151
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Zhang D, Li C, Song Y, Zhou J, Li Y, Li J, Bai C. Integrin αvβ5 inhibition protects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury in an autophagy-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L384-L394. [PMID: 28522565 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00391.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αvβ5 mediates pulmonary endothelial barrier function and acute lung injury (LI), but its roles in cell apoptosis and autophagy are unclear. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the significance of αvβ5 in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced apoptosis and LI and to explore the relationship between αvβ5 and autophagy. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) were pretreated with an αvβ5-blocking antibody (ALULA) and challenged with oxygen-glucose deprivation/oxygen-glucose restoration, which mimics I/R; then, cellular autophagy and apoptosis were detected, and cell permeability was assessed. In vivo, mice were pretreated with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CLQ), followed by treatment with ALULA. The mice then underwent operative lung I/R. LI was assessed by performing a pathological examination, calculating the wet/dry lung weight ratio and detecting the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein concentration. αvβ5 inhibition promoted HPMVEC autophagy under I/R in vitro, alleviated cell permeability, decreased the apoptosis ratio, and activated caspase-3 expression. These outcomes were significantly diminished when autophagy was inhibited with a small-interfering RNA construct targeting autophagy-related gene 7 (siATG7). Moreover, ALULA pretreatment alleviated I/R-induced LI (I/R-LI), which manifested as a decreased wet/dry lung weight ratio, an altered BALF protein concentration, and lung edema. Preinhibiting autophagy with CLQ, however, eliminated the protective effects of ALULA on I/R-LI. Therefore, inhibiting αvβ5 effectively ameliorated I/R-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and I/R-LI. This process was dependent on improved autophagy and its inhibitory effects on activated caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chichi Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; .,Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China; and.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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152
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Hay-Koren A, Bialik S, Levin-Salomon V, Kimchi A. Changes in cIAP2, survivin and BimEL expression characterize the switch from autophagy to apoptosis in prolonged starvation. J Intern Med 2017; 281:458-470. [PMID: 28425584 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a catabolic process involving the engulfment of cytoplasmic content within autophagosomes followed by their delivery to lysosomes. This process is a survival mechanism, enabling cells to cope with nutrient deprivation by degradation and recycling of macromolecules. Yet during continued stress such as prolonged starvation, a switch from autophagy to apoptosis is often detected. OBJECTIVE In this work, we characterized the temporal dynamics of the transition from autophagy towards apoptosis with the aim of elucidating the molecular mechanism regulating the switch from survival autophagy to apoptotic cell death. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We defined an inverse relationship between apoptosis and autophagy spanning a period of 72 h, manifested by the sequential reduction in LC3 lipidation and the activation of caspase-3. The transition to apoptosis correlated with a selective decline in the mRNA and protein levels of two anti-apoptotic IAP family proteins, survivin and cIAP2 and a selective increase in the BH3-only protein, BimEL. This 'molecular signature' was common to several cell lines undergoing the switch from autophagy to apoptosis during prolonged starvation. Mechanistically, the increased BimEL protein levels resulted from its reduced binding to its specific E3 ligase, βTrCP, leading to protein stabilization. Consistent with this, BimEL showed decreased phosphorylation at critical sites previously reported to be essential for binding to the E3 ligase. The decrease in the anti-apoptotic IAPs and the increase in the pro-apoptotic BimEL may thus constitute a molecular switch from autophagy to apoptosis during prolonged starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hay-Koren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Bialik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - V Levin-Salomon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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153
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Messer JS. The cellular autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint during inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1281-1296. [PMID: 27837217 PMCID: PMC11107496 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a major determinant of inflammatory disease severity. Whether cells live or die during inflammation largely depends on the relative success of the pro-survival process of autophagy versus the pro-death process of apoptosis. These processes interact and influence each other during inflammation and there is a checkpoint at which cells irrevocably commit to either one pathway or another. This review will discuss the concept of the autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint and its importance during inflammation, the mechanisms of inflammation leading up to the checkpoint, and how the checkpoint is regulated. Understanding these concepts is important since manipulation of the autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint represents a novel opportunity for treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by too much or too little cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette S Messer
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th Street, 9th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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154
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Song S, Tan J, Miao Y, Li M, Zhang Q. Crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis: Involvement of the dual role of autophagy under ER stress. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2977-2984. [PMID: 28067409 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a common cellular stress response that is triggered by a variety of conditions that disturb cellular homeostasis, and induces cell apoptosis. Autophagy, an important and evolutionarily conserved mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis, is closely related to the apoptosis induced by ER stress. There are common upstream signaling pathways between autophagy and apoptosis induced by ER stress, including PERK/ATF4, IRE1α, ATF6, and Ca2+ . Autophagy can not only block the induction of apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of apoptosis-associated caspase which could reduce cellular injury, but also help to induce apoptosis. In addition, the activation of apoptosis-related proteins can also inhibit autophagy by degrading autophagy-related proteins, such as Beclin-1, Atg4D, Atg3, and Atg5. Although the interactions of different autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins, and also common upstream signaling pathways have been found, the potential regulatory mechanisms have not been clearly understood. In this review, we summarize the dual role of autophagy, and the interplay and potential regulatory mechanisms between autophagy and apoptosis under ER stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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155
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Poon AH, Choy DF, Chouiali F, Ramakrishnan RK, Mahboub B, Audusseau S, Mogas A, Harris JM, Arron JR, Laprise C, Hamid Q. Increased Autophagy-Related 5 Gene Expression Is Associated with Collagen Expression in the Airways of Refractory Asthmatics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 28424691 PMCID: PMC5372794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis, particularly excessive collagen deposition, presents a challenge for treating asthmatic individuals. At present, no drugs can remove or reduce excessive collagen in asthmatic airways. Hence, the identification of pathways involved in collagen deposition would help to generate therapeutic targets to interfere with the airway remodeling process. Autophagy, a cellular degradation process, has been shown to be dysregulated in various fibrotic diseases, and genetic association studies in independent human populations have identified autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) to be associated with asthma pathogenesis. Hence, the dysregulation of autophagy may contribute to fibrosis in asthmatic airways. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if (1) collagen deposition in asthmatic airways is associated with ATG5 expression and (2) ATG5 protein expression is associated with asthma per se and severity. METHODS Gene expression of transforming growth factor beta 1, various asthma-related collagen types [collagen, type I, alpha 1; collagen, type II, alpha 1; collagen, type III, alpha 1; collagen, type V, alpha 1 (COL5A1) and collagen, type V, alpha 2], and ATG5 were measured using mRNA isolated from bronchial biopsies of refractory asthmatic subjects and assessed for pairwise associations. Protein expression of ATG5 in the airways was measured and associations were assessed for asthma per se, severity, and lung function. MAIN RESULTS In refractory asthmatic individuals, gene expression of ATG5 was positively associated with COL5A1 in the airways. No association was detected between ATG5 protein expression and asthma per se, severity, and lung function. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Positive correlation between the gene expression patterns of ATG5 and COL5A1 suggests that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to subepithelial fibrosis in the airways of refractory asthmatic individuals. This finding highlights the therapeutic potential of ATG5 in ameliorating airway remodeling in the difficult-to-treat refractory asthmatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Poon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David F Choy
- Biomarker Discovery - OMNI, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fazila Chouiali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Bassam Mahboub
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Severine Audusseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Mogas
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Harris
- OMNI Early Clinical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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156
