151
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Groer M, Ashmeade T, Louis-Jacques A, Beckstead J, Ji M. Relationships of Feeding and Mother's Own Milk with Fecal Calprotectin Levels in Preterm Infants. Breastfeed Med 2016; 11:207-12. [PMID: 27002351 PMCID: PMC4860673 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2015.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe longitudinal effects of feeding volume and type of milk on fecal calprotectin (f-CP) in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. STUDY DESIGN Prospective data were collected across Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission for 6 weeks or until discharge in 75 VLBW neonates. The mean gestational age on entry into the study was 29 weeks. RESULTS Seventy-four (99%) mothers provided expressed milk in varying amounts. Twenty-three mothers (31%) provided exclusive mother's own milk (MOM) throughout. Preterm infant formula (PIF) and pasteurized donor milk were added to feedings of remaining infants. Pooled MOM was analyzed weekly for levels of a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) so that the exact amount of exposure to the gut of these milk bioactives could be estimated. f-CP levels ranged from 160 to 350 μg/g stool. Total feeding volume was positively associated with f-CP, controlling for infant weight, and f-CP levels rose across time. Exclusive MOM feedings for the entire measurement period were associated with rising levels of f-CP, but mixed feedings (MOM with added PIF or pasteurized donor milk (PDM) did not show this increase over time. CONCLUSION The presence of f-CP may represent a response to milk volumes and MOM, which represents normal development rather than always implicating pathological inflammation in the VLBW infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Groer
- University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | - Terri Ashmeade
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Adetola Louis-Jacques
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jason Beckstead
- University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ming Ji
- University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
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152
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Avershina E, Lundgård K, Sekelja M, Dotterud C, Storrø O, Øien T, Johnsen R, Rudi K. Transition from infant- to adult-like gut microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2226-36. [PMID: 26913851 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transition from an infant to an adult associated gut microbiota with age through establishment of strict anaerobic bacteria remains one of the key unresolved questions in gut microbial ecology. Here a comprehensive comparative analysis of stool microbiota in a large cohort of mothers and their children sampled longitudinally up until 2 years of age using sequencing analysis tool was presented that allows realistic microbial diversity estimates. In this work, evidence for the switch from children to adult associated microbial profile between 1 and 2 years of age was provided, suggestively driven by Bifidobacterium breve. An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) belonging to B. breve was highly prevalent in the population throughout the first year of life, and was negatively associated with detection of a range of adult-like OTUs. Although an adult profile was not fully established by 2 years of age, it was demonstrated that with regards to the most prevalent OTUs, their prevalence in the child population by then already resembled that of the adult population. Taken together, it was proposed that late-colonizing OTUs were recruited at a later stage and were not acquired at birth with the recruitment being controlled by gatekeeping OTUs until the age of 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Avershina
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - K Lundgård
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - M Sekelja
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Genetic Analysis AS, 0401, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Dotterud
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006, Trondheim, Norway
| | - O Storrø
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Øien
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Johnsen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Rudi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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153
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Baglatzi L, Gavrili S, Stamouli K, Zachaki S, Favre L, Pecquet S, Benyacoub J, Costalos C. Effect of Infant Formula Containing a Low Dose of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 on Immune and Gut Functions in C-Section Delivered Babies: A Pilot Study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2016; 10:11-9. [PMID: 26997881 PMCID: PMC4792197 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s33096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of breast-feeding and its immunomodulatory factors, supplementation of starter infant formula (IF) with probiotics is currently used to support immune functions and gut development. AIM To assess whether immune-related beneficial effects of regular dose (107 CFU/g of powder) of the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 (hereafter named B. lactis) in starter IF supplementation can be maintained with starter IF containing a low dose (104 CFU/g of powder) of B. lactis. METHOD This trial was designed as a pilot, prospective, double-blind, randomized, single-center clinical trial of two parallel groups (n = 77 infants/group) of C-section delivered infants receiving a starter IF containing either low dose or regular dose of the probiotic B. lactis from birth to six months of age. In addition, a reference group of infants breast-fed for a minimum of four months (n = 44 infants), also born by C-section, were included. All groups were then provided follow-up formula without B. lactis up to 12 months of age. Occurrence of diarrhea, immune and gut maturation, responses to vaccinations, and growth were assessed from birth to 12 months. The effect of low-dose B. lactis formula was compared to regular-dose B. lactis formula, considered as reference for IF with probiotics, and both were further compared to breast-feeding as a physiological reference. RESULTS Data showed that feeding low-dose B. lactis IF provides similar effects as feeding regular-dose B. lactis IF or breast milk. No consistent statistical differences regarding early life protection against gastrointestinal infections, immune and gut maturation, microbiota establishment, and growth were observed between randomized formula-fed groups as well as with the breast-fed reference group. CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that supplementing C-section born neonates with low-dose B. lactis-containing starter formula may impact immune as well as gut maturation similarly to regular-dose B. lactis, close to the breast-feeding reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baglatzi
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - S Gavrili
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - K Stamouli
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - S Zachaki
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - L Favre
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Pecquet
- Nestlé Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - J Benyacoub
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Costalos
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
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154
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Vongbhavit K, Underwood MA. Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Through Manipulation of the Intestinal Microbiota of the Premature Infant. Clin Ther 2016; 38:716-32. [PMID: 26872618 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In spite of four decades of research, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains the most common gastrointestinal complication in premature infants with high mortality and long-term morbidity. The composition of the intestinal microbiota of the premature infant differs dramatically from that of the healthy term infant and appears to be an important risk factor for NEC. METHODS We review the evidence of an association between intestinal dysbiosis and NEC and summarize published English language clinical trials and cohort studies involving attempts to manipulate the intestinal microbiota in premature infants. FINDINGS Promising NEC prevention strategies that alter the intestinal microbiota include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, lacteroferrin, and human milk feeding. IMPLICATIONS Shaping the intestinal microbiota of the premature infant through human milk feeding and dietary supplements decreases the risk of NEC. Further studies to identify the ideal microbial composition and the most effective combination of supplements are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannikar Vongbhavit
- Department of Pediatrics, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakornayok, Thailand; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
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155
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Addis MF, Tanca A, Uzzau S, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, Moroni P. The bovine milk microbiota: insights and perspectives from -omics studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2359-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings and future perspectives of -omics studies on the bovine milk microbiota, focusing on its impact on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche
- SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia
- 07041 Alghero
- Italy
| | - A. Tanca
- Porto Conte Ricerche
- SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia
- 07041 Alghero
- Italy
| | - S. Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche
- SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia
- 07041 Alghero
- Italy
- Università degli Studi di Sassari
| | - G. Oikonomou
- Epidemiology and Population Health
- Institute of Infection and Global Health
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - R. C. Bicalho
- Cornell University
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - P. Moroni
- Cornell University
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Ithaca
- USA
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156
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Abstract
The respiratory tract, once believed to be sterile, harbors diverse bacterial communities. The role of microorganisms within health and disease is slowly being unraveled. Evidence points to the neonatal period as a critical time for establishing stable bacterial communities and influencing immune responses important for long-term respiratory health. This review summarizes the evidence of early airway and lung bacterial colonization and the role the microbiome has on respiratory health in the short and long term. The challenges of neonatal respiratory microbiome studies and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gallacher
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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157
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Rutten N, Van der Gugten A, Uiterwaal C, Vlieger A, Rijkers G, Van der Ent K. Maternal use of probiotics during pregnancy and effects on their offspring's health in an unselected population. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:229-35. [PMID: 26319129 PMCID: PMC4724366 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Probiotics are used by women in the perinatal period and may improve balance of microbiota, with possible health benefits for both mother and baby. Characteristics and (health) behaviour patterns of mothers using probiotics during pregnancy, and health effects on their offspring, were investigated. Differences between mothers using probiotics during pregnancy and those who did not, were assessed. In total, 341 out of 2491 (13.7%) mothers reported use of probiotics during pregnancy. There were no significant differences in maternal features (gestation, age, ethnicity, education) between users and non-users. Logistic regression analyses showed that consumption of probiotics was significantly associated with use of homeopathic products [odds ratio (OR) 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-2.33, p = 0.005], maternal history of smoking (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.25-2.37, p = 0.001) and paternal history of smoking (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.89, p = 0.05). Common disease symptoms during the first year of life in the offspring did not differ between both groups. CONCLUSION The use of probiotics or other health-related products without doctor's prescription during pregnancy might point to compensation for types of less favourable behaviour. Probiotic use during pregnancy does not seem to induce positive health effects in the offspring in an unselected population. WHAT IS KNOWN Aberrant microbiota compositions have been detected during critical periods when early programming occurs including pregnancy and early neonatal life. Probiotics modulate intestinal microbiota composition and are associated with positive health effects. WHAT IS NEW The use of probiotics or other health-related products without doctor's prescription during pregnancy is associated with and might point to compensation for types of less favourable behaviour. Probiotic use during pregnancy does not induce positive health effects in the offspring in this unselected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rutten
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room KH.01.419.0, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, St. Antonius Hospital, PO Box 2500, Nieuwegein, 3430 EM, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne Van der Gugten
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room KH.01.419.0, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Cuno Uiterwaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands.
