2001
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Ellson C, Davidson K, Anderson K, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. PtdIns3P binding to the PX domain of p40phox is a physiological signal in NADPH oxidase activation. EMBO J 2006; 25:4468-78. [PMID: 16990793 PMCID: PMC1589987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes plays a critical role in our defence against bacterial and fungal infections. The PX domains of two oxidase components, p47(phox) and p40(phox), are known to bind phosphoinositide products of PI3Ks but the physiological roles of these interactions are unclear. We have created mice which carry an R58A mutation in the PX domain of their p40(phox) gene, which selectively prevents binding to PtdIns3P. p40(phoxR58A/R58A) embryos do not develop normally but p40(phoxR58A/-) mice are viable and neutrophils from these animals exhibit significantly reduced oxidase responses compared to those from their p40(phox+/-) siblings (e.g. 60% reduced in response to phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus). Wortmannin inhibition of the S. aureus oxidase response correlates with inhibition of phagosomal PtdIns3P accumulation and overlaps with the reduction in this response caused by the R58A mutation, suggesting PI3K regulation of this response is substantially dependent on PtdIns3P-binding to p40(phox). p40(phoxR58A/-) mice are significantly compromised in their ability to kill S. aureus in vivo, defining the physiological importance of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ellson
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Anderson
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Len R Stephens
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK. Tel: +44 1223 496598; Fax: +44 1223 496043; E-mail:
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2002
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Ley K, Smith E, Stark MA. IL-17A-producing neutrophil-regulatory Tn lymphocytes. Immunol Res 2006; 34:229-42. [PMID: 16891673 DOI: 10.1385/ir:34:3:229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A, mainly produced by specialized T cells, plays an important homeostatic role in regulating neutrophil production and blood neutrophil counts. This review will assemble and discuss the evidence for this function of IL-17A-producing cells, which are collectively called neutrophil-regulatory T cells or Tn cells. IL-17A-producing lymphocytes are most abundant in the mesenteric lymph node, where they account for 0.15% of all lymphocytes. About 60% of the Tn cells are gammadelta T cells, about 25% NKTlike cells, and less than 15% are CD4 T cells. These latter cells are also known as T-17 or ThIL-17 cells, a subset of Tn cells that also plays an important role in autoimmune diseases. IL-17A produced by Tn cells regulates the production of G-CSF, which in turn promotes the proliferation of promyelocytes and maturation of neutrophils. This homeostatic mechanism plays an important role in normal physiology and in host defense against bacterial infections. This review is aimed at highlighting the important role of IL-17A-producing T cells at the interface between the adaptive and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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2003
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Puellmann K, Kaminski WE, Vogel M, Nebe CT, Schroeder J, Wolf H, Beham AW. A variable immunoreceptor in a subpopulation of human neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14441-6. [PMID: 16983085 PMCID: PMC1599981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603406103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are thought to rely solely on nonspecific immune mechanisms. Here we provide molecular biological, immunological, ultrastructural, and functional evidence for the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR)-based variable immunoreceptor in a 5-8% subpopulation of human neutrophils. We demonstrate that these peripheral blood neutrophils express variable and individual-specific TCRalphabeta repertoires and the RAG1/RAG2 recombinase complex. The proinflammatory cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor regulates expression of the neutrophil immunoreceptor and RAG1/RAG2 in vivo. Specific engagement of the neutrophil TCR complex protects from apoptosis and stimulates secretion of the neutrophil-activating chemokine IL-8. Our results, which also demonstrate the presence of the TCR in murine neutrophils, suggest the coexistence of a variable and an innate host defense system in mammalian neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Puellmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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2004
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Mathias JR, Perrin BJ, Liu TX, Kanki J, Look AT, Huttenlocher A. Resolution of inflammation by retrograde chemotaxis of neutrophils in transgenic zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1281-8. [PMID: 16963624 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil chemotaxis to sites of inflammation is a critical process during normal immune responses to tissue injury and infection and pathological immune responses leading to chronic inflammation. Although progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that promote neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissue, the mechanisms that regulate the resolution phase of the inflammatory response have remained relatively elusive. To define the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation in vivo, we have developed a novel transgenic zebrafish in which the neutrophils express GFP under control of the myeloperoxidase promoter (zMPO:GFP). Tissue injury induces a robust, inflammatory response, which is characterized by the rapid chemotaxis of neutrophils to the wound site. In vivo time-lapse imaging shows that neutrophils subsequently display directed retrograde chemotaxis back toward the vasculature. These findings implicate retrograde chemotaxis as a novel mechanism that regulates the resolution phase of the inflammatory response. The zMPO:GFP zebrafish provides unique insight into the mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated inflammation and thereby offers opportunities to identify new regulators of the inflammatory response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Mathias
