151
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Interleukin-10 production by Th1 cells requires interleukin-12-induced STAT4 transcription factor and ERK MAP kinase activation by high antigen dose. Immunity 2009; 31:209-19. [PMID: 19646904 PMCID: PMC2791889 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are reported in chronic infections. However, the signals that direct the development of IL-10-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells are undefined. We showed that development of IL-10-producing Th1 cells required high T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, sustained ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases phosphorylation, and IL-12-induced STAT4 transcription factor activation. Repeated TCR triggering led to enhanced IL-10 production by Th1 cells, and continued IL-12 action and high-dose TCR signaling were required for the development and maintenance of IL-10-producing Th1 cells. Although Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells require the activation of distinct STATs for their differentiation, activation of ERK1 and ERK2 was a common requirement for production of IL-10 by all Th cell subsets. IL-10 expression also correlated with c-maf expression. Despite having distinct functions in protection against pathogens, all Th cells share the important task of controlling overexuberant immune responses by means of IL-10 production.
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152
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Pot C, Jin H, Awasthi A, Liu SM, Lai CY, Madan R, Sharpe AH, Karp CL, Miaw SC, Ho IC, Kuchroo VK. Cutting edge: IL-27 induces the transcription factor c-Maf, cytokine IL-21, and the costimulatory receptor ICOS that coordinately act together to promote differentiation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:797-801. [PMID: 19570826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 has recently been identified as a differentiation factor for the generation of IL-10-producing regulatory type 1 (Tr1) T cells. However, how IL-27 induces the expansion of Tr1 cells has not been elucidated. In this study we demonstrate that IL-27 drives the expansion and differentiation of IL-10-producing murine Tr1 cells by inducing three key elements: the transcription factor c-Maf, the cytokine IL-21, and the costimulatory receptor ICOS. IL-27-driven c-Maf expression transactivates IL-21 production, which acts as an autocrine growth factor for the expansion and/or maintenance of IL-27-induced Tr1 cells. ICOS further promotes IL-27-driven Tr1 cells. Each of those elements is essential, because loss of c-Maf, IL-21-signaling, or ICOS decreases the frequency of IL-27-induced differentiation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pot
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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153
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Leavenworth JW, Ma X, Mo YY, Pauza ME. SUMO conjugation contributes to immune deviation in nonobese diabetic mice by suppressing c-Maf transactivation of IL-4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1110-9. [PMID: 19553542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is not clear why the development of protective Th2 cells is poor in type 1 diabetes (T1D). c-Maf transactivates the IL-4 gene promoting Th2 cell development; therefore, abnormalities in c-Maf may contribute to reduced IL-4 production by CD4 cells from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. In this study we demonstrate that despite normal expression, c-Maf binds poorly to the IL-4 promoter (IL-4p) in NOD CD4 cells. Immunoblotting demonstrates that c-Maf can be modified at lysine 33 by SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-like modifier 1). Sumoylation is facilitated by direct interaction with the E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and increases following T cell stimulation. In transfected cells, sumoylation decreases c-Maf transactivation of IL-4p-driven luciferase reporter activity, reduces c-Maf binding to the IL-4p in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and enhances c-Maf localization into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. Sumoylation of c-Maf is increased in NOD CD4 cells as compared with CD4 cells from diabetes-resistant B10.D2 mice, suggesting that increased c-Maf sumoylation contributes to immune deviation in T1D by reducing c-Maf access to and transactivation of the IL-4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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154
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Forte GI, Scola L, Bellavia D, Vaccarino L, Sanacore M, Sisino G, Scazzone C, Caruso C, Barbieri R, Lio D. Characterization of two alternative Interleukin(IL)-10 5'UTR mRNA sequences, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2161-6. [PMID: 19477525 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 production shows a broad-spectrum of individual response, suggesting a genetic component of approximately 75%. Different polymorphisms located close to, or within the IL-10 gene has been demonstrated to influence its transcription rate whereas the post-transcriptional regulation of IL-10 production has not well elucidated. The main responsible elements at this control level are both the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTR's) of mRNAs, and as the 3'-UTR regions are mainly involved in the stability and decay rate of mRNAs, the 5'-UTR regions mediate the binding rate of the molecule with ribosomal 40S subunit as a cis-acting element. Herein are report data on the identification of two IL10 mRNA that differ by the length of respective 5'UTR regions (160 and 288 nucleotides, respectively; EMBL accession nrs: EU751618 and EU751619) produced after stimulation of human blood samples with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The longer 5'UTR is constitutively expressed in unstimulated PBMC cells cultured at 37 degrees C for 24h, while in LPS stimulated cells an additional IL-10 mRNA molecule, containing a shorter 5'UTR, is synthesized. RNADRAW software (http://www.rnadraw.com/) analysis have indicated that the secondary structures of the shorter 5'UTR IL-10 mRNA region is more available for the binding to the 40S ribosomal subunit. In conclusion, our data seem to suggest that LPS could influence the post-transcriptional control of IL-10 production inducing an alternative mRNA immediately available in response to the inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Irma Forte
- Clinical Pathology, Section of General Pathology, Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Methodology, University of Palermo, Italy
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155
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Xu J, Yang Y, Qiu G, Lal G, Wu Z, Levy DE, Ochando JC, Bromberg JS, Ding Y. c-Maf regulates IL-10 expression during Th17 polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6226-36. [PMID: 19414776 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 production by Th17 cells is critical for limiting autoimmunity and inflammatory responses. Gene array analysis on Stat6 and T-bet double-deficient Th17 cells identified the Th2 transcription factor c-Maf to be synergistically up-regulated by IL-6 plus TGFbeta and associated with Th17 IL-10 production. Both c-Maf and IL-10 induction during Th17 polarization depended on Stat3, but not Stat6 or Stat1, and mechanistically differed from IL-10 regulation by Th2 or IL-27 signals. TGFbeta was also synergistic with IL-27 to induce c-Maf, and it induced Stat1-independent IL-10 expression in contrast to IL-27 alone. Retroviral transduction of c-Maf was able to induce IL-10 expression in Stat6-deficient CD4 and CD8 T cells, and c-Maf directly transactivated IL-10 gene expression through binding to a MARE (Maf recognition element) motif in the IL-10 promoter. Taken together, these data reveal a novel role for c-Maf in regulating T effector development, and they suggest that TGFbeta may antagonize Th17 immunity by IL-10 production through c-Maf induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Xu
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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156
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A Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:471-9. [PMID: 19349988 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A common mutation in the gene encoding the cytoplasmic sensor Nod2, involving a frameshift insertion at nucleotide 3020 (3020insC), is strongly associated with Crohn's disease. How 3020insC contributes to this disease is a controversial issue. Clinical studies have identified defective production of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in patients with Crohn's disease who bear the 3020insC mutation, which suggests that 3020insC may be a loss-of-function mutation. However, here we found that 3020insC Nod2 mutant protein actively inhibited IL10 transcription. The 3020insC Nod2 mutant suppressed IL10 transcription by blocking phosphorylation of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1 via the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. We confirmed impairment in phosphorylation of hnRNP-A1 and binding of hnRNP-A1 to the IL10 locus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Crohn's disease who bear the 3020insC mutation and have lower production of IL-10.