| | - Arine Vlieger
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Antonius Hospital, PO Box 2500, Nieuwegein, 3430 EM, The Netherlands.
| | - Ger Rijkers
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, PO Box 2500, Nieuwegein, 3430 EM, The Netherlands. .,Department of Sciences, University College Roosevelt, PO Box 94, Middelburg, 4330 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Kors Van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room KH.01.419.0, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands.
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158
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Koleva PT, Kim JS, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:265-77. [PMID: 26663884 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pioneer microbiota of the neonatal gut are essential for gut maturation, and metabolic and immunologic programming. Recent research has shown that early bacterial colonization may impact the occurrence of disease later in life (microbial programming). Despite early conflicting evidence, it has long been considered that the womb is a sterile environment and human microbial colonization begins at birth. In the last few years, several findings have reiterated the presence of microbes in infant first stool (meconium) and pointed to the existence of in utero microbial colonization of the infant gut. The dominant bacterial taxa detected in meconium specimens belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family (Escherichia genus) and lactic acid bacteria (notably members of the genera Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus). Maternal atopy promotes dominance of Enterobacteriaceae in newborn meconium, which in turn may lead to respiratory problems in the infant. This microbial interaction with the host immune system may in fact, originate during fetal life. Our review evaluates the evidence for an intrauterine origin of meconium microbiota, their composition and influences, and potential clinical implications on infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya T Koleva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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159
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Groer MW, Gregory KE, Louis-Jacques A, Thibeau S, Walker WA. The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:252-64. [PMID: 26663857 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review describes current understandings about the nature of the very low birth weight infant (VLBW) gut microbiome. VLBW infants often experience disruptive pregnancies and births, and prenatal factors can influence the maturity of the gut and immune system, and disturb microbial balance and succession. Many VLBWs experience rapid vaginal or Caesarean births. After birth these infants often have delays in enteral feeding, and many receive little or no mother's own milk. Furthermore the stressors of neonatal life in the hospital environment, common use of antibiotics, invasive procedures and maternal separation can contribute to dysbiosis. These infants experience gastrointestinal dysfunction, sepsis, transfusions, necrotizing enterocolitis, oxygen toxicity, and other pathophysiological conditions that affect the normal microbiota. The skin is susceptible to dysbiosis, due to its fragility and contact with NICU organisms. Dysbiosis in early life may resolve but little is known about the timing of the development of the signature gut microbiome in VLBWs. Dysbiosis has been associated with a number of physical and behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorders, allergy and asthma, gastrointestinal disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety. Dysbiosis may be prevented or ameliorated in part by prenatal care, breast milk feeding, skin to skin contact, use of antibiotics only when necessary, and vigilance during infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen W Groer
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | - Katherine E Gregory
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nursing, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adetola Louis-Jacques
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - W Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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160
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Whole-Genome Comparison Uncovers Genomic Mutations between Group B Streptococci Sampled from Infected Newborns and Their Mothers. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3354-66. [PMID: 26283765 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00429-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus or GBS), a commensal of the human gut and genitourinary tract, is a leading cause of neonatal infections, in which vertical transmission from mother to child remains the most frequent route of contamination. Here, we investigated whether the progression of GBS from carriage to disease is associated with genomic adaptation. Whole-genome comparison of 47 GBS samples from 19 mother-child pairs uncovered 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and seven insertions/deletions. Of the SNPs detected, 16 appear to have been fixed in the population sampled whereas five mutations were found to be polymorphic. In the infant strains, 14 mutations were detected, including two independently fixed variants affecting the covRS locus, which is known to encode a major regulatory system of virulence. A one-nucleotide insertion was also identified in the promoter region of the highly immunogenic surface protein Rib gene. Gene expression analysis after incubation in human blood showed that these mutations influenced the expression of virulence-associated genes. Additional identification of three mutated strains in the mothers' milk raised the possibility of the newborns also being a source of contamination for their mothers. Overall, our work showed that GBS strains in carriage and disease scenarios might undergo adaptive changes following colonization. The types and locations of the mutations found, together with the experimental results showing their phenotypic impact, suggest that those in a context of infection were positively selected during the transition of GBS from commensal to pathogen, contributing to an increased capacity to cause disease. IMPORTANCE Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major pathogen responsible for neonatal infections. Considering that its colonization of healthy adults is mostly asymptomatic, the mechanisms behind its switch from a commensal to an invasive state are largely unknown. In this work, we compared the genomic profile of GBS samples causing infections in newborns with that of the GBS colonizing their mothers. Multiple mutations were detected, namely, within key virulence factors, including the response regulator CovR and surface protein Rib, potentially affecting the pathogenesis of GBS. Their overall impact was supported by differences in the expression of virulence-associated genes in human blood. Our results suggest that during GBS's progression to disease, particular variants are positively selected, contributing to the ability of this bacterium to infect its host.