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2715 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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2005
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Frisancho-Kiss S, Nyland JF, Davis SE, Frisancho JA, Barrett MA, Rose NR, Fairweather D. Sex differences in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis: IL-12Rbeta1 signaling and IFN-gamma increase inflammation in males independent from STAT4. Brain Res 2006; 1126:139-47. [PMID: 16949558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer of men and women in North America. Male BALB/c mice infected with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) develop more severe inflammatory heart disease compared to female mice, similar to the increased heart disease that occurs in men. We show here that increased inflammation in male mice is not due to increased viral replication in the heart, but associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-18 and IFN-gamma. We have previously reported that IL-12Rbeta1 signaling increases CVB3-induced myocarditis and IL-1beta/IL-18 levels in males, while IL-12(p35)/STAT4-induced IFN-gamma does not alter the severity of acute disease. However, whether differences exist between males and females in these two cytokine signaling pathways is unknown. In this study, we examined sex differences in 1) IL-12Rbeta1 signaling or 2) STAT4/IFN-gamma pathways following CVB3 infection in BALB/c mice. We found that male and female mice deficient in IL-12Rbeta1 had decreased inflammation and viral replication in the heart, indicating that IL-12Rbeta1 signaling increases myocarditis in both sexes. In contrast, STAT4 deficiency did not alter the sex difference in myocarditis, with males maintaining increased inflammation over females. IFN-gamma deficient males, however, had decreased myocarditis and viral replication compared to females. Thus, IFN-gamma increases inflammation in males independent from STAT4. These results demonstrate that sex differences greatly influence viral replication and the severity of acute CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Frisancho-Kiss
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 728 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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2006
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Mohamadzadeh M, Coberley SS, Olinger GG, Kalina WV, Ruthel G, Fuller CL, Swenson DL, Pratt WD, Kuhns DB, Schmaljohn AL. Activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 on human neutrophils by marburg and ebola viruses. J Virol 2006; 80:7235-44. [PMID: 16809329 PMCID: PMC1489070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00543-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV), members of the viral family Filoviridae, cause fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and nonhuman primates. High viral burden is coincident with inadequate adaptive immune responses and robust inflammatory responses, and virus-mediated dysregulation of early host defenses has been proposed. Recently, a novel class of innate receptors called the triggering receptors expressed in myeloid cells (TREM) has been discovered and shown to play an important role in innate inflammatory responses and sepsis. Here, we report that MARV and EBOV activate TREM-1 on human neutrophils, resulting in DAP12 phosphorylation, TREM-1 shedding, mobilization of intracellular calcium, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and phenotypic changes. A peptide specific to TREM-1 diminished the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha by filovirus-activated human neutrophils in vitro, and a soluble recombinant TREM-1 competitively inhibited the loss of cell surface TREM-1 that otherwise occurred on neutrophils exposed to filoviruses. These data imply direct activation of TREM-1 by filoviruses and also indicate that neutrophils may play a prominent role in the immune and inflammatory responses to filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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2007
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Matsumura K, Orita K, Wakamoto Y, Yasuda K. Phagocytic response to fully controlled plural stimulation of antigens on macrophage using on-chip microcultivation system. J Nanobiotechnology 2006; 4:7. [PMID: 16914039 PMCID: PMC1564038 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the control mechanism of innate immune response in macrophages, a series of phagocytic responses to plural stimulation of antigens on identical cells was observed. Two zymosan particles, which were used as antigens, were put on different surfaces of a macrophage using optical tweezers in an on-chip single-cell cultivation system, which maintains isolated conditions of each macrophage during their cultivation. When the two zymosan particles were attached to the macrophage simultaneously, the macrophage responded and phagocytosed both of the antigens simultaneously. In contrast, when the second antigen was attached to the surface after the first phagocytosis had started, the macrophage did not respond to the second stimulation during the first phagocytosis; the second phagocytosis started only after the first process had finished. These results indicate that (i) phagocytosis in a macrophage is not an independent process when there are plural stimulations; (ii) the response of the macrophage to the second stimulation is related to the time" delay from the first stimulation. Stimulations that occur at short time intervals resulted in simultaneous phagocytosis, while a second stimulation that is delayed long enough might be neglected until the completion of the first phagocytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Matsumura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate school of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuki Orita
