2151
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Haugen PK, Letourneau PC. Interleukin-2 enhances chick and rat sympathetic, but not sensory, neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci Res 1990; 25:443-52. [PMID: 2352288 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490250402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the immune and nervous systems could be important for normal development and function of both. To determine if a lymphokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2), represents a link between these two systems, sympathetic and sensory neurons from embryonic chick and neonatal rat were cultured in media containing human recombinant IL-2. In chick sympathetic chain and rat superior cervical ganglia cultures, IL-2 enhanced the number of neurons with neurites and the length of those neurites significantly over control cultures. Sensory neurons from chick and rat dorsal root ganglia were not affected by culture in IL-2. Sympathetic neuron response to IL-2 was concentration-dependent, with an optimum around 2-0.2 U/ml (100-10 pM). Immunofluorescence with an anti-IL-2 receptor antibody demonstrated specific staining of sympathetic neurons, but not sensory neurons, implying that sympathetic neurons may have a receptor for IL-2 on their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Haugen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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2152
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DeMello FG, DeMello MC, Hudson R, Klein WL. Selective expression of factors preventing cholinergic dedifferentiation. J Neurochem 1990; 54:886-92. [PMID: 2406375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb02334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chicken retina neurons from 8-9-day-old embryos developed prominent cholinergic properties after several days in stationary dispersed cell (monolayer) culture. These cells accumulated [3H]choline by a high-affinity, hemicholinium-sensitive transport system, converted [3H]choline to [3H]-acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh), released [3H]ACh in response to depolarization stimuli, and developed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity to levels comparable to those of the intact retina. The cholinergic state, however, was not permanent. After 7 days in culture, the capacity for [3H]ACh release decreased drastically and continued to diminish with longer culture periods. Loss of this capacity seemed not to be due to loss of cholinergic neurons, because high-affinity choline uptake was unchanged. However, a substantial decrease of ChAT activity was observed as a function of culture age, and probably accounted for the low level of ACh synthesis in long-lasting cultures. The loss of ChAT activity could be prevented in at least two different ways: (a) Maintaining the neurons in rotary (aggregate) rather than stationary culture completely blocked the loss of enzyme activity and gave a developmental profile identical to the known "in situ" pattern of differentiation; and (b) Conditioned medium from aggregate cultures significantly reduced the drop in ChAT activity of neurons maintained in stationary, dispersed cell cultures. Activity that stabilized cholinergic differentiation was nondialyzable, heat-sensitive, and not mimicked by functional nerve growth factor. Production of activity by aggregates was developmentally regulated; medium obtained from aggregates after 3 days in culture had no effect on cholinergic differentiation, whereas medium obtained from aggregates between 6 and 10 days in culture produced a fivefold increase of ChAT in monolayers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F G DeMello
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University Institute for Neuroscience, Evanston, IL 60208
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2153
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Perez-Polo JR, Foreman PJ, Jackson GR, Shan D, Taglialatela G, Thorpe LW, Werrbach-Perez K. Nerve growth factor and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurobiol 1990; 4:57-91. [PMID: 2076219 DOI: 10.1007/bf02935585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of neuronal cell death by the neuronotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), has been described during neural development and following injury to the nervous system. Also, reduced NGF activity has been reported for the aged NGF-responsive neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and cholinergic regions of the central nervous system (CNS) in aged rodents and man. Although there is some knowledge of the molecular structure of the NGF and its receptor, less is known as to the mechanism of action of NGF. Here, a possible role for NGF in the regulation of oxidant--antioxidant balance is discussed as part of a molecular explanation for the known effects of NGF on neuronal survival during development, after injury, and in the aged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Perez-Polo
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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2154
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Strömberg I, Wetmore CJ, Ebendal T, Ernfors P, Persson H, Olson L. Rescue of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after implantation of genetically modified cells producing recombinant NGF. J Neurosci Res 1990; 25:405-11. [PMID: 2325166 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490250318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts were genetically modified by transfection with a mammalian expression vector containing the rat beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) gene. The transfected cell line, designated 3E, contains several hundred copies of the rat NGF gene and secretes high levels of biologically active NGF. Pieces of collagen gel containing the NGF-secreting 3E cells were grafted to the brains of unilaterally fimbria-fornix-lesioned rats. Grafts of the genetically modified NGF-producing cells rescued axotomized basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and significantly reduced cholinergic cell death in the medial septum as compared with rats treated with grafts of the parental 3T3 cells. Grafted fibroblast cells were detected, and rescue effects were noted up to 6 weeks after grafting. Local effects of NGF secreted by grafted cells were also seen at the gel-brain border in the form of sprouting acetylcholinesterase immunoreactive host cortical fibers. We suggest that implantation of genetically modified cells producing NGF may have therapeutic applications in rescuing damaged central cholinergic neurons in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type as well as in providing trophic support for chromaffin tissue grafts in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Strömberg
