151
|
Remote ischemic postconditioning attenuates damage in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia by upregulating the autophagolysosome pathway via the activation of TFEB. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 115:104475. [PMID: 32473154 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor EB (TFEB) is known for its role in lysosomal biogenesis, and it coordinates this process by driving autophagy and lysosomal gene expression during ischemia. In the present study, we aimed to explore the role of the TFEB-regulated autophagolysosome pathway (ALP) in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) that were treated with remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC). A modified 2-vessel occlusion (2-VO) method was utilized to establish the CCI rat model, and the CCI rats were identified by the Morris water maze test and histological staining. After the CCI rats were treated with RIPC, the damage to the rat cortex and hippocampal tissues and the status of the ALP were determined. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays were performed to observe the nuclear translocation of TFEB. The rats were injected with TFEB siRNA via the lateral ventricle to investigate the effect of TFEB siRNA on the RIPC-treated CCI rats. The results suggested that RIPC of the CCI rats alleviated nerve injury, induced TFEB translocation into the nucleus, upregulated autophagy-related protein expression, and activated ALP machinery. Furthermore, TFEB siRNA decreased the levels of TFEB and impaired the neuroprotective effects of RIPC on the CCI rats. Collectively, we highlighted that RIPC attenuates damage in CCI rats via the activation of the TFEB-mediated ALP.
Collapse
|
152
|
Proteotoxicity and mitochondrial dynamics in aging diabetic brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104948. [PMID: 32450345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of both aging and protein misfolding disorders. Amyloidosis, a consequence of this phenomena is observed in the brains of diabetic patients over the chronic time period. These toxic aggregates not only cause age-related decline in proteostasis, but also dwindle its ability to increase or restore the chaperones in response to any stressful condition. Mitochondria acts as the main source of energy regulation and many metabolic disorders such as diabetes have been associated with altered oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and redox imbalance in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) acts as a mediator for maintaining the mitochondrial protein homeostasis and quality control during such conditions. Over a long time period, these responses start shutting off leading to proteotoxic stress in the neurons. This reduces the buffering capacity of protein network signalling during aging, thereby increasing the risk of neurodegeneration in the brain. In this review, we focus on the proteotoxic stress that occurs as an amalgamation of diabetes and aging, as well as the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the neuronal survival affecting the diabetic brain and its long term consequences on the memory changes.
Collapse
|
153
|
Cho KS, Lee JH, Cho J, Cha GH, Song GJ. Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:955-982. [PMID: 30381067 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031144605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. METHODS We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. RESULTS Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. CONCLUSION Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 35015 Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
The Messenger Apps of the cell: Extracellular Vesicles as Regulatory Messengers of Microglial Function in the CNS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:473-486. [PMID: 32337651 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intense effort of investigators, in particular during the past decade, has highlighted the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity in the course of a variety of infections, with clear implications for development of novel vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Current and future efforts now need to focus strongly on teasing apart the intricate and complex molecular mechanisms that operate during EV regulation of immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances that bear on our current understanding of how EVs, including exosomes, can contribute to the innate immune functions of microglia within the central nervous system (CNS), and we also highlight future important mechanistic questions that need to be addressed. In particular, recent findings that highlight the crosstalk between autophagy and exosome pathways and their implications for innate immune functions of microglia will be presented. Microglial activation has been shown to play a key role in neuroAIDS, a neuro-infectious disease for which the importance of exosome functions, including exosome-autophagy interplay, has been reported. The importance of exosomes and exosome-autophagy crosstalk involving microglia has also been shown for the Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that is thought to be linked with immune dysfunction and involve infectious agents as trigger. Considering the accumulation of recent findings and the vibrancy of the EV field, we anticipate that future studies will continue to have a deep impact on our understanding of the CNS pathologies that are influenced by the functions of microglia and of the infectious disease mechanisms in general. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
155
|
Eltokhi A, Janmaat IE, Genedi M, Haarman BCM, Sommer IEC. Dysregulation of synaptic pruning as a possible link between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1335-1369. [PMID: 32239720 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prenatal and early postnatal stages represent a critical time window for human brain development. Interestingly, this window partly overlaps with the maturation of the intestinal flora (microbiota) that play a critical role in the bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous systems (microbiota-gut-brain axis). The microbial composition has important influences on general health and the development of several organ systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system, and also the brain. Clinical studies have shown that microbiota alterations are associated with a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. In this review, we dissect the link between these neuropsychiatric disorders and the intestinal microbiota by focusing on their effect on synaptic pruning, a vital process in the maturation and establishing efficient functioning of the brain. We discuss in detail how synaptic pruning is dysregulated differently in the aforementioned neuropsychiatric disorders and how it can be influenced by dysbiosis and/or changes in the intestinal microbiota composition. We also review that the improvement in the intestinal microbiota composition by a change in diet, probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation may play a role in improving neuropsychiatric functioning, which can be at least partly explained via the optimization of synaptic pruning and neuronal connections. Altogether, the demonstration of the microbiota's influence on brain function via microglial-induced synaptic pruning addresses the possibility that the manipulation of microbiota-immune crosstalk represents a promising strategy for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltokhi
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Isabel E Janmaat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Genedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Identification micro-RNAs functional modules and genes of ischemic stroke based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Genomics 2020; 112:2748-2754. [PMID: 32198065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
157
|
García S, Martín Giménez VM, Mocayar Marón FJ, Reiter RJ, Manucha W. Melatonin and cannabinoids: mitochondrial-targeted molecules that may reduce inflammaging in neurodegenerative diseases. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:789-800. [PMID: 32154907 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are associated with advancing age, so they are usually diagnosed in late adulthood. A primary mechanism underlying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases is neuroinflammation. Based on this background, the concept of "neuroinflammaging" has emerged. In this deregulated neuroinflammatory process, a variety of immune cells participate, especially glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines, receptors, and subcellular organelles including mitochondria, which are mainly responsible for maintaining redox balance at the cellular level. Senescence and autophagic processes also play a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory disease associated with aging. Of particular interest, melatonin, cannabinoids, and the receptors of both molecules which are closely related, exert beneficial effects on the neuroinflammatory processes that precede the onset of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Some of these neuroprotective effects are fundamentally related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions at the mitochondrial level due to the strategic functions of this organelle. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent advances in the study of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration associated with age and to consider the use of new mitochondrial therapeutic targets related to the endocannabinoid system and the pineal gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián García
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Cuyo National University, Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Institute of Research in Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Cuyo Catholic University, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Feres José Mocayar Marón
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Cuyo National University, Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Walter Manucha
- Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Cuyo National University, Mendoza, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Wong SQ, Kumar AV, Mills J, Lapierre LR. Autophagy in aging and longevity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:277-290. [PMID: 31144030 PMCID: PMC6884674 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the process of autophagy and its role in health and diseases has grown remarkably in the last two decades. Early work established autophagy as a general bulk recycling process which involves the sequestration and transport of intracellular material to the lysosome for degradation. Currently, autophagy is viewed as a nexus of metabolic and proteostatic signalling that can determine key physiological decisions from cell fate to organismal lifespan. Here, we review the latest literature on the role of autophagy and lysosomes in stress response and longevity. We highlight the connections between autophagy and metabolic processes, the network associated with its regulation, and the links between autophagic dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Q Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anita V Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joslyn Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Vaughn CB, Jakimovski D, Kavak KS, Ramanathan M, Benedict RHB, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B. Epidemiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis in elderly populations. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 15:329-342. [PMID: 31000816 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the age of affected patients are increasing owing to increased longevity of the general population and the availability of effective disease-modifying therapies. However, ageing presents unique challenges in patients with MS largely as a result of their increased frequency of age-related and MS-related comorbidities as well as transition of the disease course from an inflammatory to a neurodegenerative phenotype. Immunosenescence (the weakening of the immune system associated with natural ageing) might be at least partly responsible for this transition, which further complicates disease management. Currently approved therapies for MS are effective in preventing relapse but are not as effective in preventing the accumulation of disability associated with ageing and disease progression. Thus, ageing patients with MS represent a uniquely challenging population that is currently underserved by existing therapeutic regimens. This Review focuses on the epidemiology of MS in ageing patients. Unique considerations relevant to this population are discussed, including the immunology and pathobiology of the complex relationship between ageing and MS, the safety and efficacy of disease-modifying therapies, when discontinuation of treatment might be appropriate and the important role of approaches to support wellness and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caila B Vaughn
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katelyn S Kavak
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ralph H B Benedict
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Clinical Translational Science Institute, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Sung K, Jimenez-Sanchez M. Autophagy in Astrocytes and its Implications in Neurodegeneration. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2605-2621. [PMID: 31931011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway where double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic content to the lysosome. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, misfolded proteins that accumulate in these diseases and constitute a common pathological hallmark are substrates for autophagic degradation. Astrocytes, a major type of glial cells, are emerging as a critical component in most neurodegenerative diseases. This review will summarize the recent efforts to investigate the role that autophagy plays in astrocytes in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. While the field has mostly focused on the implications of autophagy in neurons, autophagy may also be involved in the clearance of disease-related proteins in astrocytes as well as in maintaining astrocyte function, which could impact the cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contribution of astrocytes to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sung
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Yang ZY, Zhou L, Meng Q, Shi H, Li YH. An appropriate level of autophagy reduces emulsified isoflurane-induced apoptosis in fetal neural stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2278-2285. [PMID: 32594049 PMCID: PMC7749471 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.285004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays essential roles in cell survival. However, the functions and regulation of the autophagy-related proteins Atg5, LC3B, and Beclin 1 during anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity remain unclear. This study aimed to understand the autophagy pathways and mechanisms that affect neurotoxicity, induced by the anesthetic emulsified isoflurane, in rat fetal neural stem cells. Fetal neural stem cells were cultured, in vitro, and neurotoxicity was induced by emulsified isoflurane treatment. The effects of pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin and the effects of transfection with small interfering RNA against ATG5 (siRNA-Atg5) were observed. Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Ultrastructural changes were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy. The levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3B, Beclin 1, Atg5, and P62 and the pro-apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 were analyzed using western blot assay. The inhibition of cell proliferation and that of apoptosis rate increased after treatment with emulsified isoflurane. Autophagolysosomes, monolayer membrane formation due to lysosomal degradation, were observed. The autophagy-related proteins LC3B, Beclin 1, Atg5, and P62 and caspase-3 were upregulated. These results confirm that emulsified isoflurane can induce toxicity and autophagy in fetal neural stem cells. Pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin increased the apoptosis rate in emulsified isoflurane-treated fetal neural stem cells, which indicated that the complete inhibition of autophagy does not alleviate emulsified isoflurane-induced fetal neural stem cell toxicity. Atg5 expression was decreased significantly by siRNA-Atg5 transfection, and cell proliferation was inhibited. These results verify that the Atg5 autophagy pathway can be regulated to maintain appropriate levels of autophagy, which can inhibit the neurotoxicity induced by emulsified isoflurane anesthetic in fetal neural stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Hai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Autophagy in the Immunosuppressive Perivascular Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010102. [PMID: 31906065 PMCID: PMC7016956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) has been shown to up-regulate autophagy with anti- or pro-oncogenic effects. Recently, our group has shown how GB cells aberrantly up-regulate chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in pericytes of peritumoral areas to modulate their immune function through cell-cell interaction and in the tumor’s own benefit. Thus, to understand GB progression, the effect that GB cells could have on autophagy of immune cells that surround the tumor needs to be deeply explored. In this review, we summarize all the latest evidence of several molecular and cellular immunosuppressive mechanisms in the perivascular tumor microenvironment. This immunosuppression has been reported to facilitate GB progression and may be differently modulated by several types of autophagy as a critical point to be considered for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
163
|
Abstract
Across all branches of the immune system, the process of autophagy is fundamentally important in cellular development, function and homeostasis. Strikingly, this evolutionarily ancient pathway for intracellular recycling has been adapted to enable a high degree of functional complexity and specialization. However, although the requirement for autophagy in normal immune cell function is clear, the mechanisms involved are much less so and encompass control of metabolism, selective degradation of substrates and organelles and participation in cell survival decisions. We review here the crucial functions of autophagy in controlling the differentiation and homeostasis of multiple immune cell types and discuss the potential mechanisms involved.
Collapse
|
164
|
New Insights for Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Aging-Related Diseases: Herbal Medicine as Potential Therapeutic Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4598167. [PMID: 31915506 PMCID: PMC6930799 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4598167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a progressive disease affecting around 900 million people worldwide, and in recent years, the mechanism of aging and aging-related diseases has been well studied. Treatments for aging-related diseases have also made progress. For the long-term treatment of aging-related diseases, herbal medicine is particularly suitable for drug discovery. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and aging-related diseases, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagy and exosome interactions, mitochondrial injury, and telomerase damage, and summarize commonly used herbals and compounds concerned with the development of aging-related diseases, including Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Radix astragali, Lycium barbarum, Rhodiola rosea, Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong, resveratrol, curcumin, and flavonoids. We also summarize key randomized controlled trials of herbal medicine for aging-related diseases during the past ten years. Adverse reactions of herbs were also described. It is expected to provide new insights for slowing aging and treating aging-related diseases with herbal medicine.
Collapse
|
165
|
Wang JL, Xu CJ. Astrocytes autophagy in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 122:109691. [PMID: 31786465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes can serve multiple functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS), and normal functions for autophagy in astrocytes is considered to have very vital roles in the pathogenesis of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a major intracellular lysosomal (or its yeast analog, vacuolar) clearance pathways involved in the degradation and recycling of long-lived proteins, oxidatively damaged proteins and dysfunctional organelles by lysosomes. Current evidence has shown that autophagy might influence inflammation, oxidative stress, aging and function of astrocytes. Although the interrelation between autophagy and inflammation, oxidative stress, aging or neurological disorders have been addressed in detail, the influence of astrocytes mediated-autophagy in aging and neurodegenerative disorders has yet to be fully reviewed. In this review, we will summarize the most up-to-date findings and highlight the role of autophagy in astrocytes and link autophagy of astrocytes to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the prominent roles of astrocytic autophagy in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, we believe that we can provide new suggestions for the treatment of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1 of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China.
| | - Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Cha Shan University Town, No.1 Central North Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Telegina DV, Suvorov GK, Kozhevnikova OS, Kolosova NG. Mechanisms of Neuronal Death in the Cerebral Cortex during Aging and Development of Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5632. [PMID: 31717998 PMCID: PMC6888576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest type of late-life dementia and damages the cerebral cortex, a vulnerable brain region implicated in memory, emotion, cognition, and decision-making behavior. AD is characterized by progressive neuronal loss, but the mechanisms of cell death at different stages of the disease remain unknown. Here, by means of OXYS rats as an appropriate model of the most common (sporadic) AD form, we studied the main pathways of cell death during development of AD-like pathology, including the preclinical stage. We found that apoptosis is activated at the pre-symptomatic stage (age 20 days) correlating with the retardation of brain development in the OXYS strain early in life. Progression of the AD-like pathology was accompanied by activation of apoptosis and necroptosis resulting from a decline of autophagy-mediated proteostasis. Our results are consistent with the idea that the nature of changes in the pathways of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis depends on the stage of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darya V. Telegina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (D.V.T.); (G.K.S.); (O.S.K.)
| | - Gleb K. Suvorov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (D.V.T.); (G.K.S.); (O.S.K.)
| | - Oyuna S. Kozhevnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (D.V.T.); (G.K.S.); (O.S.K.)
| | - Nataliya G. Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (D.V.T.); (G.K.S.); (O.S.K.)
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Zhou T, Lin D, Chen Y, Peng S, Jing X, Lei M, Tao E, Liang Y. α-synuclein accumulation in SH-SY5Y cell impairs autophagy in microglia by exosomes overloading miR-19a-3p. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1661-1677. [PMID: 31646884 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To reveal whether miRNAs in exosomes from α-synuclein transgenic SH-SY5Y cells are able to regulate autophagy in recipient microglia. Materials & methods: Microarray analysis and experimental verification were adopted to assess the significance of autophagy-associated miRNAs in exosomes from neuronal model of α-synucleinopathies. Results: We found that miR-19a-3p increased remarkably in the exosomes from α-synuclein gene transgenic SH-SY5Y cells. Further study inferred that α-synuclein gene transgenic SH-SY5Y cell-derived exosomes and miR-19a-3p mimic consistently inhibited the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog and increased the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR, both of which ultimately lead to the dysfunction of autophagy in recipient microglia. Conclusion: The data suggested that enhanced expression of miR-19a-3p in exosomes suppress autophagy in recipient microglia by targeting the phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianen Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Danyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Sudan Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Xiuna Jing
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Enxiang Tao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Yanran Liang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Association between autophagy and rapid eye movement sleep loss-associated neurodegenerative and patho-physio-behavioral changes. Sleep Med 2019; 63:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
169
|
Rifampicin attenuates rotenone-treated microglia inflammation via improving lysosomal function. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104690. [PMID: 31648047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that lysosome dysfunction promotes the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases via hampering autophagy flux. While regulation of autophagy in microglia may affect chronic inflammation involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous studies have reported rifampicin inhibits rotenone-induced microglia inflammation by enhancing autophagy, however the precise mechanism remains unclear. Human microglia (HM) cells were pretreated with 100 μM rifampicin for 2 h followed by exposure to 0.1 μM rotenone. We found that rifampicin pretreatment suppressed the gene expression of IL-1β and IL-6 via inhibiting activation of JNK after rotenone induction, but the anti-inflammatory effect of rifampicin was reversed by chloroquine. Moreover, rifampicin pretreatment not only improved the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in rotenone-treated cells, but also increased autolysosomes and decreased autophagosomes in RFP-GFP-LC3B transfected HM cells exposed to rotenone, thus indicating rifampicin improves autophagy flux in rotenone-treated HM cells. Finally, we verified rifampicin pretreatment enhanced ATP6V0A1 expression when compared to that exposed to rotenone alone. ATP6V0A1 knockdown inhibited the effect of rifampicin on maintaining lysosome acidification and autophagosome-lysosome fusion in rotenone-treated microglia. Taken together, our results indicated that rifampicin attenuates rotenone-induced microglia inflammation partially via elevating ATP6V0A1. Modulation of lysosomal function by rifampicin may be a novel therapeutic strategy for PD.
Collapse
|
170
|
Martini AC, Gomez-Arboledas A, Forner S, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, McQuade A, Danhash E, Phan J, Javonillo D, Ha JV, Tram M, Trujillo-Estrada L, da Cunha C, Ager RR, Davila JC, Kitazawa M, Blurton-Jones M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D, Medeiros R, LaFerla FM. Amyloid-beta impairs TOM1-mediated IL-1R1 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21198-21206. [PMID: 31570577 PMCID: PMC6800331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914088116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-mediated cellular responses contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD). To decipher the mechanism associated with its pathogenesis, we investigated the molecular events associated with the termination of IL-1β inflammatory responses by focusing on the role played by the target of Myb1 (TOM1), a negative regulator of the interleukin-1β receptor-1 (IL-1R1). We first show that TOM1 steady-state levels are reduced in human AD hippocampi and in the brain of an AD mouse model versus respective controls. Experimentally reducing TOM1 affected microglia activity, substantially increased amyloid-beta levels, and impaired cognition, whereas enhancing its levels was therapeutic. These data show that reparation of the TOM1-signaling pathway represents a therapeutic target for brain inflammatory disorders such as AD. A better understanding of the age-related changes in the immune system will allow us to craft therapies to limit detrimental aspects of inflammation, with the broader purpose of sharply reducing the number of people afflicted by AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cadete Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Amanda McQuade
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Emma Danhash
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Dominic Javonillo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jordan-Vu Ha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Melanie Tram
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Celia da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Rahasson R Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jose C Davila
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
TREM Receptors Connecting Bowel Inflammation to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101124. [PMID: 31546668 PMCID: PMC6829526 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM-1/2) are bound to a variety of infectious, sterile inflammatory, and degenerative conditions, ranging from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to neurodegenerative disorders. TREMs are emerging as key players in pivotal mechanisms often concurring in IBD and neurodegeneration, namely microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, and inflammation. In conditions of dysbiosis, compounds released by intestinal bacteria activate TREMs on macrophages, leading to an exuberant pro-inflammatory reaction up to damage in the gut barrier. In turn, TREM-positive activated macrophages along with inflammatory mediators may reach the brain through the blood, glymphatic system, circumventricular organs, or the vagus nerve via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This leads to a systemic inflammatory response which, in turn, impairs the blood-brain barrier, while promoting further TREM-dependent neuroinflammation and, ultimately, neural injury. Nonetheless, controversial results still exist on the role of TREM-2 compared with TREM-1, depending on disease specificity, stage, and degree of inflammation. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide an update on the role of TREMs in the pathophysiology of IBD and neurodegeneration. The evidence here discussed the highlights of the potential role of TREMs, especially TREM-1, in bridging inflammatory processes in intestinal and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
172
|
Emerging Role of Genetic Alterations Affecting Exosome Biology in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174113. [PMID: 31450727 PMCID: PMC6747137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal deposition of proteins in brain tissue is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) often accompanied by the spread of mutated proteins, causing neuronal toxicity. Exosomes play a fundamental role on their releasing in extracellular space after endosomal pathway activation, allowing to remove protein aggregates by lysosomal degradation or their inclusion into multivesicular bodies (MVBs), besides promoting cellular cross-talk. The emerging evidence of pathogenic mutations associated to ND susceptibility, leading to impairment of exosome production and secretion, opens a new perspective on the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. Recent findings suggest to investigate the genetic mechanisms regulating the different exosome functions in central nervous system (CNS), to understand their role in the pathogenesis of NDs, addressing the identification of diagnostic and pharmacological targets. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms underlying exosome biogenesis, their molecular composition and functions in CNS, with a specific focus on the recent findings invoking a defective exosome biogenesis as a common biological feature of the major NDs, caused by genetic alterations. Further definition of the consequences of specific genetic mutations on exosome biogenesis and release will improve diagnostic and pharmacological studies in NDs.