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Peteranderl C, Herold S. The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond. Front Immunol 2017; 8:313. [PMID: 28382038 PMCID: PMC5360710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are well described to be rapidly induced upon pathogen-associated pattern recognition. After binding to their respective IFN receptors and activation of the cellular JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. ISGs may directly act on the invading pathogen or can either positively or negatively regulate the innate and adaptive immune response. However, IFNs and ISGs do not only play a key role in the limitation of pathogen spread but have also been recently found to provoke an unbalanced, overshooting inflammatory response causing tissue injury and hampering repair processes. A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. First described as an apoptosis-inducing agent in transformed cells, it is now also well established to rapidly evoke cellular stress pathways in epithelial cells, finally leading to caspase-dependent or -independent cell death. Hereby, pathogen spread is limited; however in some cases, also the surrounding tissue is severely harmed, thus augmenting disease severity. Interestingly, the lack of a strictly controlled and well balanced IFN/TRAIL signaling response has not only been implicated in viral infection but might furthermore be an important determinant of disease progression in bacterial superinfections and in chronic respiratory illness. Conclusively, the IFN/TRAIL signaling axis is subjected to a complex modulation and might be exploited for the evaluation of new therapeutic concepts aiming at attenuation of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen, Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen, Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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157
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Brusentsev EY, Tikhonova MA, Herbeck YE, Ragaeva DS, Rozhkova IN, Amstislavsky SY. Developmental aspects of senescence. Russ J Dev Biol 2017; 48:93-105. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360417020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
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158
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Li X, You M, Liu YJ, Ma L, Jin PP, Zhou R, Zhang ZX, Hua B, Ji XJ, Cheng XY, Yin F, Chen Y, Yin W. Reversal of the Apoptotic Resistance of Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma towards TRAIL by Natural Product Toosendanin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42748. [PMID: 28209994 PMCID: PMC5314365 DOI: 10.1038/srep42748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively triggers cancer cell death via its association with death receptors on the cell membrane, but exerts negligible side effects on normal cells. However, some non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients exhibited resistance to TRAIL treatment in clinical trials, and the mechanism varies. In this study, we described for the first time that toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid derivative used in Chinese medicine for pain management, could significantly sensitize human primary NSCLC cells or NSCLC cell lines to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, while showing low toxicity against human primary cells or tissues. The underlying apoptotic mechanisms involved upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein, which is related to the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and is further associated with reactive oxygen species generation and Ca2+ accumulation. Surprisingly, TSN also induced autophagy in NSCLC cells, which recruited membrane DR5, and subsequently antagonized the apoptosis-sensitizing effect of TSN. Taken together, TSN can be used to sensitize tumors and the combination of TRAIL and TSN may represent a useful strategy for NSCLC therapy; moreover, autophagy serves as an important drug resistance mechanism for TSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming You
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Ma
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Pei-Pei Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ri Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhao-Xin Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Guang'anmen hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Cheng
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fangzhou Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese medicine, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guang'anmen hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Jiangsu Cancer Hospital &Institute Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Wu Yin
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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159
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Hamid S, Cai J, Liu Q, Li H, Zhao R, Wang H, Xu S, Zhang Z. Interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in selenium deficient cardiomyocytes in chicken. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 170:17-25. [PMID: 28214429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary selenium (Se) deficiency can cause heart dysfunction, however the exact mechanism remains unclear. To understand this mechanism, 180day-old chicks, divided into two groups, C (control group) and L (low Se group), were fed with either a Se-sufficient (0.23mg/kg) or Se-deficient (0.033mg/kg) diets for 25days, respectively. Heart tissues and blood samples were collected. In L group, the activities of serum creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-myoglobin (CK-MB) increased and typical ultrastructural apoptotic features were observed. Se deficiency up-regulated the mRNA levels of Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3), Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 8 (Caspase-8), Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9 (Caspase-9), B cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 Associated X Protein (Bax), (P<0.05), whereas, the mRNA levels of Microtubuleassociated protein light chains 3-1 (LC3-1), Autophagy associated gene 5 (ATG-5), Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Dynein and Becline-1 were down-regulated (P<0.05). Noticeably, Microtubuleassociated protein light chains 3-2 (LC3-2) mRNA level increased (P<0.05) by 20%. Western blot results showed that Se deficiency decreased the expression of Becline-1 and LC3-1 protein, however, the expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 12 (Caspase-12) increased at protein levels. The present study revealed that Se deficiency induced apoptosis while inhibited autophagy in chicken cardiomyocytes through Bax/Bcl-2 inhibition and caspases-mediated cleavage of Becline-1. Moreover, correlation analysis illustrates that apoptosis and autophagy might function contradictorily. Altogether we conclude that Se deficient chicken cardiomyocytes experienced apoptosis rather than autophagy which is considered to be more pro-survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Sattar Hamid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Rizhao City Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Juxian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rihong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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160
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Chan SF, Chen YY, Lin JJ, Liao CL, Ko YC, Tang NY, Kuo CL, Liu KC, Chung JG. Triptolide induced cell death through apoptosis and autophagy in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and promoting immune responses in WEHI-3 generated leukemia mice in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:550-568. [PMID: 26990902 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine, obtained from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties. We investigated the potential efficacy of triptolide on murine leukemia by measuring the triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that triptolide induced cell morphological changes and induced cytotoxic effects through G0/G1 phase arrest, induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric assays showed that triptolide increased the production of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ release and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ), and activations of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Triptolide increased protein levels of Fas, Fas-L, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, Endo G, Apaf-1, PARP, caspase-3 but reduced levels of AIF, ATF6α, ATF6β, and GRP78 in WEHI-3 cells. Triptolide stimulated autophagy based on an increase in acidic vacuoles, monodansylcadaverine staining for LC-3 expression and increased protein levels of ATG 5, ATG 7, and ATG 12. The in vitro data suggest that the cytotoxic effects of triptolide may involve cross-talk between cross-interaction of apoptosis and autophagy. Normal BALB/c mice were i.p. injected with WEHI-3 cells to generate leukemia and were oral treatment with triptolide at 0, 0.02, and 0.2 mg/kg for 3 weeks then animals were weighted and blood, liver, spleen samples were collected. Results indicated that triptolide did not significantly affect the weights of animal body, spleen and liver of leukemia mice, however, triptolide significant increased the cell populations of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), monocytes (CD11b), and macrophage (Mac-3). Furthermore, triptolide increased the phagocytosis of macrophage from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not effects from peritoneum. Triptolide promoted T and B cell proliferation at 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg treatment when cells were pretreated with Con A and LPS stimulation, respectively; however, triptolide did not significant affect NK cell activities in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 550-568, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Chen
- Department of Chinese-Western Medicine Integration, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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161
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Rideout HJ, Re DB. LRRK2 and the "LRRKtosome" at the Crossroads of Programmed Cell Death: Clues from RIP Kinase Relatives. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:193-208. [PMID: 28353285 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its cloning and identification in 2004, considerable gains have been made in the understanding of the basic functionality of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), including its kinase and GTPase activities, its protein interactors and subcellular localization, and its expression in the CNS and peripheral tissues. However, the mechanism(s) by which expression of mutant forms of LRRK2 lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral midbrain remains largely uncharacterized. Because of its complex domain structure, LRRK2 exhibits similarities with multiple protein families including ROCO proteins, as well as the RIP kinases. Cellular models in which mutant LRRK2 is overexpressed in neuronal-like cell lines or in primary neurons have found evidence of apoptotic cell death involving components of the extrinsic as well as intrinsic death pathways. However, since the expression of LRRK2 is comparatively quite low in ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the possibility exists that non-cell autonomous signaling also contributes to the loss of these neurons. In this chapter, we will discuss the different neuronal death pathways that may be activated by mutant forms of LRRK2, guided in part by the behavior of other members of the RIP kinase protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy J Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens, 115 27, Greece.
