151
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Mirza A, Mao-Draayer Y. The gut microbiome and microbial translocation in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:213-224. [PMID: 28286112 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a distinct intestinal microbial community (microbiota) and increased low-grade translocation of bacteria from the intestines into the circulation. The observed change of intestinal bacteria in MS patients regulate immune functions involved in MS pathogenesis. These functions include: systemic and central nervous system (CNS) immunity (including peripheral regulatory T cell function), the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS-resident cell activity. This review discusses the MS intestinal microbiota implication on MS systemic- and CNS-immunopathology. We introduce the possible contributions of MS low-grade microbial translocation (LG-MT) to the development of MS, and end on a discussion on microbiota therapies for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4258 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4258 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4015 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States.
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152
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153
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Diao H, Jiao AR, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang ZQ, Luo YH, Luo JQ, Mao XB, Chen D. Stimulation of intestinal growth with distal ileal infusion of short-chain fatty acid: a reevaluation in a pig model. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
18 barrows with average initial body weight of 30.72 (±1.48) kg fitted with a T-cannula in the terminal ileum were randomly allotted to 3 treatments to determine the underlying mechanisms of the regulation of SCFAs on intestinal development in a pig model.
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154
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Bosmans JWAM, Jongen ACHM, Boonen BTC, van Rijn S, Scognamiglio F, Stucchi L, Gijbels MJJ, Marsich E, Bouvy ND. Comparison of three different application routes of butyrate to improve colonic anastomotic strength in rats. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:305-313. [PMID: 27942836 PMCID: PMC5316396 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive research, anastomotic leakage (AL) remains one of the most dreaded complications after colorectal surgery. Since butyrate enemas are known to enhance anastomotic healing, several administration routes have been explored in this study. METHODS Three intraluminal approaches involving butyrate were investigated: (1) butyrin-elucidating patch, (2) a single injection of hyaluronan-butyrate (HA-But) prior to construction of the proximal anastomosis and (3) rectal hyaluronan-butyrate (HA-But) enemas designed for distal anastomoses. The main outcome was AL and secondary outcomes were bursting pressure, histological analysis of the anastomosis, zymography to detect MMP activity and qPCR for gene expression of MMP2, MMP9, MUC2 and TFF3. RESULTS Neither the patches nor the injections led to a reduction of AL in experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 3, a significant reduction of AL was accomplished with the (HA-But) enema compared to the control group together with a higher bursting pressure. Histological analysis detected only an increased inflammation in experiment 2 in the hyaluronan injection group compared to the control group. No other differences were found regarding wound healing. Zymography identified a decreased proenzyme of MMP9 when HA-But was administered as a rectal enema. qPCR did not show any significant differences between groups in any experiment. CONCLUSION Butyrate enemas are effective in the enhancement of colonic anastomosis. Enhanced butyrate-based approaches designed to reduce AL in animal models for both proximal and distal anastomoses were not more effective than were butyrate enemas alone. Further research should focus on how exogenous butyrate can improve anastomotic healing after gastrointestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W A M Bosmans
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - A C H M Jongen
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B T C Boonen
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S van Rijn
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - F Scognamiglio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Stucchi
- SIGEA Srl, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - M J J Gijbels
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - E Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - N D Bouvy
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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155
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Xing Z, Tang W, Geng W, Zheng Y, Wang Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the probiotic attributes of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens XL10 isolated from Tibetan kefir grain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2467-2477. [PMID: 27909744 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens XL10, with a high yield of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), is isolated from Tibetan kefir grain and benefits the health of human beings and has been considered to exhibit probiotic potential in vitro and in vivo. The probiotic function of the strain was studied extensively, viz., acid and bile salt tolerances, cell surface hydrophobicity and autoaggregation, the modulation of gut microbiota, and the distribution and colonization of XL10 in the mouse intestinal tract after oral administration. XL10 could survive 3-h incubation at pH 3.5 and exhibited cell surface hydrophobicity of ∼79.9% and autoaggregation of ∼27.8%. After continuous oral administration of XL10 for 2 weeks, the Bifidobacteriaceae family increased, accompanied by an observable decline in Proteobacteria phyla in the tested mice. Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, recognized as butyric acid-producing bacteria, could also be detected at day 7 and day 14, respectively. The most abundant community in the mouse gut had formed by day 14. Additionally, we found that XL10 successfully adhered to the mucous tissue and colonized the ileum of the mice based on fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and qPCR. Our results suggested that XL10 has excellent probiotic properties and represents an alternative for exploitation in the development of novel functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Weitao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yongna Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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156
