151
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Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Wan Ngah WZ. Vitamin D is significantly associated with total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in Malaysian men. Aging Male 2015; 18:175-9. [PMID: 26004987 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1034686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional studies in the Caucasian population have shown a significant relationship between vitamin D and testosterone levels, but data in the Asian population are limited. This study aimed to determine the association between vitamin D and testosterone levels in Malaysian men. METHODS Chinese and Malay men (n = 382) aged 20 years or above residing in the Klang Valley, Malaysia were recruited. Their fasting blood was collected for serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) assays. Relationship between 25(OH)D and testosterone levels was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Testosterone and SHBG levels among subjects with different vitamin D status were compared using univariate analysis. Confounders such as age, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) were adjusted. RESULTS 25(OH)D was significantly and positively associated with total testosterone and SHBG levels before and after adjustment for age and ethnicity (p < 0.05). Only association with SHBG remained significant after further adjustment for BMI (p < 0.05). Total testosterone and SHBG values displayed an increasing trend from subjects with vitamin D deficiency to those with optimal level (p < 0.05). The trend was attenuated after adjustment for BMI (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION 25(OH)D is significantly associated with total testosterone and SHBG in Malaysian men but this association is BMI-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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152
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Cheung AS, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Muscle and bone effects of androgen deprivation therapy: current and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R371-94. [PMID: 25056176 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer and treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) affect significant numbers of the male population. Endocrine effects of ADT are a critical consideration in balancing the benefits and risks of treatment on long-term survival and quality of life. This review highlights the latest advances in androgen manipulation in prostate cancer with an emphasis on the effects of ADT on muscle and bone, which universally affects the health and well-being of men undergoing ADT for prostate cancer. Muscle mass declines with ADT; however, the evidence that this correlates with a decrease in muscle strength or a decrease in physical performance is discordant. Cortical bone decay also occurs in association with an increase in fracture risk, hence optimization of musculoskeletal health in men undergoing ADT is crucial. The role of exercise, and current and emerging anabolic therapies for muscle as well as various new strategies to prevent loss of bone mass in men undergoing ADT are discussed. Future well-designed, prospective, controlled studies are required to elucidate the effects of ADT on physical performance, which are currently lacking, and larger randomized controlled trials are required to test the efficacy of medical therapies and exercise interventions to target proven deficits and to ensure safety in men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada S Cheung
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
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153
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Yu IC, Lin HY, Sparks JD, Yeh S, Chang C. Androgen receptor roles in insulin resistance and obesity in males: the linkage of androgen-deprivation therapy to metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2014; 63:3180-8. [PMID: 25249645 PMCID: PMC4171661 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in men. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first-line treatment and fundamental management for men with advanced PCa to suppress functions of androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling. ADT is effective at improving cancer symptoms and prolonging survival. However, epidemiological and clinical studies support the notion that testosterone deficiency in men leads to the development of metabolic syndrome that increases cardiovascular disease risk. The underlying mechanisms by which androgen/AR signaling regulates metabolic homeostasis in men are complex, and in this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms mediated by AR signaling that link ADT to metabolic syndrome. Results derived from various AR knockout mouse models reveal tissue-specific AR signaling that is involved in regulation of metabolism. These data suggest that steps be taken early to manage metabolic complications associated with PCa patients receiving ADT, which could be accomplished using tissue-selective modulation of AR signaling and by treatment with insulin-sensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Yu
- Department of Pathology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Department of Urology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Department of Pathology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Department of Urology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Janet D Sparks
- Department of Pathology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Department of Urology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- Department of Pathology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Department of Urology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Department of Pathology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Department of Urology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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154
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Naifar M, Rekik N, Messedi M, Chaabouni K, Lahiani A, Turki M, Abid M, Ayedi F, Jamoussi K. Male hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome. Andrologia 2014; 47:579-86. [PMID: 25040289 DOI: 10.1111/and.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of androgens in cardiovascular disease is still controversial in men. In this study, we investigated metabolic disorders in Tunisian hypogonadal men compared with healthy controls. Forty hypogonadal men and 80 control subjects were enrolled. Patients with a history of pre-existing panhypopituitarism, thyroid dysfunction or inflammatory disease were excluded. Glycaemia, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipid profile, insulin, testosterone and gonadotrophins were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed by homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (Homa IR). Waist circumference, body mass index and blood pressure were significantly higher in patients compared with controls. Glycemia, HbA1c, fasting serum insulin and Homa IR were significantly increased among hypogonadal men. In univariate analysis, testosterone levels were inversely correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, glycaemia, HbA1C, insulin, Homa IR and hsCRP. In multivariate analysis including all significant variables, initial testosterone level was the only independent risk factor for developing dyslipidaemia. With logistic regression, male hypogonadism was an independent risk factor for MS (P < 0.001). We conclude that low testosterone level plays a central role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Further prospective data are required to establish the causative link.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naifar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia; Research Unit, Molecular Basis of Human Disease, Sfax Medicine College, Sfax, Tunisia
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155
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Ramos CF, Zamoner A. Thyroid hormone and leptin in the testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 25505448 PMCID: PMC4243692 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue; however, it is expressed in the hypothalamus and reproductive tissues as well. Leptin acts by activating the leptin receptors (Ob-Rs). Additionally, the regulation of several neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, including the inhibition of glucocorticoids and enhancement of thyroxine and sex hormone concentrations in human beings and mice are leptin functions. It has been suggested that thyroid hormones (TH) could directly regulate leptin expression. Additionally, hypothyroidism compromises the intracellular integration of leptin signaling specifically in the arcuate nucleus. Two TH receptor isoforms are expressed in the testis, TRa and TRb, with TRa being the predominant one that is present in all stages of development. The effects of TH involve the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells during development, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis. In this context, TH disorders are associated with sexual dysfunction. An endocrine and/or direct paracrine effect of leptin on the gonads inhibits testosterone production in Leydig cells. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of both hormones in the testis during hypothyroidism. The goal of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding leptin and TH in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Fonte Ramos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiane Fonte Ramos, Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomédico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil e-mail:
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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