| | - Diane B Re
- EHS Department and Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street Suite 1107-b, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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162
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Heat stress–induced autophagy promotes lactate secretion in cultured immature boar Sertoli cells by inhibiting apoptosis and driving SLC2A3 , LDHA , and SLC16A1 expression. Theriogenology 2017; 87:339-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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163
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Tian J, Xu S, Deng H, Song X, Li X, Chen J, Cao F, Li B. Fabrication of self-assembled chitosan-dispersed LDL nanoparticles for drug delivery with a one-step green method. Int J Pharm 2017; 517:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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164
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Paré MF, Baechler BL, Fajardo VA, Earl E, Wong E, Campbell TL, Tupling AR, Quadrilatero J. Effect of acute and chronic autophagy deficiency on skeletal muscle apoptotic signaling, morphology, and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:708-718. [PMID: 27993671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that targets and degrades cytoplasmic materials. In skeletal muscle, autophagy is required for the control of mass under catabolic conditions, but is also basally active in the maintenance of myofiber homeostasis. In this study, we found that some specific autophagic markers (LC3-I, LC3-II, SQSTM1) were basally lower in glycolytic muscle compared to oxidative muscle of autophagy competent mice. In contrast, basal autophagic flux was higher in glycolytic muscle. In addition, we used several skeletal muscle-specific Atg7 transgenic mouse models to investigate the effect of acute (iAtg7-/-) and chronic (cAtg7-/-) autophagy deficiency on skeletal muscle morphology, contractility, and apoptotic signaling. While acute autophagy ablation (iAtg7-/-) resulted in increased centralized nuclei in glycolytic muscle, it did not alter contractile properties or measures of apoptosis and proteolysis. In contrast, with chronic autophagy deficiency (cAtg7-/-) there was an increased proportion of centralized nuclei, as well as reduced force and altered twitch kinetics in glycolytic muscle. Glycolytic muscle of cAtg7-/- mice also displayed an increased level of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX, as well as calpain and proteasomal enzymatic activity. Collectively, our data demonstrate cumulative damage from chronic skeletal muscle-specific autophagy deficiency with associated apoptotic and proteasomal upregulation. These findings point towards the importance of investigating different muscle/fiber types when studying skeletal muscle autophagy, and the critical role of autophagy in the maintenance of myofiber function, integrity, and cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Paré
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - B L Baechler
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - V A Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Earl
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Wong
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - T L Campbell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - A R Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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165
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Activation of Adenosine 2A receptor inhibits neutrophil apoptosis in an autophagy-dependent manner in mice with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33614. [PMID: 27647162 PMCID: PMC5028892 DOI: 10.1038/srep33614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an overwhelming whole body inflammation caused by infectious diseases or sterile insults. Neutrophils are the dominant participants during inflammation, and their survival and death determine the initiation as well as resolution of SIRS. Apoptosis and autophagy are two fundamental cellular processes that modulating cell fate, but their correlation and regulators in neutrophils under SIRS condition have not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that high dose of LPS induced both apoptosis and autophagy of neutrophils in a mouse SIRS model and LPS-stimulated neutrophils in vitro. Moreover, we found that the adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR), a known anti-inflammatory G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), could inhibit LPS-induced neutrophil apoptosis by suppressing the LPS-induced autophagy. Activation of A2AR suppressed LPS-induced autophagy by inhibiting the ROS-JNK pathway as well as promoting GPCR βϒ subunit–AKT signaling. The A2AR-inhibited autophagy suppressed apoptosis of neutrophils by blocking caspase8, caspase3 and PARP signaling. These findings not only increase our understandings of neutrophils’ fate and function in response to systemic inflammation, but also identify a novel anti-inflammatory role of A2AR in modulating neutrophils’ survival during inflammation.
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166
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Wang DW, Peng ZJ, Ren GF, Wang GX. The different roles of selective autophagic protein degradation in mammalian cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37098-116. [PMID: 26415220 PMCID: PMC4741918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular pathway for bulk protein degradation and the removal of damaged organelles by lysosomes. Autophagy was previously thought to be unselective; however, studies have increasingly confirmed that autophagy-mediated protein degradation is highly regulated. Abnormal autophagic protein degradation has been associated with multiple human diseases such as cancer, neurological disability and cardiovascular disease; therefore, further elucidation of protein degradation by autophagy may be beneficial for protein-based clinical therapies. Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) can both participate in selective protein degradation in mammalian cells, but the process is quite different in each case. Here, we summarize the various types of macroautophagy and CMA involved in determining protein degradation. For this summary, we divide the autophagic protein degradation pathways into four categories: the post-translational modification dependent and independent CMA pathways and the ubiquitin dependent and independent macroautophagy pathways, and describe how some non-canonical pathways and modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation and arginylation can influence protein degradation by the autophagy lysosome system (ALS). Finally, we comment on why autophagy can serve as either diagnostics or therapeutic targets in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-ju Peng
- Medical Institute of Paediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-fang Ren
- Medical Institute of Paediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-xin Wang
- Medical Institute of Paediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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167
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Justus SJ, Ting AT. Cloaked in ubiquitin, a killer hides in plain sight: the molecular regulation of RIPK1. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:145-60. [PMID: 26085213 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, studies have shown how instrumental programmed cell death (PCD) can be in innate and adaptive immune responses. PCD can be a means to maintain homeostasis, prevent or promote microbial pathogenesis, and drive autoimmune disease and inflammation. The molecular machinery regulating these cell death programs has been examined in detail, although there is still much to be explored. A master regulator of programmed cell death and innate immunity is receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which has been implicated in orchestrating various pathologies via the induction of apoptosis, necroptosis, and nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation. These and other roles for RIPK1 have been reviewed elsewhere. In a reflection of the ability of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to induce either survival or death response, this molecule in the TNF pathway can transduce either a survival or a death signal. The intrinsic killing capacity of RIPK1 is usually kept in check by the chains of ubiquitin, enabling it to serve in a prosurvival capacity. In this review, the intricate regulatory mechanisms responsible for restraining RIPK1 from killing are discussed primarily in the context of the TNF signaling pathway and how, when these mechanisms are disrupted, RIPK1 is free to unveil its program of cellular demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Justus
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian T Ting
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
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168
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Sun WL. Ambra1 in autophagy and apoptosis: Implications for cell survival and chemotherapy resistance. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:367-374. [PMID: 27347152 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies suggest that autophagy has a protective role in cancer treatment and may even be involved in chemotherapy resistance. Nevertheless, the mechanism of autophagy in cancer treatment and drug resistance has not yet been established. There is a complex association between autophagy and apoptosis. Accordingly, these two processes can mutually regulate and transform to determine the fate of a cell, depending on the context. Activating molecule in Beclin 1-regulated autophagy protein 1 (Ambra1) is an important factor at the crossroad between autophagy and apoptosis. The expression level and intracellular distributions of Ambra1 may control the balance and conversion between autophagy and apoptosis, and modify the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Therefore, Ambra1 may provide a novel target for cancer treatment, particularly for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. The present review focuses on the role of Ambra1 in autophagy and apoptosis and assesses the implications for cell survival and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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169