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161
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Jiménez E, de Andrés J, Manrique M, Pareja-Tobes P, Tobes R, Martínez-Blanch JF, Codoñer FM, Ramón D, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM. Metagenomic Analysis of Milk of Healthy and Mastitis-Suffering Women. J Hum Lact 2015; 31:406-15. [PMID: 25948578 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415585078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have been conducted to assess the composition of the bacterial communities inhabiting human milk, but they did not evaluate the presence of other microorganisms, such as fungi, archaea, protozoa, or viruses. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the metagenome of human milk samples provided by healthy and mastitis-suffering women. METHODS DNA was isolated from human milk samples collected from 10 healthy women and 10 women with symptoms of lactational mastitis. Shotgun libraries from total extracted DNA were constructed and the libraries were sequenced by 454 pyrosequencing. RESULTS The amount of human DNA sequences was ≥ 90% in all the samples. Among the bacterial sequences, the predominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The healthy core microbiome included the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, and Propionibacterium. At the species level, a high degree of inter-individual variability was observed among healthy women. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus clearly dominated the microbiome in the samples from the women with acute mastitis whereas high increases in Staphylococcus epidermidis-related reads were observed in the milk of those suffering from subacute mastitis. Fungal and protozoa-related reads were identified in most of the samples, whereas Archaea reads were absent in samples from women with mastitis. Some viral-related sequence reads were also detected. CONCLUSION Human milk contains a complex microbial metagenome constituted by the genomes of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. In mastitis cases, the milk microbiome reflects a loss of bacterial diversity and a high increase of the sequences related to the presumptive etiological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jiménez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Probisearch, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de Andrés
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Probisearch, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Ramón
- Lifesequencing S.L., Parc Científic Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Probisearch, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Probisearch, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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162
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Taghizadeh M, Mirlohi M, Poursina F, Madani G, Khoshhali M, Bahreini N, Safaei HG. The influence of impact delivery mode, lactation time, infant gender, maternal age and rural or urban life on total number of Lactobacillus in breast milk Isfahan - Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:141. [PMID: 26322289 PMCID: PMC4549918 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast milk is known as the most crucial postpartum issue in metabolic and immunologic programming of neonatal health. Human milk microbial changes over Lactation. The factors influencing the milk microbiome as well as potential impact of microbes on infant health have not yet been discovered. The objective was to identify pre- and post-natal factors that can potentially influence the bacterial communities inhabiting human milk. Materials and Methods: Breast milk samples (n = 40) with all full-term breastfed infants were collected from lactating randomized. Information on personal characteristics, dietary habits, information about infants were collected after birth. The samples were plated with serial dilutions on three selective culture media man rogosa sharp and then colonies were counted. Colonies tested for catalase reaction, Gram-staining and microscopic examination. Results: The result of this study showed that the overall incidence of positive Lactobacillus in mother's milk was 87.5%. The results based on (infant gender, mode of delivery, rural or urban and lactation time) rural or urban and lactation time were significant (P < 0.05). The results showed that all of the variables were significant in this regression model (P < 0.001). The median of log10Lactobacillus counts in rural mothers, vaginal delivery, infant male gender and Lactation time for first 3-month were meaningfully high. Conclusions: The findings of this study about the breast milk Lactobacillus potential probiotic bacteria of healthy Iranian mothers, suggested that the breast milk microbiome is significantly influenced by several factors, mode of delivery, rural or urban and lactation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Taghizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirlohi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Poursina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnoush Madani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehri Khoshhali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nimah Bahreini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajieh Ghasemian Safaei
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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163
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Schanche M, Avershina E, Dotterud C, Øien T, Storrø O, Johnsen R, Rudi K. High-Resolution Analyses of Overlap in the Microbiota Between Mothers and Their Children. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:283-90. [PMID: 26044992 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transmission of the human microbiota from mother to child is of major importance. Although we are gaining knowledge using 16S rRNA gene analyses, the resolution of this gene is not sufficient to determine transmission patterns. We therefore developed an Illumina deep sequencing approach targeting the 16-23S rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) for high-resolution microbiota analyses. Using this approach, we analyzed the composition and potential mother to child transmission patterns of the microbiota (milk and stool) in a longitudinal cohort of 20 mother/child pairs. Our results show overlap in the infant stool microbiota with both mother's milk and stool, and that the overlap with stool increases with age. We found an Operational Taxonomic Unit resembling Streptococcus gordonii as the most widespread colonizer of both mothers and their children. In conclusion, the increased resolution of 16-23S rRNA ITS deep sequencing revealed new knowledge about potential transmission patterns of human-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schanche
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Abstract
A recent article examines the extent of individual variation in microbial identities and how this might determine disease susceptibility, therapeutic responses and recovery from clinical interventions. Please see related article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0646-9
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Gilbert
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.
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165
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Chang L, Neu J. Early factors leading to later obesity: interactions of the microbiome, epigenome, and nutrition. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2015; 45:134-42. [PMID: 26043042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem in the United States and many other countries. Childhood obesity rates have risen extensively over the last several decades with the numbers continuing to rise. Obese and overweight children are at high risk of becoming overweight adolescents and adults. The causes are multifactorial and are affected by various genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. This review aims to discuss a previously under-recognized antecedent of obesity and related chronic metabolic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. Specifically, we highlight the relationship of the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract during early development and the consequent effects on metabolism, epigenetics, and inflammatory responses that can subsequently result in metabolic syndrome. Although studies in this area are just beginning, this area of research is rapidly expanding and may lead to early life interventions that may have significant impacts in the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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166
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Obermajer T, Lipoglavšek L, Tompa G, Treven P, Lorbeg PM, Matijašić BB, Rogelj I. Colostrum of healthy Slovenian mothers: microbiota composition and bacteriocin gene prevalence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123324. [PMID: 25919457 PMCID: PMC4412836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities inhabiting the breast milk microenvironment are essential in supporting mammary gland health in lactating women and in providing gut-colonizing bacterial 'inoculum' for their infants’ gastro-intestinal development. Bacterial DNA was extracted from colostrum samples of 45 healthy Slovenian mothers. Characteristics of the communities in the samples were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). PCR screening for the prevalence of bacteriocin genes was performed on DNA of culturable and total colostrum bacteria. DGGE profiling revealed the presence of Staphylococcus and Gemella in most of the samples and exposed 4 clusters based on the abundance of 3 bands: Staphylococcus epidermidis/Gemella, Streptococcus oralis/pneumonia and Streptococcus salivarius. Bacilli represented the largest proportion of the communities. High prevalence in samples at relatively low quantities was confirmed by qPCR for enterobacteria (100%), Clostridia (95.6%), Bacteroides-Prevotella group (62.2%) and bifidobacteria (53.3%). Bacterial quantities (genome equivalents ml-1) varied greatly among the samples; Staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococci varied in the range of 4 logs, streptococci and all bacteria varied in the range of 2 logs, and other researched groups varied in the range of 1 log. The quantity of most bacterial groups was correlated with the amount of all bacteria. The majority of the genus Staphylococcus was represented by the species Staphylococcus epidermidis (on average 61%), and their abundances were linearly correlated. Determinants of salivaricin A, salivaricin B, streptin and cytolysin were found in single samples. This work provides knowledge on the colostrum microbial community composition of healthy lactating Slovenian mothers and reports bacteriocin gene prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Obermajer
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Luka Lipoglavšek
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Tompa
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Primož Treven
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Petra Mohar Lorbeg
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Bogovič Matijašić
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Irena Rogelj
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
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167
