene was correlated to the angiogenesis network in NPC cells. Moreover, expression changes of the MMP family, VEGF and TSP1, were often detected in different stages of NPC, suggesting the possibility that BLU may be directly involved in the microenvironment and anti-angiogenic activity in NPC development. Compared with vector-alone control cells, BLU stable transfectants, derived from poorly-differentiated NPC HONE1 cells, suppress VEGF165, VEGF189 and TSP1 expression at both the RNA and protein levels, and significantly reduce the secreted VEGF protein in these cells, reflecting an unknown regulatory mechanism mediated by the BLU gene in NPC. Cells expressing BLU inhibited cellular invasion, migration and tube formation. These in vitro results were further confirmed by in vivo tumor suppression and a matrigel plug angiogenesis assay in nude mice. Tube-forming ability was clearly inhibited, when the BLU gene is expressed in these cells. Up to 70-90% of injected tumor cells expressing increased exogenous BLU underwent cell death in animal assays. Overexpressed BLU only inhibited VEGF165 expression in differentiated squamous NPC HK1 cells, but also showed an anti-angiogenic effect in the animal assay, revealing a complicated mechanism regulating angiogenesis and the microenvironment in different NPC cell lines. Results of these studies indicate that alteration of BLU gene expression influences anti-angiogenesis pathways and is important for the development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - R L K Y Ho
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - K C Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - R Kan
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - E Tung
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - H L Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - W L Yau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - A K L Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - J M Y Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Z F Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - D Z Luo
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Z B Feng
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - S Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - X Y Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - D Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - E J Stanbridge
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M L Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
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Lung HL, Man OY, Yeung MC, Ko JMY, Cheung AKL, Law EWL, Yu Z, Shuen WH, Tung E, Chan SHK, Bangarusamy DK, Cheng Y, Yang X, Kan R, Phoon Y, Chan KC, Chua D, Kwong DL, Lee AWM, Ji MF, Lung ML. SAA1 polymorphisms are associated with variation in antiangiogenic and tumor-suppressive activities in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:878-89. [PMID: 24608426 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer that occurs in high frequency in Southern China. A previous functional complementation approach and the subsequent cDNA microarray analysis have identified that serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an NPC candidate tumor suppressor gene. SAA1 belongs to a family of acute-phase proteins that are encoded by five polymorphic coding alleles. The SAA1 genotyping results showed that only three SAA1 isoforms (SAA1.1, 1.3 and 1.5) were observed in both Hong Kong NPC patients and healthy individuals. This study aims to determine the functional role of SAA1 polymorphisms in tumor progression and to investigate the relationship between SAA1 polymorphisms and NPC risk. Indeed, we have shown that restoration of SAA1.1 and 1.3 in the SAA1-deficient NPC cell lines could suppress tumor formation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The secreted SAA1.1 and SAA1.3 proteins can block cell adhesion and induce apoptosis in the vascular endothelial cells. In contrast, the SAA1.5 cannot induce apoptosis or inhibit angiogenesis because of its weaker binding affinity to αVβ3 integrin. This can explain why SAA1.5 has no tumor-suppressive effects. Furthermore, the NPC tumors with this particular SAA1.5/1.5 genotype showed higher levels of SAA1 gene expression, and SAA1.1 and 1.3 alleles were preferentially inactivated in tumor tissues that were examined. These findings further strengthen the conclusion for the defective function of SAA1.5 in suppression of tumor formation and angiogenesis. Interestingly, the frequency of the SAA1.5/1.5 genotype in NPC patients was ~2-fold higher than in the healthy individuals (P=0.00128, odds ratio=2.28), which indicates that this SAA1 genotype is significantly associated with a higher NPC risk. Collectively, this homozygous SAA1.5/1.5 genotype appears to be a recessive susceptibility gene, which has lost the antiangiogenic function, whereas SAA1.1 and SAA1.3 are the dominant alleles of the tumor suppressor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - O Y Man
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - M C Yeung
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - J M Y Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - A K L Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - E W L Law
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - W H Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - E Tung
- 1] Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [2] Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - S H K Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - D K Bangarusamy
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Singapore
| | - Y Cheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - R Kan
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Y Phoon
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - K C Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - D Chua
- 1] Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [2] Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [3] Comprehensive Oncology Centre, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - D L Kwong
