1951
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Hounsome N, Hounsome B, Tomos D, Edwards-Jones G. Plant Metabolites and Nutritional Quality of Vegetables. J Food Sci 2008; 73:R48-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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1952
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Aquilano K, Baldelli S, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Role of nitric oxide synthases in Parkinson's disease: a review on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenols. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2416-26. [PMID: 18415676 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyphenols can exert protective action on a number of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders. The neuroprotective effects of many polyphenols rely on their ability to permeate brain barrier and here directly scavenge pathological concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and chelate transition metal ions. Importantly, polyphenols modulate neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory genes and the level of intracellular antioxidants. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by several abnormalities including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation and oxidative stress. There is considerable evidence showing that cellular oxidative damage occurring in PD might result also from the actions of altered production of nitric oxide (NO). Indeed, high levels of neuronal and inducible NO synthase (NOS) were found in substantia nigra of patients and animal models of PD. Here, we evaluate the involvement of NOS/NO in PD and explore the neuroprotective activity of natural polyphenol compounds in terms of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
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1953
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Karagözler AA, Erdağ B, Emek YÇ, Uygun DA. Antioxidant activity and proline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata. Food Chem 2008; 111:400-7. [PMID: 26047442 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dorystoechas hastata (D. hastata) is a monotypic plant endemic to Antalya province of Turkey. D. hastata leaves are used to make a tea locally called "çalba tea". Diethyl ether (E), ethanol (A), and water (W) were used for the sequential preparation of extracts from dried D. hastata leaves. A hot water extract (S) was also prepared by directly boiling the powdered plant in water. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were tested by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging methods. E extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with FTC method, whereas S extract exhibited the lowest IC50 value (6.17±0.53μg/ml) for DPPH radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method and S extract was found to contain the highest amount (554.17±20.83mg GAE/g extract) of phenolics. Extract A contained highest flavonoid content and there was a inverse linear correlation (R(2)=0.926) between IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging activity and flavonoid contents of all extracts. Reducing power of extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. S extract was found to possess higher reducing power than equivalent amount of ascorbic acid at 20 and 25μg/ml concentrations. Linear correlation between reducing power and concentration of E, A, and W extracts (R(2)>0.95) was observed. A, W, and S extracts contained relatively high levels of proline. The results presented suggest that D. hastata may provide a natural source of antioxidants and proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arife Alev Karagözler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Bengi Erdağ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Yelda Çalmaz Emek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Deniz Aktaş Uygun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Turkey
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1954
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1955
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McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Quindry JC, Hosick PA, Hudson MH, Still L, Henson DA, Milne GL, Morrow JD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Triplett NT, Dibarnardi A. Chronic quercetin ingestion and exercise-induced oxidative damage and inflammation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:254-62. [DOI: 10.1139/h07-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound that has been demonstrated to be a potent antioxidant in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate if quercetin ingestion would increase plasma antioxidant measures and attenuate increases in exercise-induced oxidative damage. Forty athletes were recruited and randomized to quercetin or placebo. Subjects consumed 1000 mg quercetin or placebo each day for 6 weeks before and during 3 d of cycling at 57% work maximum for 3 h. Blood was collected before and immediately after exercise each day, and analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein. Statistical analyses involved a 2 (treatment) × 6 (times) repeated measures analysis of variance to test main effects. F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein were significantly elevated as a result of exercise, but no group effects were found. Despite previous data demonstrating potent antioxidant actions of quercetin in vitro, this study indicates that this effect is absent in vivo and that chronic quercetin ingestion does not exert protection from exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa S. McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David C. Nieman
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Quindry
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter A. Hosick
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew H. Hudson
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura Still
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dru A. Henson
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason D. Morrow
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles L. Dumke
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan C. Utter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nan T. Triplett
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Adrianna Dibarnardi
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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1956
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Kartika H, Li QX, Wall MM, Nakamoto ST, Iwaoka WT. Major phenolic acids and total antioxidant activity in Mamaki leaves, Pipturus albidus. J Food Sci 2008; 72:S696-701. [PMID: 18034755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Three phenolic acids, (+)catechins, chlorogenic acid, and rutin, were identified and quantified in Mamaki leaves using a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer technique. Concentrations of (+)catechins, chlorogenic acid, and rutin varied from 1.1 to 5.0 mg/g of Mamaki leaves as determined in the extract using 0.5% acetic acid in 90% aqueous methanol. This study also quantified total antioxidant capacity using the photochemiluminescence method, which was expressed in equivalents to ascorbic acid (AA). Mamaki teas brewed for 30 min contained total antioxidant activity (TAA) between 238 and 259 mg AA/g of tea. Mamaki teas brewed for 1 h and stored at 4 h, 1 d, and 3 d at 4 degrees C had available TAA 293, 271, 172, and 163 mg AA/g of tea leaves, respectively. The concentrations of (+)catechins and rutin in Mamaki leaves are compared to other types of popular teas. Mamaki teas contained relatively low amounts of TAA compared to green teas and Lipton teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kartika
- Dept. of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Science, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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1957
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Bakowska-Barczak AM, Marianchuk M, Kolodziejczyk P. Survey of bioactive components in Western Canadian berries. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 85:1139-52. [PMID: 18066116 DOI: 10.1139/y07-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Berries native to Western Canada were analyzed for total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC). Values ranged from 1.60 to 9.55 mmol trolox equivalent per 100 g fresh mass. Anthocyanin content ranged from 41.6 (in red twinberries) to 1081 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents per 100 g fresh mass (in honeysuckle fruits). Honeysuckle fruits contained the highest amount of total polyphenols, 1111 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g, among analyzed fruits. Additionally, anthocyanins in the investigated berries were identified and characterized by HPLC - electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometric method coupled with diode array detection. The number of anthocyanins varied from 4 in saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) to 20 in bilberries (Vaccinum myrtilloides Michx.). In all the samples analyzed, 6 common anthocyanidins:, cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin, were found. Half the analyzed berries contained acylated anthocyanins, but a significant amount was found only in bilberries. The analyzed berry seed oils contained high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 90%), but only the golden currant seed oil contained gamma-linolenic acid.