Collapse
|
173
|
Al Rihani SB, Darakjian LI, Kaddoumi A. Oleocanthal-Rich Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Restores the Blood-Brain Barrier Function through NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibition Simultaneously with Autophagy Induction in TgSwDI Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3543-3554. [PMID: 31244050 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by multiple hallmarks including extracellular amyloid (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, dysfunctional blood-brain barrier (BBB), neuroinflammation, and impaired autophagy. Thus, novel strategies that target multiple disease pathways would be essential to prevent, halt, or treat the disease. A growing body of evidence including our studies supports a protective effect of oleocanthal (OC) and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) at early AD stages before the onset of pathology. In addition, we reported previously that OC and EVOO exhibited such effect by restoring the BBB function; however, the mechanism(s) by which OC and EVOO exert such an effect and whether this effect extends to a later stage of AD remain unknown. In this work, we sought first to test the effect of OC-rich EVOO consumption at an advanced stage of the disease in TgSwDI mice, an AD mouse model, starting at the age of 6 months for 3 months treatment, and then to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which OC-rich EVOO exerts the observed beneficial effect. Overall findings demonstrated that OC-rich EVOO restored the BBB function and reduced AD-associated pathology by reducing neuroinflammation through inhibition of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and inducing autophagy through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) pathway. Thus, diet supplementation with OC-rich EVOO could provide beneficial effect to slow or halt the progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweilem B. Al Rihani
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Research Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Lucy I. Darakjian
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Research Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Research Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Feng CW, Chen NF, Sung CS, Kuo HM, Yang SN, Chen CL, Hung HC, Chen BH, Wen ZH, Chen WF. Therapeutic Effect of Modulating TREM-1 via Anti-inflammation and Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:769. [PMID: 31440123 PMCID: PMC6691936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroinflammation has been identified as one of its key pathological characteristics. Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) amplify the inflammatory response and play a role in sepsis and cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that the attenuation of TREM-1 activity produces cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. However, no study has examined the role of TREM-1 in neurodegeneration. We showed that LP17, a synthetic peptide blocker of TREM-1, significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cascades of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B. Moreover, LP17 enhanced the LPS-induced upregulation of autophagy-related proteins such as light chain-3 and histone deacetylase-6. We also knocked down TREM-1 expression in a BV2 cell model to further confirm the role of TREM-1. LP17 inhibited 6-hydroxydopamine-induced locomotor deficit and iNOS messenger RNA expression in zebrafish. We also observed therapeutic effects of LP17 administration in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD syndrome using a rat model. These data suggest that the attenuation of TREM-1 could ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses in PD and that this neuroprotective effect might occur via the activation of autophagy and anti-inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Feng
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Kuo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - San-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Kim KH, Cho Y, Lee J, Jeong H, Lee Y, Kim SI, Kim CH, Lee HW, Nam KT. Sexually dimorphic leanness and hypermobility in p16 Ink4a/CDKN2A-deficient mice coincides with phenotypic changes in the cerebellum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11167. [PMID: 31371816 PMCID: PMC6671985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
p16Ink4a/CDKN2A is a tumor suppressor that critically regulates the cell cycle. Indeed, p16Ink4a deficiency promotes tumor formation in various tissues. We now report that p16Ink4a deficiency in female mice, but not male mice, induces leanness especially in old age, as indicated by lower body weight and smaller white adipose tissue, although other major organs are unaffected. Unexpectedly, the integrity, number, and sizes of adipocytes in white adipose tissue were unaffected, as was macrophage infiltration. Hence, hypermobility appeared to be accountable for the phenotype, since food consumption was not altered. Histological analysis of the cerebellum and deep cerebellar nuclei, a vital sensorimotor control center, revealed increased proliferation of neuronal cells and improved cerebellum integrity. Expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and PCNA also increased in deep cerebellar nuclei, implying crosstalk between p16Ink4a and ERβ. Furthermore, p16Ink4a deficiency expands LC3B+ cells and GFAP+ astrocytes in response to estrogen. Collectively, the data suggest that loss of p16INK4a induces sexually dimorphic leanness in female mice, which appears to be due to protection against cerebellar senescence by promoting neuronal proliferation and homeostasis via ERβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yura Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo In Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Microglial activation and inflammation caused by traffic-related particulate matter. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 311:108762. [PMID: 31348917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity caused by particulate matter (PM) has been highlighted as being a potential risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of brain inflammation in response to traffic-related PM remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of traffic-related PM on microglial responses. We determined the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, activation, autophagy, and apoptosis due to exposure to carbon black (CB) and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) in Bv2 microglial cells. Additionally, cells were pretreated with corticosteroid to determine alterations in microglial activation and inflammation. For in vivo confirmation, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were whole-body exposed to traffic-related PM1 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter of <1 μm) for 3 and 6 months. We observed that a decrease in cell viability and increases in dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs) occurred due to CB and DEP. Production of interleukin (IL)-6 and soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was significantly stimulated by CB and DEP, whereas production of cellular TNF-α was significantly stimulated by CB. Iba1 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) significantly increased due to CB and DEP. Consistently, we observed significant increases in Iba1 in the hippocampus of rats after 3 and 6 months of exposure to traffic-related PM1. We found that the light chain 3II (LC3II)/LC3I ratio and caspase-3 activity increased due to CB and DEP exposure. Subsequently, LDH, TBARS, LC3II/I, and caspase-3 activities did not clearly respond to corticosteroid pretreatment followed by DEP exposure in BV2 cells. Results of the present study suggested that traffic-related PM induced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, microglial activation, and inflammation as well as autophagy and caspase-3 regulation in microglia. We demonstrated that microglial activation and inflammation may play important roles in the response of the brain to traffic-related PM.