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Iyyathurai J, Decuypere JP, Leybaert L, D'hondt C, Bultynck G. Connexins: substrates and regulators of autophagy. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:20. [PMID: 27229147 PMCID: PMC4896244 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins mediate intercellular communication by assembling into hexameric channel complexes that act as hemichannels and gap junction channels. Most connexins are characterized by a very rapid turn-over in a variety of cell systems. The regulation of connexin turn-over by phosphorylation and ubiquitination events has been well documented. Moreover, different pathways have been implicated in connexin degradation, including proteasomal and lysosomal-based pathways. Only recently, autophagy emerged as an important connexin-degradation pathway for different connexin isoforms. As such, conditions well known to induce autophagy have an immediate impact on the connexin-expression levels. This is not only limited to experimental conditions but also several pathophysiological conditions associated with autophagy (dys)function affect connexin levels and their presence at the cell surface as gap junctions. Finally, connexins are not only substrates of autophagy but also emerge as regulators of the autophagy process. In particular, several connexin isoforms appear to recruit pre-autophagosomal autophagy-related proteins, including Atg16 and PI3K-complex components, to the plasma membrane, thereby limiting their availability and capacity for regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegan Iyyathurai
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Department of Human Genetics, and VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-IV, 7.159, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Ghent University, Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catheleyne D'hondt
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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170
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Opposing roles of TGF-β and EGF in the regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human breast epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2104-14. [PMID: 27208428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) induces the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast epithelial cells and plays an important role in mammary morphogenesis and breast cancer. In non-transformed breast epithelial cells TGF-β antagonizes epidermal growth factor (EGF) action and induces growth inhibition. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been reported to participate in lumen formation during morphogenesis of human breast epithelial cells. Our previous work indicated that sensitivity of human breast epithelial cells to TRAIL can be modulated through the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor-1 (EGFR). Here, we show that TGF-β opposes EGF-mediated sensitization to TRAIL-induced caspase-8 activation and apoptosis in non-transformed breast epithelial cells. Death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) formation by TRAIL was significantly reduced in cells treated with TGF-β. TGF-β treatment activates cytoprotective autophagy and down-regulates TRAIL-R2 expression at the cell surface by promoting the intracellular accumulation of this receptor. Lastly, we demonstrate that EMT is not involved in the inhibitory effect of TGF-β on apoptosis by TRAIL. Together, the data reveal a fine regulation by EGF and TGF-β of sensitivity of human breast epithelial cells to TRAIL which may be relevant during morphogenesis.
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171
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Tang ZH, Chen X, Wang ZY, Chai K, Wang YF, Xu XH, Wang XW, Lu JH, Wang YT, Chen XP, Lu JJ. Induction of C/EBP homologous protein-mediated apoptosis and autophagy by licochalcone A in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26241. [PMID: 27184816 PMCID: PMC4869105 DOI: 10.1038/srep26241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone A (LCA), a flavonoid isolated from the famous Chinese medicinal herb Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, presents obvious anti-cancer effects. In this study, the anti-cancer effects and potential mechanisms of LCA in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells were studied. LCA decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase release, and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in NSCLC cells while not in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells. The expression of phosphatidylethanolamine-modified microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3 (LC3-II) and formation of GFP-LC3 punta, two autophagic markers, were increased after treatment with LCA. LCA-induced LC3-II expression was increased when combined with chloroquine (CQ), while knock-down of autophagy related protein (ATG) 7 or ATG5 reversed LCA-induced LC3-II expression and GFP-LC3 punta formation, suggesting that LCA induced autophagy in NSCLC cells. Inhibition of autophagy could not reverse the LCA-induced cell viability decrease and apoptosis. In addition, LCA increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress related proteins, such as binding immunoglobulin protein and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Knock-down of CHOP reversed LCA-induced cell viability decrease, apoptosis, and autophagy. Taken together, LCA-induced autophagic effect is an accompanied phenomenon in NSCLC cells, and CHOP is critical for LCA-induced cell viability decrease, apoptosis, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ke Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- Medical Center, Yuquan Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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172
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Abstract
Many common renal insults such as ischemia and toxic injury primarily target the tubular epithelial cells, especially the highly metabolically active proximal tubular segment. Tubular epithelial cells are particularly dependent on autophagy to maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. The pattern of autophagy in the kidney has a unique spatial and chronologic signature. Recent evidence has shown that there is complex cross-talk between autophagy and various cell death pathways. This review specifically discusses the interplay between autophagy and cell death in the renal tubular epithelia. It is imperative to review this topic because recent discoveries have improved our mechanistic understanding of the autophagic process and have highlighted its broad clinical applications, making autophagy a major target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Havasi
- Department of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
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173
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Gomes LR, Vessoni AT, Menck CF. Microenvironment and autophagy cross-talk: Implications in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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174
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Lee Y, Byun HS, Seok JH, Park KA, Won M, Seo W, Lee SR, Kang K, Sohn KC, Lee IY, Kim HG, Son CG, Shen HM, Hur GM. Terminalia Chebula provides protection against dual modes of necroptotic and apoptotic cell death upon death receptor ligation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25094. [PMID: 27117478 PMCID: PMC4846877 DOI: 10.1038/srep25094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptor (DR) ligation elicits two different modes of cell death (necroptosis and apoptosis) depending on the cellular context. By screening a plant extract library from cells undergoing necroptosis or apoptosis, we identified a water extract of Terminalia chebula (WETC) as a novel and potent dual inhibitor of DR-mediated cell death. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of its anti-necroptotic and anti-apoptotic action revealed that WETC or its constituents (e.g., gallic acid) protected against tumor necrosis factor-induced necroptosis via the suppression of TNF-induced ROS without affecting the upstream signaling events. Surprisingly, WETC also provided protection against DR-mediated apoptosis by inhibition of the caspase cascade. Furthermore, it activated the autophagy pathway via suppression of mTOR. Of the WETC constituents, punicalagin and geraniin appeared to possess the most potent anti-apoptotic and autophagy activation effect. Importantly, blockage of autophagy with pharmacological inhibitors or genetic silencing of Atg5 selectively abolished the anti-apoptotic function of WETC. These results suggest that WETC protects against dual modes of cell death upon DR ligation. Therefore, WETC might serve as a potential treatment for diseases characterized by aberrantly sensitized apoptotic or non-apoptotic signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Won
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ra Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill Young Lee
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Reserch Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Liver &Immunology Research Center, Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gue Son
- Liver &Immunology Research Center, Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
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175
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Hong CJ, Park H, Yu SW. Autophagy for the quality control of adult hippocampal neural stem cells. Brain Res 2016; 1649:166-172. [PMID: 26969409 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in neurodegeneration, as well as in normal brain development and function. Recent studies have also implicated autophagy in the regulation of stemness and neurogenesis in neural stem cells (NSCs). However, little is known regarding the roles of autophagy in NSC biology. It has been shown that in addition to cytoprotective roles of autophagy, pro-death autophagy, or ׳autophagic cell death (ACD),' regulates the quantity of adult NSCs. A tight regulation of survival and death of NSCs residing in the neurogenic niches through programmed cell death (PCD) is critical for maintenance of adult neurogenesis. ACD plays a primary role in the death of adult hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells following insulin withdrawal. Despite the normal apoptotic capability of HCN cells, they are committed to death by autophagy following insulin withdrawal, suggesting the existence of a unique regulatory program that controls the mode of cell death. We propose that dual roles of autophagy for maintenance of NSC pluripotency, as well as for elimination of defective NSCs, may serve as a combined NSC quality control mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jeeyeon Hong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea; Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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176