- Department of Histology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2155
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Taglialatela G, Angelucci L, Ramacci MT, Foreman PJ, Perez-Polo JR. 125I-beta-nerve growth factor binding is reduced in rat brain after stress exposure. J Neurosci Res 1990; 25:331-5. [PMID: 2157856 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490250309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor, NGFR, in cholinergic neurons has been demonstrated. In this study we report that, after exposure to stress, there was a reduction in total binding of NGF in the hippocampus and basal forebrain of 3.5-month-old rats without significant changes in the frontal cortex or cerebellum. Chronic treatment with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR), that prevents some age-related impairments of CNS, for 1.5 months, decreased NGF binding in hippocampus and basal forebrain but abolished the stress-related reduction of NGF binding observed in the hippocampus of untreated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Taglialatela
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550-2777
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2156
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Begovac PC, Shur BD. Cell surface galactosyltransferase mediates the initiation of neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells on laminin. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1990; 110:461-70. [PMID: 2105324 PMCID: PMC2116023 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.110.2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth from PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, as well as from peripheral and central nervous system neurons in vitro, is mediated by the extracellular matrix molecule, laminin. We have recently shown that mesenchymal cell spreading and migration on laminin is mediated, in part, by the cell surface enzyme, beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase (GalTase). GalTase is localized on lamellipodia of migrating cells where it functions as a laminin receptor by binding to specific N-linked oligosaccharides in laminin (Runyan et al., 1988; Eckstein and Shur, 1989). In the present study, we examined whether GalTase functions similarly during neutrite outgrowth on laminin using biochemical and immunological analyses. PC12 neurite outgrowth was inhibited by reagents that perturb cell surface GalTase activity, including anti-GalTase IgG and Fab fragments, as well as the GalTase modifier protein alpha-lactalbumin. Control reagents had no effect on neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, blocking GalTase substrates on laminin matrices by earlier galactosyltion or enzymatic removal of GalTase substrates also inhibited neurite outgrowth. Conversely, neurite outgrowth was enhanced by the addition of UDP-galactose, which completes the GalTase enzymatic reaction, while inappropriate sugar nucleotides had no effect. The effects of all these treatments were dose and/or time dependent. Surface GalTase was shown to function during both neurite initiation and elongation, although the effects of GalTase perturbation were most striking during the initiation stages of neurite formation. Consistent with this, surface GalTase was localized by indirect immunofluorescence to the growth cone and developing neurite. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GalTase mediates the initiation of neurite outgrowth on laminin, and to a lesser extent, neurite elongation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that process extension from both mesenchymal cells and neuronal cells is partly dependent upon specific oligosaccharide residues in laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Begovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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2157
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Lefebvre PP, Leprince P, Weber T, Rigo JM, Delree P, Moonen G. Neuronotrophic effect of developing otic vesicle on cochleo-vestibular neurons: evidence for nerve growth factor involvement. Brain Res 1990; 507:254-60. [PMID: 2337765 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90279-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the developing inner ear, the existence of a neuronal death and of a peripheral target-derived trophic effect on cochleovestibular neurons has been documented. Using cultures of rat cochleovestibular neurons, we show that the E12 otic vesicle releases a factor promoting the survival and the neuritogenesis of these neurons, and that this effect is mimicked by NGF. The effect of the optic vesicle conditioned medium (OVCM) on cochleovestibular neurons is suppressed by anti-NGF antibodies. OVCM is neuronotrophic for NGF-sensitive sympathetic neurons, an effect that is also suppressed by anti-NGF antibodies, further demonstrating the presence of biologically active nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Lefebvre
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Liège, Belgium
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2158
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Bradshaw RA, Altin JG, Blaber M, Cavanaugh KP, Eveleth DD, Kornblum HI, Leslie FM, Raffioni S. Neurotrophic factors in the CNS: biosynthetic processing and functional responses. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 86:157-67. [PMID: 1965051 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Bradshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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2159