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157
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Jensen K, Makins GD, Kaliszewska A, Hulme MJ, Paxton E, Glass EJ. The protozoan parasite Theileria annulata alters the differentiation state of the infected macrophage and suppresses musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene (MAF) transcription factors. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1099-108. [PMID: 19303416 PMCID: PMC2723921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria annulata causes a debilitating disease of cattle called Tropical Theileriosis. The parasite predominantly invades bovine macrophages (m phi) and induces host cell transformation by a mechanism that has not been fully elucidated. Infection is associated with loss of characteristic m phi functions and phenotypic markers, indicative of host cell de-differentiation. We have investigated the effect of T. annulata infection on the expression of the m phi differentiation marker c-maf. The up-regulation of c-maf mRNA levels observed during bovine monocyte differentiation to m phi was suppressed by T. annulata infection. Furthermore, mRNA levels for c-maf and the closely related transcription factor mafB were significantly lower in established T. annulata-infected cell-lines than in bovine monocyte-derived m phi. Treatment of T. annulata-infected cells with the theileriacidal drug buparvaquone induced up-regulation of c-maf and mafB, which correlated with altered expression of down-stream target genes, e.g. up-regulation of integrin B7 and down-regulation of IL12A. Furthermore, T. annulata infection is associated with the suppression of the transcription factors, Pu.1 and RUNX1, and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) which are also involved in the regulation of monocyte/m phi differentiation. We believe these results provide the first direct evidence that T. annulata modulates the host m phi differentiation state, which may diminish the defence capabilities of the infected cell and/or promote cell proliferation. Musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene (MAF) transcription factors play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival; therefore, regulation of these genes may be a major mechanism employed by T. annulata to survive within the infected m phi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Jensen
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK.
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158
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159
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has long been recognized to have potent and broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory activity, which has been unequivocally established in various models of infection, inflammation, and even in cancer. However, because of the marginal successes of the initial clinical trials using recombinant IL-10, some of the interest in this cytokine as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic has diminished. New work showing IL-10 production from regulatory T cells and even T-helper 1 T cells has reinvigorated the field and revealed the power of this cytokine to influence immune responses. Furthermore, new preclinical studies suggest that combination therapies, using antibodies to IL-10 along with chemotherapy, can be effective in treating bacterial, viral, or neoplastic diseases. Studies to understand IL-10 gene expression in the various cell types may lead to new therapeutics to enhance or inhibit IL-10 production. In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation of IL-10 gene expression by various immune cells. We speculate on the promise that this cytokine holds to influence immune responses and mitigate immune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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160
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Sarkar S, Sinsimer KS, Foster RL, Brewer G, Pestka S. AUF1 isoform-specific regulation of anti-inflammatory IL10 expression in monocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:679-91. [PMID: 18844578 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that regulates inflammatory responses of mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages). Mononuclear cells exposed to microbes or microbial products secrete a host of proinflammatory cytokines followed by delayed onset of anti-inflammatory IL-10. IL-10 suppresses immune responses by inhibiting cytokine production by mononuclear phagocytes. Using THP-1, a human promonocytic leukemia cell line, we show that endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induces IL10 expression while IFN-gamma blocks this LPS-mediated effect. IFN-gamma is an important modulator of IL-10 production during infectious diseases. We show that LPS and IFN-gamma regulate IL10 expression in THP-1 cells in part through posttranscriptional mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) AU-rich elements (AREs) decrease expression of a chimeric luciferase reporter gene in THP-1 cells. The ARE-binding protein AUF1 binds the IL10 3'-UTR. Depletion of AUF1 by RNAi suppresses LPS-mediated induction of IL10 mRNA and protein without affecting LPS-mediated stabilization of IL10 mRNA. Upon complementation with either RNAi-refractory p37 or p40 AUF1 plasmids, only p40 restores LPS-mediated induction of IL10 mRNA and protein to near normal levels. Thus, the p40 AUF1 isoform selectively plays a critical, positive role in IL10 expression upon LPS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijata Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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161
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Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play critical roles in lymphoid and erythroid development; however, little is known about their role in myeloid lineage development. In this study, we identify the bHLH transcription factor Twist-2 as a key negative regulator of myeloid lineage development, as manifested by marked increases in mature myeloid populations of macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils in Twist-2-deficient mice. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that Twist-2 inhibits the proliferation as well as differentiation of granulocyte macrophage progenitors (GMP) by interacting with and inhibiting the transcription factors Runx1 and C/EBPalpha. Moreover, Twist-2 was found to have a contrasting effect on cytokine production: inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) while promoting the regulatory cytokine IL-10 by myeloid cells. The data from further analyses suggest that Twist-2 activates the transcription factor c-Maf, leading to IL-10 expression. In addition, Twist-2 was found to be essential for endotoxin tolerance. Thus, this study reveals the critical role of Twist-2 in regulating the development of myeloid lineages, as well as the function and inflammatory responses of mature myeloid cells.