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1958
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Dhalwal K, Deshpande YS, Purohit AP. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of Sida rhombifolia (L.) ssp. retusa (L.). J Med Food 2008; 10:683-8. [PMID: 18158841 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sida rhombifolia (L.) ssp. retusa (L.) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of fever as well as a diuretic. The comparative antioxidant potentials of ethanol extract of roots, stems, leaves, and whole plant were studied. Estimation of total polyphenolic content and high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile were determined. Further inhibition of oxygen-derived free radicals, viz., assays for free radical scavenging, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, and anti-lipid peroxidation, were performed. All the antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and alpha-tocopherol acetate. Extracts were found to be good scavengers of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical in the order root > leaves > whole plant > stem with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 546.1, 852.8, 983.8, and 1,222.5 microg/mL, respectively. All extracts of this plant showed effective free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and superoxide scavenging activity. Only root extract inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver and brain homogenate. All these antioxidant properties were concentration dependent. In addition, total polyphenolic contents of all the extracts were determined as gallic acid equivalents. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in root extract. The results obtained from the current study indicate that S. rhombifolia ssp. retusa is a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Dhalwal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune, India
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1959
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YAO YP, TIAN CR, CAO W. Anti-Oxidative Constituents of Ethanol Extract from Buckwheat Seeds by HPLC-Electro-Spray MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(08)60076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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1960
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Sultana B, Anwar F, Iqbal S. Effect of different cooking methods on the antioxidant activity of some vegetables from Pakistan. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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1961
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Structure–activity relationship of coumarin derivatives on xanthine oxidase-inhibiting and free radical-scavenging activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:1416-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1962
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Lira WDM, dos Santos FV, Sannomiya M, Rodrigues CM, Vilegas W, Varanda EA. Modulatory Effect of Byrsonima basiloba Extracts on the Mutagenicity of Certain Direct and Indirect-Acting Mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium Assays. J Med Food 2008; 11:111-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walclecio de Moraes Lira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vieira dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Sannomiya
- Chemical Institute of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- Chemical Institute of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
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1963
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Tarling CA, Woods K, Zhang R, Brastianos HC, Brayer GD, Andersen RJ, Withers SG. The Search for Novel Human Pancreatic α-Amylase Inhibitors: High-Throughput Screening of Terrestrial and Marine Natural Product Extracts. Chembiochem 2008; 9:433-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1964
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Zielińska A, Paradowska K, Jakowski J, Wawer I. 13C CP MAS NMR and GIAO-CHF/DFT calculations of flavonoids: Morin, kaempferol, tricin, genistein, formononetin and 3,7-dihydroxyflavone. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1965
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Farag MA, Huhman DV, Dixon RA, Sumner LW. Metabolomics reveals novel pathways and differential mechanistic and elicitor-specific responses in phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula cell cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:387-402. [PMID: 18055588 PMCID: PMC2245840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet photodiode array detection and ion-trap mass spectrometry was used to analyze the intra- and extracellular secondary product metabolome of Medicago truncatula cell suspension cultures responding to yeast elicitor (YE) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Data analysis revealed three phases of intracellular response to YE: a transient response in mainly (iso)flavonoid metabolites such as formononetin and biochanin-A that peaked at 12 to 18 h following elicitation and then declined; a sustained response through 48 h for compounds such as medicarpin and daidzin; and a lesser delayed and protracted response starting at 24 h postelicitation, e.g. genistein diglucoside. In contrast, most compounds excreted to the culture medium reached maximum levels at 6 to 12 h postelicitation and returned to basal levels by 24 h. The response to MeJA differed significantly from that to YE. Although both resulted in accumulation of the phytoalexin medicarpin, coordinated increases in isoflavonoid precursors were only observed for YE and not MeJA-treated cells. However, MeJA treatment resulted in a correlated decline in isoflavone glucosides, and did not induce the secretion of metabolites into the culture medium. Three novel methylated isoflavones, 7-hydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (afrormosin), 6-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (alfalone), and 5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxy isoflavone (irisolidone), were induced by YE, and labeling studies indicated that the first two were derived from formononetin. Our results highlight the metabolic flexibility within the isoflavonoid pathway, suggest new pathways for complex isoflavonoid metabolism, and indicate differential mechanisms for medicarpin biosynthesis depending on the nature of elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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1966
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Kim JH, Kang NJ, Lee BK, Lee KW, Lee HJ. Gallic acid, a metabolite of the antioxidant propyl gallate, inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication via phosphorylation of connexin 43 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase1/2 in rat liver epithelial cells. Mutat Res 2008; 638:175-183. [PMID: 18054051 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Propyl gallate and its metabolite, gallic acid, are widely used as antioxidants in the food industry, but they have been shown to exhibit liver toxicity and enhance carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the possible undesirable effects of propyl gallate and gallic acid on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), inhibition of which is closely linked to carcinogenesis. Gallic acid and propyl gallate exhibited dose-dependent free-radical-scavenging activities as determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl- or 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-radical-scavenging assays, and the free-radical-scavenging activity of gallic acid was stronger than that of propyl gallate. However, using WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells, gallic acid inhibited GJIC in a dose-dependent manner, while propyl gallate had no significant effect compared with untreated controls. The gallic-acid-induced inhibition of GJIC was reversible, with a recovery of nearly 65% after 120 min. Gallic acid induced the phosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43) and phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2). The gallic-acid-induced inhibition of GJIC was attenuated by treatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors (U0126 and PD098059). U0126 blocked the gallic-acid-induced phosphorylation of Cx43 and ERK1/2, indicating that the gallic-acid-induced inhibition of GJIC is mediated by phosphorylation of Cx43 via activation of ERK1/2. In addition, gallic-acid-induced inhibition of GJIC was protected by ascorbic acid and quercetin, which might represent a simple example of the different effects of natural antioxidants in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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1967
