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Yang D, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhang F, Chen L, Ma L, Larcher LM, Chen S, Liu N, Zhao Q, Tran PH, Chen C, Veedu RN, Wang T. Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation - efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:3684-3707. [PMID: 32206116 PMCID: PMC7069071 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30-150 nm. In both physiological and pathological conditions, nearly all types of cells can release exosomes, which play important roles in cell communication and epigenetic regulation by transporting crucial protein and genetic materials such as miRNA, mRNA, and DNA. Consequently, exosome-based disease diagnosis and therapeutic methods have been intensively investigated. However, as in any natural science field, the in-depth investigation of exosomes relies heavily on technological advances. Historically, the two main technical hindrances that have restricted the basic and applied researches of exosomes include, first, how to simplify the extraction and improve the yield of exosomes and, second, how to effectively distinguish exosomes from other extracellular vesicles, especially functional microvesicles. Over the past few decades, although a standardized exosome isolation method has still not become available, a number of techniques have been established through exploration of the biochemical and physicochemical features of exosomes. In this work, by comprehensively analyzing the progresses in exosome separation strategies, we provide a panoramic view of current exosome isolation techniques, providing perspectives toward the development of novel approaches for high-efficient exosome isolation from various types of biological matrices. In addition, from the perspective of exosome-based diagnosis and therapeutics, we emphasize the issue of quantitative exosome and microvesicle separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Hebi People's Hospital; Hebi Neuroanatomical Laboratory, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huanyun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Hebi People's Hospital; Hebi Neuroanatomical Laboratory, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450000
| | - Lanmei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Lixia Ma
- School of Statistics, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Leon M. Larcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Nan Liu
- General Practice Centre, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528244, Foshan, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Phuong H.L. Tran
- School of Medicine, and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 3216, Australia
| | - Changying Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia
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152
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Melanoma-Derived Exosomal miR-125b-5p Educates Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs) by Targeting Lysosomal Acid Lipase A (LIPA). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020464. [PMID: 32079286 PMCID: PMC7072270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor initiation, growth, progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. Recently it was shown that cancer cell-derived exosomes induce a tumor-promoting phenotype in TAMs. Exosome-loaded proteins, DNA, and RNAs may contribute to the macrophage reprogramming. However, the exact mediators and mechanisms, particularly in melanoma, are not known. In this study we examined the effects of cutaneous melanoma-derived exosomes on macrophage function and the underlying mechanisms. First, we showed that exposure to melanoma exosomes induces a tumor-promoting TAM phenotype in macrophages. Sequencing revealed enrichment for several miRNAs including miR-125b-5p in cutaneous melanoma exosomes. We showed that miR-125b-5p is delivered to macrophages by melanoma exosomes and partially induces the observed tumor-promoting TAM phenotype. Finally, we showed that miR-125b-5p targets the lysosomal acid lipase A (LIPA) in macrophages, which in turn contributes to their phenotype switch and promotes macrophage survival. Thus, our data show for the first time that miR-125b-5p transferred by cutaneous melanoma-derived exosomes induces a tumor-promoting TAM phenotype in macrophages.
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153
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Abstract
Rapidly increasing scientific reports of exosomes and their biological effects have improved our understanding of their cellular sources and their cell-to-cell communication. These nano-sized vesicles act as potent carriers of regulatory bio-macromolecules and can induce regulatory functions by delivering them from its source to recipient cells. The details of their communication network are less understood. Recent studies have shown that apart from delivering its cargo to the cells, it can directly act on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and growth factors and can induce various remodeling events. More importantly, exosomes carry many surface-bound proteases, which can cleave different ECM proteins and carbohydrates and can shed cell surface receptors. These local extracellular events can modulate signaling cascades, which consequently influences the whole tissue and organ. This review aims to highlight the critical roles of exosomal proteases and their mechanistic insights within the cellular and extracellular environment.
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154
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Beyond chimerism analysis: methods for tracking a new generation of cell-based medicines. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 55:1229-1239. [DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-0822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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155
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Exosomes for Diagnosis and Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010367. [PMID: 31935918 PMCID: PMC6981923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by most cells, having a size ranging from 30 to 150 nm, and are involved in mechanisms of cell-cell communication in physiological and pathological tissues. Exosomes are engaged in the transport of biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, messenger RNAs, and microRNA, and in signal transmission through the intercellular transfer of components. In the context of proteins and nucleic acids transported from exosomes, our interest is focused on the Frizzled proteins family and related messenger RNA. Exosomes can regenerate stem cell phenotypes and convert them into cancer stem cells by regulating the Wnt pathway receptor family, namely Frizzled proteins. In particular, for gastrointestinal cancers, the Frizzled protein involved in those mechanisms is Frizzled-10 (FZD-10). Currently, increasing attention is being devoted to the protein and lipid composition of exosomes interior and membranes, representing profound knowledge of specific exosomes composition fundamental for their application as new delivering drug tools for cancer therapy. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the use of exosome vesicles for early diagnosis, follow-up, and the use of these physiological nanovectors as drug delivery systems for gastrointestinal cancer therapy.
