Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis

Topical Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Evidence-based protocols of topical therapy for oral mucositis (OM) induced by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are continuously established and updated. Thus, the present systematic review aims to evaluate the scientific literature in terms of effectiveness of topical treatment of OM in cancer patients undergoing CRT.  Materials and Methods: This systematic review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Checklist. Randomized clinical trials were identified through electronic database searches on CINAHL, Cochrane Library, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Grey literature was also assessed on Google Scholar, Open Grey, and ProQuest. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool.

RESULTS

Twenty-three randomized clinical trials (n=1169 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-three different topical agents were examined and categorized into five groups: analgesics (30.4%), natural agents (21.7%), other topical agents (21.7%), antimicrobial agents (17.4%), and growth factors (8.8%). Of the included studies, 50% presented a resolution of OM within 14 days. Topical natural agents yielded good results with average resolution time of 3-7 days. The included studies generally demonstrated that patients treated with mouthwashes presented superior benefits compared to the control, depending on OM severity.

CONCLUSION

Topical agents effectively reduced the severity of OM lesions and pain intensity in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy, although the effects varied by agent type. However, the heterogeneity in the results of these topical intervention studies underscores the need for standardized clinical trial methodologies.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Topical agents were effective in patients with severe OM lesions receiving chemoradiotherapy and are a good alternative of home care in relation to pain control, reduction of inflammation and consequent improvement in quality of life.<br />.

Delayed effects of a single-dose whole-brain radiation therapy on glucose metabolism and myelin density: a longitudinal PET study

PURPOSE

Radiotherapy is an important treatment option for brain tumors, but the unavoidable irradiation of normal brain tissue can lead to delayed cognitive impairment. The mechanisms involved are still not well explained and, therefore, new tools to investigate the processes leading to the delayed symptoms of brain irradiation are warranted. In this study, positron emission tomography (PET) is used to explore delayed functional changes induced by brain irradiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male Wistar rats were subjected to a single 25-Gy dose of whole brain X-ray irradiation, or sham-irradiation. To investigate delayed effects of radiation on cerebral glucose metabolism and myelin density, ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) PET scans were performed at baseline and on day 64 and 94, whereas N-¹¹C-methyl-4,4'-diaminostilbene (¹¹C-MeDAS) PET scans were performed at baseline and on day 60 and 90 post-irradiation. In addition, the open field test (OFT) and novel spatial recognition (NSR) test were performed at baseline and on days 59 and 89 to investigate whether whole brain irradiation induces behavioral changes.

RESULTS

Whole-brain irradiation caused loss of bodyweight and delayed cerebral hypometabolism, with ¹⁸F-FDG uptake in all brain regions being significantly decreased in irradiated rat on day 64 while it remained unchanged in control animals. Only amygdala and cortical brain regions of irradiated rats still showed reduced ¹⁸F-FDG uptake on day 94. ¹¹C-MeDAS uptake in control animals was significantly lower on days 60 and 90 than at the baseline, suggesting a reduction in myelin density in young adults. In irradiated animals, ¹¹C-MeDAS uptake was similarly reduced on day 60, but on day 90 tracer uptake was somewhat increased and not significantly different from baseline anymore. Behavioral tests showed a similar pattern in control and irradiated animals. In both groups, the OFT showed significantly reduced mobility on days 59 and 89, whereas the NSR did not reveal any significant changes in spatial memory over time. Interestingly, a positive correlation between the NSR and ¹¹C-MeDAS uptake was observed in irradiated rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Whole-brain irradiation causes delayed brain hypometabolism, which is not accompanied by white matter loss. Irradiated animals showed similar behavioral changes over time as control animals and, therefore, cerebral hypometabolism could not be linked to behavioral abnormalities. However, spatial memory seems to be associated with myelin density in irradiated rats.

The Effectiveness Chewing gum versus Cryotherapy on Salivary Volume among Patient with Head and Neck Cancer undergoing Radiotherapy

Introduction: Hyposalivation is a common problem experienced by head and neck (H&N) cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Hyposalivation can cause negative effects on the physical aspects of making oral mucositis, pain during eating and talking as well as psychological effects that cause feeling of discomfort sadness and, ultimately, depression. Many nonpharmacological interventions can be done for hyposalivation that occur in patients, among which are chewing gum and cryotherapy because they are easy to do, easy to access, inexpensive and have minimal side effects. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is not yet clear. Hence, this study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of chewing gum versus cryotherapy to increase salivary volume in H&N cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.Methods: A quasi-experimental time series group design to determine the most effective time to influence the increase in salivary volume. This research was conducted on 36 respondents H&N cancer undergoing radiotherapy with four times measurement are pretest-posttest on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day of intervention between February and March 2020. Subjects were chosen using consecutive sampling. Chewing gum group will chew gum six (6) pieces/day and cryotherapy group will suck on ice cubes five (5) minutes before and after radiotherapy. The spitting method was used to collect saliva and the data were analyzed using General Linear Model-Repeated Measure (GLMRM).Results: Chewing gum is more effective to increase salivary volume than cryotherapy. The GLMRM within subjects at four (4) times measurement showed a significant difference between chewing gum and cryotherapy group with p value <0.05 on the 7th day. Subjects in the chewing gum group had better salivary volume increment than cryotherapy group.Conclusion: This study showed that chewing gum is more effective to increase salivary volume on patient H&N cancer undergoing radiotherapy because chewing gum has higher salivary volume increment than cryotherapy groups

Polymorphism of TNFRSF1 A may act as a predictor of severe radiation-induced oral mucositis and a prognosis factor in patients with head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (-135 T>C) of TNFRSF1 A and the frequency of occurrence and severity of oral mucositis (OM) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated with radiotherapy (RT).

STUDY DESIGN

This retrospective, cohort study included 60 patients with HNC treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). TNFRSF1 A SNP analysis (-135 T>C) was performed by using molecular probes (TaqMan, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) in DNA isolated from peripheral blood (QIAamp DNA MiniKit; Qiagen, Germantown, MD).

RESULTS

CC genotype was related to 4.5-fold higher risk of grade 2 OM after the second week of RT. Similarly, CC carriers had a significantly higher risk of severe (grade 3) OM after the fourth (6-fold) and fifth (7.5-fold) weeks of RT. The CC genotype of the TNFRSF1 A gene was significantly correlated with a higher risk of shorter overall survival (OS) (> 37 months follow-up period; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.78).

CONCLUSIONS

SNP (-135 T>C) of the TNFRSF1 A gene may act as a predictor of OM occurrence in patients with HNC treated with IMRT. The studied SNP may also serve as a prognostic factor in such cases.