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McKinley MP, Longo FM, Valletta JS, Rahbar F, Neve RL, Prusiner SB, Mobley WC. Nerve growth factor induces gene expression of the prion protein and beta-amyloid protein precursor in the developing hamster central nervous system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 86:227-38. [PMID: 1982367 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M P McKinley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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2160
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cochrane
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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2161
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Longo FM, Vu TK, Mobley WC. The in vitro biological effect of nerve growth factor is inhibited by synthetic peptides. CELL REGULATION 1990; 1:189-95. [PMID: 2100197 PMCID: PMC361440 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.1.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF)1 is a neurotrophic polypeptide that acts via specific receptors to promote the survival and growth of neurons. To delineate the NGF domain(s) responsible for eliciting biological activity, we synthesized small peptides corresponding to three regions in NGF that are hydrophilic and highly conserved. Several peptides from mouse NGF region 26-40 inhibited the neurite-promoting effect of NGF on sensory neurons in vitro. Inhibition was sequence-specific and could be overcome by increasing the concentration of NGF. Moreover, peptide actions were specific for NGF-mediated events in that they failed to block the neurotrophic activity of ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In spite of the inhibition of NGF activity, peptides did not affect the binding of radiolabeled NGF. These studies define one region of NGF that may be required for neurotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Longo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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2162
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Milani D, Leon A, Toffano G. Culture and Use of Primary and Clonal Neural Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185254-2.50006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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2163
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2164
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Perez-Polo JR. Role of trophic factors in neuronal aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 265:101-16. [PMID: 2165730 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5876-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Perez-Polo
- Dept. of HBC & G, Univ. of Texas Medical Br., Galveston 77550-2777
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2165
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Mattson MP, Rychlik B. Glia protect hippocampal neurons against excitatory amino acid-induced degeneration: involvement of fibroblast growth factor. Int J Dev Neurosci 1990; 8:399-415. [PMID: 2251934 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(90)90073-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density cell cultures of embryonic rat hippocampus containing astrocyte-like glia and neurons were used to test the hypothesis that glia can alter 'natural' and excitatory amino acid (EAA)-induced neuronal death. Neurons contacting glia survived for longer time periods than did neurons not contacting glia. Neurons associated with glia were also protected against glutamate and kainate neurotoxicity. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-like immunoreactivity was associated with the glia. Addition to the cultures of an antiserum raised against an internal peptide fragment of FGF greatly reduced the protective effect of glia against both spontaneous and EAA-induced neurotoxicity. Contact with glia, or exposure to exogenous FGF, also protected the hippocampal neurons against Ca2+ ionophore-induced degeneration indicating that FGF enhanced the ability of neurons to handle a Ca2+ load. Taken together, these results suggest that glia surface-associated FGF may play important roles in hippocampal development, and in neurodegenerative conditions that involve EAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Mattson
- Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging, Lexington, KY
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2166
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Maestripieri D, De Simone R, Aloe L, Alleva E. Social status and nerve growth factor serum levels after agonistic encounters in mice. Physiol Behav 1990; 47:161-4. [PMID: 2326332 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90056-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ten repeated daily interactions (20 min each) of the same pairs of isolated male mice produced a clear distinction between attacking (dominant) and defeated (subordinate) animals. The fighting level remained fairly constant over the 10 days. One hr after the end of the 10th session, the increase in serum NGF levels described previously (2) was significantly more marked in subordinate than in dominant mice. The mean level of serum NGF was correlated with the number of fighting episodes, particularly in the case of dominant individuals. Moreover, within-pair differences in NGF values were correlated with differences in locomotor activity between dominants and subordinates; this makes it possible that stimuli other than those produced by fighting per se may be responsible for the increase in circulating NGF. As is well known, the adrenal hypertrophy produced by fighting stress is more marked in subordinate than in dominant mice, while previous work has shown that stress of a nonpsychosocial kind does not elevate serum NGF levels. Therefore, the present data support the hypothesis that NGF release contributes to the modulation of adrenal function in a situation-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maestripieri
- Section of Behavioral Pathophysiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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2167