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Pérez Martínez G, Bäuerl C, Collado MC. Understanding gut microbiota in elderly's health will enable intervention through probiotics. Benef Microbes 2015; 5:235-46. [PMID: 24889891 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Today, advances in the public health system of most countries have managed to extend notably life expectancy, however, elderly's health remain as a very serious concern. The lifelong stimulation of innate and adaptive immune systems leads to immunosenescence and, as result, to a low ability to produce immunoglobulins against pathogens but also to a low-grade chronic inflammatory state (inflammaging) that is linked to most age-related health problems, such as dementia, Alzheimer or atherosclerosis. This inflammatory state could make the host more sensitive to intestinal microbes, or vice versa, as changes in the gut microbiota composition are related to the progression of diseases and frailty in the elderly population. It was considered that gut microbiota changed during aging, with an increase of Bacteroidetes vs. Firmicutes proportion and a reduction of bifidobacterial counts, however recent studies reported a great inter-individual variation among elderly and a significant relationship between gut microbiota, diet and institution or community living. Intervention studies of probiotics and prebiotics in elderly are not very abundant, but most cases showed that Bifidobacterium populations can efficiently be stimulated with a concomitant decrease of Enterobacteria. Furthermore, also some studies demonstrated that probiotics decreased the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are upregulated in the elderly, such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 or tumour necrosis factor ?, among others, and they increased the levels of activated lymphocytes, natural killer cells, phagocytic activity and even showed a greater response to influenza vaccination. This suggests that direct manipulation of the gut microbiota may improve adaptive immune response and reduce inflammatory secretions, therefore compensating immunosenescence effects, however, there are no records of their effect on clinical symptoms or risk for disease. Those facts reveal that this is an open research field with very good scientific perspectives and above all they could bring likely improvements in the wellbeing of our seniors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pérez Martínez
- Laboratory of Lactic acid bacteria and Probiotics, Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - C Bäuerl
- Laboratory of Lactic acid bacteria and Probiotics, Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - M C Collado
- Laboratory of Lactic acid bacteria and Probiotics, Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
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168
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Musilova S, Rada V, Vlkova E, Bunesova V. Beneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2015; 5:273-83. [PMID: 24913838 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for nourishment of early infants because it contains a number of bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The high concentration and structural diversity of HMOs are unique to humans. HMOs are a group of complex and diverse glycans that are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion and reach the infant colon as the first prebiotics. N-acetyl-glucosamine containing oligosaccharides were first identified 50 years ago as the 'bifidus factor', a selective growth substrate for intestinal bifidobacteria, thus providing a conceptual basis for HMO-specific bifidogenic activity. Bifidobacterial species are the main utilisers of HMOs in the gastrointestinal tract and represent the dominant microbiota of breast-fed infants, and they may play an important role in maintaining the general health of newborn children. Oligosaccharides are also known to directly interact with the surface of pathogenic bacteria, and various oligosaccharides in milk are believed to inhibit the binding of pathogens and toxins to host cell receptors. Furthermore, HMOs are thought to contribute to the development of infant intestine and brain. Oligosaccharides currently added to infant formula are structurally different from the oligosaccharides naturally occurring in human milk and, therefore, they are unlikely to mimic some of the structure-specific effects. In this review, we describe how HMOs can modulate gut microbiota. This article summarises information up to date about the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and HMOs, and other possible indirect effects of HMOs on intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Musilova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Rada
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - E Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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169
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Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger C, Chassard C. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:426-37. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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170
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Human milk bactericidal properties: effect of lyophilization and relation to maternal factors and milk components. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:527-32. [PMID: 25406523 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lyophilization appears to be a viable method for storing human milk, assuring no microbiological contamination and preserving its health benefits and antibacterial properties. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the effects of different storage methods (lyophilization and freezing at -20°C and -80°C) and maternal factors (gestational length or time postpartum) upon the microbiological contents and bactericidal activity of human milk. The possible relation between bactericidal activity and the content of certain nutrients and functional components is also investigated. METHODS Microbiological content, bactericidal activity, sialic acid, and ganglioside contents, as well as protein, fat, and lactose concentrations were assessed in 125 human milk samples from 65 healthy donors in the Human Milk Bank of La Fe (Valencia, Spain). RESULTS Lyophilization and storage at -80°C significantly reduced the content of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and Staphylococcus epidermidis when compared with storage at -20°C. Bactericidal activity was not significantly modified by lyophilization when compared with freezing at either -20°C or -80°C. Bactericidal activity was not correlated with fat, protein, or lactose content, but was significantly correlated to ganglioside content. The bactericidal activity was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in mature milk and in milk from women with term delivery than in milk from early lactation (days 1-7 postpartum) and milk from women with preterm delivery, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Lyophilization and storage at -80°C of human milk yields similar results and are superior to storage at -20C with regard to microbial and bactericidal capacities, being a feasible alternative for human milk banks.
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171
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Koleva PT, Bridgman SL, Kozyrskyj AL. The infant gut microbiome: evidence for obesity risk and dietary intervention. Nutrients 2015; 7:2237-60. [PMID: 25835047 PMCID: PMC4425142 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing globally, particularly in children, obesity is a serious public health issue and risk factor for overweight and metabolic disease in later life. Both in experimental animal and human studies, advances in gene sequencing technologies have yielded intriguing possibilities for the role of the gut microbiome in later development of overweight status. Before translating study findings into practice, we must first reconcile inconsistencies between animal experimentation, and human adult and infant studies. Recent evidence for associations with gut microbiota and infant weight gain or child weight status, implicate Bacteroides and Lactobacillus species. Dietary manipulation with human milk and pre/probiotic formulations holds promise for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya T Koleva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Sarah L Bridgman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
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172
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Fusco V, Quero GM, Cho GS, Kabisch J, Meske D, Neve H, Bockelmann W, Franz CMAP. The genus Weissella: taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological potential. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:155. [PMID: 25852652 PMCID: PMC4362408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria assigned to the genus Weissella are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-endospore forming cells with coccoid or rod-shaped morphology (Collins et al., 1993; Björkroth et al., 2009, 2014) and belong to the group of bacteria generally known as lactic acid bacteria. Phylogenetically, the Weissella belong to the Firmicutes, class Bacilli, order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae (Collins et al., 1993). They are obligately heterofermentative, producing CO2 from carbohydrate metabolism with either d(-)-, or a mixture of d(-)- and l(+)- lactic acid and acetic acid as major end products from sugar metabolism. To date, there are 19 validly described Weissella species known. Weissella spp. have been isolated from and occur in a wide range of habitats, e.g., on the skin and in the milk and feces of animals, from saliva, breast milk, feces and vagina of humans, from plants and vegetables, as well as from a variety of fermented foods such as European sourdoughs and Asian and African traditional fermented foods. Thus, apart from a perceived technical role of certain Weissella species involved in such traditional fermentations, specific Weissella strains are also receiving attention as potential probiotics, and strain development of particularly W. cibaria strains is receiving attention because of their high probiotic potential for controlling periodontal disease. Moreover, W. confusa and W. cibaria strains are known to produce copius amounts of novel, non-digestible oligosaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides, mainly dextran. These polymers are receiving increased attention for their potential application as prebiotics and for a wide range of industrial applications, predominantly for bakeries and for the production of cereal-based fermented functional beverages. On the detrimental side, strains of certain Weissella species, e.g., of W. viridescens, W. cibaria and W. confusa, are known as opportunistic pathogens involved in human infections while strains of W. ceti have been recently recongnized as etiological agent of "weissellosis," which is a disease affecting farmed rainbow trouts. Bacteria belonging to this species thus are important both from a technological, as well as from a medical point of view, and both aspects should be taken into account in any envisaged biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food ProductionBari, Italy
| | - Grazia M. Quero
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food ProductionBari, Italy
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
| | - Diana Meske
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bockelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
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173