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162
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Leghmari K, Bennasser Y, Bahraoui E. HIV-1 Tat protein induces IL-10 production in monocytes by classical and alternative NF-kappaB pathways. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:947-62. [PMID: 18760861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transactivating Tat protein is not only critical for viral replication but also affects the host immune system by inducing the production of cytokines such as IL-10. This anti-inflammatory cytokine is upregulated during the course of HIV infection, representing an important pathway by which HIV may induce immunodeficiency. Here, we show that, by acting at the membrane, Tat induces IL-10 expression in primary monocytes and promonocytic U937 cells by NF-kappaB-dependent pathways. The trans-dominant negative mutants of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), IKKalpha and IKKbeta expressed in our transactivation model, in accordance with the nuclear binding of p65 and p52 NF-kappaB subunits to the IL-10 promoter, suggest the involvement of both classical and alternative NF-kappaB pathways. In inactivated cells, IKKalpha is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, Tat stimulates IKKalpha translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in monocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay experiments, after Tat treatment, revealed IKKalpha and CBP/p300 recruitment to the IL-10 promoter and histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser 10) and acetylation (Lys 14) in this region, presumably leading to chromatin remodeling. We demonstrate that, upstream of NF-kappaB, PKC, ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases are involved in Tat-induced IKKalpha nuclear translocation and histone H3 modifications on the IL-10 promoter in accordance with the role of these three kinases in IL-10 production. As a whole, the study demonstrates that Tat activates at least three signaling pathways concurrently, including the classical, alternative and IKKalpha pathways, to promote production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar Leghmari
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Virologie, EA 3038, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, Bâtiment 4R3, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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163
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Zhang G, Rowe J, Kusel M, Bosco A, McKenna K, de Klerk N, Sly PD, Holt PG. Interleukin-10/interleukin-5 responses at birth predict risk for respiratory infections in children with atopic family history. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 179:205-11. [PMID: 18996999 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200803-438oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory infections in early life are associated with risk for wheezing bronchiolitis, especially in children at high risk of atopy. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, but are suspected to involve imbalance(s) in host defense responses against pathogens stemming from functional immaturity of the immune system in this age group. OBJECTIVES To assess the contribution of eosinophil-trophic IL-5, and the potent antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10, to risk for infection in early life. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We prospectively monitored a cohort of 198 high-risk children to age 5 years, recording every acute respiratory infection episode and classifying them by severity. We measured cord blood T-cell capacity to produce IL-10 and IL-5, and related these functions to subsequent infection history. IL-10 and IL-5 were associated, respectively, with resistance versus susceptibility to infections. The greatest contrasting effects of these two cytokines were seen when they were considered in combination by generating IL-10/IL-5 response ratios for each subject. The low IL-10/high IL-5 T-cell response phenotype was strongly associated with susceptibility to all grades of acute respiratory infection, relative to the more resistant high IL-10/low IL-5 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Excessive production of IL-5 by T cells at birth is associated with heightened risk for subsequent severe respiratory infections, and this risk is attenuated by concomitant IL-10 production. The underlying mechanisms may involve IL-10-mediated feedback inhibition of IL-5-dependent eosinophil-induced inflammation, which is a common feature of host antiviral responses in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicheng Zhang
- Division of Cell Biology, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, USA
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164
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Chakrabarti A, Sadler AJ, Kar N, Young HA, Silverman RH, Williams BRG. Protein kinase R-dependent regulation of interleukin-10 in response to double-stranded RNA. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25132-25139. [PMID: 18625702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804770200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) is an important component of antiviral defense. PKR participates in different signaling pathways in response to various stimuli to regulate translation via phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha, and transcription via activating NF-kappaB and IRF-1, to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we show PKR regulates interleukin-10 induction in response to double-stranded RNA, bacterial lipopolysaccaride, and Sendai virus infection. Using chemical inhibitors, dominant negative constructs, and genetic knockouts, we demonstrate that the PKR-mediated interleukin-10 induction engages JNK and NF-kappaB. Together, our data demonstrate the role of PKR in regulating an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The findings have significance in antiviral as well as broader innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J Sadler
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Niladri Kar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland, Ohio 44195; Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Howard A Young
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Bryan R G Williams
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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165
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Grant LR, Yao ZJ, Hedrich CM, Wang F, Moorthy A, Wilson K, Ranatunga D, Bream JH. Stat4-dependent, T-bet-independent regulation of IL-10 in NK cells. Genes Immun 2008; 9:316-27. [PMID: 18401353 PMCID: PMC2689787 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is intensely studied, yet little is known about the mechanisms that control IL-10 expression. We identified striking similarities between IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) regulation in mouse natural killer (NK) cells. Like IFN-gamma, IL-10 expression is induced by IL-2 and IL-12 and IL-2+IL-12 stimulation is synergistic. Unlike IFN-gamma, neither IL-18 nor Ly-49D cross-linking induced IL-10 expression however. Additionally, the IL-12 homologs IL-23 and IL-27 also do not regulate NK cell-specific IL-10. We determined that a small population of NK cells accounts for IL-10 production. The induction of IL-10 by IL-2+IL-12 treatment in NK cells appears to be biphasic, with an initial burst of expression which diminishes by 12 h but spikes again at 18 h. We determined that much like IFN-gamma, Stat4 is largely required for IL-12-induced IL-10. Conversely, we observed normal induction of IL-10 in T-bet-deficient NK cells. We identified a Stat4-binding element in the fourth intron of the Il10 gene, which is completely conserved between mouse and human. This intronic Stat4 motif is within a conserved noncoding sequence, which is also a target for cytokine-induced histone acetylation. These findings highlight tissue- and receptor-specific IL-10 regulatory mechanisms, which may be part of an early feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- LR Grant