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Mangoura D, Sakellaridis N, Vernadakis A. Evidence for plasticity in neurotransmitter expression in neuronal cultures derived from 3-day-old chick embryo. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 51:93-101. [PMID: 2297896 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(90)90261-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the developmental profiles of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) bio- and immunocytochemically, assessing GABAergic and cholinergic neuronal phenotypes respectively, in neuroblast-enriched cultures from 3-day-old chick embryo, plated on poly-L-lysine. We have also reported that collagen as culture substrate inhibits neuronal aggregation and neuritic fasciculation in this culture system. In this study we assessed the same parameters for cultures on collagen. In addition, we evaluated the effects of nerve growth factors (NGF) on cholinergic and GABAergic expression on neurons plated either on polylysine or collagen. We found that non-neuronal cells and NGF prolonged the survival of cholinergic and GABAergic neuronal populations and that both markedly stimulated GABAergic expression. In contrast, cholinergic expression was only enhanced by NGF. Immunostaining for GABA and ChAT reflected the biochemical findings. Glutamine synthetase and cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase, used as markers for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively, showed very low activity in both substrata and were not related to GAD or ChAT peak activities. Our findings suggest that humoral factors and cell-cell contacts markedly influence neuronal phenotypic expression in culture. Moreover, it appears that during early neuronal differentiation GABAergic neurons are more responsive to microenvironmental regulation compared to cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mangoura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262
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2168
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Abstract
In this review we report the distribution and functional significance of growth factors in the eye. Representatives of the major growth factor families are found in the eye: fibroblast growth factor, insulin and insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor and colony-stimulating factor. There are numerous examples of their actions on ocular tissues in vitro and in some cases in vivo. The findings presented clearly illustrate that a growth factor can elicit different responses depending on the context of its action; the cell type involved, the concentration of the growth factor and the presence or absence of other growth factors can all influence the cellular response both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of these studies in the eye are of general significance to our understanding of the role of growth factors in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McAvoy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Sydney, Australia
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2169
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Torres-Aleman I, Naftolin F, Robbins RJ. Trophic effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on fetal rat hypothalamic cells in culture. Neuroscience 1990; 35:601-8. [PMID: 2199843 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-I is a trophic factor for primary fetal rat hypothalamic cells was tested, since we previously reported a potent mitogenic effect of this peptide on virally-transformed hypothalamic cells. It was found that insulin-like growth factor-I produced significant and dose-dependent increases in the survival of fetal hypothalamic neurons in primary mixed glial/neuronal cultures. By 48 h in vitro, cultures treated with insulin-like growth factor-I (6 nM) had twice as many neurite-bearing cells as controls, while by day 15 a five-fold difference was present. The peptide was similarly active in promoting neuronal survival in neuron-enriched (98% neurons) hypothalamic cultures. Mixed hypothalamic cultures had specific binding sites for insulin-like growth factor-I. In addition, the neurons grown in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-I had a more differentiated morphology and had significantly higher levels of protein kinase C, an enzyme that increases during neurite formation and synaptogenesis. Finally, glial-enriched cultures (greater than 99% glial cells) obtained from the fetal hypothalamus showed increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to insulin-like growth factor-I. These results further support the contention that insulin-like growth factor-I is a neurotrophic factor and suggest that it may participate in the normal development of the hypothalamus by increasing neuronal survival/differentiation and stimulating glial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Torres-Aleman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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2170
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Werrbach-Perez K, Jackson G, Marchetti D, Morgan B, Thorpe L, Perez-Polo JR. Growth factor-mediated protection in aging CNS. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 86:183-94. [PMID: 1965052 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Werrbach-Perez
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550-2777
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2171
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Hewitt AT, Lindsey JD, Carbott D, Adler R. Photoreceptor survival-promoting activity in interphotoreceptor matrix preparations: characterization and partial purification. Exp Eye Res 1990; 50:79-88. [PMID: 2307198 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(90)90013-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that many types of cells are dependent on trophic factors for their survival. We are investigating whether photoreceptor survival may also be dependent upon such a factor, as well as the possibility that the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), which lies between the outer retina and the RPE, may be a source of photoreceptor survival-promoting activities. Well-characterized cultures of embryonic chick retinal neurons and photoreceptors, in which the photoreceptors spontaneously degenerate between 7 and 10 days in culture, were used to test this hypothesis. Crude extracts of IPM were found to support three- to fourfold increases in photoreceptor survival in 10-day cultures. This response was dose-dependent, saturable, and specific for photoreceptors, since there was no difference in the number of