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a primary characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Hepatic apoptosis is regulated by autophagic activity. However, mechanisms mediating their interaction remain to be determined. Basal level of autophagy ensures the physiological turnover of old and damaged organelles. Autophagy also is an adaptive response under stressful conditions. Autophagy can control cell fate through different cross-talk signals. A complex interplay between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis determines the degree of hepatic apoptosis and the progression of liver disease as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances on roles of autophagy that plays in pathophysiology of liver. The autophagic pathway can be a novel therapeutic target for liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMBRA-1, activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy
- APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- BH3, Bcl-2 homology domain-3
- BNIP, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein
- Barkor, Beclin-1-associated autophagy-related key regulator
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma extra long
- Beclin-1, Bcl-2-interacting protein-1
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DNA, DNA
- DRAM, damage regulated autophagic modulator
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- ER stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- FFA, free fatty acids
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBx, hepatitis B X protein
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- LAMP-2, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2
- LD, lipid droplets
- MDBs, Mallory-Denk bodies
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permiabilization
- Microtubule LC3, microtubule light chain 3
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PI3KC3, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class-3
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling
- UVRAG, UV-resistance-associated gene
- Vps34, vacuolar protein sorting-34
- apoptosis
- autophagy
- c-FLIP, cellular FLICE-like inhibitor protein
- cross-talk
- liver injury
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mechanism
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- a Departments of Surgery; University of Illinois College of Medicine ; Peoria , IL , USA
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177
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Yang M, Liu L, Xie M, Sun X, Yu Y, Kang R, Yang L, Zhu S, Cao L, Tang D. Poly-ADP-ribosylation of HMGB1 regulates TNFSF10/TRAIL resistance through autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:214-24. [PMID: 25607248 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.994400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both apoptosis ("self-killing") and autophagy ("self-eating") are evolutionarily conserved processes, and their crosstalk influences anticancer drug sensitivity and cell death. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), normally a nuclear protein, is a crucial regulator of TNFSF10/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [ligand] superfamily, member 10)-induced cancer cell death. Activation of PARP1 (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1) was required for TNFSF10-induced ADP-ribosylation of HMGB1 in cancer cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 activity or knockdown of PARP1 gene expression significantly inhibited TNFSF10-induced HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation and subsequent HMGB1-BECN1 complex formation. Furthermore, suppression of the PARP1-HMGB1 pathway diminished autophagy, increased apoptosis, and enhanced the anticancer activity of TNFSF10 in vitro and in a subcutaneous tumor model. These results indicate that PARP1 acts as a prominent upstream regulator of HMGB1-mediated autophagy and maintains a homeostatic balance between apoptosis and autophagy, which provides new insight into the mechanism of TNFSF10 resistance.
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Key Words
- ATG, autophagy-related
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group box 1
- MAP1LC3A/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 α
- PARP-1
- PARP1, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PARylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation
- RIPK1/RIP, receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNFSF10/TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10
- TRAIL
- TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP-X nick end labeling
- apoptosis
- autophagy
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Yang
- a Department of Pediatrics; Xiangya Hospital ; Central South University ; Changsha , Hunan China
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178
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Costa L, Amaral C, Teixeira N, Correia-da-Silva G, Fonseca BM. Cannabinoid-induced autophagy: Protective or death role? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:54-63. [PMID: 26732541 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the "self-digestion" mechanism of the cells, is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that targets portions of cytoplasm, damaged organelles and proteins for lysosomal degradation, which plays a crucial role in development and disease. Cannabinoids are active compounds of Cannabis sativa and the most prevalent psychoactive substance is Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Cannabinoid compounds can be divided in three types: the plant-derived natural products (phytocannabinoids), the cannabinoids produced endogenously (endocannabinoids) and the synthesized compounds (synthetic cannabinoids). Various studies reported a cannabinoid-induced autophagy mechanism in cancer and non-cancer cells. In this review we focus on the recent advances in the cannabinoid-induced autophagy and highlight the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Amaral
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgina Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Fonseca
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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179
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Maejima Y, Isobe M, Sadoshima J. Regulation of autophagy by Beclin 1 in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 95:19-25. [PMID: 26546165 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes is implicated in various heart disease conditions. Beclin 1, a mammalian ortholog of yeast Atg6 and a core component of the autophagy machinery, plays a central role in the regulation of autophagy through activation of Vps34. Beclin 1's ability to activate Vps34 is tightly regulated via transcriptional regulation, miRNA, post-translational modification, and interaction with Beclin 1 binding proteins. Of these mechanisms, binding of Beclin 1 with Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2/XL) that negatively regulate autophagy activity has been shown to be both positively and negatively regulated by various kinases, including DAPK, ROCK1, Mst1 and JNK1, in response to external stimuli. Beclin 1's interaction with Bcl-2/XL also secondarily affects apoptosis through regulation of pro-apoptotic BH3 domain containing proteins. Thus, modulation of Beclin 1 significantly influences both autophagy and apoptosis, thereby deeply affecting the survival and death of cardiomyocytes in the heart. In this review, we discuss the signaling mechanism of autophagy modulation through Beclin 1 and therapeutic potential of Beclin 1 in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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180
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Mao YQ, Fan XM. Autophagy: A new therapeutic target for liver fibrosis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1982-1986. [PMID: 26261688 PMCID: PMC4528272 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i16.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound-healing response to liver injury and the result of imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and degradation. The relentless production and progressive accumulation of ECM can lead to end-stage liver disease. Although significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the mechanisms of fibrogenesis, effective anti-fibrotic strategies are still lacking. Autophagy is an intracellular process of self-digestion of defective organelles to provide material recycling or energy for cell survival. Autophagy has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many human disorders including hepatic fibrosis. However, the exact relationships between autophagy and hepatic fibrosis are not totally clear and need further investigations. A new therapeutic target for liver fibrosis could be developed with a better understanding of autophagy.
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181
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RNase L Cleavage Products Promote Switch from Autophagy to Apoptosis by Caspase-Mediated Cleavage of Beclin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17611-36. [PMID: 26263979 PMCID: PMC4581211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis share regulatory molecules enabling crosstalk in pathways that affect cellular homeostasis including response to viral infections and survival of tumor cells. Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is an antiviral endonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves viral and cellular single-stranded RNAs to produce small double-stranded RNAs with roles in amplifying host responses. Activation of RNase L induces autophagy and apoptosis in many cell types. However, the mechanism by which RNase L mediates crosstalk between these two pathways remains unclear. Here we show that small dsRNAs produced by RNase L promote a switch from autophagy to apoptosis by caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin-1, terminating autophagy. The caspase 3-cleaved C-terminal fragment of Beclin-1 enhances apoptosis by translocating to the mitochondria along with proapoptotic protein, Bax, and inducing release of cytochrome C to the cytosol. Cleavage of Beclin-1 determines switch to apoptosis since expression of caspase-resistant Beclin-1 inhibits apoptosis and sustains autophagy. Moreover, inhibiting RNase L-induced autophagy promotes cell death and inhibiting apoptosis prolongs autophagy in a cross-inhibitory mechanism. Our results demonstrate a novel role of RNase L generated small RNAs in cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis that impacts the fate of cells during viral infections and cancer.