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Z-J Yao
- Lymphocyte and Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - CM Hedrich
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Wang
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Moorthy
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Wilson
- Lymphocyte and Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Ranatunga
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - JH Bream
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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166
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Unterberger C, Staples KJ, Smallie T, Williams L, Foxwell B, Schaefer A, Kempkes B, Hofer TPJ, Koeppel M, Lohrum M, Stunnenberg H, Frankenberger M, Ziegler-Heitbrock L. Role of STAT3 in glucocorticoid-induced expression of the human IL-10 gene. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3230-7. [PMID: 18403020 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present report we have determined the molecular mechanisms, which govern the expression of the human IL-10 gene when induced by the glucocorticoid Methyl-Prednisolone (MP). Treatment of cells with MP at 10(-6) M will readily induce IL-10 in CD19+ primary B cells and in a human B cell line. Analysis of the IL-10 promoter showed a robust 18-fold induction and demonstrated that a potential GRE motif was not required, while mutation of the -120 STAT-motif strongly reduced MP-induced trans-activation. A strong induction was also seen with a trimeric STAT-motif and over-expression of dominant-negative STAT3 could block MP induction of IL-10 mRNA. Finally, MP treatment induced binding of STAT3 to the promoter as shown by gelshift, supershift and by chromatin-immunoprecipitation. These data show that glucocorticoid-induced expression of the IL-10 gene is mediated by the transcription factor STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Unterberger
- Clinical Cooperation Group, Inflammatory Lung Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and Asklepios-Fachklinik, Robert-Koch-Allee 29, 82131 Gauting, Germany
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167
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Chanteux H, Guisset AC, Pilette C, Sibille Y. LPS induces IL-10 production by human alveolar macrophages via MAPKinases- and Sp1-dependent mechanisms. Respir Res 2007; 8:71. [PMID: 17916230 PMCID: PMC2080632 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-10 is a cytokine mainly produced by macrophages that plays key roles in tolerance to inhaled antigens and in lung homeostasis. Its regulation in alveolar macrophages (HAM), the resident lung phagocytes, remains however unknown. METHODS The present study investigated the role of intracellular signalling and transcription factors controlling the production of IL-10 in LPS-activated HAM from normal nonsmoking volunteers. RESULTS LPS (1-1000 pg/ml) induced in vitro IL-10 production by HAM, both at mRNA and protein levels. LPS also activated the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK MAPkinases (immunoblots) and Sp-1 nuclear activity (EMSA). Selective inhibitors of MAPKinases (respectively PD98059, SB203580 and SP600125) and of Sp-1 signaling (mithramycin) decreased IL-10 expression in HAM. In addition, whilst not affecting IL-10 mRNA degradation, the three MAPKinase inhibitors completely abolished Sp-1 activation by LPS in HAM. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate for the first time that expression of IL-10 in lung macrophages stimulated by LPS depends on the concomitant activation of ERK, p38 and JNK MAPKinases, which control downstream signalling to Sp-1 transcription factor. This study further points to Sp-1 as a key signalling pathway for IL-10 expression in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Chanteux
- Unit of microbiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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168
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Dong J, Ivascu C, Chang HD, Wu P, Angeli R, Maggi L, Eckhardt F, Tykocinski L, Haefliger C, Möwes B, Sieper J, Radbruch A, Annunziato F, Thiel A. IL-10 is excluded from the functional cytokine memory of human CD4+ memory T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2389-96. [PMID: 17675500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, profoundly influence gene expression of CD4(+) Th-specific cells thereby shaping memory Th cell function. We demonstrate here a correlation between a lacking fixed potential of human memory Th cells to re-express the immunoregulatory cytokine gene IL10 and its DNA methylation status. Memory Th cells secreting IL-10 or IFN-gamma were directly isolated ex vivo from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers, and the DNA methylation status of IL10 and IFNG was assessed. Limited difference in methylation was found for the IL10 gene locus in IL-10-secreting Th cells, as compared with Th cells not secreting IL-10 isolated directly ex vivo or from in vitro-established human Th1 and Th2 clones. In contrast, in IFN-gamma(+) memory Th cells the promoter of the IFNG gene was hypomethylated, as compared with IFN-gamma-nonsecreting memory Th cells. In accordance with the lack of epigenetic memory, almost 90% of ex vivo-isolated IL-10-secreting Th cells lacked a functional memory for IL-10 re-expression after restimulation. Our data indicate that IL10 does not become epigenetically marked in human memory Th cells unlike effector cytokine genes such as IFNG. The exclusion of IL-10, but not effector cytokines, from the functional memory of human CD4(+) T lymphocytes ex vivo may reflect the need for appropriate regulation of IL-10 secretion, due to its potent immunoregulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dong
- Clinical Immunology Group, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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169
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Mahoney KMM, Petrovic N, Schacke W, Shapiro LH. CD13/APN transcription is regulated by the proto-oncogene c-Maf via an atypical response element. Gene 2007; 403:178-87. [PMID: 17897790 PMCID: PMC2045687 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic growth factors induce the transcription of the cell surface peptidase CD13/APN in activated endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature. Inhibition of CD13/APN abrogates endothelial invasion and morphogenesis in vitro and tumor growth in vivo suggesting a critical functional role for CD13 in angiogenesis. Experiments to identify the transcription factors responsible for this regulation demonstrated that exogenous expression of the proto-oncogene c-Maf, but not other bZip family members tested, potently activates transcription from a critical regulatory region of the CD13 proximal promoter between -115 and -70 bp which is highly conserved among mammalian species. Using promoter mutation, EMSA and ChIP analyses we established that both endogenous and recombinant c-Maf directly interact with an atypical Maf response element contained within this active promoter region via its basic DNA/leucine zipper domain. However full activity of c-Maf requires the amino-terminal transactivation domain, and site-directed mutation of putative phosphorylation sites within the transactivation domain (serines 15 and 70) shows that these sites behave in a dramatic cell type-specific manner. Therefore, this atypical response element predicts a broader range of c-Maf target genes than previously appreciated and thus impacts its regulation of multiple myeloma as well as endothelial cell function and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda H. Shapiro