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Teixeira EW, Message D, Negri G, Salatino A, Stringheta PC. Seasonal variation, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Brazilian propolis samples. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 7:307-15. [PMID: 18955317 PMCID: PMC2887324 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of propolis samples from three localities of Minas Gerais state (southeast Brazil) were determined. Total phenolic contents were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, using BHT as reference, and chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Propolis from Itapecerica and Paula Cândido municipalities were found to have high phenolic contents and pronounced antioxidant activity. From these extracts, 40 substances were identified, among them were simple phenylpropanoids, prenylated phenylpropanoids, sesqui- and diterpenoids. Quantitatively, the main constituent of both samples was allyl-3-prenylcinnamic acid. A sample from Virginópolis municipality had no detectable phenolic substances and contained mainly triterpenoids, the main constituents being α- and β-amyrins. Methanolic extracts from Itapecerica and Paula Cândido exhibited pronounced scavenging activity towards DPPH, indistinguishable from BHT activity. However, extracts from Virginópolis sample exhibited no antioxidant activity. Total phenolic substances, GC/MS analyses and antioxidant activity of samples from Itapecerica collected monthly over a period of 1 year revealed considerable variation. No correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and either total phenolic contents or contents of artepillin C and other phenolic substances, as assayed by CG/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Weinstein Teixeira
- Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento/SP, Caixa Postal, Pindamonhangaba, SP. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Viçosa, MG. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, SP. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, São Paulo, SP and Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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1968
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Zou H, Zhan S, Cao K. Apoptotic activity of genistein on human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells and preliminary exploration of its mechanisms using microarray. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:583-9. [PMID: 18295443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavone genistein is active against certain solid malignancies, but its direct effect on lung adenocarcinoma and its mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. In the present study, using the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1, we found that genistein decreased SPC-A-1 cell viability in both a dose and time dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that genistein significantly induced arrest of SPC-A-1 cells at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, through DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assays, we demonstrated that the addition of genistein led to SPC-A-1 apoptosis in both a dose and time dependent manner. Finally, the apoptosis pathway-related gene expression profile affected by genistein was investigated using the oligonucleotide microarray method. The result showed that the expression profile of 20 genes (ratio of genistein group/control group >2 or <0.5) related to the apoptotic pathways changed. These genes, mainly consisting of the Bcl-2 family and TNF ligand and receptor family, are involved in regulation of the apoptosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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1969
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Trouillas P, Marsal P, Svobodová A, Vostálová J, Gazák R, Hrbác J, Sedmera P, Kren V, Lazzaroni R, Duroux JL, Walterová D. Mechanism of the antioxidant action of silybin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin flavonolignans: a joint experimental and theoretical study. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1054-63. [PMID: 18193843 DOI: 10.1021/jp075814h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonolignans from silymarin, the standardized plant extract obtained from thistle, exhibit various antioxidant activities, which correlate with the other biological and therapeutic properties of that extract. To highlight the mode of action of flavonolignans as free radical scavengers and antioxidants, 10 flavonolignans, selectively methylated at different positions, were tested in vitro for their capacity to scavenge radicals (DPPH and superoxide) and to inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced on microsome membranes. The results are rationalized on the basis of (i) the oxidation potentials experimentally obtained by cyclic voltammetry and (ii) the theoretical redox properties obtained by quantum-chemical calculations (using a polarizable continuum model (PCM)-density functional theory (DFT) approach) of the ionization potentials and the O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of each OH group of the 10 compounds. We clearly establish the importance of the 3-OH and 20-OH groups as H donors, in the presence of the 2,3 double bond and the catechol moiety in the E-ring, respectively. For silybin derivatives (i.e., in the absence of the 2,3 double bond), secondary mechanisms (i.e., electron transfer (ET) mechanism and adduct formation with radicals) could become more important (or predominant) as the active sites for H atom transfer (HAT) mechanism are much less effective (high BDEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trouillas
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
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1970
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UV-effects on antioxidant activity of selected carotenoids in the presence of lecithin estimated by DPPH test. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0811051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the antioxidant action of three selected carotenoids (?-carotene, lycopene and lutein) in the presence of a lipoidal lecithin mixture were studied by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) test. The test is based on the measurement of the decrease of the free DPPH radical absorbance at 517 nm caused by the antioxidant action of carotenoids, which appeared to be strongly affected by UV-action. The high-energy input of the involved UV-photons plays a major governing role.