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156
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Fang Z, Wang X, Wu J, Xiao R, Liu J. High serum extracellular vesicle miR-10b expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Biomark 2020; 27:1-9. [PMID: 31594209 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence have demonstrated that serum extracellular vesicle microRNAs (EV-miRNAs) are promising noninvasive biomarkers for various cancer types. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate and evaluate the potential clinical significance of serum EV-miR-10b for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Blood samples were collected from a cohort of 95 de novo AML patients and 80 healthy individuals. Of all AML patients, 51 patients were considered as cytogenetic normal AML (CN-AML). Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the expression levels of serum EV-miR-10b. RESULTS The extracellular vesicles we extracted from the serum samples were positive for EV/exosome markers including TSG101, CD63, Flotillin-1 and CD9. The expression levels of serum EV-miR-10b were significantly higher in AML/CN-AML patients than healthy controls. In addition, serum EV-miR-10b expression was strongly correlated with aggressive clinical characteristics. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed serum EV-miR-10b yielded an area under the curve of 0.875, with 77.89% specificity and 82.50% sensitivity in identifying AML patients from normal controls. Furthermore, AML patients with higher serum EV-miR-10b expression had significantly shorter survival and serum EV-miR-10b was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic marker for overall survival in AML. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, serum EV-miR-10b might serve as a promising biomarker for predicting the prognosis of AML.
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157
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Jiang Q, Liu Y, Wang L, Adkins GB, Zhong W. Rapid Enrichment and Detection of Extracellular Vesicles Enabled by CuS-Enclosed Microgels. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15951-15958. [PMID: 31742386 PMCID: PMC7417204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous vesicles that exist in nearly all biological fluids, including blood and urine; and carry a great number of cargo molecules such as protein, nucleic acids, and lipid. They may play important roles in cell-cell communication and modulation of pathological processes, which, however, are not yet well understood, calling for highly sensitive, specific, and rapid methods for EV detection and quantification in biological samples. Here, we report the CuS-enclosed microgels that not only help enrich EVs carrying specific protein markers from complex biomatrices, but also produce strong chemiluminescence (CL) to realize sensitive detection of the target EVs. A detection limit of 104 EV particles/mL was achieved with these microgels by targeting EV proteins like CD63 and HER2, with a dynamic range up to 108 particles/mL. Direct detection of EVs in human serum and cell culture medium without tedious sample preparation was demonstrated, consuming much less sample compared to ELISA and Western Blot. We envision that our method will be valuable for quick quantification of EVs in biological samples, benefiting disease monitoring and functional study.