Local tissue electrical parameters predict oral mucositis in HNSCC patients: A diagnostic accuracy double-blind, randomized controlled trial

Oral Mucositis (OM) is a common adverse effect of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of early changes in tissue electrical parameters (TEPs) in predicting the development of OM in HNSCC patients receiving radiation therapy (RT). The current study combined two study designs. The first was a case-control study. The control group comprised of RT patients who did not receive head and neck RT, and patients with HNSCC who received RT comprised the case group. In the second part of the study, the case group was included in a parallel cohort. A total of 320 patients were assessed for eligibility, and 135 patients were enrolled. Double blinding was performed, and neither the patients nor the care providers knew the measured parameters. The primary outcome was the detection of between-group changes in local TEPs over the follow-up period. The secondary outcome was the appearance of OM grades II, III, or IV and the predictive value of local TEPs in determining the incidence of OM after RT. The variables, impedance module, resistance, reactance, phase angle, and capacitance, were analyzed by the receiver operator curves (ROC). The case and control groups did not differ in demographic and clinical characteristics. Radiation therapy increased the local impedance module, resistance, reactance, and phase angle and reduced the local tissue capacitance in both groups. Evaluation of TEPs in the first week of RT correlated with the development of OM lesions during cancer therapy. ROC analysis showed that local impedance module and resistance presented higher specificity than did other parameters in predicting OM. In conclusion, local tissue electrical parameters measured at the first RT week can be useful tools to predict oral mucositis.

Genome-wide association study identifies genetic susceptibility loci and pathways of radiation-induced acute oral mucositis

Background

Radiation-induced oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most common acute complications for head and neck cancer. Severe OM is associated with radiation treatment breaks, which harms successful tumor management. Radiogenomics studies have indicated that genetic variants are associated with adverse effects of radiotherapy.

Methods

A large-scale genome-wide scan was performed in 1467 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, including 753 treated with 2D-CRT from Genetic Architecture of the Radiotherapy Toxicity and Prognosis (GARTP) cohort and 714 treated with IMRT (192 from the GARTP and 522 newly recruited). Subgroup analysis by radiotherapy technique was further performed in the top associations. We also performed physical and regulatory mapping of the risk loci and gene set enrichment analysis of the candidate target genes.

Results

We identified 50 associated genomic loci and 64 genes via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping and gene-based analysis, and 36 of these loci were replicated in subgroup analysis. Interestingly, one of the top loci located in TNKS, a gene relevant to radiation toxicity, was associated with increased OM risk with OR = 3.72 of the lead SNP rs117157809 (95% CI 2.10–6.57; P = 6.33 × 10⁻⁶). Gene set analyses showed that the 64 candidate target genes were enriched in the biological processes of regulating telomere capping and maintenance and telomerase activity (Top P = 7.73 × 10⁻⁷).

Conclusions

These results enhance the biological understanding of radiotherapy toxicity. The association signals enriched in telomere function regulation implicate the potential underlying mechanism and warrant further functional investigation and potential individual radiotherapy applications.

Oral Mucositis: An Update on Innate Immunity and New Interventional Targets

Oral mucositis (OM), a common debilitating toxicity associated with chemo- and radiation therapies, is a significant unmet clinical need for head and neck cancer patients. The biological complexities of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM involve interactions among disrupted tissue structures, inflammatory infiltrations, and oral microbiome, whereby several master inflammatory pathways constitute the complicated regulatory networks. Oral mucosal damages triggered by chemoradiotherapy-induced cell apoptosis were further exacerbated by the amplified inflammatory cascades dominantly governed by the innate immune responses. The coexistence of microbiome and innate immune components in oral mucosal barriers indicates that a signaling hub coordinates the interaction between environmental cues and host cells during tissue and immune homeostasis. Dysbiotic shifts in oral microbiota caused by cytotoxic cancer therapies may also contribute to the progression and severity of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM. In this review, we have updated the mechanisms involving innate immunity-governed inflammatory cascades in the pathobiology of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM and the development of new interventional targets for the management of this severe morbidity in head and neck cancer patients.

Oral Glutamine May Have No Clinical Benefits to Prevent Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis in Adult Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objectives: The role of oral glutamine for the management of oral mucositis (OM) has not yet been confirmed. The objective of the present study is to further investigate whether oral glutamine is effective in preventing and treating OM among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) receiving radiotherapy alone or concurrent with chemotherapy.

Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to capture all potential citations from the inception to June 2019. Then data extraction and assessment of risk of bias were carried out after selecting the eligible citations. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform all statistical analyses.

Results: Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 441 patients were included in the final analysis. The meta-analysis showed that oral glutamine couldn't significantly decrease the incidence of OM (risk ratio [RR] = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.94−1.02) and alleviate the development of moderate or severe grade of OM (Moderate-to-severe OM: RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.59−1.12; Severe OM: RR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.13−1.52). But oral glutamine may have the potential to reduce the opioid use (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71−0.99). The role of oral glutamine in delaying the onset of OM remains uncertain due to conflicting results between quantitative (mean difference [MD] = 4.11 days, 95% CI = 3.49−4.73) and qualitative results.

Conclusions: Oral glutamine may have no clinical benefits to prevent or reduce the incidence and severity of radiation-induced OM in patients with HNC receiving radiotherapy alone or concurrent with chemotherapy. It is also uncertain whether oral glutamine can delay the onset of OM. But it may have the potential to relieve the degree of oral pain. Nevertheless, we must cautiously interpret the results because the observed effect size for delay in mucositis start or reduction in opioid use is marginal. Moreover, further RCTs with more rigorous methodology and large-scale are required to enhance the quality of evidence.

A prospective parallel design study testing non-inferiority of customized oral stents made using 3D printing or manually fabricated methods

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Customized mouth-opening-tongue-depressing-stents (MOTDs) may reduce toxicity in patients with head and neck cancers (HNC) receiving radiotherapy (RT). However, making MOTDs requires substantial resources, which limits their utilization. Previously, we described a workflow for fabricating customized 3D-printed MOTDs. This study reports the results of a prospective trial testing the non-inferiority of 3D-printed to standard and commercially-available (TruGuard) MOTDs as measured by patient reported outcomes (PROs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PROs were collected at 3 time points: (t1) simulation, (t2) prior to RT, (t3) between fractions 15-25 of RT. Study participants received a 3D-printed MOTDs (t1, t2, t3), a wax-pattern (t1), an acrylic-MOTDs (t2, t3) and an optional TruGuard (t1, t2, t3). Patients inserted the stents for 5-10 min and completed a PRO-questionnaire covering ease-of-insertion and removal, gagging, jaw-pain, roughness and stability. Inter-incisal opening and tongue-displacement were recorded. With 39 patients, we estimated 90% power to detect a non-inferiority margin of 2 at a significance level of 0.025. Matched pairs and t-test were used for statistics.

RESULTS

41 patients were evaluable. The 3D-printed MOTDs achieved a significantly better overall PRO score compared to the wax-stent (p = 0.0007) and standard-stent (p = 0.0002), but was not significantly different from the TruGuard (p = 0.41). There was no difference between 3D-printed and standard MOTDs in terms of inter-incisal opening (p = 0.4) and position reproducibility (p = 0.98). The average 3D-printed MOTDs turn-around time was 8 vs 48 h for the standard-stent.