Collapse
|
177
|
Dafsari HS, Sprute R, Wunderlich G, Daimagüler HS, Karaca E, Contreras A, Becker K, Schulze-Rhonhof M, Kiening K, Karakulak T, Kloss M, Horn A, Pauls A, Nürnberg P, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Assmann B, Koy A, Cirak S. Novel mutations in KMT2B offer pathophysiological insights into childhood-onset progressive dystonia. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:803-813. [PMID: 31165786 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress has recently been made in the elucidation of the genetic basis of childhood-onset inherited generalized dystonia (IGD) due to the implementation of genomic sequencing methodologies. We identified four patients with childhood-onset IGD harboring novel disease-causing mutations in lysine-specific histone methyltransferase 2B gene (KMT2B) by whole-exome sequencing. The main focus of this paper is to gain novel pathophysiological insights through understanding the molecular consequences of these mutations. The disease course is mostly progressive, evolving from lower limbs into generalized dystonia, which could be associated with dysarthria, dysphonia, intellectual disability, orofacial dyskinesia, and sometimes distinct dysmorphic facial features. In two patients, motor performances improved after bilateral implantation of deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus (GPi-DBS). Pharmacotherapy with trihexyphenidyl reduced dystonia in two patients. We discovered three novel KMT2B mutations. Our analyses revealed that the mutation in patient 1 (c.7463A > G, p.Y2488C) is localized in the highly conserved FYRC domain of KMT2B. This mutation holds the potential to alter the inter-domain FYR interactions, which could lead to KMT2B instability. The mutations in patients 2 and 3 (c.3596_3697insC, p.M1202Dfs*22; c.4229delA, p.Q1410Rfs*12) lead to predicted unstable transcripts, likely to be subject to degradation by non-sense-mediated decay. Childhood-onset progressive dystonia with orofacial involvement is one of the main clinical manifestations of KMT2B mutations. In all, 26% (18/69) of the reported cases have T2 signal alterations of the globus pallidus internus, mostly at a younger age. Anticholinergic medication and GPi-DBS are promising treatment options and shall be considered early.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hormos Salimi Dafsari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rosanne Sprute
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilbert Wunderlich
- Center for Rare Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hülya-Sevcan Daimagüler
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adriana Contreras
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mira Schulze-Rhonhof
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl Kiening
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tülay Karakulak
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Manja Kloss
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Horn
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amande Pauls
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Koy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Rare Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Andhavarapu S, Mubariz F, Arvas M, Bever C, Makar TK. Interplay between ER stress and autophagy: A possible mechanism in multiple sclerosis pathology. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 108:183-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
179
|
Wang Y, Zhou K, Li T, Xu Y, Xie C, Sun Y, Rodriguez J, Zhang S, Song J, Wang X, Blomgren K, Zhu C. Selective Neural Deletion of the Atg7 Gene Reduces Irradiation-Induced Cerebellar White Matter Injury in the Juvenile Mouse Brain by Ameliorating Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:241. [PMID: 31213984 PMCID: PMC6554477 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool for treating brain tumors, but irradiation-induced toxicity to the normal brain tissue remains a major problem. Here, we investigated if selective neural autophagy related gene 7 (Atg7) deletion has a persistent effect on irradiation-induced juvenile mouse brain injury. Ten-day-old Atg7 knockout under a nestin promoter (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a single dose of 6 Gy whole-brain irradiation. Cerebellar volume, cell proliferation, microglia activation, inflammation, and myelination were evaluated in the cerebellum at 5 days after irradiation. We found that neural Atg7 deficiency partially prevented myelin disruption compared to the WT mice after irradiation, as indicated by myelin basic protein staining. Irradiation induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) loss in the white matter of the cerebellum, and Atg7 deficiency partly prevented this. The mRNA expression of oligodendrocyte and myelination-related genes (Olig2, Cldn11, CNP, and MBP) was higher in the cerebellum in Atg7 KO mice compared with WT littermates. The total cerebellar volume was significantly reduced after irradiation in both Atg7 KO and WT mice. Atg7-deficient cerebellums were in a regenerative state before irradiation, as judged by the increased OPC-related and neurogenesis-related transcripts and the increased numbers of microglia; however, except for the OPC parameters these were the same in both genotypes after irradiation. Finally, there was no significant change in the number of astrocytes in the cerebellum after irradiation. These results suggest that selective neural Atg7 deficiency reduces irradiation-induced cerebellar white matter injury in the juvenile mouse brain, secondary to prevention of OPC loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Crocin induces anti-ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats and inhibits autophagy by regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172424. [PMID: 31150648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Crocin, an active compound found in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has been shown to possess neuron-protective properties, but its potential mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. In this study, the anti-ischemic effect and underlying mechanism of action of crocin were investigated in male rats with right middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate the area of infarction 24 h after reperfusion. Neurological scores were employed to evaluate nerve injury. Direct 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to calculate the infarct ratio 120 h after reperfusion. Finally, HT22 cells and Western blot were used to study the underlying mechanisms. Crocin showed a decreased infarct volume and neurological score in vivo, while the expression of LC3-II/I and AMP-activated protein kinase was remarkably down-regulated with increased levels of p62 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression. However, rapamycin significantly inhibited mTOR, which can impact the anti-ischemic effect of crocin in vitro. These results suggest that crocin may elicit an anti-ischemic effect probably through the mTOR pathway.
Collapse
|
181
|
Wang MM, Feng YS, Yang SD, Xing Y, Zhang J, Dong F, Zhang F. The Relationship Between Autophagy and Brain Plasticity in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:228. [PMID: 31244604 PMCID: PMC6542992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic degradation system, is utilized for destroying and recycling the damaged or unnecessary cellular components. Brain plasticity refers to the remarkable characteristics of brain neurons that change their structure and function according to previous experience. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in databases of SCIENCEDIRECT, PUBMED, and Web of Science, from respective inception to January 2019. Here, we review the neuroprotective effect of autophagy in neurological diseases and the mechanism of autophagy in brain plasticity. Moreover, the mechanism of autophagy in the process of brain plasticity can provide the possibility for the development of new treatment methods in the future, thus benefiting patients with neurological diseases. In summary, autophagy and brain plasticity play important roles in neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Si-Dong Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Griñán-Ferré C, Corpas R, Puigoriol-Illamola D, Palomera-Ávalos V, Sanfeliu C, Pallàs M. Understanding Epigenetics in the Neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's Disease: SAMP8 Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:943-963. [PMID: 29562529 PMCID: PMC5870033 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics is emerging as the missing link among genetic inheritance, environmental influences, and body and brain health status. In the brain, specific changes in nucleic acids or their associated proteins in neurons and glial cells might imprint differential patterns of gene activation that will favor either cognitive enhancement or cognitive loss for more than one generation. Furthermore, derangement of age-related epigenetic signaling is appearing as a significant risk factor for illnesses of aging, including neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, better knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms might provide hints and clues in the triggering and progression of AD. Intense research in experimental models suggests that molecular interventions for modulating epigenetic mechanisms might have therapeutic applications to promote cognitive maintenance through an advanced age. The SAMP8 mouse is a senescence model with AD traits in which the study of epigenetic alterations may unveil epigenetic therapies against the AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, IDIBAPS and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Puigoriol-Illamola
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Palomera-Ávalos
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, IDIBAPS and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Cell Clearing Systems Bridging Neuro-Immunity and Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092197. [PMID: 31060234 PMCID: PMC6538995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, functional interconnections emerged between synaptic transmission, inflammatory/immune mediators, and central nervous system (CNS) (patho)-physiology. Such interconnections rose up to a level that involves synaptic plasticity, both concerning its molecular mechanisms and the clinical outcomes related to its behavioral abnormalities. Within this context, synaptic plasticity, apart from being modulated by classic CNS molecules, is strongly affected by the immune system, and vice versa. This is not surprising, given the common molecular pathways that operate at the cross-road between the CNS and immune system. When searching for a common pathway bridging neuro-immune and synaptic dysregulations, the two major cell-clearing cell clearing systems, namely the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, take center stage. In fact, just like is happening for the turnover of key proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, antigen processing within both peripheral and CNS-resident antigen presenting cells is carried out by UPS and autophagy. Recent evidence unravelling the functional cross-talk between the cell-clearing pathways challenged the traditional concept of autophagy and UPS as independent systems. In fact, autophagy and UPS are simultaneously affected in a variety of CNS disorders where synaptic and inflammatory/immune alterations concur. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy and UPS in bridging synaptic plasticity with neuro-immunity, while posing a special emphasis on their interactions, which may be key to defining the role of immunity in synaptic plasticity in health and disease.