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158
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Aghebati-Maleki A, Nami S, Baghbanzadeh A, Karzar BH, Noorolyai S, Fotouhi A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Implications of exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21694-21706. [PMID: 31161617 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes offer a new perspective on the biology of cancer with both diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Due to the cell-to-cell association, exosomes are involved in the progression, metastasis, and therapeutic efficacy of the tumor. They can be isolated from blood and other body fluids to determine the disease progression in the body, including cancer growth. In addition to being reservoirs of biochemical markers of cancer, exomes can be designed to restore tumor immunity. Tumor exosomes interact with different cells in the tumor microenvironment to confer beneficial modulations, responsible for stromal activity, angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability, and immune evasion. Exosomes also contribute to the metastasis with the aim of epithelial transmission to the mesenchyme and the formation of premetastatic niches. Moreover, exosomes protect cells against the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and prevent the transmission of chemotherapy resistance to adjacent cells. Therefore, exosomes are essential for many fatal cancer agents, and understanding their origins and role in cancer is important. In this article, we attempted to clarify the potential of exosomes for the application in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Nami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bita H Karzar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Fotouhi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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159
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Sahebi R, Langari H, Fathinezhad Z, Bahari Sani Z, Avan A, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Rezayi M. Exosomes: New insights into cancer mechanisms. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:7-16. [PMID: 31701565 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are mobile extracellular vesicles with a diameter 40 to 150 nm. They play a critical role in several processes such as the development of cancers, intercellular signaling, drug resistance mechanisms, and cell-to-cell communication by fusion onto the cell membrane of recipient cells. These vesicles contain endogenous proteins and both noncoding and coding RNAs (microRNA and messenger RNAs) that can be delivered to various types of cells. Furthermore, exosomes exist in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Therefore, they could be used as a novel carrier to deliver therapeutic nucleic-acid drugs for cancer therapy. It was recently documented that, hypoxia promotes exosomes secretion in different tumor types leading to the activation of vascular cells and angiogenesis. Cancer cell-derived exosomes (CCEs) have been used as prognostic and diagnostic markers in many types of cancers because exosomes are stable at 4°C and -70°C. CCEs have many functional roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, this review presents the data about the therapeutic application of exosomes and the role of CCEs in cancer invasion, drug resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sahebi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hadis Langari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohre Fathinezhad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahari Sani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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160
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The Role of Exo-miRNAs in Cancer: A Focus on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194687. [PMID: 31546654 PMCID: PMC6801421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released into biological fluids where they act as carriers of various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs, between cells, modulating or perturbing specific physiological processes. Recently, it has been suggested that tumoral cells release excessive amounts of exosomes that, through their cargo, promote tumor progression, stimulating growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, insensitivity to chemotherapy, and immune evasion. Increasing evidence highlights exosomal microRNAs (exo-miRNAs) as important players in tumorigenesis. MicroRNA (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNA able to regulate gene expression, targeting multiple mRNAs and inducing translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. Exo-miRNAs are highly stable and easily detectable in biological fluids, and for these reasons, miRNAs are potential cancer biomarkers useful diagnostically and prognostically. Furthermore, since exosomes are natural delivery systems between cells, they can be appropriately modified to carry therapeutic miRNAs to specific recipient cells. Here we summarize the main functions of exo-miRNAs and their possible role for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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161
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Monfared H, Jahangard Y, Nikkhah M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Mowla SJ. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes Packed With a miR-21-Sponge Construct in a Rat Model of Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:782. [PMID: 31482067 PMCID: PMC6710330 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade 4 and the most aggressive form of glioma, with a poor response to current treatments. The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is widely dysregulated in various cancers, including GBM. One of the overexpressed miRNAs in GBM is miR-21 which promotes proliferation, invasion and metastatic behaviors of tumor cells. With a size of 30-100 nm, the extracellular vesicles "exosomes" have emerged as a novel and powerful drug delivering systems. Recently, exosomal transfer of miRNAs or anti-miRNAs to tumor cells has introduced a new approach for therapeutic application of miRNAs to combat cancer. Here, we have tried to down-regulate miR-21 expression in glioma cell lines, U87-MG, and C6, by using engineered exosomes, packed with a miR-21-sponge construct. Our data revealed that the engineered exosomes have the potential to suppress miR-21 and consequently to upregulate miR-21 target genes, PDCD4 and RECK. Interestingly, in cells treated with miR-21-sponge exosomes we observed a decline in proliferation and also an elevation in apoptotic rates. Finally, in a rat model of glioblastoma, administrating exosomes loaded with a miR-21-sponge construct leads to a significant reduction in the volume of the tumors. In brief, our findings suggest a new therapeutic strategy to use engineered exosomes to deliver a miR-21-sponge construct to GBM cells, in order to block its malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Monfared
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Jahangard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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162
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Familtseva A, Jeremic N, Tyagi SC. Exosomes: cell-created drug delivery systems. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:1-6. [PMID: 31073888 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40- to 100- nm cell-originated vesicles derived from endocytic compartments that are released into almost all biological fluids. Exosomes are cell-created vesicles that inherit identical phospholipid membrane, explaining a wide application of electroporation as a technique for exosomes loading with exogenous cargoes. Another way of loading exosomes with therapeutic cargo is to overexpress a certain gene in exosome-donor cells or treat cell line with drug of interest that later will be gently enveloped into vesicles based on the process of EV biogenesis. Similarly, to visualize siRNA loading into exosomes as well as the exosomal product delivery to recipient cells, we have conducted an experiment where chemical-based exosome transfection was used. In this review, we discuss different ways of extracellular vesicle loading with exogenous cargoes and their advantages/limitations as well as novel alternative techniques of substance incorporation into nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Familtseva
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Centre A-1210, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Centre A-1210, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Centre A-1210, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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