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182
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Chung KM, Park H, Jung S, Ha S, Yoo SJ, Woo H, Lee HJ, Kim SW, Kim EK, Moon C, Yu SW. Calpain Determines the Propensity of Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells to Autophagic Cell Death Following Insulin Withdrawal. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3052-64. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Shinwon Ha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwoong Woo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ju Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
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183
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Rubinsztein DC, Bento CF, Deretic V. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. J Exp Med 2015; 212:979-90. [PMID: 26101267 PMCID: PMC4493419 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process that uses double-membrane vesicles to deliver cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation. Although autophagy may impact many facets of human biology and disease, in this review we focus on the ability of autophagy to protect against certain neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Autophagy enhances the clearance of toxic, cytoplasmic, aggregate-prone proteins and infectious agents. The beneficial roles of autophagy can now be extended to supporting cell survival and regulating inflammation. Autophagic control of inflammation is one area where autophagy may have similar benefits for both infectious and neurodegenerative diseases beyond direct removal of the pathogenic agents. Preclinical data supporting the potential therapeutic utility of autophagy modulation in such conditions is accumulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 OSP, England, UK
| | - Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 OSP, England, UK
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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184
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Geng YD, Zhang C, Shi YM, Xia YZ, Guo C, Yang L, Kong LY. Icariside II-induced mitochondrion and lysosome mediated apoptosis is counterbalanced by an autophagic salvage response in hepatoblastoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:19-31. [PMID: 26118776 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anti-cancer effect of Icariside II (IS), a natural plant flavonoid, against hepatoblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The in vitro and in vivo studies show that IS decreased the viability of human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and inhibited tumor growth in mice transplanted with H22 liver carcinomas. IS impaired mitochondria and lysosomes as evidenced by signs of induced mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, resulting in caspase activation and apoptosis. SQSTM1 up-regulation and autophagic flux measurements demonstrated that IS exposure also impaired autophagosome degradation which resulted in autophagosome accumulation, which plays a pro-survival role as the genetic knockdown of LC3B further sensitized the IS-treated cells. Electron microscopy images showed that autophagosome engulfs IS-impaired mitochondria and lysosomes, thus blocking cytotoxicity induced by further leakage of the hydrolases from lysosomes and pro-apoptosis members from mitochondria. In conclusion, these data suggest that IS plays multiple roles as a promising chemotherapeutic agent that induces cell apoptosis involving both mitochondrial and lysosomal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-di Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ya-Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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185
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Tiwari M, Sharma LK, Vanegas D, Callaway DA, Bai Y, Lechleiter JD, Herman B. A nonapoptotic role for CASP2/caspase 2: modulation of autophagy. Autophagy 2015; 10:1054-70. [PMID: 24879153 PMCID: PMC4091168 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CASP2/caspase 2 plays a role in aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The contributions of CASP2 have been attributed to its regulatory role in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes including the cell cycle, DNA repair, lipid biosynthesis, and regulation of oxidant levels in the cells. Previously, our lab demonstrated CASP2-mediated modulation of autophagy during oxidative stress. Here we report the novel finding that CASP2 is an endogenous repressor of autophagy. Knockout or knockdown of CASP2 resulted in upregulation of autophagy in a variety of cell types and tissues. Reinsertion of Caspase-2 gene (Casp2) in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) lacking Casp2 (casp2(-/-)) suppresses autophagy, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of autophagy. Loss of CASP2-mediated autophagy involved AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and autophagy-related proteins, indicating the involvement of the canonical pathway of autophagy. The present study also demonstrates an important role for loss of CASP2-induced enhanced reactive oxygen species production as an upstream event in autophagy induction. Additionally, in response to a variety of stressors that induce CASP2-mediated apoptosis, casp2(-/-) cells demonstrate a further upregulation of autophagy compared with wild-type MEFs, and upregulated autophagy provides a survival advantage. In conclusion, we document a novel role for CASP2 as a negative regulator of autophagy, which may provide important insight into the role of CASP2 in various processes including aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna, India
| | - Lokendra K Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Danielle A Callaway
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Brian Herman
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
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186
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Twomey JD, Kim SR, Zhao L, Bozza WP, Zhang B. Spatial dynamics of TRAIL death receptors in cancer cells. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 19:13-21. [PMID: 25840763 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells without harming most normal cells. Currently, multiple clinical trials are underway to evaluate the antitumor activity of recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) and agonistic antibodies that target death receptors (DRs) 4 or 5. It is encouraging that these products have shown a tolerated safety profile in early phase studies. However, their therapeutic potential is likely limited by the emergence of tumor drug resistance phenomena. Increasing evidence indicates that TRAIL DRs are deficient on the plasma membrane of some cancer cells despite their total protein expression. Notably, the lack of surface DR4/DR5 is sufficient to render cancers resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, regardless of the status of other apoptosis signaling components. The current review highlights recent findings on the dynamic expression of TRAIL death receptors, including the regulatory roles of endocytosis, autophagy, and Ras GTPase-mediated signaling events. This information could aid in the identification of novel predictive biomarkers of tumor response as well as the development of combinational drugs to overcome or bypass tumor drug resistance to TRAIL receptor-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne D Twomey
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Su-Ryun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Liqun Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - William P Bozza
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
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187
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Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular processes with complex and intersecting protein networks; as such, they have been the subjects of intense investigation. Recent advances have elucidated the key players and their molecular circuitry. For instance, the discovery of Beclin-1's interacting partners has resulted in the identification of Bcl-2 as a central regulator of autophagy and apoptosis, which functions by interacting with both Beclin-1 and Bax/Bak respectively. When localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, Bcl-2 inhibits autophagy. Cellular stress causes the displacement of Bcl-2 from Beclin-1 and Bax, thereby triggering autophagy and apoptosis, respectively. The induction of autophagy or apoptosis results in disruption of complexes by BH3-only proteins and through post-translational modification. The mechanisms linking autophagy and apoptosis are not fully defined; however, recent discoveries have revealed that several apoptotic proteins (e.g., PUMA, Noxa, Nix, Bax, XIAP, and Bim) modulate autophagy. Moreover, autophagic proteins that control nucleation and elongation regulate intrinsic apoptosis through calpain- and caspase-mediated cleavage of autophagy-related proteins, which switches the cellular program from autophagy to apoptosis. Similarly, several autophagic proteins are implicated in extrinsic apoptosis. This highlights a dual cellular role for autophagy. On one hand, autophagy degrades damaged mitochondria and caspases, and on the other hand, it provides a membrane-based intracellular platform for caspase processing in the regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we highlight the crucial factors governing the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis and describe the mechanisms controlling cell survival and cell death.