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Naicker M, Coutsoudis A, Israel-Ballard K, Chaudhri R, Perin N, Mlisana K. Demonstrating the efficacy of the FoneAstra pasteurization monitor for human milk pasteurization in resource-limited settings. Breastfeed Med 2015; 10:107-12. [PMID: 25668396 PMCID: PMC4352695 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human milk provides crucial nutrition and immunologic protection for infants. When a mother's own milk is unavailable, donated human milk, pasteurized to destroy bacteria and viruses, is a lifesaving replacement. Flash-heat pasteurization is a simple, low-cost, and commonly used method to make milk safe, but currently there is no system to monitor milk temperature, which challenges quality control. FoneAstra, a smartphone-based mobile pasteurization monitor, removes this barrier by guiding users through pasteurization and documenting consistent and safe practice. This study evaluated FoneAstra's efficacy as a quality control system, particularly in resource-limited settings, by comparing bacterial growth in donor milk flash-heated with and without the device at a neonatal intensive care unit in Durban, South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS For 100 samples of donor milk, one aliquot each of prepasteurized milk, milk flash-heated without FoneAstra, and milk pasteurized with FoneAstra was cultured on routine agar for bacterial growth. Isolated bacteria were identified and enumerated. RESULTS In total, 300 samples (three from each donor sample) were analyzed. Bacterial growth was found in 86 of the 100 samples before any pasteurization and one of the 100 postpasteurized samples without FoneAstra. None of the samples pasteurized using FoneAstra showed bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS Both pasteurization methods were safe and effective. FoneAstra, however, provides the additional benefits of user-guided temperature monitoring and data tracking. By improving quality assurance and standardizing the pasteurization process, FoneAstra can support wide-scale implementation of human milk banks in resource-limited settings, increasing access and saving lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mageshree Naicker
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
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174
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Wang L, Ren C, You J, Fan Y, Wan Y, Zhang Y, Wang F, Huang M. A novel fluorescence reporter system for the characterization of dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:783-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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175
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Neu J. Developmental aspects of maternal-fetal, and infant gut microbiota and implications for long-term health. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 27057323 PMCID: PMC4772751 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-015-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early life interactions between the human host and microbes set the stage for future health and disease. Findings In this review, some of the relationship of the human microbiome effects will be discussed as they relate to preterm delivery, early life diseases seen in prematurely delivered infants, and other childhood and adult maladies which include autoimmunity, allergic diseases, obesity or a healthy phenotype. Conclusion Although the data in these areas is just beginning to emerge, this review will provide a brief summary of some of the key research being done and will also speculate on emerging areas where major questions are being raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neu
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
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176
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Cárdenas N, Laiño JE, Delgado S, Jiménez E, Juárez del Valle M, Savoy de Giori G, Sesma F, Mayo B, Fernández L, LeBlanc JG, Rodríguez JM. Relationships between the genome and some phenotypical properties of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716, a probiotic strain isolated from human milk. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4343-53. [PMID: 25661998 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716, isolated from human milk, has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious properties, as revealed by several in vitro and in vivo assays, which suggests a strong potential as a probiotic strain. In this work, some phenotypic properties of L. fermentum CECT 5716 were evaluated, and the genetic basis for the obtained results was searched for in the strain genome. L. fermentum CECT 5716 does not contain plasmids and showed neither bacteriocin nor biogenic amine biosynthesis ability but was able to produce organic acids, glutathione, riboflavin, and folates and to moderately stimulate the maturation of mouse dendritic cells. No prophages could be induced, and the strain was sensitive to all antibiotics proposed by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) standards, while no transmissible genes potentially involved in antibiotic resistance were detected in its genome. Globally, there was an agreement between the phenotype properties of L. fermentum CECT 5716 and the genetic information contained in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivia Cárdenas
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n., 28040, Madrid, Spain
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177
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Network analysis suggests a potentially 'evil' alliance of opportunistic pathogens inhibited by a cooperative network in human milk bacterial communities. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8275. [PMID: 25651890 PMCID: PMC4317708 DOI: 10.1038/srep08275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical importance of human milk to infants and even human civilization has been well established. Yet our understanding of the milk microbiome has been limited to cataloguing OTUs and computation of community diversity. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report on the bacterial interactions within the milk microbiome. To bridge this gap, we reconstructed a milk bacterial community network based on Hunt et al. Our analysis revealed that the milk microbiome network consists of two disconnected sub-networks. One sub-network is a fully connected complete graph consisting of seven genera as nodes and all of its pair-wise interactions among the bacteria are facilitative or cooperative. In contrast, the interactions in the other sub-network of eight nodes are mixed but dominantly cooperative. Somewhat surprisingly, the only ‘non-cooperative' nodes in the second sub-network are mutually cooperative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium that include some opportunistic pathogens. This potentially ‘evil' alliance between Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium could be inhibited by the remaining nodes that cooperate with one another in the second sub-network. We postulate that the ‘confrontation' between the ‘evil' alliance and ‘benign' alliance and the shifting balance between them may be responsible for dysbiosis of the milk microbiome that permits mastitis.
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178
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Thompson AL, Monteagudo-Mera A, Cadenas MB, Lampl ML, Azcarate-Peril MA. Milk- and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:3. [PMID: 25705611 PMCID: PMC4318912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the infant intestinal microbiome in response to dietary and other exposures may shape long-term metabolic and immune function. We examined differences in the community structure and function of the intestinal microbiome between four feeding groups, exclusively breastfed infants before introduction of solid foods (EBF), non-exclusively breastfed infants before introduction of solid foods (non-EBF), EBF infants after introduction of solid foods (EBF+S), and non-EBF infants after introduction of solid foods (non-EBF+S), and tested whether out-of-home daycare attendance was associated with differences in relative abundance of gut bacteria. Bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed on 49 stool samples collected longitudinally from a cohort of 9 infants (5 male, 4 female). PICRUSt metabolic inference analysis was used to identify metabolic impacts of feeding practices on the infant gut microbiome. Sequencing data identified significant differences across groups defined by feeding and daycare attendance. Non-EBF and daycare-attending infants had higher diversity and species richness than EBF and non-daycare attending infants. The gut microbiome of EBF infants showed increased proportions of Bifidobacterium and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes and Clostridiales than non-EBF infants. PICRUSt analysis indicated that introduction of solid foods had a marginal impact on the microbiome of EBF infants (24 enzymes overrepresented in EBF+S infants). In contrast, over 200 bacterial gene categories were overrepresented in non-EBF+S compared to non-EBF infants including several bacterial methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) involved in signal transduction. The identified differences between EBF and non-EBF infants suggest that breast milk may provide the gut microbiome with a greater plasticity (despite having a lower phylogenetic diversity) that eases the transition into solid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria B. Cadenas
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michelle L. Lampl
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. A. Azcarate-Peril
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
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179
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Treven P, Mrak V, Bogovič Matijašić B, Horvat S, Rogelj I. Administration of probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus gasseri K7 during pregnancy and lactation changes mouse mesenteric lymph nodes and mammary gland microbiota. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2114-28. [PMID: 25622869 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The milk and mammary gland (MG) microbiome can be influenced by several factors, such as mode of delivery, breastfeeding, maternal lifestyle, health status, and diet. An increasing number of studies show a variety of positive effects of consumption of probiotics during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the mother and the newborn. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of probiotics Lactobacillus gasseri K7 (LK7) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) during pregnancy and lactation on microbiota of the mouse mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), MG, and milk. Pregnant FVB/N mice were fed skim milk or probiotics LGG or LK7 resuspended in skim milk during gestation and lactation. On d 3 and 8 postpartum, blood, feces, MLN, MG, and milk were analyzed for the presence of LGG or LK7. The effects of probiotics on MLN, MG, and milk microbiota was evaluated by real-time PCR and by 16S ribosomal DNA 454-pyrosequencing. In 5 of 8 fecal samples from the LGG group and in 5 of 8 fecal samples from the LK7 group, more than 1 × 10(3) of live LGG or LK7 bacterial cells were detected, respectively, whereas no viable LGG or LK7 cells were detected in the control group. Live lactic acid bacteria but no LGG or LK7 were detected in blood, MLN, and MG. Both probiotics significantly increased the total bacterial load as assessed by copies of 16S ribosomal DNA in MLN, and a similar trend was observed in MG. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that both probiotics increased the abundance of Firmicutes in MG, especially the abundance of lactic acid bacteria. The Lactobacillus genus appeared exclusively in MG from probiotic groups. Both probiotics influenced MLN microbiota by decreasing diversity (Chao1) and increasing the distribution of species (Shannon index). The LGG probiotic also affected the MG microbiota as it increased diversity and distribution of species and proportions of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These results provide evidence that probiotics can modulate the bacterial composition of MLN and MG microbiota in ways that could improve the health of the MG and, ultimately, the health of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Treven
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
| | - V Mrak
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - B Bogovič Matijašić
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - S Horvat
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia; National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Rogelj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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180