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1971
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Cvetkovic D, Markovic D. UV-induced changes in antioxidant capacities of selected carotenoids toward lecithin in aqueous solution. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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1972
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Potenza L, Calcabrini C, De Bellis R, Mancini U, Cucchiarini L, Dachà M. Effect of quercetin on oxidative nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage. Biofactors 2008; 33:33-48. [PMID: 19276535 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520330104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a well-investigated antioxidant known to protect cells against oxidative nuclear DNA damage. There is no knowledge regarding its effect on oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage. In this study we investigated the effect of quercetin on oxidatively-injured DNA. Cell-free and cell studies were performed. Cell-free analyses carried out on plasmidic DNA showed that quercetin protects from all oxidative challenges used. Cellular studies were carried out on NCTC 2544 cells which were insulted with hydrogen peroxide and UVC radiations. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs were analysed by measuring DNA damage with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Quercetin supplementation showed significant genoprotective activity on mitochondrial DNA when hydroperoxide was used. The evidence of the protection afforded by quercetin suggests that this flavonoid may play an important role on mitochondrial genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Potenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
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1973
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Rodrigues S, Pinto GAS, Fernandes FAN. Optimization of ultrasound extraction of phenolic compounds from coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell powder by response surface methodology. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2008; 15:95-100. [PMID: 17400017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Coconut is a tropical fruit largely consumed in many countries. In some areas of the Brazilian coast, coconut shell represents more than 60% of the domestic waste volume. The coconut shell is composed mainly of lignin and cellulose, having a chemical composition very similar to wood and suitable for phenolic extraction. In this work, the use of ultrasound to extract phenolic compounds from coconut shell was evaluated. The effect of temperature, solution to solid ratio, pH and extraction time were evaluated through a 2(4) experimental planning. The extraction process was also optimized using surface response methodology. At the optimum operating condition (30 degrees C, solution to solid ratio of 50, 15 min of extraction and pH 6.5) the process yielded 22.44 mg of phenolic compounds per gram of coconut shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli Rodrigues
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Campus do Pici, Bloco 858, Caixa Postal 12168, CEP 60021-970, Fortaleza-CE,
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1974
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Herrerias T, de Oliveira BH, Gomes MA, de Oliveira MB, Carnieri EG, Cadena SM, Martinez GR, Rocha ME. Eupafolin: Effect on mitochondrial energetic metabolism. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:854-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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1975
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Free radical processes in green tea polyphenols (GTP) investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:349-401. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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1976
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Pérez-Jiménez J, Saura-Calixto F. Anti-oxidant capacity of dietary polyphenols determined by ABTS assay: a kinetic expression of the results. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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1977
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Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. C R Biol 2008; 331:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1978
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Chow JM, Huang GC, Shen SC, Wu CY, Lin CW, Chen YC. Differential apoptotic effect of wogonin and nor-wogonin via stimulation of ROS production in human leukemia cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1394-404. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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1979
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Ghanta S, Banerjee A, Poddar A, Chattopadhyay S. Oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant potential of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, a natural sweetener. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10962-10967. [PMID: 18038982 DOI: 10.1021/jf071892q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
At 0.1 mg/mL, the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of the crude 85% methanolic extract (CAE) of Stevia rebaudiana leaves exhibited preventive activity against DNA strand scission by *OH generated in Fenton's reaction on pBluescript II SK (-) DNA. Its efficacy is better than that of quercetin. The radical scavenging capacity of CAE was evaluated by the DPPH test (IC50=47.66+/-1.04 microg/mL). EAE was derived from CAE scavenged DPPH (IC50=9.26+/-0.04 microg/mL), ABTS+ (IC50=3.04+/-0.22 microg/mL) and *OH (IC50=3.08+/-0.19 microg/mL). Additionally, inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced with 25 mM FeSO 4 on rat liver homogenate as a lipid source was noted with CAE (IC50=2.1+/-1.07 mg/mL). The total polyphenols and total flavonoids of EAE were 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/mg and 0.83 mg of quercetin equivalents/mg, respectively. Flavonoids, isolated from EAE, were characterized as quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercitrin, apigenin, apigenin-4-O-glucoside, luteolin, and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside by LC-MS and NMR analysis. These results indicate that Stevia rebaudiana may be useful as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Drug Development/Diagnositcs and Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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1980
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Aissa I, Bouaziz M, Ghamgui H, Kamoun A, Miled N, Sayadi S, Gargouri Y. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of acetylated tyrosol by response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10298-10305. [PMID: 18001032 DOI: 10.1021/jf071685q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a noncommercial immobilized lipase from Staphylococcus xylosus (SXLi) to catalyze the transesterification of tyrosol and ethyl acetate was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the temperature (40-60 degrees C), the enzyme amount (50-500 UI), and the ethyl acetate/hexane volume ratio (0.2-1) on the tyrosol acetylation conversion yield. Two independent replicates were carried out under the optimal conditions predicted by the model (reaction temperature 54 degrees C, enzyme amount 500 UI, and volume ratio ethyl acetate/hexane 0.2). The maximum conversion yield reached 95.36 +/- 3.6%, which agreed with the expected value (96.8 +/- 3.7%). The ester obtained was characterized by spectroscopic methods. Chemical acetylation of tyrosol was performed, and the products were separated using HPLC. Among the eluted products from HPLC, mono- and diacetylated derivatives were identified by positive mass spectrometry. Tyrosol and its monoacetylated derivative exert similar antiradicalar activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Aissa
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, 3038 Sfax-Tunisia
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1981