Collapse
|
184
|
Meng T, Lin S, Zhuang H, Huang H, He Z, Hu Y, Gong Q, Feng D. Recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases. Cell Stress 2019; 3:141-161. [PMID: 31225510 PMCID: PMC6551859 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (here refers to macroautophagy) is a catabolic pathway by which large protein aggregates and damaged organelles are first sequestered into a double-membraned structure called autophago-some and then delivered to lysosome for destruction. Recently, tremen-dous progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism and functions of this essential cellular metabolic process. In addition to being either a rubbish clearing system or a cellular surviving program in response to different stresses, autophagy plays important roles in a large number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and especially neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases and discuss how dysregulation of autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation, maturation, and/or au-tophagosome-lysosomal fusion step contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shiyin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haixia Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haofeng Huang
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac-Cerebral Vascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongquan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qing Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Du Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Bennett JP, Keeney PM, Brohawn DG. RNA Sequencing Reveals Small and Variable Contributions of Infectious Agents to Transcriptomes of Postmortem Nervous Tissues From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Subjects, and Increased Expression of Genes From Disease-Activated Microglia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:235. [PMID: 30983949 PMCID: PMC6447612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous tissues from both humans with neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and animals with genetic models of human NDD, such as rare monogenic causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), show activated microglia, suggesting a potential causal role for inflammation in pathogenesis of NDD. We performed paired-end (PE) RNA sequencing (RNA seq) of total RNA's extracted from frozen sections of cervical spinal cords from ALS and CTL subjects, frontal cortical gray matter ribbons of AD and CTL subjects, and ventral midbrains of PD and CTL subjects. Trimmed PE reads were aligned against the hg38 human transcriptome using Tophat2/Bowtie2 (ALS) or HISAT2 (AD and PD) and quantitated with Cufflinks. PE reads were also aligned using Bowtie2 against genomes from representative species of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella sp. T6 (parasitic infectious agents), Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi (tick-vector borne agents), and Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis, agents causing chronic gingivitis. Primary aligned reads of each agent in each tissue sample were quantitated with SAMtools. We found small percentages (<0.1%) of transcriptomes aligned with B. microti, B. burgdorferi, T. denticola, and P. gingivalis genomes and larger percentages aligned with T. gondii (0.1-0.2%) and Trichinella sp. T6 (1.0-1.1%) genomes. In AD specimens, but in no others, primary aligned transcriptome percentages, although small, approached significance for being greater in AD compared to CTL samples for B. burgdorferi (p = 0.067) and P. gingivalis (p = 0.068). Genes' expressions in postmortem tissues of AD and ALS but not PD revealed significant changes among disease-associated microglial (DAM) genes. Infectious agents' transcripts can be detected in RNA seq reads of both NDD and CTL tissues and vary from agent to agent. Expressions of Stage 1 and Stage 2 DAM genes significantly changed, suggesting the presence of Stages 1 and 2 DAM in our NDD tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Bennett
- Neurodegeneration Therapeutics, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paula M Keeney
- Neurodegeneration Therapeutics, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - David G Brohawn
- Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,Department of Medical Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Autophagy as a Homeostatic Mechanism in Response to Stress Conditions in the Central Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6594-6608. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
187
|
Haukedal H, Freude K. Implications of Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1818-1829. [PMID: 30763568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders with clear similarities regarding their clinical, genetic and pathological features. Both are progressive, lethal disorders, with no current curative treatment available. Several genes that correlated with ALS and FTD are implicated in the same molecular pathways. Strikingly, many of these genes are not exclusively expressed in neurons, but also in glial cells, suggesting a multicellular pathogenesis. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a common feature observed in ALS and FTD, indicating an essential role of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in disease development and progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the implications of microglia in ALS and FTD. Specifically, we will focus on the role of impaired phagocytosis and increased inflammatory responses and their impact on microglial function. Several genes associated with the disorders can directly be linked to microglial activation, phagocytosis and neuroinflammation. Other genes associated with the disorders are implicated in biological pathways involved in protein degradation and autophagy. In general such mutations have been shown to cause abnormal protein accumulation and impaired autophagy. These impairments have previously been linked to affect the innate immune system in the central nervous system through inappropriate activation of microglia and neuroinflammation, highlighted in this review. Although it has been well established that microglia play essential roles in neurodegenerative disorders, the precise underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Haukedal
- Group of Stem Cells and Modeling of Neurodegeneration, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870C, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Group of Stem Cells and Modeling of Neurodegeneration, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Ramesh J, Ronsard L, Gao A, Venugopal B. Autophagy Intertwines with Different Diseases-Recent Strategies for Therapeutic Approaches. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7010015. [PMID: 30717078 PMCID: PMC6473623 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a regular and substantial “clear-out process” that occurs within the cell and that gets rid of debris that accumulates in membrane-enclosed vacuoles by using enzyme-rich lysosomes, which are filled with acids that degrade the contents of the vacuoles. This machinery is well-connected with many prevalent diseases, including cancer, HIV, and Parkinson’s disease. Considering that autophagy is well-known for its significant connections with a number of well-known fatal diseases, a thorough knowledge of the current findings in the field is essential in developing therapies to control the progression rate of diseases. Thus, this review summarizes the critical events comprising autophagy in the cellular system and the significance of its key molecules in manifesting this pathway in various diseases for down- or upregulation. We collectively reviewed the role of autophagy in various diseases, mainly neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and renal disorders. Here, some collective reports on autophagy showed that this process might serve as a dual performer: either protector or contributor to certain diseases. The aim of this review is to help researchers to understand the role of autophagy-regulating genes encoding functional open reading frames (ORFs) and its connection with diseases, which will eventually drive better understanding of both the progression and suppression of different diseases at various stages. This review also focuses on certain novel therapeutic strategies which have been published in the recent years based on targeting autophagy key proteins and its interconnecting signaling cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ramesh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - Anthony Gao
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bhuvarahamurthy Venugopal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Mukherjee S, Klaus C, Pricop-Jeckstadt M, Miller JA, Struebing FL. A Microglial Signature Directing Human Aging and Neurodegeneration-Related Gene Networks. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30733664 PMCID: PMC6353788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is regarded as a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, a better understanding of the similarities between the aging process and neurodegenerative diseases at the cellular and molecular level may reveal better understanding of this detrimental relationship. In the present study, we mined publicly available gene expression datasets from healthy individuals and patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease) across a broad age spectrum and compared those with mouse aging and mouse cell-type specific gene expression profiles. We performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and found a gene network strongly related with both aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This network was significantly enriched with a microglial signature as imputed from cell type-specific sequencing data. Since mouse models are extensively used for the study of human diseases, we further compared these human gene regulatory networks with age-specific mouse brain transcriptomes. We discovered significantly preserved networks with both human aging and human disease and identified 17 shared genes in the top-ranked immune/microglia module, among which we found five human hub genes TYROBP, FCER1G, ITGB2, MYO1F, PTPRC, and two mouse hub genes Trem2 and C1qa. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that microglia are key players involved in human aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and suggest that mouse models should be appropriate for studying these microglial changes in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Mukherjee