CONCLUSIONS

3D-printed stents demonstrated non-inferior PROs compared to TruGuard and standard-stents. Our 3D-printing process may expand utilization of MOTDs.

The impact of an educational video about radiotherapy and its toxicities in head and neck cancer patients. Evaluation of patients' understanding, anxiety, depression, and quality of life

OBJECTIVES

Head and neck radiotherapy can cause several toxicities, and its management has important treatment implications. Proper information about treatment is crucial to assist patients by preparing them and enhancing their ability to manage their illness. Thus, this study aimed to verify the impact of an educational video on the improvement of the patient's understanding, satisfaction, quality of life, and influence on their emotional state in different moments of treatment.

METHODS

A 10 min video about head and neck radiotherapy and its toxicities was produced. A prospective randomized clinical trial was performed in two groups: a control group (n = 65), which received standard verbal and written information, and an experimental group (n = 65), which received standard information and the video. Appropriated questionnaires (HADS, UW-QOLv4, IRTU, and Post-RTU) were applied in four different moments in order to evaluate patients' understanding, anxiety, depression, and quality of life.

RESULTS

The video improved the understanding of treatment and its side effects. Also, the video group reported better awareness about oral health care during the treatment. Osteoradionecrosis and radiation-related caries were the most unknown side effects. On the other hand, the educational video did not modify the patients' anxiety, depression, and quality of life. All patients reported high satisfaction with the video.

CONCLUSIONS

Audiovisual tools may improve patients' understanding of radiotherapy and were shown to be a useful tool when used in association with verbal and written information in cancer centers. In addition, information about osteoradionecrosis and radiation-related caries must be reinforced to patients.

Effects of 9 oral care solutions on the prevention of oral mucositis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common, disabling, and severe early effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy that limits the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. The prevention and treatment of OM in patients with malignant tumors is an urgent problem in the field of anticancer therapy.

METHODS

Databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched to collect published randomized control trials (RCTs) about the effects of different oral care solutions on the prevention of OM from inception to January 2019. We used the Cochrane Handbook to assess the methodological quality of the RCTs. Two of the authors independently extracted the articles and predefined data. Network meta-analysis was then performed using Stata 15.0 software.

RESULTS

A total of 28 RCTs involving 1861 patients were included. The results of network meta-analysis showed that chlorhexidine, benzydamine, honey, and curcumin were more effective than placebo (P < .05) and that honey and curcumin were more effective than povidone-iodine (P < .05). Probability ranking according to the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve showed the following treatments: curcumin, honey, benzydamine, chlorhexidine, allopurinol, sucralfate, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, povidone-iodine, and aloe.

CONCLUSION

Our preliminary results indicate that curcumin and honey may serve as the preferred options for patients to prevent OM. The findings may offer an important theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment. However, this conclusion still requires an RCT with a larger sample size for further verification.

Anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and red lasers on peripheral blood mononuclear cells

INTRODUCTION

Photodynamic therapy improves oral mucositis treatment. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from this reaction could contribute to an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing inflammatory cells.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and a red laser in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

METHODS

Guaiazulene solutions (1, 2, 5, 25, 35, and 100 μM in 99.8 % methanol) were irradiated with red laser light (625 nm, 146.2 mW/cm²) in continuous mode at 0, 4, and 8 J/cm² in black 96-well plates. ROS were measured using spin trapping technique with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and fluorescence. The two highest concentrations were tested using cell viability (PrestoBlue®) and anti-inflammation (RANTES and PGE₂ ELISA) assay kits. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analyses with significant differences at p-value < 0.05.

RESULTS

Guaiazulene solutions between 2 and 5 μM exposed to red laser light at 4-8 J/cm² generated significantly more singlet oxygen compared to the no guaiazulene group (p < 0.01) and reduced RANTES and PGE₂ levels in TNF-α-inflamed peripheral blood mononuclear cells without affecting cell viability.

CONCLUSION

Photodynamic activation of guaiazulene generated singlet oxygen and suppressed inflammatory markers in PBMCs.

The kinetics of γ-H2AX during radiotherapy of head and neck cancer potentially allow for prediction of severe mucositis

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in γ-H2AX expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) according to severity of radiation-induced mucositis.

Patients and method

Fifty patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiation were included in the study. Blood samples were collected before treatment to measure baseline γ-H2AX levels. Second sample was taken 45 minutes after the first RT fraction and then once a week, 45 min after irradiation. In patients treated with chemoradiation the blood sample was taken the day after chemotherapy. Mucositis was evaluated once a week and reported according to CTCAE v4 and RTOG/EORTC scales. PBL were analyzed with flow cytometry and level of H2AX phosphorylation at every time point was evaluated.

Results

In 35 patients mild to moderate (grade 1–2) mucositis was observed and 15 patients developed severe (grade 3) mucositis. No cases of grade 4 mucositis were observed. The difference in baseline levels of γ-H2AX between groups with mild and severe mucositis was statistically insignificant (p = 0.25). The statistically significant difference in γ-H2AX level was observed in week 7 of treatment (p = 0.01). No significant differences in γ-H2AX level were found neither between group treated with concomitant chemoradiation or RT alone neither between groups with and without common comorbidities. In the analysis of the kinetics of γ-H2AX during treatment, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0088) between groups with mild and severe mucositis was observed. After fourth week of treatment levels of γ-H2AX decreased significantly in the group with severe mucositis and increased in patients with mild side effects. The observed difference was not caused by the decrease in peripheral lymphocyte count, which was similar in both groups.

Conclusions

Presented results indicate that severity of radiation-induced mucositis does not correlate directly with γ-H2AX levels measured in vivo in PBL. Prediction of mucositis grade based on γ-H2AX level is not yet possible, either before treatment or early during treatment, but preliminary results, indicating significant differences in γ-H2AX kinetics between groups, encourage further studies.

Role of turmeric extract in minimising mucositis in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell cancer: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To determine the role of turmeric extract in reducing mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

METHODS

Sixty-one patients who underwent radiotherapy were included in the study and randomised into groups A and B. Patients in group A received 500 mg of turmeric extract (BCM-95) thrice daily, while patients in group B received placebo until radiotherapy completion. All patients were assessed for oral mucositis on a weekly basis during treatment and two months post-treatment using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events and World Health Organization criteria.

RESULTS

Both groups had a similar grade of mucositis in first two weeks of treatment. The severity of mucositis was progressive in the control group, with four patients developing grade 3 mucositis by week four. In group A, however, the majority of patients (73.3 per cent) had grade 1 mucositis after four weeks of treatment. The difference was statistically significant from the third week onwards (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Turmeric extract reduces the incidence and severity of radiation-induced mucositis, which can benefit patients undergoing radiation for head and neck cancer.

Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants indicated by the Brazilian public health system in treating the collateral effects induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemoradiotherapy: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

This study, through a systematic review, evaluated the therapeutic effect of medicinal plants that were of interest to the Unified Health System (SUS) in treating the side effects induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy in cancer patients.

METHODOLOGY

According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Lilacs and Scopus databases from January 2009 to December 2018, using the groups of descriptors (Cancer OR Neoplasia OR Tumor) and (controlled clinical trial OR randomized clinical trial) associated with the scientific names of the 71 medicinal plants described in RENISUS. The study is registered in PROSPERO CRD42019129927.

RESULTS

Of the 29 articles selected, only 17 demonstrated the therapeutic potential of plants included in RENISUS to prevent or treat the side effects induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, either solely or through an adjuvant effect from drugs already used in the medical clinic. The two plant-based therapies that had the most studies exploring their therapeutic potential on side effects were Zingiber officinale and Aloe vera.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that some plants listed in RENISUS have shown preventive and curative potential on side effects induced by conventional treatments in patients with different types of cancer. Therefore, the use of scientifically proven herbal products, in conjunction with conventional therapies, can contribute to a better quality of life in cancer patients undergoing conventional treatments.

Dosimetric measurement of scattered radiation for simulated head and neck radiotherapy with homemade oral phantom

During radiotherapy for head and neck tumours, the oral cavity and cheek area would be inevitably exposed to high energy radiation; thus, the material surface of the teeth, dental restorations with high atomic number, or alloy prosthodontics would generate backscatter electrons that cause the buccal mucosa adjacent to these materials to receive localized high dose enhancement, which primarily leads to side effects or oral mucositis. Based on the size of the adult oral cavity, this study aimed to use acrylic resin to create an oral phantom with two grooves on the left and right sides for placement of three molars. Moreover, the distance between the inner cheek and the side surface of the teeth could be accurately adjusted every 1 mm from 0 to 5 mm. This enhanced the dose in the buccal mucosa during head and neck radiotherapy and made the distribution measurement of the radiation dose simple and feasible at different depths (0-5 mm). Meanwhile, the study employed the film type optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter with a thickness of 0.3 mm to measure the absorbed dose inside the buccal mucosa to reduce the dose interference from radiotherapy. The study fixed three real molars in a row located at the left side of the phantom and employed 6 MV photons and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to treat and simulate oral cancer and measure the attenuation of the molar's backscatter dose from 0 to 5 mm in an up beam direction. The result showed that, in every 3 mm, the phantom had attenuated the enhancement of backscatter dose <3%. The irradiation dose enhancement in a single direction was twice higher than that through IMRT 7 field treatment. These measurement results were consistent with the results of previous studies.

Use of Amifostine for Cytoprotection during Radiation Therapy: A Review

BACKGROUND

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of the therapeutic modalities used in modern oncology. However, it is sometimes limited in its ability to achieve optimal tumor control by radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity. In delivering radiation therapy, a balance must be achieved between maximizing the dose to the tumor and minimizing any injury to the normal tissues. Amifostine was the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical radiation protector intended to reduce the impact of radiation on normal tissue, lessening its toxicity and potentially allowing for increased tumor dose/control. Despite being FDA-approved almost 20 years ago, Amifostine has yet to achieve widespread clinical use.

SUMMARY

A thorough review of Amifostine's development, mechanism of action, and current clinical status were conducted. A brief history of Amifostine is given, from its development at Walter Reid Institute of Research to its approval for clinical use. The mechanism of action of Amifostine is explored. The results of a complete literature review of all prospective randomized trials to date involving the use of Amifostine in radiation therapy are presented. The results are arranged by treatment site and salient findings discussed. Side effects and complications to consider in using Amifostine are reviewed. Key Messages: Amifostine has been explored as a radiation protectant in most radiation treatment sites. Studies have demonstrated efficacy of Amifostine in all treatment sites reviewed, but results are heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of studies looking at Amifostine as a clinical radiation protectant has precluded a definitive answer on its efficacy. Complicating its clinical use is its toxicity and delivery requirements. Amifostine has largely fallen out of use with the advent of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). However, side effects with IMRT remain a challenge and concern. The use of Amifostine in the IMRT era has been poorly explored and is worthy of future study.

Clinical outcomes of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with antibiotics for radiation-induced mucositis: a retrospective study

Objective

To examine the effects of antibiotic administration on radiation-induced oral and oropharyngeal mucositis, and on the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data for patients with NPC with grade 1/2 or 3/4 mucositis. Forty-two patients with grade 3/4 mucositis received antibiotics. Univariate survival analysis was assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival curves, survival curves were compared using log-rank tests, and multivariate analysis was carried out by Cox regression.

Results

A total of 463 patients with NPC were included in the study (194 grade 1/2 mucositis, 269 grade 3/4 mucositis). Univariate analyses identified T-stage, N-stage, clinical stage, type of treatment, and antibiotic use as factors affecting overall and disease-free survival. Multivariate analysis also determined that T-stage, N-stage stage, type of treatment, and antibiotic usage were independent factors affecting overall and disease-free survival. Mucositis improved in 32 of the 42 patients who received antibiotics (76.19%). However, red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels decreased in all patients after antibiotic treatment.

Conclusions

Antibiotics may be effective for the treatment of severe radiation-induced mucositis (grade 3/4) during chemoradiotherapy, but may potentially adversely affect the prognosis of patients with NPC.

Opposite effects of low intensity light of different wavelengths on the planarian regeneration rate

Planarian freshwater flatworms have the unique ability to regenerate due to stem cell activity. The process of regeneration is extremely sensitive to various factors, including light radiation. Here, the effect of low-intensity LED light of different wavelengths on regeneration, stem cell proliferation and gene expression associated with these processes was studied. LED matrices with different wavelengths (red (λ_max = 635 nm), green (λ_max = 520 nm) and blue (λ_max = 463 nm), as well as LED laser diodes (red (λ_max = 638.5 nm), green (λ_max = 533 nm) and blue (λ_max = 420 nm), were used in the experiments. Computer-assisted morphometry, whole-mount immunocytochemical study and RT-PCR were used to analyze the biological effects of LED light exposure on the planarian regeneration in vivo. It was found that a one-time exposure of regenerating planarians with low-intensity red light diodes stimulated head blastema growth in a dose-dependent manner (up to 40%). The green light exposure of planarians resulted in the opposite effect, showing a reduced head blastema growth rate by up to 21%. The blue light exposure did not lead to any changes in the rate of head blastema growth. The maximum effects of light exposure were observed at a dose of 175.2 mJ/cm². No significant differences were revealed in the dynamics of neoblasts' (planarian stem cells) proliferation under red and green light exposure. However, the RT-PCR gene expression analysis of 46 wound-induced genes revealed their up-regulation upon red LED light exposure, and down-regulation upon green light exposure. Thus, we have demonstrated that the planarian regeneration process is rather sensitive to the effects of low-intensity light radiation of certain wavelengths, the biological activity of red and green light being dictated by the different expression of the genes regulating transcriptional activity.