- Address for Correspondence: Linda H. Shapiro, Center for Vascular Biology MC3501, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center for Vascular Biology, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-3501,
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170
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Csóka B, Németh ZH, Virág L, Gergely P, Leibovich SJ, Pacher P, Sun CX, Blackburn MR, Vizi ES, Deitch EA, Haskó G. A2A adenosine receptors and C/EBPbeta are crucially required for IL-10 production by macrophages exposed to Escherichia coli. Blood 2007; 110:2685-95. [PMID: 17525287 PMCID: PMC1988939 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-065870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that A(2A) adenosine receptor activation by endogenous adenosine contributes to interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in polymicrobial sepsis. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms underpinning this interaction between adenosine receptor signaling and infection by exposing macrophages to Escherichia coli. We demonstrated using receptor knockout mice that A(2A) receptor activation is critically required for the stimulatory effect of adenosine on IL-10 production by E coli-challenged macrophages, whereas A(2B) receptors have a minor role. The stimulatory effect of adenosine on E coli-induced IL-10 production did not require toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or MyD88, but was blocked by p38 inhibition. Using shRNA we demonstrated that TRAF6 impairs the potentiating effect of adenosine. Measuring IL-10 mRNA abundance and transfection with an IL-10 promoter-luciferase construct indicated that E coli and adenosine synergistically activate IL-10 transcription. Sequential deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the IL-10 promoter revealed that a region harboring C/EBP binding elements was responsible for the stimulatory effect of adenosine on E coli-induced IL-10 promoter activity. Adenosine augmented E coli-induced nuclear accumulation and DNA binding of C/EBPbeta. C/EBPbeta-deficient macrophages failed to produce IL-10 in response to adenosine and E coli. Our results suggest that the A(2A) receptor-C/EBPbeta axis is critical for IL-10 production after bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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171
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Staples KJ, Smallie T, Williams LM, Foey A, Burke B, Foxwell BMJ, Ziegler-Heitbrock L. IL-10 induces IL-10 in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages via the transcription factor Stat3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4779-85. [PMID: 17404258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is an important immunosuppressive cytokine that can down-regulate expression of other cytokines and has been shown to down-regulate itself. We show, in this study, that treatment of human monocyte-derived macrophages with IL-10 induces IL-10 mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an optimum induction at 100 ng/ml and at 6 h, whereas IL-10-induced IL-10 protein can be detected at 18 h. In the same cells, IL-10 can partially suppress IL-10 mRNA induced by LPS, but only down to the level of IL-10-induced IL-10. An adenoviral luciferase reporter construct driven by the -195 IL-10 promoter, which contains a Stat motif, was readily induced by both IL-10 and LPS. Mutation of this Stat motif ablated IL-10 activation of this promoter, but not the LPS activation. Finally, we show that overexpression of a dominant-negative Stat3 protein will prevent IL-10 induction, but not LPS induction, of IL-10 mRNA. These data show that IL-10 induces IL-10 in monocyte-derived macrophages in an autocrine manner via activation of the transcription factor Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Staples
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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172
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Chang EY, Guo B, Doyle SE, Cheng G. Cutting Edge: Involvement of the Type I IFN Production and Signaling Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-10 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6705-9. [PMID: 17513714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages respond to LPS by the rapid activation of proinflammatory cytokines that serve to initiate host defense against microbial invasion. To prevent injury to the host from excess production of these cytokines, IL-10 is up-regulated to feedback inhibit the proinflammatory response. However, the molecular events responsible for LPS-induced up-regulation of IL-10 remain to be elucidated. In this study, we provide evidence that production of and signaling by type I IFN is required for LPS-induced IL-10 up-regulation. In addition, we demonstrate that defect in type I IFN production and signaling results in a trend toward LPS-mediated superinduction of proinflammatory genes and cytokines in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our findings suggest a novel anti-inflammatory role for the type I IFN production and signaling pathway in regulating LPS response in bone marrow-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Y Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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173
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Samarasinghe R, Tailor P, Tamura T, Kaisho T, Akira S, Ozato K. Induction of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in dendritic cells after toll-like receptor signaling. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 26:893-900. [PMID: 17238832 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that modulates innate and adaptive immunity. IL-10 transcripts and the protein were induced in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) after toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. IL-10 induction was TLR ligand selective, in that CpG DNA, imidazoquinolin, peptidoglycan, and zymosan but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly I:C led to IL-10 production. IL-10 induction was, however, completely absent in MyD88(/) DCs that lacked a TLR adaptor showing that IL-10 induction depends on TLR signaling. Kinetic analysis of IL-10 induction by CpG and imidazoquinolin revealed a prolonged lag phase prior to a measurable rise in transcript levels, which peaked at 12-24 h after stimulation. Stat3, implicated in IL-10 gene transcription, was also induced after TLR stimulation with the kinetics similar to those of IL-10 induction. Further, Stat3 was phosphorylated and bound to the IL-10 promoter in TLR-stimulated DCs. Supporting a link with IL-10 induction, STAT3 induction was absent in MyD88(/) DCs. These data suggest a two-step model where the initial TLR signaling induced proinflammatory cytokines, which then activated Stat3, leading to the induction of IL-10. TLR-stimulated IL-10 production may regulate DC maturation steps, thereby influencing the ensuing immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmal Samarasinghe
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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174