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McGuire MK, McGuire MA. Human milk: mother nature's prototypical probiotic food? ADVANCES IN NUTRITION (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015. [PMID: 25593150 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007435.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "probiotic" is generally attributed to Dr. Ilya Mechnikov, who hypothesized that longevity could be enhanced by manipulating gastrointestinal microbes using naturally fermented foods. In 2001, a report of the FAO and WHO (2001 Oct, http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_-management/en/probiotics.pdf) proposed a more restrictive definition of probiotic, as follows: "a live micro-organism which, when administered in adequate amounts, confers a health benefit on the host." As such, answering the fundamental question posed here-"Is human milk a probiotic?"-requires first grappling with the concept and meaning of the term probiotic. Nonetheless, one must also be convinced that human milk contains bacteria. Indeed, there are scores of publications providing evidence of a paradigm shift in this regard. Variation in the human-milk microbiome may be associated with maternal weight, mode of delivery, lactation state, gestation age, antibiotic use, and maternal health. Milk constituents (e.g., fatty acids and complex carbohydrates) might also be related to the abundance of specific bacterial taxa in milk. Whether these bacteria affect infant health is likely, but more studies are needed to test this hypothesis. In summary, a growing literature suggests that human milk, like all other fluids produced by the body, indeed contains viable bacteria. As such, and recognizing the extensive literature relating breastfeeding to optimal infant health, we propose that human milk should be considered a probiotic food. Determining factors that influence which bacteria are present in milk and if and how they influence the mother's and/or the recipient infant's health remain basic science and public health realms in which almost nothing is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; and
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
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181
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Collado MC, Rautava S, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Gut microbiota: a source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease? Pediatr Res 2015; 77:182-8. [PMID: 25335085 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern civilization is faced with a progressive increase in immune-mediated or inflammatory health problems such as allergic disease, autoimmune disorders, and obesity. An extended version of the hygiene hypothesis has been introduced to emphasize the intimate interrelationship among diet, the immune system, microbiome, and origins of human disease: the modern infant, particularly when delivered by cesarean section and without the recommended exclusive breastfeeding, may lack sufficient stimulation of the mucosal immune system to generate a tolerogenic immune milieu and instead be prone to develop chronic inflammatory conditions. These deviations may take the form of allergic or autoimmune disease, or predispose the child to higher weight gain and obesity. Moreover, evidence supports the role of first microbial contacts in promoting and maintaining a balanced immune response in early life and recent findings suggest that microbial contact begins prior to birth and is shaped by the maternal microbiota. Maternal microbiota may prove to be a safe and effective target for interventions decreasing the risk of allergic and noncommunicable diseases in future generations. These results support the hypothesis that targeting early interaction with microbes might offer an applicable strategy to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Collado
- 1] Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain [2] Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Rautava
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Erika Isolauri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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182
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Walker WA, Iyengar RS. Breast milk, microbiota, and intestinal immune homeostasis. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:220-8. [PMID: 25310762 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Newborns adjust to the extrauterine environment by developing intestinal immune homeostasis. Appropriate initial bacterial colonization is necessary for adequate intestinal immune development. An environmental determinant of adequate colonization is breast milk. Although the full-term infant is developmentally capable of mounting an immune response, the effector immune component requires bacterial stimulation. Breast milk stimulates the proliferation of a well-balanced and diverse microbiota, which initially influences a switch from an intrauterine TH2 predominant to a TH1/TH2 balanced response and with activation of T-regulatory cells by breast milk-stimulated specific organisms (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides). As an example of its effect, oligosaccharides in breast milk are fermented by colonic bacteria producing an acid milieu for bacterial proliferation. In addition, short-chain fatty acids in breast milk activate receptors on T-reg cells and bacterial genes, which preferentially mediate intestinal tight junction expression and anti-inflammation. Other components of breast milk (defensins, lactoferrin, etc.) inhibit pathogens and further contribute to microbiota composition. The breast milk influence on initial intestinal microbiota also prevents expression of immune-mediated diseases (asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes) later in life through a balanced initial immune response, underscoring the necessity of breastfeeding as the first source of nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Allan Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajashri Shuba Iyengar
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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183
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Abstract
This review summarises how the composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiota depends on pre- and postnatal factors, and birth itself. The impact of method of delivery, feeding during infancy and medications, such as antibiotics and anti-acid medication, on the composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiota has clearly been shown. However, the duration of the impact of these factors is not well established. The gastro-intestinal microbiome composition is associated with many auto-immune mediated diseases. Although causality has not been obviously demonstrated, there is a strong tendency in this direction. Nevertheless, results of the manipulation of the gastro-intestinal microbiome composition in these conditions are often disappointing. A better understanding on factors determining the longterm composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiome and its health consequences are a priority research topic. A better understanding of the association between the microbiome and the immune system may have a tremendous impact on general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Vandenplas
- UZ Brussel, Department of Paediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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184
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Bacteriological, biochemical, and immunological properties of colostrum and mature milk from mothers of extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:120-6. [PMID: 25207476 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this work was to elucidate the influence of extremely premature birth (gestational age 24-27 weeks) on the microbiological, biochemical, and immunological composition of colostrum and mature milk. METHODS A total of 17 colostrum and 34 mature milk samples were provided by the 22 mothers of extremely preterms who participated in this study. Bacterial diversity was assessed by culture-based methods, whereas the concentration of lactose, glucose, and myo-inositol was determined by a gas chromatography procedure. Finally, the concentrations of a wide spectrum of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and immunoglobulins were measured using a multiplex system. RESULTS Bacteria were present in a small percentage of the colostrum and milk samples. Staphylococci, streptococci, and lactobacilli were the main bacterial groups isolated from colostrum, and they could be also isolated, together with enterococci and enterobacteria, from some mature milk samples. The colostrum concentrations of lactose and glucose were significantly lower than those found in mature milk, whereas the contrary was observed in relation to myo-inositol. The concentrations of most cytokines and immunoglobulins in colostrum were higher than in mature milk, and the differences were significant for immunoglobulin G₃, immunoglobulin G₄, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13, IL-17, macrophage-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β. CONCLUSIONS The bacteriological, biochemical, and immunological content of colostrum and mature milk from mothers of extremely preterm infants is particularly valuable for such infants. Efforts have to be made to try that preterm neonates receive milk from their own mothers or from donors matching, as much as possible, the gestational age of the preterm.
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185
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Abstract
The concept of "probiotic" is generally attributed to Dr. Ilya Mechnikov, who hypothesized that longevity could be enhanced by manipulating gastrointestinal microbes using naturally fermented foods. In 2001, a report of the FAO and WHO (2001 Oct, http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_-management/en/probiotics.pdf) proposed a more restrictive definition of probiotic, as follows: "a live micro-organism which, when administered in adequate amounts, confers a health benefit on the host." As such, answering the fundamental question posed here-"Is human milk a probiotic?"-requires first grappling with the concept and meaning of the term probiotic. Nonetheless, one must also be convinced that human milk contains bacteria. Indeed, there are scores of publications providing evidence of a paradigm shift in this regard. Variation in the human-milk microbiome may be associated with maternal weight, mode of delivery, lactation state, gestation age, antibiotic use, and maternal health. Milk constituents (e.g., fatty acids and complex carbohydrates) might also be related to the abundance of specific bacterial taxa in milk. Whether these bacteria affect infant health is likely, but more studies are needed to test this hypothesis. In summary, a growing literature suggests that human milk, like all other fluids produced by the body, indeed contains viable bacteria. As such, and recognizing the extensive literature relating breastfeeding to optimal infant health, we propose that human milk should be considered a probiotic food. Determining factors that influence which bacteria are present in milk and if and how they influence the mother's and/or the recipient infant's health remain basic science and public health realms in which almost nothing is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; and
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
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186
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Abstract
Carlo Agostoni, MD, and Kwang Sik Kim, MD, are the Guest Editors for this annual review issue on Nutrition and the Microbiome. Dr Agostoni is a Professor of Pediatrics at the Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, within the Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan. Dr Kim is Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health; and Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD.