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Chang YC, Lee FW, Chen CS, Huang ST, Tsai SH, Huang SH, Lin CM. Structure-activity relationship of C6-C3 phenylpropanoids on xanthine oxidase-inhibiting and free radical-scavenging activities. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1541-51. [PMID: 17964425 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We employed the techniques of DNA relaxation, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate), and DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide)-electron spin resonance (ESR), to study the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suppression by 11 selected C6-C3 phenylpropanoid derivatives under oxidative conditions. We also investigated the effects of the derivatives on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, and the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these derivatives against XO activity were further examined using computer-aided molecular modeling. Caffeic acid was the most potent radical scavenger among the 11 test compounds. Our results suggest that the chemical structure and number of hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring of phenylpropanoids are correlated with the effects of ROS suppression. All test derivatives were competitive inhibitors of XO. The results of the structure-based molecular modeling exhibited interactions between phenylpropanoid derivatives and the molybdopterin region of XO. The para-hydroxyl of phenylpropanoid derivatives was pointed toward the guanidinium group of Arg 880. The phenylpropanoid derivatives containing the meta-or ortho-hydroxyl formed hydrogen bonds with Thr 1010. In addition, meta-hydroxyl formed hydrogen bonds with the peptide bond between the residues of Thr1010 and Phe1009. CAPE, the phenylenethyl ester of phenylpropanoids, had the highest affinity toward the binding site of XO, and we speculated that this was due to hydrophobic interactions of the phenylethyl ester with several hydrophobic residues surrounding the active site. The hypoxanthine/XO reaction in the DMPO-ESR technique was used to correlate the effects of these phenylpropanoid derivatives on enzyme inhibition and ROS suppression, and the results showed that caffeic acid and CAPE were the two most potent agents among the tested compounds. We further assessed the effects of the test compounds on living cells, and CAPE was the most potent agent for protecting cells against ROS-mediated damage among the tested phenylpropanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ching Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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1982
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Maher P, Hanneken A. Flavonoids protect retinal ganglion cells from ischemia in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2007; 86:366-74. [PMID: 18160067 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. However, despite the significant advances that have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of retinal ischemia, effective treatments are still lacking. The goal of these studies was to use an in vitro model to identify molecules that could be neuroprotective for retinal ganglion cells exposed to ischemia. Ischemia was induced in the rat retinal ganglion cell line, RGC-5, using iodoacetic acid (IAA). Brief treatment with IAA resulted in RGC-5 cell death within 24 h by a non-apoptotic mechanism. Similar to ischemia in vivo, IAA treatment caused a rapid loss of ATP to approximately 50% of control levels. In contrast, changes in markers of oxidative stress occurred more slowly and included an increase in reactive oxygen species and a decrease in glutathione. Specific flavonoids were able to prevent the cell death caused by IAA treatment. Some of the flavonoids also prevented the loss of ATP as well as the changes in markers of oxidative stress. In contrast, classical antioxidants had only a very modest effect on IAA-induced cell death. These results suggest that specific flavonoids may be useful in preventing ischemia-induced retinal ganglion cell death in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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1983
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Burdo J, Schubert D, Maher P. Glutathione production is regulated via distinct pathways in stressed and non-stressed cortical neurons. Brain Res 2007; 1189:12-22. [PMID: 18048013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite-mediated damage has been linked to numerous neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Studies on the toxic effects of peroxynitrite in neurons have focused primarily on adverse effects resulting from the nitration of cellular proteins as the principal mode of toxicity while the consequences of the modulation of kinase pathways by peroxynitrite have received relatively less attention. Our results show that treatment of primary rat neurons with the peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, leads to decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels and cell viability via a novel extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK)/c-Myc phosphorylation pathway and a reduction in the nuclear expression of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) that down-regulate the expression of glutamate cysteine ligase, the rate limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis. The flavonoid fisetin protects against the SIN-1-mediated alterations in ERK/c-Myc phosphorylation, nuclear Nrf2 levels, glutamate cysteine ligase levels, GSH concentration and cell viability. We also show that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase or Raf kinase can increase GSH levels in unstressed primary rat neurons through the same ERK/c-Myc phosphorylation pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that distinct signaling pathways modulate GSH metabolism in unstressed and stressed cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Burdo
- The Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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1984
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Vincent HK, Innes KE, Vincent KR. Oxidative stress and potential interventions to reduce oxidative stress in overweight and obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9:813-39. [PMID: 17924865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity may be a state of chronic oxidative stress. Oxidative stress may be the mechanism underlying the development of co-morbidities in obesity. This review provides a summary of the available evidence regarding systemic oxidative stress in young, older and clinical obese populations. METHODS Medline was searched for all available articles published between 1975 and 2006 that evaluated oxidative stress biomarkers in resting conditions or following various interventions in overweight and obese humans. RESULTS Obesity elevates oxidative stress in young, old and clinical populations as shown by elevations in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides, 4-hydroxynonenal, isoprostanes, conjugated dienes) or protein oxidation (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine). Lipid peroxidation is associated with several indices of adiposity and a low systemic antioxidant defence (i.e. antioxidant enzymes, tissue dietary antioxidants, glutathione). Oxidative stress may be exacerbated with acute exercise, advancing age or co-existing clinical conditions and may be corrected by improving antioxidant defences through fat volume reduction via surgery, pharmacological agents, exercise and/or dietary modification. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress is related to chronic disease in obesity, but is reversible with one or more interventions described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- The Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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1985