The reconstructive oral cancer patient: what the general dental practitioner needs to know

The rate of oral cancer is on the rise; lesions are often being picked up late meaning it is necessary for patients to undergo multidisciplinary head and neck reconstruction. Working in a specialist head and neck oncology unit this year has opened my eyes as to how this patient subgroup is managed, with regards to both a surgical and restorative basis. This article has been written to help inform GDPs about the upcoming NHS guidelines, 'The NHS Oral Cancer Toolkit', in the management of oral cancer patients. Furthermore, I hope that the reader gains an appreciation for what the oral cancer patient endures on their toilsome journey. This article is designed as a refresher on the restorative management of the oral cancer patient. After having read this article you will have an improved awareness of the '8-step' oral cancer screen and an insight as to what happens when the patient is sent on the urgent cancer pathway. Most importantly, this paper will refresh your learning on what the GDP needs to do in the preoperative and postoperative phases with regards to the oral health and wellbeing of the reconstructive oral cancer patient.

Efficacy of exercise therapy during radiotherapy to prevent reduction in mouth opening in patients with head and neck cancer: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 protocols of exercise therapy to avoid reduction in mouth opening (MO) in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a randomized, controlled, double-blind, 3-arm, parallel-group, prevention clinical trial. Ninety patients were randomized into 3 groups to perform exercises during radiotherapy treatment: intervention group 1 (G1); intervention group 2 (G2); and control group (CG). Maximum MO was measured before (T0), immediately after (T1), and at 12 months (T2) after completion of radiotherapy treatment. Generalized estimating equations model complemented by the least significant difference test was applied to group comparisons.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in MO measure between the groups at the 3 assessment time points (P = .264). The difference in MO measure from baseline to 12 months after having completed radiotherapy was -1 mm in CG (95% confidence interval [CI] -4.0 to 2.0); 1.3 mm in G1 (95% CI -1.7 to 4.3); and 0.5 mm in G2 (95% CI -3.4 to 4.4).

CONCLUSIONS

It was not possible to conclude that the exercise protocols performed in this study are more effective than the usual guidance to prevent reduction in MO in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

Using Bee Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis Induced by Cancer Treatment

Oral mucositis is one of the most frequent complications after chemotherapy or radiotherapy or a combination of both. There is no standard therapy for its prevention or treatment. Considering that some bee products have been found to be of value in this situation, we decided to analyze the scientific literature on the subject. Scientific publications on bee products were identified by a literature search on Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar. There is a lot of evidence regarding the use of honey for oral mucositis due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy or a combination of both. Unfortunately, the quality of several meta-analyses on the topic is very low. There is some evidence on propolis, a little on royal jelly and none whatsoever on pollen and other bee products like apilarnil or bee venom. Bee products such as honey, propolis and royal jelly may be well suited to be integrated into a general concept for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis which should also include other established concepts like oral care, oral cryotherapy, topical vitamin E and low-level-laser therapy. Bee products could become an integral part in the treatment of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and radio chemotherapy. High-quality meta-analyses and further studies, especially on the combinations of various strategies, are needed.

Creating customized oral stents for head and neck radiotherapy using 3D scanning and printing

BACKGROUND

To evaluate and establish a digital workflow for the custom designing and 3D printing of mouth opening tongue-depressing (MOTD) stents for patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

METHODS

We retrospectively identified 3 patients who received radiation therapy (RT) for primary head and neck cancers with MOTD stents. We compared two methods for obtaining the digital impressions of patients' teeth. The first method involved segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans, as previously established by our group, and the second method used 3D scanning of the patients' articulated stone models that were made during the conventional stent fabrication process. Three independent observers repeated the process to obtain digital impressions which provided data to design customized MOTD stents. For each method, we evaluated the time efficiency, dice similarity coefficient (DSC) for reproducibility, and the 3D printed stents' accuracy. For the 3D scanning method, we evaluated the registration process using manual and automatic approaches.

RESULTS

For all patients, the 3D scanning method demonstrated a significant advantage over the CT scanning method in terms of time efficiency with over 60% reduction in time consumed (p < 0.0001) and reproducibility with significantly higher DSC (p < 0.001). The printed stents were tested over the articulated dental stone models, and the trueness of fit and accuracy of dental anatomy was found to be significantly better for MOTD stents made using the 3D scanning method. The automated registration showed higher accuracy with errors < 0.001 mm compared to manual registration.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed an efficient workflow for custom designing and 3D-printing MOTD radiation stents. This workflow represents a considerable improvement over the CT-derived segmentation method. The application of this rapid and efficient digital workflow into radiation oncology practices can expand the use of these toxicity sparing devices to practices that do not currently have the support to make them.

Evofosfamide sensitizes esophageal carcinomas to radiation without increasing normal tissue toxicity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Esophageal cancer incidence is increasing and is rarely curable. Hypoxic tumor areas cause resistance to conventional therapies, making them susceptible for treatment with hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs). We investigated in vivo whether the HAP evofosfamide (TH-302) could increase the therapeutic ratio by sensitizing esophageal carcinomas to radiotherapy without increasing normal tissue toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To assess therapeutic efficacy, growth of xenografted esophageal squamous cell (OE21) or adeno (OE19) carcinomas was monitored after treatment with TH-302 (50 mg/kg, QD5) and irradiation (sham or 10 Gy). Short- and long-term toxicity was assessed in a gut mucosa and lung fibrosis irradiation model, sensitive to acute and late radiation injury respectively. Mice were injected with TH-302 (50 mg/kg, QD5) and the abdominal area (sham, 8 or 10 Gy) or the upper part of the right lung (sham, 20 Gy) was irradiated. Damage to normal tissues was assessed 84 hours later by histology and blood plasma citrulline levels (gut) and for up to 1 year by non-invasive micro CT imaging (lung).

RESULTS

The combination treatment of TH-302 with radiotherapy resulted in significant tumor growth delay in OE19 (P = 0.02) and OE21 (P = 0.03) carcinomas, compared to radiotherapy only. Irradiation resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of crypt survival (P < 0.001), mucosal surface area (P < 0.01) and citrulline levels (P < 0.001) in both tumor and non-tumor bearing animals. On the long-term, irradiation increased CT density in the lung, indicating fibrosis, over time. TH-302 did not influence the radiation-induced short-term and long-term toxicity, confirmed by histological evaluation.

CONCLUSION

The combination of TH-302 and radiotherapy might be a promising approach to improve the therapeutic index for esophageal cancer patients.