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187
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Abstract
The microbiome, of which the bacterial component alone (microbiota), is estimated to include 10 times more cells than human cells of the body, blooms immediately after birth and evolves in composition and complexity throughout childhood. The gut microbiome has a profound impact on gastrointestinal tract development, maintenance of mucosal surface integrity, and contributes to the nutritional status of the host and thus plays a pivotal role in health and disease. New technologies have enabled the detailed characterization of normal microbial symbionts and dysbiosis-disease associations. This review summarizes the stepwise establishment of the intestinal microbiota, influential environmental factors, and how this may be perturbed in preterm very-low-birth-weight infants. The contribution of the microbiota to provision of energy and nutrients for intestinal development and the nutritional status of the host are reviewed. In addition, the crucial role of the gut microbiota in maintaining mucosal integrity is explored along with how its breakdown can lead to sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Finally, the role of enteral feeding type (human milk, formula, and nutrient fortification) in mediating these processes is discussed, and guidance is provided for nutritional strategies to promote health in these fragile infants.
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188
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The infant microbiome development: mom matters. Trends Mol Med 2014; 21:109-17. [PMID: 25578246 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The infant microbiome plays an essential role in human health and its assembly is determined by maternal-offspring exchanges of microbiota. This process is affected by several practices, including Cesarean section (C-section), perinatal antibiotics, and formula feeding, that have been linked to increased risks of metabolic and immune diseases. Here we review recent knowledge about the impacts on infant microbiome assembly, discuss preventive and restorative strategies to ameliorate the effects of these impacts, and highlight where research is needed to advance this field and improve the health of future generations.
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189
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Abstract
One of the most controversial areas in neonatology is whether probiotics should be provided routinely to preterm infants to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This review provides the reader with a brief overview of NEC and current concepts of its pathophysiology, discusses the microbial ecology of the intestine in preterm infants and factors that may lead to a "dysbiosis", summarizes studies of probiotics in preterm infants, elaborates on the need for regulation in this area, and discusses alternatives to probiotics and what is the future for the prevention of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neu
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, 1600 Southwest Archer Road, Human Development Building, HD 112, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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190
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Fernández L, Arroyo R, Espinosa I, Marín M, Jiménez E, Rodríguez JM. Probiotics for human lactational mastitis. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:169-83. [PMID: 24463206 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of culture-dependent and -independent techniques to study the human milk microbiota and microbiome has revealed a complex ecosystem with a much greater diversity than previously anticipated. The potential role of the milk microbiome appears to have implications not only for short- and long-term infant health but also for mammary health. In fact, mammary disbiosis, which may be triggered by a variety of host, microbial and medical factors, often leads to acute, subacute or subclinical mastitis, a condition that represents the first medical cause for undesired weaning. Multiresistance to antibiotics, together with formation of biofilms and mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response, is a common feature among the bacterial agents involved. This explains why this condition uses to be elusive to antibiotic therapy and why the development of new strategies for mastitis management based on probiotics is particularly appealing. In fact, selected lactobacilli strains isolated from breast milk have already shown a high efficacy for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - R Arroyo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Espinosa
- Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - M Marín
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
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191
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Hesla HM, Stenius F, Jäderlund L, Nelson R, Engstrand L, Alm J, Dicksved J. Impact of lifestyle on the gut microbiota of healthy infants and their mothers - the ALADDIN birth cohort. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:791-801. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena M. Hesla
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fredrik Stenius
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lotta Jäderlund
- Department of Microbiology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ronald Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Alm
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Dicksved
- Department of Microbiology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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192
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193
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Biesbroek G, Bosch AATM, Wang X, Keijser BJF, Veenhoven RH, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D. The impact of breastfeeding on nasopharyngeal microbial communities in infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:298-308. [PMID: 24921688 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201401-0073oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Breastfeeding elicits significant protection against respiratory tract infections in infancy. Modulation of respiratory microbiota might be part of the natural mechanisms of protection against respiratory diseases induced by breastfeeding. OBJECTIVES To study the association between breastfeeding and nasopharyngeal microbial communities, including all cultivable and noncultivable bacteria. METHODS In this observational study, we analyzed the microbiota of infants that had received exclusive breastfeeding (n = 101) and exclusive formula feeding (n = 101) at age 6 weeks and 6 months by 16S-based GS-FLX-titanium-pyrosequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At 6 weeks of age the overall bacterial community composition was significantly different between breastfed and formula-fed children (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, P = 0.001). Breastfed children showed increased presence and abundance of the lactic acid bacterium Dolosigranulum (relative effect size [RES], 2.61; P = 0.005) and Corynebacterium (RES, 1.98; P = 0.039) and decreased abundance of Staphylococcus (RES, 0.48; P 0.03) and anaerobic bacteria, such as Prevotella (RES, 0.25; P < 0.001) and Veillonella (RES, 0.33; P < 0.001). Predominance (>50% of the microbial profile) of Corynebacterium and Dolosigranulum was observed in 45 (44.6%) breastfed infants compared with 19 (18.8%) formula-fed infants (relative risk, 2.37; P = 0.006). Dolosigranulum abundance was inversely associated with consecutive symptoms of wheezing and number of mild respiratory tract infections experienced. At 6 months of age associations between breastfeeding and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition had disappeared. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a strong association between breastfeeding and microbial community composition in the upper respiratory tract of 6-week-old infants. Observed differences in microbial community profile may contribute to the protective effect of breastfeeding on respiratory infections and wheezing in early infancy. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00189020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giske Biesbroek
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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194
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Bridgman SL, Azad MB, Field CJ, Letourneau N, Johnston DW, Kaplan BJ, Kozyrskyj AL. Maternal perspectives on the use of probiotics in infants: a cross-sectional survey. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:366. [PMID: 25267264 PMCID: PMC4193129 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Probiotic products that may modify the intestinal microbiota are becoming increasingly available and known to consumers due to their potential to prevent or treat many pediatric health conditions. As scientific knowledge of the health benefits of probiotics increases, it is important to identify factors that may prevent their successful integration into patient care as well as to ensure effective translation of research findings. The aim of this study was to describe maternal perspectives on probiotics and their use in infants. Methods Mothers with a child aged two years or younger enrolled in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study were invited by email to complete a 29 item self-administered web-based questionnaire. Results A total of 413 mothers of the 1327 contacted completed the questionnaire. The majority (99.3%) of respondents had heard of probiotics and were aware that they contained live bacteria (87.0%); 89.3% had used a product containing probiotics themselves but only 50.8% had given one to their infant. Most mothers indicated they believed that probiotics were beneficial (73.1%) and none thought they were harmful. Over a third of mothers did not feel informed enough to make a decision on whether probiotics were safe to use in infants (36.6%). Conclusions The study demonstrates that awareness and understanding of probiotics is high among mothers in Alberta, Canada. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the benefit of probiotics as well as safety in infants which could be important factors determining therapeutic use in the future. Further studies that demonstrate beneficial effects and safety of probiotics in healthy infants as well as targeted knowledge translation should help to address these potential concerns.