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Foroumadi A, Samzadeh-Kermani A, Emami S, Dehghan G, Sorkhi M, Arabsorkhi F, Heidari MR, Abdollahi M, Shafiee A. Synthesis and antioxidant properties of substituted 3-benzylidene-7-alkoxychroman-4-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6764-9. [PMID: 17967537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-benzylidene-7-alkoxychroman-4-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity was assessed using three methods, namely, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. 3-Benzylidene-7-alkoxychroman-4-one derivatives bearing catecholic group on benzylidene moiety exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compounds having catechol moiety exhibited potent antioxidant activities in all tested methods and they were more active than the reference drug, Trolox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran
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1986
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Marks SC, Mullen W, Crozier A. Flavonoid and hydroxycinnamate profiles of english apple ciders. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8723-30. [PMID: 17867635 DOI: 10.1021/jf071155u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen phenolic compounds in 23 English apple ciders were identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA-MS (2). The total phenolic content of the ciders varied greatly ranging from 44 to 1559 mg/L. Four groups of compounds were identified, flavan-3-ols, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones. Hydroxycinnamates were the predominant group of phenolics in the majority of the ciders. Procyanidins were analyzed by HPLC after thiolysis, and total procyanidin content ranged from 8 to 722 mg/L and an average degree of polymerization of 2.5-3.5. This investigation of a wide range of ciders has shown a substantial variation in the profile and quantity of the phenolics. The analysis of single variety ciders highlighted the importance of using an apple cultivar with a high phenolic content to produce a phenolic-rich cider. Adaptations to the cider-making process could be used to increase the phenolic content with potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena C Marks
- Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Graham Kerr Building, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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1987
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Bas E, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, López-Ginés C, Gil-Benso R, Ríos JL. Demethylnobiletin inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, human lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1272-82. [PMID: 17934513 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our aim was to examine the effect of demethylnobiletin on various experimental models of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and to determine its influence on the mediators and enzymes involved in these reactions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH DTH was induced in mice by oxazolone, dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The effect of demethylnobiletin on the ensuing DTH was studied, especially in relation to oedema formation, cell infiltration and tissue damage. Its activity on different mediators implicated in DTH reactions was also determined and its effect on nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 analysed. Finally, its influence on T lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis and caspase 3 activity was tested. KEY RESULTS DTH reactions were all reduced by demethylnobiletin. The experimental results suggest that the compound may act by reducing cell infiltration and by suppressing mediators such as interleukin-2 (IC50=1.63 microM), interleukin-4 (IC50=2.76 microM), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (IC50=0.66 microM), interferon-gamma (IC50=1.35 microM), and interleukin-1 beta (46% at 2.5 microM) and by concomitantly increasing the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10. In addition, while demethylnobiletin affected nitric oxide production, it did not modify NOS-2 expression. Finally, demethylnobiletin inhibited proliferation of T cells and induced their apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Demethylnobiletin decreased DTH reactions induced by various agents. This finding, along with the fact that the compound has a low toxicity and exhibits several other interesting properties, could pave the way for other structurally related citroflavonoids to be used as pharmacological agents in complementary therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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1988
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Varela-Barca FNT, Agnez-Lima LF, de Medeiros SRB. Base excision repair pathway is involved in the repair of lesions generated by flavonoid-enriched fractions of pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius, Raddi) stem bark. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:672-81. [PMID: 17722088 DOI: 10.1002/em.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free and bacterial assays indicate that flavonoid-enriched fractions and the flavonoids of pepper tree stem bark from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi have genotoxic rather than antigenotoxic properties. In the present report, we have examined the ability of flavonoid-enriched fractions to damage plasmid DNA and the repair pathways involved in the recognition of these DNA lesions. High concentrations of two flavonoid-enriched fractions were able to break phosphodiester bonds in DNA. In addition, studies using bacterial strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair and base excision repair (BER) enzymes indicated that the flavonoid-enriched fractions generated lesions that were substrates for enzymes belonging to the BER pathway. In addition, in vitro studies indicated that the DNA damage produced by the flavonoid-enriched fractions was also a substrate for exonuclease III and that the phosphodiester breakage was amplified by copper ions. These results indicate that flavonoids from the pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius, Raddi) generate lesions on DNA that are potential targets of FPG and MutY glycosylase from the BER pathway. Chromatographic and spectral analyses helped to support the hypothesis that the flavonoids of the Brazilian pepper tree bark are the main factors involved in the fraction's damage potential. The isolated flavonoids from Fraction II were also tested in vitro and support the oxidative damage potential of these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Napoleão Túlio Varela-Barca
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Central, Mossoró, Brazil
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1989
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Alencar SM, Oldoni TLC, Castro ML, Cabral ISR, Costa-Neto CM, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ikegaki M. Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: red propolis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:278-83. [PMID: 17656055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Propolis has been used as a medicinal agent to treat infections and promote wound healing for centuries. The aim of the present study was to test the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of a new type of Brazilian propolis, popularly called red propolis, as well as to analyze its chemical composition. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus mutans UA159 was evaluated and the chloroform fraction (Chlo-fr) was the most active with lower MIC ranging from 25 to 50 microg/ml. The hexane fraction (H-fr), having the highest concentration of total flavonoids, showed the best sequestrating activity for the free radical DPPH. The ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) showed cytotoxic activity for the HeLa tumor cells with an IC(50) of 7.45 microg/ml. When the EEP was analyzed by GC-MS, seven new compounds were found, among which four were isoflavones. Our results showed that the red propolis has biologically active compounds that had never been reported in other types of Brazilian propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Alencar
- Department of Agri-Food industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, CEP 13418-900, SP, Brazil.