Inhibition of SIRT1 promotes taste bud stem cell survival and mitigates radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice

Taste loss is one of the debilitating complications in radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM), as occurs in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. We report here a radio-mitigation effect of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitors in taste bud organoids and a mouse model of radiation-induced taste bud injury. The organoids, developed from circumvallate (CV) papilla, were irradiated with single dose of X-rays and inhibitors of SIRT1 or SIRT2 were added 24 h later. The survival was evaluated by measuring the number and size of regenerated organoids after irradiation (IR). Oral mucositis (OM) was induced by IR of the oral region of Lgr5-lacZ transgenic mice. The surviving Lgr5+ taste bud stem cells were identified after lacZ-staining and the mucosal ulceration on tongue dorsal surface was determined by histological methods. Results showed that SIRT1 inhibitors (nicotinamide, EX527, salermide and sirtinol), but not SIRT2 inhibitors, significantly improve taste bud organoid survival after IR. Remarkably, administration of nicotinamide (NAM), a recognized inhibitor of SIRT1 to mice 24 h after IR promotes the survival of Lgr5+ taste bud stem cells, resulting in alleviated tongue mucositis. In conclusion, SIRT1 inhibitors promote Lgr5+ taste bud stem cell survival and mitigate RIOM in mice. These observations have important implications for efforts to develop therapeutic strategies against taste dysfunction and mucosal ulceration in RIOM.

Therapeutic Effect of Ecdysterone Combine Paeonol Oral Cavity Direct Administered on Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis in Rats

Radiation-induced oral mucositis represents an influential factor in cancer patients’ accepted radiation therapy, especially in head and neck cancer. This research investigates the treatment effect of Ecdysterone (a steroid derived from the dry root of Achyranthes bidentate) and Paeonol (a compound derived from Cortex Moutan) on radiation-induced oral mucositis and possible underlying mechanisms. Concisely, 20 Gy of X-rays (single-dose) irradiated the cranial localization in rats for the modeling of oral mucositis. The therapeutic effects of Ecdysterone-Paeonol oral cavity directly administered on radiation-induced oral mucositis were investigated by weight changes, direct observations, visual scoring methods, ulcer area/total area, and basic recovery days. Assessments of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 were performed to evaluate the inflammatory cytokines secretion in the damaged areas of tongues harvested post-treatment, and changes in signaling pathways were investigated by Western blotting. System Drug Target (SysDT) methods revealed the targets of Ecdysterone-Paeonol in order to support compound-target network construction. Four representative targets with different functions were chosen. The binding interactions between the compound and receptor were evaluated by molecular docking to investigate the binding affinity of the ligand to their protein targets. Ecdysterone-Paeonol, administered orally, effectively improved radiation-induced oral mucositis in rats, and the therapeutic effect was better than Ecdysterone administered orally on its own. In this study, calculational chemistry revealed that Ecdysterone-Paeonol affected 19 function targets associated with radiation-induced oral mucositis, including apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and wound healing. These findings position Ecdysterone-Paeonol as a potential treatment candidate for oral mucositis acting on multiple targets in the clinic.

Oral mucositis in head and neck cancer: Evidence-based management and review of clinical trial data

Oral Mucositis (OM) continues to be an oncologic challenge in the context of antineoplastic therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. It is a dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation treatment and negatively impacts quality of life and cancer treatment efficacy. Significant effort in the field of OM has been made to help alleviate its symptoms and its subsequent clinical and economic impact. Despite these advances, the treatment of oral mucositis remains difficult and focuses on palliative measures. There are, however, many promising new biological targets currently undergoing investigation to ameliorate or help prevent the toxicity of OM in HNC. Some of these targets undergoing investigation in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials are further highlighted along with the pathobiology of OM, clinical course, prevention, and management measures.

Gold as a Possible Alternative to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer Treatment

Due to the increasing incidence and high mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Classic chemotherapy against CRC is based on oxaliplatin and other cisplatin analogues; however, platinum-based therapy lacks selectivity to cancer cells and leads to deleterious side effects. In addition, tumor resistance to oxaliplatin is related to chemotherapy failure. Gold(I) derivatives are a promising alternative to platinum complexes, since instead of interacting with DNA, they target proteins overexpressed on tumor cells, thus leading to less side effects than, but a comparable antitumor effect to, platinum derivatives. Moreover, given the huge potential of gold nanoparticles, the role of gold in CRC chemotherapy is not limited to gold(I) complexes. Gold nanoparticles have been found to be able to overcome multidrug resistance along with reduced side effects due to a more efficient uptake of classic drugs. Moreover, the use of gold nanoparticles has enhanced the effect of traditional therapies such as radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, or photodynamic therapy, and has displayed a potential role in diagnosis as a consequence of their optic properties. Herein, we have reviewed the most recent advances in the use of gold(I) derivatives and gold nanoparticles in CRC therapy.

Tumor safety and side effects of photobiomodulation therapy used for prevention and management of cancer treatment toxicities. A systematic review

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has been increasingly used for the treatment of toxicities related to cancer treatment. One of the challenges for the universal acceptance of PBMT use in cancer patients is whether or not there is a potential for the light to stimulate the growth of residual malignant cells that evaded oncologic treatment, increasing the risk for tumor recurrences and development of a second primary tumor. Current science suggests promising effects of PBMT in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema and oral mucositis, among other cancer treatment toxicities. Nevertheless, this seems to be the first systematic review to analyze the safety of the use of PBMT for the management of cancer-related toxicities. Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Embase were searched electronically. A total of 27 articles met the search criteria. Selected studies included the use of PBMT for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis, lymphedema, radiodermatitis, and peripheral neuropathy. Most studies showed that no side effects were observed with the use of PBMT. The results of this systematic review, based on current literature, suggest that the use of PBMT in the prevention and management of cancer treatment toxicities does not lead to the development of tumor safety issues.

Swellable polymeric particles for the local delivery of budesonide in oral mucositis

Topical drug delivery in the oral mucosa has its set of challenges due to the unique anatomical and physiological features of the oral cavity. As such, the outcomes of local pharmacological treatments in oral disorders can fail due to unsuccessfully drug delivery. Oral mucositis, a severe inflammatory and ulcerative side effect of oncological treatments, is one of such diseases. Although the damaged tissue is within reach, no approved topical drug treatment is available. Several strategies based on its physiopathology have been implemented and clinically used. Even so, results tend to lack or be insufficient to improve patient's quality of life. The use of corticosteroids has been employed in such strategies due to their strong anti-inflammatory action. Typically, these are administrated in simple liquid formulations, where the drug is dispersed or solubilized, lacking the ability to maintain local concentration. In this work, we propose the development of a biocompatible delivery system with boosted abilities of retention and control release of budesonide, a corticosteroid with an elevated ratio of topical anti-inflammatory to systemic action. Through spray-drying, polymeric particles of Chitosan and Eudragit® E PO were produced and characterized for the vectorization of this drug.