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Flores RR, Diggs KA, Tait LM, Morel PA. IFN-gamma negatively regulates CpG-induced IL-10 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:211-8. [PMID: 17182557 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important players in the regulation of Th1- and Th2-dominated immune responses. In these studies we showed that IFN-gamma, the key mediator of Th1 immunity, actively suppressed the production of IL-10 in murine DCs when activated with LPS or CpG. Our analysis revealed that both LPS and CpG induced IL-10 and IL-12 production but that the presence of IFN-gamma, in a dose-dependent manner, suppressed the production of IL-10 while enhancing that of IL-12. The observed inhibition of IL-10 production was independent of IL-12. Experiments performed with STAT-1 knockout mice demonstrated that the primary production of IL-12 induced by CpG was STAT-1 dependent, whereas the production of IL-10 was not. This finding was confirmed by the observation that CpG-induced IL-12 production could be inhibited by anti-IFN-beta Abs, whereas CpG-induced IL-10 production could not be inhibited. These data also demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on IL-10 expression was STAT-1 dependent and transcriptionally regulated. Thus, DCs respond to CpG by producing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-10, respectively, and IFN-gamma acts to not only enhance IL-12 but also to inhibit IL-10 production. The current data demonstrate a novel pathway for IFN-gamma-mediated immunoregulation and suggest that IFN-gamma-dependent suppression of IL-10 production by DCs may be involved in the antagonism between Th1 and Th2 patterns of immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Flores
- Department of Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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175
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Aborsangaya KB, Dembinski I, Khatkar S, Alphonse MP, Nickerson P, Rempel JD. Impact of aboriginal ethnicity on HCV core-induced IL-10 synthesis: interaction with IL-10 gene polymorphisms. Hepatology 2007; 45:623-30. [PMID: 17326156 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The host immune response is a critical determinant in viral infection outcome. Epidemiological studies indicate that North American indigenous peoples are more resistant to chronic HCV infection than other populations. Due to the prominence of IL-10 in chronic HCV infection, we investigated the genetic tendency to produce IL-10 in Caucasian (CA) and First Nation (FN) populations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CA subjects had a greater tendency to produce IL-10 defined by allelic polymorphisms, as well as genotypes and haplotypes, at the -1082, -819, and -592 positions of the IL-10 promoter. More importantly, we directly evaluated the influence of ethnicity on the ability of HCV core protein to induce IL-10 synthesis and found significantly higher IL-10 production by PBMCs isolated from healthy CA subjects compared with FN subjects. Further examination of the underlying relationship between core-induced IL-10 with the high, intermediate, and low phenotypes at the -1082, -819, and -592 position revealed that spontaneous and core-induced IL-10 synthesis tended to interact negatively with defined polymorphisms. This was particularly evident for the FN cohort, in which the relationship was strengthened by a stronger interaction of core with the low-IL-10-producing phenotypes. As with previous studies, concanavalin A induced IL-10 synthesis from the CA cohort positively associated with defined genetic phenotypes. CONCLUSION Cells from FN subjects had a reduced capacity to produce IL-10 in response to HCV core protein, suggesting that reduced susceptibility of FN immunity to virally induced IL-10 synthesis might contribute to epidemiological observations of enhanced HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Bate Aborsangaya
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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176
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Yang Z, Mosser DM, Zhang X. Activation of the MAPK, ERK, following Leishmania amazonensis infection of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1077-85. [PMID: 17202371 PMCID: PMC2643020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a critical cytokine in determining host susceptibility to Leishmania spp. We previously demonstrated that macrophage-derived IL-10 could contribute to disease exacerbation, but the mechanisms whereby Leishmania infections led to IL-10 induction were not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that infection of macrophages with Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes led to the activation of the MAPK, ERK1/2. This activation was required, but not sufficient for IL-10 induction. In addition to ERK activation, an inflammatory stimulus, such as low m.w. hyaluronic acid from the extracellular matrix, must also be present. The combination of these two signals resulted in the superinduction of IL-10. We also demonstrated that IgG on the surface of Leishmania amastigotes was required to achieve maximal IL-10 production from infected macrophages. Surface IgG engages macrophage FcgammaR to induce ERK activation. Macrophages lacking FcgammaR, or macrophages treated with an inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase, the tyrosine kinase that signals via FcgammaR, failed to activate ERK and consequently failed to produce IL-10 following infection with Leishmania amastigotes. We confirmed that ERK1/2 activation led to the phosphorylation of histone H3 at the IL-10 promoter, and this phosphorylation allowed for the binding of the transcription factor, Sp1, to the IL-10 promoter. Finally, the administration of U0126, an inhibitor of ERK activation, to infected mice resulted in decreased lesion progression with reduced numbers of parasites in them. Thus, our findings reveal an important role of MAPK, ERK signaling in the pathogenesis of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Mosser
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. David M. Mosser, 1103 Microbiology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail address:
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177
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Bella JN, Tang W, Kraja A, Rao DC, Hunt SC, Miller MB, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Kitzman DW, Oberman A, Devereux RB, Arnett DK. Genome-wide linkage mapping for valve calcification susceptibility loci in hypertensive sibships: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study. Hypertension 2007; 49:453-60. [PMID: 17224468 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000256957.10242.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility to valve calcification. Accordingly, echocardiograms and genotyping were performed in 1871 hypertensive siblings who participated in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study. Genome-wide affected sibpair nonparametric linkage analysis was conducted using the allele-sharing method implemented in the Merlin computer program. A total of 1014 sibships from 858 families were evaluated for aortic valve sclerosis or mitral annular calcification. Of these, 78 sibships from 68 families contained > or =2 affected siblings with > or =1 type of valve calcification (142 affected siblings). All 3 of the traits showed a modest degree of familial aggregation, with sibling recurrence risk (SD) and sibling recurrence risk ratio (95% CI) being 0.25 (0.035) and 2.31 (1.72 to 3.11) for aortic valve sclerosis, 0.25 (0.035) and 1.78 (1.36 to 2.33) for mitral annular calcification, and 0.31 (0.030) and 1.52 (1.24 to 1.85) for aortic valve sclerosis and mitral annular calcification, respectively. Affected sibpair linkage analysis revealed the highest logarithm of odds score (3.14) in chromosome 16 at 105.6 cM for aortic valve sclerosis. Other chromosomal regions with logarithm of odds score > or =1.9 were found in chromosomes 19 (2.88), 16 (2.63), 1 (2.12), and 2 (2.03) for aortic valve sclerosis and chromosome 13 (2.12) for any valve calcification. There was no logarithm of odds score > or =1.9 for mitral annular calcification. Our study shows strong linkage of aortic valve sclerosis to chromosome 16q22.1-q22.3 and suggestive linkage to chromosome 19p13.11-p11 and identifies several other promising genomic regions that may contain specific susceptibility loci for valve calcification.