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1990
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Wang TS, Lii CK, Chang JY, Kuo CI, Chen HP. Anti-Fenton reaction activity of three taxa of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.). Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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1991
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Anwar F, Latif S, Przybylski R, Sultana B, Ashraf M. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Seeds of Different Cultivars of Mungbean. J Food Sci 2007; 72:S503-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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1992
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Maher P, Salgado KF, Zivin JA, Lapchak PA. A novel approach to screening for new neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of stroke. Brain Res 2007; 1173:117-25. [PMID: 17765210 PMCID: PMC2111291 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant advances that have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia on the cellular and molecular level, only one drug, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), is approved by the FDA for use in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, there is a critical need for additional safe and effective treatments for stroke. In order to identify novel compounds that might be effective, we have developed a cell culture-based assay with death being an endpoint as a screening tool. We have performed an initial screening for potential neuroprotective drugs among a group of flavonoids by using the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT22, in combination with chemical ischemia. Further screens were provided by biochemical assays for ATP and glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant, as well as for long-term induction of antioxidant proteins. Based upon the results of these screens, we tested the best flavonoid, fisetin, in the small clot embolism model of cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Fisetin significantly reduced the behavioral deficits following a stroke, providing proof of principle for this novel approach to identifying new compounds for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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1993
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Lin LZ, Mukhopadhyay S, Robbins RJ, Harnly JM. Identification and quantification of flavonoids of Mexican oregano ( Lippia graveolens) by LC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2007; 20:361-369. [PMID: 24812440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LC-DAD-ESI/MS was used to identify 23 flavonoids in the extract of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens H.B.K.), a spice and herb, used in the USA and Mexico. The identification of luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, phloridzin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, scutellarein, luteolin, quercetin, naringenin, pinocembrin and galangin was confirmed by direct comparison with standards. Identification of 6-hydroxyluteolin, two 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glycosides, three pentahydroxyflavanone hexosides, scutellarein 7-O-hexoside, 3-hydroxyphloretin hexoside, and three other flavones, was made by detailed analysis of their UV and mass spectral data. The identification of the flavonoid glycosides was further confirmed through detection of their aglycones following hydrolysis of the samples. The concentration of the identified flavonoids in three samples was also estimated. This is the first report of detection of over 20 flavonoids, including chalcones, in this plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sudarsan Mukhopadhyay
- Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rebecca J Robbins
- Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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1994
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Stevenson DE, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ, Zhang J, Wibisono R. Comparison of the relative recovery of polyphenolics in two fruit extracts from a model of degradation during digestion and metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:939-45. [PMID: 17628878 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To simulate the effects of digestion and metabolism on the survival of different polyphenolic compounds, extracts of blueberry and apple were deglycosylated by acid hydrolysis, followed by enzymic glucuronidation under neutral conditions, yielding approximately 5% overall recovery of polyphenolics. The major polyphenolics before and after the treatment were compared, to estimate which species are likely to be present in the intestinal lumen, undegraded and available for absorption, after consumption of the fruit. Whereas blueberry extract consisted predominantly of anthocyanins, epicatechin and caffeoyl quinate esters, the major components of the treated extract were quercetin glucuronides and (unglucuronidated) caffeoyl quinates, with only traces of anthocyanidin derivatives. In apple extract, compositional changes were less marked, but caffeoyl quinates, procyanidins and quercetin were enriched at the expense of caffeic acid, epicatechin and catechin. Hydrophobic compounds like phloretin and quercetin were extensively glucuronidated, whereas caffeic acid and caffeoyl quinate were not. These results suggest that the major polyphenolic components of a fruit are not necessarily the most important contributors to any health benefits because the polyphenolic composition in the intestinal lumen and consequently, in the circulation, may be considerably different.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Stevenson
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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1995
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Effect of phenolic aldehydes and flavonoids on growth and inactivation of Oenococcus oeni and Lactobacillus hilgardii. Food Microbiol 2007; 25:105-12. [PMID: 17993383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of wine phenolic aldehydes, flavonoids and tannins on growth and viability of strains of Oenococcus oeni and Lactobacillus hilgardii. Cultures were grown in ethanol-containing MRS/TJ medium supplemented with different concentrations of phenolic aldehydes or flavonoids and monitored spectrophotometrically. The effect of tannins was evaluated by monitoring the progressive inactivation of cells in ethanol-containing phosphate buffer supplemented with grape seed extracts with different molecular weight tannins. Of the phenolic aldehydes tested, sinapaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde significantly inhibited the growth of O. oeni VF, while vanillin and syringaldehyde had no effect at the concentrations tested. Lact. hilgardii 5 was only inhibited by sinapaldehyde and coniferaldehyde. Among the flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol exerted an inhibitory effect especially on O. oeni VF. Myricetin and the flavan-3-ols studied (catechin and epicatechin) did not affect considerably the growth of both strains. Condensed tannins (particularly tetramers and pentamers) were found to strongly affect cell viability, especially in the case of O. oeni VF. In general, this strain was found to be more sensitive than Lact. hilgardii 5 to the phenolic compounds studied. This work contributes to the knowledge of the effect of different phenolic compounds on the activity of wine lactic acid bacteria, which, especially in the case of aldehydes and of different molecular weight fractions of tannins, is very scarce.