The relationship between TNF-α gene promoter polymorphism (- 1211 T > C), the plasma concentration of TNF-α, and risk of oral mucositis and shortening of overall survival in patients subjected to intensity-modulated radiation therapy due to head and neck cancer

Purpose

Radiotherapy (RTH) usually combined with chemotherapy (C-RTH) is the main method of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC). The most common complication of RTH is oral mucositis (OM). At a certain stage of RTH, it occurs in almost all patients, often lead to discontinuation of treatment. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine secreted during inflammatory process accompanying RTH and the development of cancer itself. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the TNF-α promoter region can potentially affect the function or expression of this cytokine, and thus modulate the risk of occurrence and intensity of OM and shortening of overall survival (OS).

Methods

The study group consisted of 62 patients with HNC in whom intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique was applied. The plasma TNF-α level was assessed using the ELISA Kit. Genotyping was performed using a real-time PCR method.

Results

HNC patients with the CC genotype of TNF-α (− 1211 T > C) have higher TNF-α plasma concentrations than those with T allele (10.70 vs 9.62 ng/ml). Patients with the 3rd degree of OM have significantly higher TNF-α levels after 5th (10.40 vs 9.45 ng/ml) and 7th (10.32 vs 9.60 ng/ml) week of RTH. CC genotype was related to a higher risk of 3rd degree OM development in the last weeks of RTH (5th, OR = 7.33; 7th, OR = 23.15).

Conclusions

High TNF-α plasma concentration and CC genotype of TNF-α are related to the higher risk of more severe OM in patients irradiated due to HNC. High TNF-α plasma concentration and CC genotype of TNF-α are independent prognostic factors for patients subjected to RTH due to HNC.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00520-019-04838-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Gut microbiota: implications for radiotherapy response and radiotherapy-induced mucositis

Radiotherapy is a mainstay of solid tumor management but can be associated with unacceptable levels of off-target tissue toxicity which impact treatment outcomes and patients' quality of life. Tumour response to radiotherapy and the frequency and severity of radiotherapy-induced toxicities, especially mucositis, varies among patients. Gut microbiota has been found to modulate both the efficacy and toxicity of some types of cancer chemotherapies and immunotherapies but has yet to be investigated thoroughly in the setting of radiotherapy. Area covered: In this review, we discuss the potential role of gut microbiota on modulating radiotherapy-induced oral and gastrointestinal mucositis and the anti-tumor response to radiotherapy through modulation of immune responses. Expert opinion: The gut microbiota plays a major role in the modulation of systemic immune responses, which influence both radiotherapy response and gastrointestinal toxicities such as mucositis. Hence, investigating the gut microbiota link to the variation in radiotherapy responses and toxicities among patients is warranted. Future targeting of these responses with a patient-tailored restoration of optimal microbial composition could lead to a new era of mucositis prevention and enhanced tumor responses.

The inflammation-reducing compatible solute ectoine does not impair the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation on head and neck cancer cells

Ectoine is a natural protectant expressed by halophile bacteria to resist challenges of their natural environments, such as drought, heat or high salt concentrations. As a compatible solute, ectoine does not interfere with the cell's metabolism even at high molar concentrations. External application of ectoine results in surface hydration and membrane stabilization. It can reduce inflammation processes and was recently tested in a pilot study for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Oral mucositis is especially frequent and severe in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), who receive radiotherapy or chemoradiation. It is extremely painful, can limit nutritional intake and may necessitate treatment interruptions, which can critically compromise outcome. As it was recently reported that in vitro ectoine has the ability to protect DNA against ionizing irradiation, it was the aim of this study to test whether ectoine may protect HNSCC cells from radiotherapy. Using HNSCC cell lines and primary human fibroblasts, we can show that in living cells ectoine does not impair DNA damage induction and cytotoxicity through ionizing radiation. We therefore conclude that testing the ectopic application of ectoine for its ability to alleviate early radiotherapy/chemoradiation-induced side effects is safe and feasible.

Preventative effects of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum on irinotecan-induced small intestinal mucositis in mice

Intestinal mucositis is a frequent side effect in cancer patients who are treated with chemotherapy. There are no effective treatment strategies to date. To find a novel way to alleviate mucositis, the effects of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum (Se-B. longum) in preventing irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced intestinal mucositis in a mouse model were investigated. We tested the ability of Se-B. longum (Se 0.6 mg/kg, 5×10⁸ cfu/mice) to reduce small intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11 (75 mg/kg, daily) injected intraperitoneally for four consecutive days in mice. Se-B. longum significantly decreased mortality induced by CPT-11 from 71.4% to 16.7%. CPT-11 induced body weight loss, which was alleviated by preventative and simultaneous administration of Se-B. longum. Se-B. longum significantly decreased the severity of diarrhoea from 11 to 4% compared to the CPT-11 group. Inflammation, including intestinal shortening and upregulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β induced by CPT- 11, were prevented by Se-B. longum. Se-B. longum is effective in preventing small intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11 and therefore has potential to be used clinically by cancer patients.

Effects of a compound vitamin B mixture in combination with GeneTime® on radiation-induced oral mucositis

Objective

Both compound vitamin B mixtures and GeneTime® have been used in treatment of oral inflammation. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of a compound vitamin B mixture combined with GeneTime® on radiation-induced oral mucositis.

Methods

A total of 100 patients with radiation-induced oral mucositis were randomly divided into a control group (vitamin B alone; n = 50 patients) and an observation group (vitamin B plus GeneTime®, n = 50 patients). Clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups for the following 3 weeks.

Results

The observation group had a significantly greater number of grade 0–I patients and significantly fewer grade II–IV patients than the control group. Among patients in the observation group, a significantly greater number of ulcers healed within 1–2 weeks, compared with those in patients in the control group. Significantly fewer ulcers healed among patients in the observation group at 3 weeks; notably, there were fewer ulcers to heal in the observation group, compared with the control group.

Conclusions

Use of a compound vitamin B mixture combined with GeneTime® exerted obvious therapeutic effects on radiation-induced oral mucositis and markedly shortened ulcer healing time. Therefore, this strategy may be useful in clinical applications.

Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis

Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

Development of a Mucoadhesive and In Situ Gelling Formulation Based on κ-Carrageenan for Application on Oral Mucosa and Esophagus Walls. I. A Functional In Vitro Characterization

Oral mucositis and esophagitis represent the most frequent and clinically significant complications of cytoreductive chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which severely compromise the patient quality of life. The local application of polymeric gels could protect the injured tissues, alleviating the most painful symptoms. The present work aims at developing in situ gelling formulations for the treatment of oral mucositis and esophagitis. To reach these targets, κ-carrageenan (κ-CG) was selected as a polymer having wound healing properties and able to gelify in the presence of saliva ions, while hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was used to improve the mucoadhesive properties of the formulations. CaCl₂ was identified as a salt able to enhance the interaction between κ-CG and saliva ions. Different salt and polymer concentrations were investigated in order to obtain a formulation having the following features: (i) low viscosity at room temperature to facilitate administration, (ii) marked elastic properties at 37 °C, functional to a protective action towards damaged tissues, and (iii) mucoadhesive properties. Prototypes characterized by different κ-CG, HPC, and CaCl₂ concentrations were subjected to a thorough rheological characterization and to in vitro mucoadhesion and washability tests. The overall results pointed out the ability of the developed formulations to produce a gel able to interact with saliva ions and to adhere to the biological substrates.