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate school of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakamoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate school of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuda
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate school of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Division of Biosystems, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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2008
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Ong CHP, He Z, Kriazhev L, Shan X, Palfree RGE, Bateman A. Regulation of progranulin expression in myeloid cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1602-12. [PMID: 16873554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00616.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (pgrn; granulin-epithelin precursor, PC-cell-derived growth factor, or acrogranin) is a multifunctional secreted glycoprotein implicated in tumorigenesis, development, inflammation, and repair. It is highly expressed in macrophage and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Here we investigate its regulation in myeloid cells. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased pgrn mRNA levels in myelomonocytic cells (CD34(+) progenitors; monoblastic U-937; monocytic THP-1; progranulocytic HL-60; macrophage RAW 264.7) but not in nonmyeloid cells tested. Interleukin-4 impaired basal expression of pgrn in U-937. Differentiation agents DMSO, and, in U-937 only, phorbol ester [phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate (PMA)] elevated pgrn mRNA expression late in differentiation, suggestive of roles for pgrn in more mature terminally differentiated granulocyte/monocytes rather than during growth or differentiation. The response of pgrn mRNA to ATRA differs in U-937 and HL-60 lineages. In U-937, ATRA and chemical differentiation agents greatly increased pgrn mRNA stability, whereas, in HL-60, ATRA accelerated pgrn mRNA turnover. The initial upregulation of pgrn mRNA after stimulation with ATRA was independent of de novo protein synthesis in U-937 but not HL-60. Chemical blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation impaired ATRA-stimulated pgrn expression in HL-60 but not U-937, whereas in U-937 it blocked PMA-induced pgrn mRNA expression, suggestive of cell-specific roles for NF-kappaB in determining pgrn mRNA levels. We propose that: 1) ATRA regulates pgrn mRNA levels in myelomonocytic cells; 2) ATRA acts in a cell-specific manner involving the differential control of mRNA stability and differential requirement for NF-kappaB signaling; and 3) elevated pgrn mRNA expression is characteristic of more mature cells and does not stimulate differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H P Ong
- Endocrine Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2009
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Liu ZX, Kaplowitz N. Role of innate immunity in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:493-503. [PMID: 16859400 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is currently the single most important cause of acute liver failure in the US, and is associated with a significant number of deaths. The toxic response to APAP is triggered by a highly reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine. Following the hepatocellular initiation events, such as glutathione depletion and covalent binding, intracellular stress simultaneously activates signal transduction and transcription factor pathways that are protective or toxic (directly or through sensitisation). Subsequently, pro- and anti-inflammatory cascades of the innate immune system are simultaneously activated, the balance of which plays a major role in determining the progression and severity of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The threshold and susceptibility to APAP hepatotoxicity is determined by the interplay of injury promoting and inhibiting events downstream of the initial production of toxic metabolite. The environmental and genetic control of these intracellular and intercellular responses to toxic metabolites may be of critical importance in determining susceptibility to APAP hepatotoxicity and presumably idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Xu Liu
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA.
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2010
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Kumar S, Dikshit M. [What is your diagnosis? (Cutaneous leishmaniasis)]. Front Immunol 1983; 10:2099. [PMID: 31616403 PMCID: PMC6764236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant, short lived, and terminally differentiated leukocytes with distinct tiers of arsenals to counter pathogens. Neutrophils were traditionally considered transcriptionally inactive cells, but recent researches in the field led to a paradigm shift in neutrophil biology and revealed subpopulation heterogeneity, and functions pivotal to immunity and inflammation. Furthermore, recent unfolding of metabolic plasticity in neutrophils has challenged the long-standing concept of their sole dependence on glycolytic pathway. Metabolic adaptations and distinct regulations have been identified which are critical for neutrophil differentiation and functions. The metabolic reprogramming of neutrophils by inflammatory mediators or during pathologies such as sepsis, diabetes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases (GSDs), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer are now being explored. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding of the metabolic regulation, that may provide clues for better management and newer therapeutic opportunities for neutrophil centric immuno-deficiencies and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Sachin Kumar
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Madhu Dikshit ;
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