- Health Informatics Advanced Science Masters Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Klaus
- Neural Regeneration Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihaela Pricop-Jeckstadt
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine “Carl Gustav Carus”, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Felix L. Struebing
- Department of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Jiang GM, Tan Y, Wang H, Peng L, Chen HT, Meng XJ, Li LL, Liu Y, Li WF, Shan H. The relationship between autophagy and the immune system and its applications for tumor immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:17. [PMID: 30678689 PMCID: PMC6345046 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a genetically well-controlled cellular process that is tightly controlled by a set of core genes, including the family of autophagy-related genes (ATG). Autophagy is a “double-edged sword” in tumors. It can promote or suppress tumor development, which depends on the cell and tissue types and the stages of tumor. At present, tumor immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy against tumors. Recent studies have shown that autophagy significantly controls immune responses by modulating the functions of immune cells and the production of cytokines. Conversely, some cytokines and immune cells have a great effect on the function of autophagy. Therapies aiming at autophagy to enhance the immune responses and anti-tumor effects of immunotherapy have become the prospective strategy, with enhanced antigen presentation and higher sensitivity to CTLs. However, the induction of autophagy may also benefit tumor cells escape from immune surveillance and result in intrinsic resistance against anti-tumor immunotherapy. Increasing studies have proven the optimal use of either ATG inducers or inhibitors can restrain tumor growth and progression by enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and overcoming the anti-tumor immune resistance in combination with several immunotherapeutic strategies, indicating that induction or inhibition of autophagy might show us a prospective therapeutic strategy when combined with immunotherapy. In this article, the possible mechanisms of autophagy regulating immune system, and the potential applications of autophagy in tumor immunotherapy will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. .,Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuan Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Fang Li
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Abstract
Many diseases are related to age, among these neurodegeneration is particularly important. Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's and Glaucoma have many common pathogenic events including oxidative damage, Mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial alterations and changes in the visual field. These are well known in the case of glaucoma, less in the case of neurodegeneration of the brain. Many other molecular aspects are common, such as the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and neuronal apoptosis while others have been neglected due to lack of space such as inflammatory cytokine or miRNA. Moreover, the loss of specific neuronal populations, the induction of similar mechanisms of cell injury and the deposition of protein aggregates in specific anatomical areas are very similar events between these diseases. Intracellular and/or extracellular accumulation of protein aggregates is a key feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The existence of abnormal protein aggregates has been documented in the RGCs of glaucomatous patients such as the anomalous Tau protein or the β-amyloid accumulations. Intra-cell catabolic processes also appear to be common in both glaucoma and neurodegeneration. They also help us to understand how the basis between these diseases is common and how the visual aspects can be a serious problem for those who are affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Cutolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Science, University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Eye Clinic Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Rossi
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Yanuck SF. Microglial Phagocytosis of Neurons: Diminishing Neuronal Loss in Traumatic, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Autoimmune CNS Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:712. [PMID: 31632307 PMCID: PMC6786049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Errors in neuron-microglial interaction are known to lead to microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and excessive neuronal loss, potentially yielding poorer clinical outcomes. Factors that affect neuron-microglial interaction have the potential to influence the error rate. Clinical comorbidities that unfavorably impact neuron-microglial interaction may promote a higher rate of neuronal loss, to the detriment of patient outcome. This paper proposes that many common, clinically modifiable comorbidities have a common thread, in that they all influence neuron-microglial interactions. Comorbidities like traumatic brain injury, infection, stress, neuroinflammation, loss of neuronal metabolic integrity, poor growth factor status, and other factors, all have the potential to alter communication between neurons and microglia. When this occurs, microglial phagocytosis of live neurons can increase. In addition, microglia can shift into a morphological form in which they express major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), allowing them to function as antigen presenting cells that present neuronal debris as antigen to invading T cells. This can increase risk for the development of CNS autoimmunity, or can exacerbate existing CNS autoimmunity. The detrimental influence of these comorbidities has the potential to contribute to the mosaic of factors that determine patient outcome in some CNS pathologies that have neuropsychiatric involvement, including TBI and CNS disorders with autoimmune components, where excessive neuronal loss can yield poorer clinical outcomes. Recognition of the impact of these comorbidities may contribute to an understanding of the common clinical observation that many seemingly disparate factors contribute to the overall picture of case management and clinical outcome in these complex disorders. In a clinical setting, knowing how these comorbidities can influence neuron-microglial interaction can help focus surveillance and care on a broader group of potential therapeutic targets. Accordingly, an interest in the mechanisms underlying the influence of these factors on neuron-microglial interactions is appropriate. Neuron-microglial interaction is reviewed, and the various mechanisms by which these potential comorbidities influence neuro-microglial interaction are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Yanuck
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
He HY, Ren L, Guo T, Deng YH. Neuronal autophagy aggravates microglial inflammatory injury by downregulating CX3CL1/fractalkine after ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:280-288. [PMID: 30531011 PMCID: PMC6301168 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke often induces excessive neuronal autophagy, resulting in brain damage; meanwhile, inflammatory responses stimulated by ischemia exacerbate neural injury. However, interactions between neuronal autophagy and microglial inflammation following ischemic stroke are poorly understood. CX3CL1/fractalkine, a membrane-bound chemokine expressed on neurons, can suppress microglial inflammation by binding to its receptor CX3CR1 on microglia. In the present study, to investigate whether autophagy could alter CX3CL1 expression on neurons and consequently change microglial inflammatory activity, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in Sprague-Dawley rats to model ischemic stroke, and tissues from the ischemic penumbra were obtained to evaluate autophagy level and microglial inflammatory activity. MCAO rats were administered 3-methyladenine (autophagy inhibitor) or Tat-Beclin 1 (autophagy inducer). Western blot assays were conducted to quantify expression of Beclin-1, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB), light chain 3B (LC3B), and CX3CL1 in ischemic penumbra. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining was performed to quantify numbers of LC3B-, CX3CL1-, and Iba-1-positive cells in ischemic penumbra. In addition, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were utilized to analyze concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). A dry/wet weight method was used to detect brain water content, while 2,3,5,-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was utilized to measure infarct volume. The results demonstrated that autophagy signaling (Beclin-1 and LC3B expression) in penumbra was prominently activated by MCAO, while CX3CL1 expression on autophagic neurons was significantly reduced and microglial inflammation was markedly activated. However, after inhibition of autophagy signaling with 3-methyladenine, CX3CL1 expression on neurons was obviously increased, whereas Iba-1 and NF-κB expression was downregulated; TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2 levels were decreased; and cerebral edema was obviously mitigated. In contrast, after treatment with the autophagy inducer Tat-Beclin 1, CX3CL1 expression on neurons was further reduced; Iba-1 and NF-κB expression was increased; TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2 levels were enhanced; and cerebral edema was aggravated. Our study suggests that ischemia-induced neuronal autophagy facilitates microglial inflammatory injury after ischemic stroke, and the efficacy of this process may be associated with downregulated CX3CL1 expression on autophagic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun He