Efficacy of Azatyrosine-Phenylbutyric Hydroxamides, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, on Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis

Gastrointestinal mucositis is a serious side effect of chemotherapy. Currently, no effective treatment exists for chemotherapy-induced mucositis, prompting the need to develop an anti-mucositis agent for use in clinics. The present study investigated whether azatyrosine-PBHA (AzP), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has a therapeutic effect on intestinal mucosa. The results indicated that AzP did not affect the proliferation and viability of cancer cells, outcomes that are achieved by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). However, AzP could decrease production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In vivo histopathological assessment showed that AzP reduced cisplatin-induced injury to the jejunum villi and triggered weight loss in the C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) results demonstrated that mice treated with AzP also recovered from cisplatin-induced injury to the intestinal mucosa. Mechanistic in vitro study using DAVID/KEGG enrichment analysis of microarray data and confirmation by a Western blot indicated the influence of AzP on the MEK/ERK and AKT-dependent pathway. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that AzP might regulate the MEK/ERK MAPK signaling pathway to attenuate MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 production and provide opportunities for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs targeting mucositis.

Cancer pain: where are we now?

Increasing numbers of those living with and beyond cancer presents a clinical challenge for pain specialists. A large proportion of these patients experience pain secondary to their disease or its treatment, impeding rehabilitation and significantly impacting upon their quality of life. The successful management of this pain presents a considerable challenge. This review aims to outline current concepts and treatment options, while considering nuances within pain assessment and the use of large-scale data to help guide further advances.

Reduction in oral mucositis severity using a topical vasoconstrictor: A case report of three bone marrow transplant patients

Background:

Grade 3 oral mucositis (OM) is historically observed in >90% of bone marrow transplant patients who received the cyclophosphamide + total body irradiation (CY+TBI) conditioning regimen. It was previously shown that orotopically applied adrenergic vasoconstrictor prevented up to 100% of radiation-induced oral mucositis in two preclinical animal models.

Methods:

Adrenergic vasoconstrictor (i.e., phenylephrine in an aqueous-alcohol NG11–1 formulation) was orotopically applied to three patients (ages 24–29) who received the CY+TBI conditioning regimen; they were compared to five matched controls who received no orotopical vasoconstrictor. All patients received the CY+TBI conditioning regimen for acute lymphoblastic leukemia within the University of Wisconsin Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Program. Over the seven-day Cy+TBI conditioning regimen, 20 min before each treatment, either radiation or chemotherapy, vasoconstrictor was applied topically to the oral cavity, and patients then received either 1.5 Gy whole-body radiation or IV cyclophosphamide.

Results:

OM severity was scored over a three-week period using: i) physican assessments, ii) daily photos of the oral cavity, iii) oral pain and oral function score sheets, and iv) recorded narcotic consumption. Both “Grade 3 OM” duration and “any OM” duration in vasoconstrictor-treated patients were substantially lower than for the five control patients. Though nasogastric tube or total parenteral nutrition were used in 3 out of 5 control patients, there was no use of these supportive care measures in the three vasoconstrictor-treated patients.

Conclusion:

Orotopically applied NG11–1 vasoconstrictor formulation substantially reduced the incidence and severity of “Grade 3” and “any” oral mucositis when compared to matched control patients, all of whom received the same CY+TBI conditioning regimen. The liquid orotopical formulation was easily tolerated by patients both in its ease of use and lack of side effects.

Oral pain associated with cancer therapy, a pain medicine perspective

Cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis (CTIOM) can cause intolerable oral pain resulting in difficulty in chewing, swallowing and speaking. Thus, leading to patients requiring aggressive measures, such as parenteral feeding, the placement of gastric feeding tubes and discontinuation of oncologic treatments. Although, pain is the debilitating symptom, current efforts seem to focus independently in the histological damage, not in pain and symptom care. Current strategies for managing pain from CTIOM entail maintaining oral hygiene and the use of oral rinses, topical anesthetics, prophylactic antimicrobials and systemic analgesics such as opioids. Novel therapies, such as methylene blue oral rinse, are being investigated, with positive outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to identify treatment modalities for pain of CTIOM. Ideally, this should be noninvasive, safe and cost-effective, while providing sustained analgesia.

Telmisartan Modulates the Oral Mucositis Induced by 5-Fluorouracil in Hamsters

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common adverse effect resulting from cancer therapy. The OM it has implications that may compromise oncologic treatment and decrease the patient's quality of life. The therapeutic options to prevent or treat the symptoms of OM are scarce; there is no effective therapy that improves the symptoms. Based on the need for further research for the treatment of OM, the present study objective was to evaluate the effect of telmisartan (TELM) on the OM induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), using as animal model Golden Syrian hamsters. 5-FU followed by mechanical trauma on day 4 was used to induce OM in hamsters. Euthanasia occurred on the day 10. The experiments were constituted by the groups saline, mechanical trauma, 5-FU, and TELM in three doses (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg). Macroscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses as well as immunofluorescence experiments were performed on the oral mucosa of the animals. The samples also were used for analysis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR). TELM (5 or 10 mg/kg) was able to reduce the inflammatory ulceration and infiltration in the oral mucosa of the animals, decreasing the levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. These treatments was minimize the immunostaining for cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, transforming growth factor-β, and smad 2/3. The nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB) p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were reduced in the oral mucosa. Finally, TELM (10 mg/kg) increased the PPARγ gene expression and reduced STAT1 and NFκB p65 gene expression relative to the 5-FU group. Therefore, TELM prevents the OM produced by 5-FU on animal model.

The efficiency of topical anesthetics as antimicrobial agents: A review of use in dentistry

Topical anesthetics are commonly used in oral & maxillofacial surgery to control pain in the oral cavity mucosa before local anesthetic injection. These anesthetic agents come in many forms, developed for different usages, to minimize adverse reactions, and for optimal anesthetic efficiency. Earlier studies have revealed that these agents may also limit the growth of microorganisms in the area of anesthetic application. Many topical anesthetic agents show different levels of antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains and Candida. The dosage of local anesthetic agent used in some clinical preparations is too low to show a significant effect on microbial activity. Efficiency of antimicrobial activity depends on the local anesthetic agent's properties of diffusion within the bloodstream and binding efficiency with cytoplasmic membrane, which is followed by disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. The antimicrobial properties of these agents may extend their usage in patients to both control pain and infection. To develop the topical local anesthetic optimal usage and antimicrobial effect, a collaborating antiseptic agent may be used to benefit the local anesthetic. However, more research is required regarding minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of topical local anesthetic agents with drug interaction between anesthetics and antiseptic agents.