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178
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Pruett SB, Fan R, Zheng Q. Involvement of three mechanisms in the alteration of cytokine responses by sodium methyldithiocarbamate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 213:172-8. [PMID: 16321413 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sodium methyldithiocarbamate (SMD) is the third most abundantly used conventional pesticide in the U.S. We recently reported that it alters the induction of cytokine production mediated though Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 at relevant dosages in mice. Its chemical properties and evidence from the literature suggest the potential mechanisms of action for this compound. It could either act as a free radical scavenger (by means of its free S(-)group) or promote oxidation by breaking down to form methylisothiocyanate, which can deplete glutathione. It is a potent copper chelator and may affect the availability of copper to a number of copper-dependent enzymes (including some signaling molecules). SMD induces a classical neuroendocrine stress response characterized by elevated serum corticosterone concentrations, which could affect cytokine production. Although each of these mechanisms could potentially contribute to altered cytokine responses, direct evidence is lacking. The present study was conducted to obtain such evidence. The role of redox balance was investigated by pretreating mice with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which increases cellular glutathione concentrations, before administration of SMD. NAC exacerbated the SMD-induced suppression of IL-12 and the SMD-induced enhancement of IL-10 in the serum. The role of copper chelation was investigated by comparing the effects of SMD with an equimolar dose to SMD that was administered in the form of a copper chelation complex. Addition of copper significantly decreased the action of SMD on IL-12 production but not on IL-10 production. The role of the stress response was investigated by pretreating mice with antagonists of corticosterone and catecholamines. This treatment partially prevented the action of SMD on IL-10 and IL-12 in the peritoneal fluid. The results suggest that all of the proposed mechanisms have some role in the alteration of cytokine production by SMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Pruett
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, 71130, USA.
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179
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Cao S, Zhang X, Edwards JP, Mosser DM. NF-kappaB1 (p50) homodimers differentially regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26041-50. [PMID: 16835236 PMCID: PMC2642587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602222200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB/Rel is a family of transcription factors whose activation has long been linked to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we studied NF-kappaB signaling in the regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). We identified a role for a single NF-kappaB family member, NF-kappaB1 (p50), in promoting the transcription of IL-10. The NF-kappaB ciselement on IL-10 proximal promoter was located to -55/-46, where p50 can homodimerize and form a complex with the transcriptional co-activator CREB-binding protein to activate transcription. The other Rel family members appear to play a negligible role in IL-10 transcription. Mice lacking p50 were more susceptible to lethal endotoxemia, and macrophages taken from p50-/- mice exhibit skewed cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide, characterized by decreased IL-10 and increased tumor necrosis factor and IL-12. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that NF-kappaB1 (p50) homodimers can be transcriptional activators of IL-10. The reciprocal regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by NF-kappaB1 (p50) may provide potential new ways to manipulate the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David M. Mosser
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 1103 Microbiology Bldg., College Park, MD 20742. Tel.: 301-314-2594; Fax: 301-314-9489; E-mail:
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180
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Abstract
Hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) has long been recognized as distinct from other chronic B-cell malignancies, but several questions remain unanswered. What is the HCL cell of origin? Why does HCL lack the hallmarks of most mature B-cell tumours (for example, chromosomal translocations and consistent lymph node involvement) and show unique features like 'hairy' morphology and bone-marrow fibrosis? Gene-expression profiling and other studies have recently provided new insights into HCL biology and have the potential to affect clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tiacci
- Institute of Haematology, University of Perugia, Italy.