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195
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Reid G, Brigidi P, Burton JP, Contractor N, Duncan S, Fargier E, Hill C, Lebeer S, Martín R, McBain AJ, Mor G, O'Neill C, Rodríguez JM, Swann J, van Hemert S, Ansell J. Microbes central to human reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 73:1-11. [PMID: 25250861 PMCID: PMC4282787 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As studies uncover the breadth of microbes associated with human life, opportunities will emerge to manipulate and augment their functions in ways that improve health and longevity. From involvement in the complexities of reproduction and fetal/infant development, to delaying the onset of disease, and indeed countering many maladies, microbes offer hope for human well-being. Evidence is emerging to suggest that microbes may play a beneficial role in body sites traditionally viewed as being sterile. Although further evidence is required, we propose that much of medical dogma is about to change significantly through recognition and understanding of these hitherto unrecognized microbe–host interactions. A meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics held in Aberdeen, Scotland (June 2014), presented new views and challenged established concepts on the role of microbes in reproduction and health of the mother and infant. This article summarizes some of the main aspects of these discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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196
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Francino MP. Early development of the gut microbiota and immune health. Pathogens 2014; 3:769-90. [PMID: 25438024 PMCID: PMC4243441 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3030769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in human microbiome research brought about by the rapidly evolving “omic” technologies has established that the balance among the microbial groups present in the human gut, and their multipronged interactions with the host, are crucial for health. On the other hand, epidemiological and experimental support has also grown for the ‘early programming hypothesis’, according to which factors that act in utero and early in life program the risks for adverse health outcomes later on. The microbiota of the gut develops during infancy, in close interaction with immune development, and with extensive variability across individuals. It follows that the specific process of gut colonization and the microbe-host interactions established in an individual during this period have the potential to represent main determinants of life-long propensity to immune disease. Although much remains to be learnt on the progression of events by which the gut microbiota becomes established and initiates its intimate relationships with the host, and on the long-term repercussions of this process, recent works have advanced significatively in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Francino
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació en Genòmica i Salut, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)-Salud Pública/Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València 46020, Spain.
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197
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Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota. J Perinatol 2014; 34:599-605. [PMID: 24674981 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an increasing evidence of the immunological role of breast milk (BM) microbiota on infant health. This study aims to analyze several determining factors of milk microbiota. STUDY DESIGN A total of 96 milk samples from 32 healthy mothers (19 preterm vs 13 at term gestations; and 15 vaginal deliveries vs 17 Cesarean sections) were longitudinally collected. Microbiota composition was studied by quantitative PCR and the influence of lactation stage, gestational age and delivery mode was evaluated. RESULT Globally, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp. were the predominant bacterial groups. Total bacteria, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus spp. counts increased throughout the lactation period. At all lactation stages, Bifidobacterium spp. concentration was significantly higher in milk samples from at term gestations than in preterm gestations. Higher bacterial concentrations in colostrum and transitional milk were found in Cesarean sections. Nevertheless, Bifidobacterium was detected more frequently in vaginal than in Cesarean deliveries. CONCLUSION Lactation stage, gestational age and delivery mode all influence the composition of several bacteria inhabiting BM: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp., and, consequently, may affect the infant's early intestinal colonization.
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198
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Wopereis H, Oozeer R, Knipping K, Belzer C, Knol J. The first thousand days - intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:428-38. [PMID: 24899389 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of the intestinal microbiota in the first years of life is a dynamic process significantly influenced by early-life nutrition. Pioneer bacteria colonizing the infant intestinal tract and the gradual diversification to a stable climax ecosystem plays a crucial role in establishing host-microbe interactions essential for optimal symbiosis. This colonization process and establishment of symbiosis may profoundly influence health throughout life. Recent developments in microbiologic cultivation-independent methods allow a detailed view of the key players and factors involved in this process and may further elucidate their roles in a healthy gut and immune maturation. Aberrant patterns may lead to identifying key microbial signatures involved in developing immunologic diseases into adulthood, such as asthma and atopic diseases. The central role of early-life nutrition in the developmental human microbiota, immunity, and metabolism offers promising strategies for prevention and treatment of such diseases. This review provides an overview of the development of the intestinal microbiota, its bidirectional relationship with the immune system, and its role in impacting health and disease, with emphasis on allergy, in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Wopereis
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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199
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Wang Z, Hou X, Qu B, Wang J, Gao X, Li Q. Pten regulates development and lactation in the mammary glands of dairy cows. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102118. [PMID: 25009983 PMCID: PMC4092105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pten is a tumor suppressor gene regulating many cellular processes, including growth, adhesion, and apoptosis. In the aim of investigating the role of Pten during mammary gland development and lactation of dairy cows, we analyzed Pten expression levels in the mammary glands of dairy cows by using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs) were used to study the function of Pten in vitro. We determined concentrations of β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose in the culture medium following Pten overexpression and siRNA inhibition. To determine whether Pten affected DCMEC viability and proliferation, cells were analyzed by CASY-TT and flow cytometry. Genes involved in lactation-related signaling pathways were detected. Pten expression was also assessed by adding prolactin and glucose to cell cultures. When Pten was overexpressed, proliferation of DCMECs and concentrations for β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose were significantly decreased. Overexpression of Pten down-regulated expression of MAPK, CYCLIN D1, AKT, MTOR, S6K1, STAT5, SREBP1, PPARγ, PRLR, and GLUT1, but up-regulated 4EBP1 in DCMECs. The Pten siRNA inhibition experiments revealed results that opposed those from the gene overexpression experiments. Introduction of prolactin (PRL) increased secretion of β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose, but decreased Pten expression levels. Introduction of glucose also increased β-casein and triglyceride concentrations, but did not significantly alter Pten expression levels. The Pten mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased 0.3- and 0.4-fold in mammary glands of lactating cows producing high quality milk (milk protein >3.0%, milk fat >3.5%), compared with those cows producing low quality milk (milk protein <3.0%, milk fat <3.5%). In conclusion, Pten functions as an inhibitor during mammary gland development and lactation in dairy cows. It can down-regulate DCMECs secretion of β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose, and plays a critical role in lactation related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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200
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Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59:78-88. [PMID: 24590211 PMCID: PMC4086764 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to study the lactobacilli and bifidobacteria population in human milk of healthy women, and to investigate the influence that several factors (including antibioteraphy during pregnancy and lactation, country and date of birth, delivery mode, or infant age) may exert on such population. METHODS A total of 160 women living in Germany or Austria provided the breast milk samples. Initially, 66 samples were randomly selected and cultured on MRS-Cys agar plates. Then, the presence of DNA from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and from most of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species that were isolated, was assessed by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genus- and species-specific primers. RESULTS Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria could be isolated from the milk of 27 (40.91%) and 7 (10.61%), respectively, of the 66 cultured samples. On the contrary, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sequences were detected by PCR in 108 (67.50%) and 41 (25.62%), respectively, of the 160 samples analyzed. The Lactobacillus species most frequently isolated and detected was L salivarius (35.00%), followed by L fermentum (25.00%) and L gasseri (21.88%), whereas B breve (13.75%) was the bifidobacterial species most commonly recovered and whose DNA was most regularly found. The number of lactobacilli- or bifidobacteria-positive samples was significantly lower in women who had received antibiotherapy during pregnancy or lactation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that either the presence of lactobacilli and/or bifidobacteria or their DNA may constitute good markers of a healthy human milk microbiota that has not been altered by the use of antibiotics.
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