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188
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Mansilla S, Vizcaíno C, Rodríguez-Sánchez MA, Priebe W, Portugal J. Autophagy modulates the effects of bis-anthracycline WP631 on p53-deficient prostate cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:786-98. [PMID: 25689150 PMCID: PMC4395193 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of p53-deficient PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells with nanomolar concentrations of bis-anthracycline WP631 induced changes in gene expression, which resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest, autophagy and cell death. The presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), which induces metabolic stress and autophagy, enhanced the antiproliferative effects of WP631. Changes induced by WP631, 2-DG, or co-treatments with both compounds, in the expression of a variety of genes involved in autophagy and apoptosis were quantified by real-time PCR. They were consistent with a raise in autophagy followed by cell death. Some cells dying from G2/M phase showed features of necrosis like early changes in membrane permeability, while others were dying by apoptosis that occurred in presence of little caspase-3 activity. Our results indicate that WP631 is not only an antiproliferative agent acting on gene transcription, but it can also induce autophagy regardless of the presence of other pro-autophagy stimuli. The development of autophagy seemed to improve the cytotoxicity of WP631 in PC-3 cells. Our results indicate that autophagy would enhance the activity of DNA-binding drugs like WP631 that are potent inhibitors of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mansilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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189
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Zhang J, Ma K, Qi T, Wei X, Zhang Q, Li G, Chiu JF. P62 regulates resveratrol-mediated Fas/Cav-1 complex formation and transition from autophagy to apoptosis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:789-801. [PMID: 25596736 PMCID: PMC4359255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a potential polyphenol drug used in cancer treatment. We examined the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in RSV-treated non-small lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Resveratrol treatment increased autophagy and autophagy-mediated degradation of P62. Immunocytochemistry revealed P62 co-localized with Fas/Cav-1 complexes, known to induce apoptosis. However, siRNA-mediated P62 downregulation enhanced formation of Fas/Cav-1 complexes, suggesting that P62 inhibited Fas/Cav-1 complex formation. Fas/Cav-1 complexes triggered caspase-8 activation and cleavage of Beclin-1, releasing a C-terminal Beclin-1 peptide that translocated to the mitochondria and initiate apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by siRNA-mediated repression of Beclin-1 also blocked RSV-induced apoptosis, showing a dependence of apoptosis on autophagy. P62 knockdown by siRNA accelerated the activation of caspase-8 and initiate apoptosis, while Cav-1 knockdown inhibited apoptosis, but increased autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA prevented both P62 degradation and induction of apoptosis, whereas inhibition of apoptosis by z-IETD-FMK or z-DEVD-FMK enhanced both P62 induction and autophagic cell death. In conclusion, P62 links resveratrol-induced autophagy to apoptosis. P62 blocks apoptosis by inhibiting Fas/Cav-1 complex formation, but RSV-induced autophagic degradation of P62 enables formation of Fas/Cav-1 complexes which then activate caspase-8-mediated Beclin-1 cleavage, resulting in translocation of the Beclin-1 C-terminal fragment to the mitochondria to initiate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoning Wei
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guanwu Li
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jen-Fu Chiu
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology/Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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190
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RIP1 modulates death receptor mediated apoptosis and autophagy in macrophages. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:806-17. [PMID: 25583602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are responsible for defending against diverse pathogens and play a crucial role in the innate immune system. Macrophage's lifespan is determined by homeostatic balance between survival and apoptosis. Here we report that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) triggers both apoptosis and autophagy in human U937 cells. Inhibition of autophagy facilitates TRAIL-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy of macrophages protects against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. TRAIL treatment influences the expression of death receptors, indicating that TRAIL-induced apoptosis and autophagy are mediated by death receptors. RIP1 ubiquitination and expression regulate apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, expression and bioactivity of the p43/41-caspase-8 variant are critical to TRAIL-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Knockdown of RIP1 suppresses autophagy in macrophage. These data demonstrate that RIP1 is essential for the regulation of death receptor mediated autophagy and apoptosis. The results in this study contribute to understanding the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in macrophages, and shed lights on death receptor-targeted therapy for cancer, inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
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191
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Thapalia BA, Zhou Z, Lin X. Autophagy, a process within reperfusion injury: an update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:8322-8341. [PMID: 25674198 PMCID: PMC4314030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important constitutive intracellular catalytic process that occurs in basal conditions, as well as during stress in all tissues. It is induced during cellular growth, tissue differentiation and metabolic demands. The regulated expression is cytoprotective while its deregulation leads to varieties of diseases. It plays a vital role in ischemic heart disease, being beneficial and adaptive during ischemia while detrimental and lethal during reperfusion. Reperfusion injury is the consequence of this deregulated autophagy and the motive of its persistence during reperfusion is still obscure. A long standing debate persists as to the dual nature of autophagy and defining its clearer role in cell death as compared to the widely studied process, apoptosis. Despite the progresses in understanding of the process and identification of critical mediators, there is no therapeutic strategy to address its final outcome, the reperfusion injury. This lack of effective therapeutic strategies has even questioned the validity of the process as a single entity. We still continue to witness the devastation with standard cure of reperfusion. In this article, we review the process, highlight reperfusion injury and outline important studies being conducted for the prevention of reperfusion injury and offer cardio-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisharad Anil Thapalia
- Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xianhe Lin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
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192
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Yu L, Gu C, Zhong D, Shi L, Kong Y, Zhou Z, Liu S. Induction of autophagy counteracts the anticancer effect of cisplatin in human esophageal cancer cells with acquired drug resistance. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:34-45. [PMID: 25236911 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy frequently resulted in acquired resistance. The underpinning mechanism of such resistance remains obscure especially in relation to autophagic response. This study thus investigated the role of autophagy in the anticancer activity of cisplatin in human esophageal cancer cells with acquired cisplatin resistance. In response to cisplatin treatment, EC109 cells exhibited substantial apoptosis and senescence whereas cisplatin-resistant EC109/CDDP cells exhibited resistance. In this respect, cisplatin increased ERK phosphorylation whose inhibition by MEK inhibitor significantly attenuated the cytotoxic and cytostatic effect of cisplatin. Notably, cisplatin preferentially induces autophagy in EC109/CDDP cells but not in EC109 cells. Moreover, the induction of autophagy was accompanied by the suppression of mTORC1 activity. Abolition of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or knockdown of ATG5/7 re-sensitized EC109/CDDP cells. Co-administration of an autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and cisplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth whereas cisplatin monotherapy failed to elicit anticancer activity in nude mice xenografted with EC109/CDDP cells. To conclude, our data implicate autophagic response as a key mechanism of acquired resistance to cisplatin, suggesting that autophagy is a novel target to improve therapy efficiency of cisplatin toward human esophageal cancers with acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Desheng Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Zhou
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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193