non-photoreceptor neurons between treated and control cultures. This photoreceptor survival-promoting activity (PSPA) may function when present either as a substratum-bound molecule or as a medium supplement. PSPA is heat labile, sensitive to freeze-thawing, and stable only within a very narrow pH range. The activity binds to heparin affinity columns but, in contrast to the behavior of growth factors such as FGF, it can be eluted from the columns at low salt concentrations (0.5 M NaCl). PSPA is eluted from a Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration column in two regions with Mr = 400-450 kDa and 33 kDa, respectively. SDS-gel electrophoresis suggests that the high molecular weight activity is composed of aggregates of lower molecular weight molecules. While this factor has not been purified to homogeneity, the combination of heparin-agarose affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose columns results in 720-fold purification of the activity, with one unit of PSPA activity corresponding to 40 ng protein. This partial purification is accompanied by substantial reduction in the complexity of protein patterns in silver-stained SDS-gels. These findings are potentially important since a macromolecular factor promoting photoreceptor survival could play a role in the normal development of the retina, and could also further our understanding of retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Hewitt
- Retinal Degenerations Research Center, Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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2172
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Skaper SD, Vantini G, Facci L, Leon A. Monosialogangliosides and their action in modulating neuroplastic behaviors of neuronal cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 265:197-204. [PMID: 2198773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5876-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S D Skaper
- Fidia Research Laboratories, Abano Terme, Italy
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2173
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Lein PJ, Higgins D. Laminin and a basement membrane extract have different effects on axonal and dendritic outgrowth from embryonic rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. Dev Biol 1989; 136:330-45. [PMID: 2479584 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the effects of laminin and a basement membrane extract (BME) on the morphology of embryonic rat sympathetic neurons maintained in tissue culture in the absence of nonneuronal cells. Neurons were grown on polylysine-coated coverslips in the presence or absence of laminin or BME in serum-free medium. Axons were distinguished from dendrites using intracellular dye injections, immunocytochemistry, and [3H]uridine autoradiography. In short-term (less than or equal to 24 hr) culture, laminin had a potent neurite-promoting effect, causing increases in the number of processes, total neuritic length, and neuritic branching. In long-term (3-35 days) cultures chronically exposed to laminin, most (greater than 75%) neurons maintained supernumerary axons but failed to form dendrites. In contrast, most neurons (greater than 70%) grown in long-term culture on polylysine in the absence of laminin were unipolar, extending a single axon. BME caused sympathetic neurons to extend multiple (range, 1-15) dendrites. Morphometric measurements made after 1 month of exposure to BME indicated that the amount of dendritic growth that occurred in vitro was similar to that normally occurring during a comparable period in situ. BME did not cause changes in the number of axons per neuron or in the uptake of neurotransmitter. Preliminary characterization of the dendrite-promoting activity of BME suggests that it resides in extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and not in low-molecular weight contaminants. These observations indicate that (1) axonal and dendritic growth may be differentially regulated by various constituents of the ECM, and (2) such process-specific interactions can significantly affect the morphological development of sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lein
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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2174
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Otten U, Ehrhard P, Peck R. Nerve growth factor induces growth and differentiation of human B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:10059-63. [PMID: 2557615 PMCID: PMC298643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to affect peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons as well as defined populations of neurons in the central nervous system. This paper presents evidence that NGF is also active in modulation of B-cell-mediated immune responses. NGF receptors were immunoprecipitated from highly purified human B-cell populations, and to a lesser extent, from T-cell populations, by using a monoclonal antibody recognizing NGF receptors present on neural cells. NGF receptors were also detected in significant amounts in human spleen and lymph node tissue. In addition, NGF induced a dose-dependent increase in B-cell DNA synthesis as determined by incorporation of [3H]thymidine. This B-cell growth-promoting activity was inhibited by a neutralizing anti-NGF monoclonal antibody. Immunoglobulin secretion, principally affecting IgM synthesis, was also modulated by NGF. The concentrations that affected B-cell proliferation are consistent with the presence of functional high-affinity NGF receptors. The results suggest that NGF, in addition to its neurotrophic function, also acts as an immunoregulatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Otten
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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2175