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Zhang ZQ, Wang SB, Wang RG, Zhang W, Wang PL, Su XO. Phosphoproteome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Toxicity in IPEC-J2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100270. [PMID: 27669298 PMCID: PMC5086631 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal crops and has various toxic effects in animals and humans. DON primarily targets the gastrointestinal tract, the first barrier against ingested food contaminants. In this study, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based phosphoproteomic approach was employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying DON-mediated intestinal toxicity in porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) exposed to 20 μM DON for 60 min. There were 4153 unique phosphopeptides, representing 389 phosphorylation sites, detected in 1821 phosphoproteins. We found that 289 phosphopeptides corresponding to 255 phosphoproteins were differentially phosphorylated in response to DON. Comprehensive Gene Ontology (GO) analysis combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment revealed that, in addition to previously well-characterized mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, DON exposure altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and Janus kinase/signal transducer, and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. These pathways are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including apoptosis, the intestinal barrier, intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal absorption of glucose. DON-induced changes are likely to contribute to the intestinal dysfunction. Overall, identification of relevant signaling pathways yielded new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DON-induced intestinal toxicity, and might help in the development of improved mechanism-based risk assessments in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rui-Guo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Pei-Long Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiao-Ou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
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157
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Rolny IS, Tiscornia I, Racedo SM, Pérez PF, Bollati-Fogolín M. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp lactis CIDCA 133 modulates response of human epithelial and dendritic cells infected with Bacillus cereus. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:749-760. [PMID: 27459335 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is known that probiotic microorganisms are able to modulate pathogen virulence. This ability is strain dependent and involves multiple interactions between microorganisms and relevant host's cell populations. In the present work we focus on the effect of a potentially probiotic lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CIDCA 133) in an in vitro model of Bacillus cereus infection. Our results showed that infection of intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells by B. cereus induces nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Noteworthy, the presence of strain L. delbrueckii subsp.lactis CIDCA 133 increases stimulation. However, B. cereus-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production by epithelial cells is partially abrogated by L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CIDCA 133. These findings suggest that signalling pathways other than that of NF-κB are involved. In a co-culture system (HT-29 and monocyte-derived dendritic cells), B. cereus was able to translocate from the epithelial (upper) to the dendritic cell compartment (lower). This translocation was partially abrogated by the presence of lactobacilli in the upper compartment. In addition, infection of epithelial cells in the co-culture model, led to an increase in the expression of CD86 by dendritic cells. This effect could not be modified in the presence of lactobacilli. Interestingly, infection of enterocytes with B. cereus triggers production of proinflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells (IL-8, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)). The production of TNF-α (a protective cytokine in B. cereus infections) by dendritic cells was increased in the presence of lactobacilli. The present work demonstrates for the first time the effect of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CIDCA 133, a potentially probiotic strain, in an in vitro model of B. cereus infection. The presence of the probiotic strain modulates cell response both in infected epithelial and dendritic cells thus suggesting a possible beneficial effect of selected lactobacilli strains on the course of B. cereus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Rolny
- 1 Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina
| | - I Tiscornia
- 2 Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,3 Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería-Universidad ORT Uruguay, Cuareim 1451, 11100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - S M Racedo
- 4 Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - P F Pérez
- 1 Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina.,5 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Calle 47 y 116, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Bollati-Fogolín
- 2 Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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158
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Ríos-Covián D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:185. [PMID: 26925050 PMCID: PMC4756104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The colon is inhabited by a dense population of microorganisms, the so-called “gut microbiota,” able to ferment carbohydrates and proteins that escape absorption in the small intestine during digestion. This microbiota produces a wide range of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These compounds are absorbed in the large bowel and are defined as 1-6 carbon volatile fatty acids which can present straight or branched-chain conformation. Their production is influenced by the pattern of food intake and diet-mediated changes in the gut microbiota. SCFA have distinct physiological effects: they contribute to shaping the gut environment, influence the physiology of the colon, they can be used as energy sources by host cells and the intestinal microbiota and they also participate in different host-signaling mechanisms. We summarize the current knowledge about the production of SCFA, including bacterial cross-feedings interactions, and the biological properties of these metabolites with impact on the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ríos-Covián
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
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159
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Ríos-Covián D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:185. [PMID: 26925050 PMCID: PMC4756104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The colon is inhabited by a dense population of microorganisms, the so-called "gut microbiota," able to ferment carbohydrates and proteins that escape absorption in the small intestine during digestion. This microbiota produces a wide range of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These compounds are absorbed in the large bowel and are defined as 1-6 carbon volatile fatty acids which can present straight or branched-chain conformation. Their production is influenced by the pattern of food intake and diet-mediated changes in the gut microbiota. SCFA have distinct physiological effects: they contribute to shaping the gut environment, influence the physiology of the colon, they can be used as energy sources by host cells and the intestinal microbiota and they also participate in different host-signaling mechanisms. We summarize the current knowledge about the production of SCFA, including bacterial cross-feedings interactions, and the biological properties of these metabolites with impact on the human health.
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