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Kang YL, Saleem MA, Chan KW, Yung BYM, Law HKW. Trehalose, an mTOR independent autophagy inducer, alleviates human podocyte injury after puromycin aminonucleoside treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113520. [PMID: 25412249 PMCID: PMC4239098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are commonly characterized by podocyte injury including apoptosis, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and detachment. However, the strategies for preventing podocyte damage remain insufficient. Recently autophagy has been regarded as a vital cytoprotective mechanism for keeping podocyte homeostasis. Thus, it is reasonable to utilize this mechanism to attenuate podocyte injury. Trehalose, a natural disaccharide, is an mTOR independent autophagy inducer. It is unclear whether trehalose alleviates podocyte injury. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of trehalose in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-treated podocytes which mimic cell damage in minimal change nephrotic syndrome in vitro. Human conditional immortalized podocytes were treated with trehalose with or without PAN. Autophagy was investigated by immunofluorescence staining for LC3 puncta and Western blotting for LC3, Atg5, p-AMPK, p-mTOR and its substrates. Podocyte apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and by measuring lactate dehydrogenase activity respectively. We also performed migration assay to examine podocyte recovery. It was shown that trehalose induced podocyte autophagy in an mTOR independent manner and without reactive oxygen species involvement. Podocyte apoptosis significantly decreased after trehalose treatment, while the inhibition of trehalose-induced autophagy abolished its protective effect. Additionally, the disrupted actin cytoskeleton of podocytes was partially reversed by trehalose, accompanying with less lamellipodias and diminished motility. These results suggested that trehalose induced autophagy in human podocytes and showed cytoprotective effects in PAN-treated podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Kang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Moin Ahson Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Yat-Ming Yung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Helen Ka-Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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194
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Fougeray S, Pallet N. Mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy in diseased and ageing kidneys. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 11:34-45. [PMID: 25385287 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy degrades pathogens, altered organelles and protein aggregates, and is characterized by the sequestration of cytoplasmic cargos within double-membrane-limited vesicles called autophagosomes. The process is regulated by inputs from the cellular microenvironment, and is activated in response to nutrient scarcity and immune triggers, which signal through a complex molecular network. Activation of autophagy leads to the formation of an isolation membrane, recognition of cytoplasmic cargos, expansion of the autophagosomal membrane, fusion with lysosomes and degradation of the autophagosome and its contents. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions, dampens inflammation and shapes adaptive immunity. A growing body of evidence has implicated autophagy in kidney health, ageing and disease; it modulates tissue responses during acute kidney injuries, regulates podocyte homeostasis and protects against age-related renal disorders. The renoprotective functions of autophagy in epithelial renal cells and podocytes are mostly mediated by the clearance of altered mitochondria, which can activate inflammasomes and apoptosis, and the removal of protein aggregates, which might trigger inflammation and cell death. In translational terms, autophagy is undoubtedly an attractive target for developing new renoprotective treatments and identifying markers of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fougeray
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pallet
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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195
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Hasima N, Ozpolat B. Regulation of autophagy by polyphenolic compounds as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1509. [PMID: 25375374 PMCID: PMC4260725 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway for cellular constituents and organelles, is an adaptive and essential process required for cellular homeostasis. Although autophagy functions as a survival mechanism in response to cellular stressors such as nutrient or growth factor deprivation, it can also lead to a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD) called autophagy-induced cell death or autophagy-associated cell death (type II PCD). Current evidence suggests that cell death through autophagy can be induced as an alternative to apoptosis (type I PCD), with therapeutic purpose in cancer cells that are resistant to apoptosis. Thus, modulating autophagy is of great interest in cancer research and therapy. Natural polyphenolic compounds that are present in our diet, such as rottlerin, genistein, quercetin, curcumin, and resveratrol, can trigger type II PCD via various mechanisms through the canonical (Beclin-1 dependent) and non-canonical (Beclin-1 independent) routes of autophagy. The capacity of these compounds to provide a means of cancer cell death that enhances the effects of standard therapies should be taken into consideration for designing novel therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the autophagy- and cell death-inducing effects of these polyphenolic compounds in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hasima
- 1] Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Institute Science Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia [3] Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - B Ozpolat
- 1] Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs - Red and Charline McCombs Institute for the Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, USA
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196
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Minina EA, Bozhkov PV, Hofius D. Autophagy as initiator or executioner of cell death. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:692-7. [PMID: 25156061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays multiple, often antagonistic roles in plants. In particular, cytoprotective functions of autophagy are well balanced by cell death functions to compensate for the absence of apoptosis culminating in phagocytic clearance of dead cells. If autophagy is indeed required for plant programmed cell death (PCD), then what place does it occupy in the PCD pathways? Recent studies have examined the effects of impaired autophagy on pathogen-induced hypersensitive response (HR) and developmental PCD. While HR death was efficiently suppressed, inhibition of autophagy induced a switch from vacuolar PCD essential for development to necrosis. We therefore propose a dual role for autophagy in plant PCD: as an effector of HR PCD lying upstream of the 'point-of-no-return', and also as a downstream mechanism for clearance of terminally differentiated cells during developmental PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Minina
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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197
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Wang SM, Li XH, Xiu ZL. Over-Expression of Beclin-1 Facilitates Acquired Resistance to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Induced Apoptosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:7913-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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198
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Tucci M, Stucci S, Savonarola A, Resta L, Cives M, Rossi R, Silvestris F. An imbalance between Beclin-1 and p62 expression promotes the proliferation of myeloma cells through autophagy regulation. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:897-908.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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199
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Sharma S, Sarkar J, Haldar C, Sinha S. Melatonin Reverses Fas, E2F-1 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Apoptosis and Dysregulation of Autophagy Induced by the Herbicide Atrazine in Murine Splenocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108602. [PMID: 25259610 PMCID: PMC4178181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the herbicide Atrazine (ATR) can cause immunotoxicity, apart from other adverse consequences for animal and human health. We aimed at elucidating the apoptotic mechanisms involved in immunotoxicity of ATR and their attenuation by Melatonin (MEL). Young Swiss mice were divided into control, ATR and MEL+ATR groups based on daily (x14) intraperitoneal administration of the vehicle (normal saline), ATR (100 mg/kg body weight) and MEL (20 mg/kg body weight) with ATR. Isolated splenocytes were processed for detection of apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC and TUNEL assays, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by immunostaining. Key proteins involved in apoptosis, ER stress and autophagy were quantified by immunoblotting. ATR treatment resulted in Fas-mediated activation of caspases 8 and 3 and inactivation of PARP1 which were inhibited significantly by co-treatment with MEL. MEL also attenuated the ATR-induced, p53 independent mitochondrial apoptosis through upregulation of E2F-1 and PUMA and suppression of their downstream target Bax. An excessive ER stress triggered by ATR through overexpression of ATF-6α, spliced XBP-1, CREB-2 and GADD153 signals was reversed by MEL. MEL also reversed the ATR-induced impairment of autophagy which was indicated by a decline in BECN-1, along with significant enhancement in LC3B-II and p62 expressions. Induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, ER stress and autophagy dysregulation provide a new insight into the mechanism of ATR immunotoxicity. The cytoprotective role of MEL, on the other hand, was defined by attenuation of ER stress, Fas-mediated and p53 independent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis as well as autophagy signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandana Haldar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Sinha
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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200
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Autosis and autophagic cell death: the dark side of autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:367-76. [PMID: 25257169 PMCID: PMC4326571 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is controversial whether cells truly die via autophagy or whether — in dying cells — autophagy is merely an innocent bystander or a well-intentioned ‘Good Samaritan' trying to prevent inevitable cellular demise. However, there is increasing evidence that the genetic machinery of autophagy may be essential for cell death in certain settings. We recently identified a novel form of autophagy gene-dependent cell death, termed autosis, which is mediated by the Na+,K+-ATPase pump and has unique morphological features. High levels of cellular autophagy, as occurs with treatment with autophagy-inducing peptides, starvation, or in vivo during certain types of ischemia, can trigger autosis. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms and strategies for prevention of cell death during extreme stress conditions.
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