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yi-Hao Deng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Lee JW, Nam H, Kim LE, Jeon Y, Min H, Ha S, Lee Y, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Kim EK, Yu SW. TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) activation suppresses autophagy through inhibition of FOXO3 and impairs phagocytic capacity of microglia. Autophagy 2018; 15:753-770. [PMID: 30523761 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1556946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process for the turnover of proteins and organelles in eukaryotes. Autophagy plays an important role in immunity and inflammation, as well as metabolism and cell survival. Diverse immune and inflammatory signals induce autophagy in macrophages through pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, the physiological role of autophagy and its signaling mechanisms in microglia remain poorly understood. Microglia are phagocytic immune cells that are resident in the central nervous system and share many characteristics with macrophages. Here, we show that autophagic flux and expression of autophagy-related (Atg) genes in microglia are significantly suppressed upon TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in contrast to their stimulation by LPS in macrophages. Metabolomics analysis of the levels of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its 3-phosphorylated form, PtdIns3P, in combination with bioinformatics prediction, revealed an LPS-induced reduction in the synthesis of PtdIns and PtdIns3P in microglia but not macrophages. Interestingly, inhibition of PI3K, but not MTOR or MAPK1/3, restored autophagic flux with concomitant dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of FOXO3. A constitutively active form of FOXO3 also induced autophagy, suggesting FOXO3 as a downstream target of the PI3K pathway for autophagy inhibition. LPS treatment impaired phagocytic capacity of microglia, including MAP1LC3B/LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and amyloid β (Aβ) clearance. PI3K inhibition restored LAP and degradation capacity of microglia against Aβ. These findings suggest a unique mechanism for the regulation of microglial autophagy and point to the PI3K-FOXO3 pathway as a potential therapeutic target to regulate microglial function in brain disorders. Abbreviations: Atg: autophagy-related gene; Aβ: amyloid-β; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; CA: constitutively active; CNS: central nervous system; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 1; FOXO: forkhead box O; ELISA:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HBSS: Hanks balanced salt solution; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LY: LY294002; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; Pam3CSK4: N-palmitoyl-S-dipalmitoylglyceryl Cys-Ser-(Lys)4; PtdIns: phosphatidylinositol; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PLA: proximity ligation assay; Poly(I:C): polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TSPO: translocator protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Nam
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Leah Eunjung Kim
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Jeon
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea.,b Neurometabolomics Research Center , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Min
- c Department of Neuroscience and Physiology , Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Shinwon Ha
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Lee
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- d Gene Editing Research Center , KRIBB , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- c Department of Neuroscience and Physiology , Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea.,b Neurometabolomics Research Center , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- a Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea.,b Neurometabolomics Research Center , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Drosophila as a Model to Study Brain Innate Immunity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123922. [PMID: 30544507 PMCID: PMC6321579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and plays an essential role in defending the brain against infection, injury, and disease. It is currently well recognized that central nervous system (CNS) infections can result in long-lasting neurological sequelae and that innate immune and inflammatory reactions are highly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Due to the conservation of the mechanisms that govern neural development and innate immune activation from flies to mammals, the lack of a classical adaptive immune system and the availability of numerous genetic and genomic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster presents opportunities to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with immune function in brain tissue and how they relate to infection, injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present an overview of currently identified innate immune mechanisms specific to the adult Drosophila brain.
Collapse
|
196
|
Jongsiriyanyong S, Limpawattana P. Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2018; 33:500-507. [PMID: 30068225 PMCID: PMC10852498 DOI: 10.1177/1533317518791401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of cognitive decline in the elderly ranges from what can be classified as normal cognitive decline with aging to subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. This article reviewed the up-to-date evidence of MCI including the diagnostic criteria of MCI due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment and MCI due to Parkinson disease, management and preventive intervention of MCI. There are various etiologies of MCI, and a large number of studies have been conducted to ascertain the practical modalities of preserving cognition in predementia stages. Lifestyle modification, such as aerobic exercise, is an approved modality to preserve cognitive ability and decrease the rate of progression to dementia, as well as being recommended for frailty prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Panita Limpawattana
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H1-MRS) Study of the Ketogenic Diet on Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescent Rats and Its Effect on Neurodegeneration. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:e1193-e1202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
198
|
Zheng H, Cheng B, Li Y, Li X, Chen X, Zhang YW. TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: Microglial Survival and Energy Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:395. [PMID: 30532704 PMCID: PMC6265312 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia among the elderly population. Recent genetic studies have identified rare variants of the gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) as significant genetic risk factors in late-onset AD (LOAD). TREM2 is specifically expressed in brain microglia and modulates microglial functions in response to key AD pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. In this review article, we discuss recent research progress in our understanding on the role of TREM2 in microglia and its relevance to AD pathologies. In addition, we discuss evidence describing new TREM2 ligands and the role of TREM2 signaling in microglial survival and energy metabolism. A comprehensive understanding of TREM2 function in the pathogenesis of AD offers a unique opportunity to explore the potential of this microglial receptor as an alternative target in AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoying Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Jin MM, Wang F, Qi D, Liu WW, Gu C, Mao CJ, Yang YP, Zhao Z, Hu LF, Liu CF. A Critical Role of Autophagy in Regulating Microglia Polarization in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:378. [PMID: 30515090 PMCID: PMC6256089 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and autophagy dysfunction are closely related to the development of neurodegeneration such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the role of autophagy in microglia polarization and neuroinflammation is poorly understood. TNF-α, which is highly toxic to dopaminergic neurons, is implicated as a major mediator of neuroinflammation in PD. In this study, we found that TNF-α resulted in an impairment of autophagic flux in microglia. Concomitantly, an increase of M1 marker (iNOS/NO, IL-1β, and IL-6) expression and reduction of M2 marker (Arginase1, Ym1/2, and IL-10) were observed in TNF-α challenged microglia. Upregulation of autophagy via serum deprivation or pharmacologic activators (rapamycin and resveratrol) promoted microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype, as evidenced by suppressed M1 and elevated M2 gene expression, while inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA or Atg5 siRNA consistently aggravated the M1 polarization induced by TNF-α. Moreover, Atg5 knockdown alone was sufficient to trigger microglia activation toward M1 status. More important, TNF-α stimulated microglia conditioned medium caused neurotoxicity when added to neuronal cells. The neurotoxicity was further aggravated when Atg5 knockdown in BV2 cells but alleviated when microglia pretreatment with rapamycin. Activation of AKT/mTOR signaling may contribute to the changes of autophagy and inflammation as the AKT specific inhibitor perifosine prevented the increase of LC3II (an autophagic marker) in TNF-α stimulated microglia. Taking together, our results demonstrate that TNF-α inhibits autophagy in microglia through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and autophagy enhancement can promote microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype and inflammation resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Jin
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Immune Cells After Ischemic Stroke Onset: Roles, Migration, and Target Intervention. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:342-355. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|