- 1] Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [2] Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - A W M Lee
- 1] Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [2] Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [3] Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - M F Ji
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan City Hospital, Zhongshan, People's Republic of China
| | - M L Lung
- 1] Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China [2] Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
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Lo PHY, Leung ACC, Kwok CYC, Cheung WSY, Ko JMY, Yang LC, Law S, Wang LD, Li J, Stanbridge EJ, Srivastava G, Tang JCO, Tsao SW, Lung ML. Identification of a tumor suppressive critical region mapping to 3p14.2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and studies of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, ADAMTS9. Oncogene 2006; 26:148-57. [PMID: 16799631 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A gene critical to esophageal cancer has been identified. Functional studies using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer of intact and truncated donor chromosomes 3 into an esophageal cancer cell line and nude mouse tumorigenicity assays were used to identify a 1.61 Mb tumor suppressive critical region (CR) mapping to chromosome 3p14.2. This CR is bounded by D3S1600 and D3S1285 microsatellite markers. One candidate tumor suppressor gene, ADAMTS9, maps to this CR. Further studies showed normal expression levels of this gene in tumor-suppressed microcell hybrids, levels that were much higher than observed in the recipient cells. Complete loss or downregulation of ADAMTS9 gene expression was found in 15 out of 16 esophageal carcinoma cell lines. Promoter hypermethylation was detected in the cell lines that do not express this gene. Re-expression of ADAMTS9 was observed after demethylation drug treatment, confirming that hypermethylation is involved in gene downregulation. Downregulation of ADAMTS9 was also found in 43.5 and 47.6% of primary esophageal tumor tissues from Hong Kong and from the high-risk region of Henan, respectively. Thus, this study identifies and provides functional evidence for a CR associated with tumor suppression on 3p14.2 and provides the first evidence that ADAMTS9, mapping to this region, may contribute to esophageal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Y Lo
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Yang L, Leung ACC, Ko JMY, Lo PHY, Tang JCO, Srivastava G, Oshimura M, Stanbridge EJ, Daigo Y, Nakamura Y, Tang CMC, Lau KW, Law S, Lung ML. Tumor suppressive role of a 2.4 Mb 9q33-q34 critical region and DEC1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2005; 24:697-705. [PMID: 15580306 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The key genes involved in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain to be elucidated. Previous studies indicate extensive genomic alterations occur on chromosome 9 in ESCC. Using a monochromosome transfer approach, this study provides functional evidence and narrows down the critical region (CR) responsible for chromosome 9 tumor suppressing activity to a 2.4 Mb region mapping to 9q33-q34 between markers D9S1798 and D9S61. Interestingly, a high prevalence of allelic loss in this CR is also observed in primary ESCC tumors by microsatellite typing. Allelic loss is found in 30/34 (88%) tumors and the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) frequency ranges from 67 to 86%. Absent to low expression of a 9q32 candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG), DEC1 (deleted in esophageal cancer 1), is detected in four Asian ESCC cell lines. Stably expressing DEC1 transfectants provide functional evidence for inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice and DEC1 expression is decreased in tumor segregants arising after long-term selection in vivo. There is 74% LOH in the DEC1 region of ESCC primary tumors. This study provides the first functional evidence for the presence of critical tumor suppressive regions on 9q33-q34. DEC1 is a candidate TSG that may be involved in ESCC development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenicity Tests
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Yang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Cheng Y, Ko JMY, Lung HL, Lo PHY, Stanbridge EJ, Lung ML. Monochromosome transfer provides functional evidence for growth-suppressive genes on chromosome 14 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:359-68. [PMID: 12800147 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), extensive and multiple regions of allelic loss occur on chromosome 14. However, to date no functionally conclusive tumor suppressor genes have yet been identified on this chromosome. Through use of the monochromosome transfer technique, this study provides functional evidence for the importance of two discrete regions of chromosome 14. A newly established A9 mouse donor cell line containing an intact copy of chromosome 14 was used for transfer of this intact chromosome into the NPC HONE1 cell line. Twelve independently established microcell hybrids demonstrated uniform loss of specific chromosome 14 loci from both endogenous and exogenous alleles. By microsatellite typing and fluorescence in situ hybridization with BAC probes, the two critical regions were localized to 14q11.2-13.1 and 14q32.1. Selective elimination of these regions during hybrid selection was strongly associated with both hybrid survival and tumor growth in vivo. This functional evidence now narrows down the candidate areas for further studies and suggests that at least two hitherto unidentified growth-related genes localized on two critical regions of chromosome arm 14q play an important role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region), China
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