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1996
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Effect of industrial processing and storage on antioxidant activity of apricot (Prunus armeniaca v. bulida). Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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1997
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Bucić-Kojić A, Planinić M, Tomas S, Bilić M, Velić D. Study of solid–liquid extraction kinetics of total polyphenols from grape seeds. J FOOD ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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1998
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Ramiro-Puig E, Pérez-Cano FJ, Ramírez-Santana C, Castellote C, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Permanyer J, Franch A, Castell M. Spleen lymphocyte function modulated by a cocoa-enriched diet. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:535-42. [PMID: 17565606 PMCID: PMC2219332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the down-regulating in vitro effect of cocoa flavonoids on lymphocyte and macrophage activation. In the present paper, we report the capacity of a long-term rich cocoa diet to modulate macrophage cytokine secretion and lymphocyte function in young rats. Weaned rats received natural cocoa (4% or 10% food intake), containing 32 mg flavonoids/g, for 3 weeks. Spleen immune function was then evaluated through the analysis of lymphocyte composition, their proliferative response and their ability to secrete cytokines and Ig. In addition, the status of activated peritoneal macrophages was established through tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion. The richest cocoa diet (10%) caused a reduction of TNF-alpha secretion by peritoneal macrophages showing anti-inflammatory activity. Similarly, although a 10% cocoa diet increased lymphocyte proliferation rate, it down-regulated T helper 2 (Th2)-related cytokines and decreased Ig secretion. These changes were accompanied by an increase in spleen B cell proportion and a decrease in Th cell percentage. In summary, these results demonstrate the functional activity of a cocoa-high dosage in down-regulating the immune response that might be beneficial in hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ramiro-Puig
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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1999
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Theodoratou E, Kyle J, Cetnarskyj R, Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Barnetson R, Porteous M, Dunlop M, Campbell H. Dietary flavonoids and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:684-93. [PMID: 17416758 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo laboratory data point to chemoprotective effects of flavonoids on colorectal cancer. However, there has been limited epidemiologic research on the dietary intake of flavonoids and risk of colorectal cancer. Recent expansions of dietary databases to include flavonoid data now make such studies feasible. Association between the six main classes of flavonoids and the risk of colorectal cancer was examined using data from a national prospective case-control study in Scotland, including 1,456 incident cases and 1,456 population-based controls matched on age, sex, and residence area. Dietary, including flavonoid data, were obtained from a validated, self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Risk of colorectal cancer was estimated using conditional logistic regression models in the whole sample and stratified by sex, smoking status, and cancer site and adjusted for established and putative risk factors. After energy adjustment, reductions in colorectal cancer risk associated with the highest quartiles of intake (versus the lowest quartile) were 27% for flavonols [odds ratio (OR), 0.73; P(trend) = 0.012], 32% for quercetin (OR, 0.68; P(trend) = 0.001), 32% for catechin (OR, 0.68; P(trend) < 0.0005); 26% for epicatechin (OR, 0.74; P(trend) = 0.019), and 22% for procyanidins (OR, 0.78; P(trend) = 0.031). The significant dose-dependent reductions in colorectal cancer risk that were associated with increased consumption of flavonols, quercetin, catechin, and epicatechin remained robust after controlling for overall fruit and vegetable consumption or for other flavonoid intake. The risk reductions were greater among nonsmokers, but no interaction beyond a multiplicative effect was present. Sex-specific or cancer-type differences were not observed. No risk reductions were associated with intake of flavones (P(trend) = 0.64), flavonones (P(trend) = 0.22), and phytoestrogens (P(trend) = 0.26). This was the first of several a priori hypotheses to be tested in this large study and showed strong and linear inverse associations of flavonoids with colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evropi Theodoratou
- Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Vet Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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2000
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Tomer DP, McLeman LD, Ohmine S, Scherer PM, Murray BK, O'Neill KL. Comparison of the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Antioxidant Assays. J Med Food 2007; 10:337-44. [PMID: 17651071 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may decrease the incidence of cancer. The antioxidant activity of phytochemicals may be partially responsible for the reduced cancer risk. In this study, the antioxidant activity of several phytochemicals was compared using two different antioxidant assays: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, which measures the decrease in fluorescence decay caused by antioxidants, and the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay, which measures the decrease in ethylene production caused by antioxidants. TOSC and ORAC values were measured for 11 different phytochemicals, and values were expressed as micromol of Trolox equivalents/mg. As expected, a correlation was seen between the TOSC values and the ORAC values (R2 = 0.60). Quercitin, maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research Ltd., Geneva, Switzerland), grape skin extract, and green tea polyphenols had the highest overall antioxidant activity of the 11 phytochemicals measured. Lemon fruit and citrus bioflavonoids had the lowest overall antioxidant activity. Rutin and alpha-lipoic acid had low ORAC values but high TOSC values when compared to the other phytochemicals. The correlation between the in vitro TOSC and ORAC antioxidant assays suggests that both assays may be useful in identifying phytochemicals with high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Tomer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602-5253, USA
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