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181
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Németh ZH, Lutz CS, Csóka B, Deitch EA, Leibovich SJ, Gause WC, Tone M, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. Adenosine augments IL-10 production by macrophages through an A2B receptor-mediated posttranscriptional mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:8260-70. [PMID: 16339566 PMCID: PMC2000336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor ligands have anti-inflammatory effects and modulate immune responses by up-regulating IL-10 production by immunostimulated macrophages. The adenosine receptor family comprises G protein-coupled heptahelical transmembrane receptors classified into four types: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Our understanding of the signaling mechanisms leading to enhanced IL-10 production following adenosine receptor occupancy on macrophages is limited. In this study, we demonstrate that adenosine receptor occupancy increases IL-10 production by LPS-stimulated macrophages without affecting IL-10 promoter activity and IL-10 mRNA levels, indicating a posttranscriptional mechanism. Transfection experiments with reporter constructs containing sequences corresponding to the AU-rich 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of IL-10 mRNA confirmed that adenosine receptor activation acts by relieving the translational repressive effect of the IL-10 3'-UTR. By contrast, adenosine receptor activation failed to liberate the translational arrest conferred by the 3'-UTR of TNF-alpha mRNA. The IL-10 3'-UTR formed specific complexes with proteins present in cytoplasmic extracts of RAW 264.7 cells. Adenosine enhanced binding of proteins to a region of the IL-10 3'-UTR containing the GUAUUUAUU nonamer. The stimulatory effect of adenosine on IL-10 production was mediated through the A(2B) receptor, because the order of potency of selective agonists was 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) > N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA) > 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) = 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (CGS-21680). Also, the selective A2B antagonist, alloxazine, prevented the effect of adenosine. Collectively, these studies identify a novel pathway in which activation of a G protein-coupled receptor augments translation of an anti-inflammatory gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán H. Németh
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Carol S. Lutz
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Edwin A. Deitch
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - S. Joseph Leibovich
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - William C. Gause
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Masahide Tone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Pál Pacher
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - E. Sylvester Vizi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. György Haskó, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103. E-mail address:
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182
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Shoemaker J, Saraiva M, O'Garra A. GATA-3 Directly Remodels the IL-10 Locus Independently of IL-4 in CD4+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3470-9. [PMID: 16517715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a major regulator in inflammatory responses. Although various transcription factors were defined to enhance IL-10, the molecular mechanism for the initiation of Il-10 transcription, remains unknown. mRNA profiling of six distinct primary CD4+ T cell populations showed differential expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 correlated with levels of IL-10 expression. We showed that ectopic expression of GATA-3 in naive primary CD4+ T cells enhanced expression of IL-10 by these cells and uncovered a possible mechanism for this effect. We found that GATA-3 induced changes of the chromatin structure at the Il-10 locus and that these changes occur even in the absence of IL-4. Furthermore we found that in the presence of GATA-3 the histones at the Il-10 locus become acetylated. Despite being recruited in vivo to two locations on the Il-10 locus, GATA-3 did not transactivate the IL-10 promoter. We therefore suggest a key role of GATA-3 in instructing Il-10 gene expression in primary CD4+ T cells, possibly by switching and stabilizing the Il-10 locus into a transcriptionally competent status.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Shoemaker
- Division of Immunoregulation, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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183
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Jones EA, Flavell RA. Distal enhancer elements transcribe intergenic RNA in the IL-10 family gene cluster. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7437-46. [PMID: 16301651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The IL-10 gene and homologs IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24 are expressed within a highly conserved 145-kb cytokine gene cluster. Like the Th2 IL-4 cytokine gene cluster, it is feasible that there is coordinate regulation of these cytokines by distal regulatory elements spanning the locus. We initiated a search to characterize regulatory elements within the IL-10 family locus and present data herein on a conserved 40-kb region between the IL-19 and IL-10 genes. We map the location of 17 DNase I-hypersensitive sites in different murine T cell populations and identify three enhancer elements, which function in T cells in vitro. Two of these enhancer elements, located 9 kb upstream and 6.45 kb downstream of IL-10, display cell-specific function in the Th1-Th2 cell clones AE7 and D10 and also exhibit basic promoter activity. The downstream element, IL-10CNS+6.45, binds AP-1 in the absence of NFAT and expresses intergenic RNA in a Th2-specific manner, further validating its role as a Th2-specific enhancer/promoter element. We show that the five most highly conserved noncoding sequences in the 40-kb region transcribe intergenic RNA; four of these regions possess promoter activity in vitro that could account for the expression of these transcripts. Hence, we speculate that these novel regulatory elements in the IL-10 family gene locus function via an intermediate regulatory RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jones
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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184
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Lin SC. Identification of an NF-Y/HMG-I(Y)-binding site in the human IL-10 promoter. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1325-31. [PMID: 16256199 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cis-acting elements and transcriptional factors that control interleukin 10 (IL-10) promoter activity remain to be clarified. In this report, by performing electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) with nuclear extracts from the Raji B cell line, the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) was found to be capable of binding to a CCAAT box-containing region between the -215 and -192bps (the -215/-192 region), relative to the transcription initiation site, in the human IL-10 promoter. The binding of NF-Y to the promoter appears to be enhanced by the presence of HMG-I(Y), since anti-HMG-I(Y) antibody diminished the NF-Y-binding activity in EMSA. Two T nucleotides at -192 and -193bps were found to be critical for the binding of NF-Y and HMG-I(Y) to the -215/-192 promoter region, suggesting the possibility that HMG-I(Y) binds to the AT-rich promoter region downstream of the CCAAT box at the -210/-199 region. These findings suggest that NF-Y and HMG-I(Y) may play an important role in regulating the IL-10 promoter activity in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Lin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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185
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Saraiva M, Christensen JR, Tsytsykova AV, Goldfeld AE, Ley SC, Kioussis D, O'Garra A. Identification of a Macrophage-Specific Chromatin Signature in the IL-10 Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1041-6. [PMID: 16002704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 remain poorly understood. In this study, by measuring sensitivity to DNase I digestion, we show that production of IL-10 by primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated through pattern recognition receptors was associated with chromatin remodeling of the IL-10 locus. We also demonstrate that the IL-10 locus is remodeled in primary Th2 cells and IL-10-producing regulatory T cells that have been differentiated in vitro. Strikingly, a novel DNase I-hypersensitive site (HSS-4.5) was identified in stimulated macrophages, but not in T cells. We show that hyperacetylated histones were recruited to this site in stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, HSS-4.5 is highly conserved and contains a putative NF-kappaB binding site. In support of a function for this site, NF-kappaB p65/RelA was recruited to HSS-4.5 in vivo and its activation was required for optimal IL-10 gene expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Divisions of Immunoregulation, Immune Cell Biology and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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