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Volonté C, Rukenstein A, Loeb DM, Greene LA. Differential inhibition of nerve growth factor responses by purine analogues: correlation with inhibition of a nerve growth factor-activated protein kinase. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:2395-403. [PMID: 2553745 PMCID: PMC2115883 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.109.5.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine analogues were used in this study to dissect specific steps in the mechanism of action of nerve growth factor (NGF). Protein kinase N (PKN) is an NGF-activated serine protein kinase that is active in the presence of Mn++. The activity of PKN was inhibited in vitro by purine analogues, the most effective of which was 6-thioguanine (apparent Ki = 6 microM). Several different criteria indicated that 6-thioguanine is not a general inhibitor of protein kinases and that it is relatively specific for PKN. For instance, it did not affect protein kinases A or C and was without effect on the overall level and pattern of protein phosphorylation by either intact or broken PC12 cells. Since purine analogues rapidly and effectively enter cells, they were also assessed for their actions on both transcription-dependent and -independent responses of PC12 cells to NGF. NGF-promoted neurite regeneration was reversibly suppressed by the analogues and at concentrations very similar to those that inhibit PKN. Comparable concentrations of the analogues also blocked NGF-stimulated induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity. In contrast to its inhibition of neurite regeneration and ornithine decarboxylase induction, 6-thioguanine did not suppress NGF-dependent induction of c-fos mRNA expression. Thus, purine analogues such as 6-thioguanine appear capable of differentially suppressing some, but not other actions of NGF. These findings suggest the presence of multiple pathways in the NGF mechanism and that these can be dissected with purine analogues. Moreover, these data are compatible with a role for protein kinase N in certain of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Volonté
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York 10032
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2176
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Mobley WC, Woo JE, Edwards RH, Riopelle RJ, Longo FM, Weskamp G, Otten U, Valletta JS, Johnston MV. Developmental regulation of nerve growth factor and its receptor in the rat caudate-putamen. Neuron 1989; 3:655-64. [PMID: 2561975 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In prior studies, nerve growth factor (NGF) administration induced a robust, selective increase in the neurochemical differentiation of caudate-putamen cholinergic neurons. In this study, expression of NGF and its receptor was examined to determine whether endogenous NGF might serve as a neurotrophic factor for these neurons. The temporal pattern of NGF gene expression and the levels of NGF mRNA and protein were distinct from those found in other brain regions. NGF and high-affinity NGF binding were present during cholinergic neurochemical differentiation and persisted into adult-hood. An increase in NGF binding during the third postnatal week was correlated with increasing choline acetyltransferase activity. The data are consistent with a role for endogenous NGF in the development and, possibly, the maintenance of caudate-putamen cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Mobley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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2177
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Glanzman DL, Kandel ER, Schacher S. Identified target motor neuron regulates neurite outgrowth and synapse formation of aplysia sensory neurons in vitro. Neuron 1989; 3:441-50. [PMID: 2642005 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine the influence that an appropriate target cell has on the axonal structure of a presynaptic neuron in vivo, we examined the morphologies of individual Aplysia sensory neurons in dissociated cell culture in the presence or absence of identified target motor neurons. We find that an appropriate target, the motor cell L7, regulates the morphological differentiation of the presynaptic sensory neurons in two ways: the target induces the axons of the sensory neurons to develop a more elaborate structure and to form active zones, and the target guides the outgrowth of the sensory neurons. The influence of the appropriate target, L7, on the morphological differentiation of sensory neurons appears to be related to the formation of chemical synaptic connections between the sensory neurons and L7, since sensory neurons co-cultured with an inappropriate target motor neuron do not exhibit a comparable elaboration of their axonal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Glanzman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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2178
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Abstract
Neurotrophic molecules have a profound influence on developmental events such as naturally occurring cell death, differentiation, and process outgrowth. Despite their striking effects on developing neurons, a role for these molecules in the pathogenesis or therapy of neurological disease has not yet been defined. However, a variety of recent advances promise to provide the techniques necessary to assess the potential relevance of neurotrophic molecules to clinical neurology. In this article we review recent investigations into the biological effects, regulation of production, and mechanisms of action of the best characterized trophic molecule, nerve growth factor. In addition we review studies characterizing brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other putative neurotrophic molecules. Finally, we discuss how pharmacological effects of these molecules may be relevant to the therapy of disease states as well as neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Snider
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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2179
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Skaper SD, Leon A, Toffano G. Ganglioside function in the development and repair of the nervous system. From basic science to clinical application. Mol Neurobiol 1989; 3:173-99. [PMID: 2684226 DOI: 10.1007/bf02935630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides play important roles in the normal physiological operations of the nervous system, in particular that of the brain. Changes in ganglioside composition occur in the mammalian brain not only during development, but also in aging and in several neuropathological situations. Gangliosides may modulate the ability of the brain to modify its response to cues or signals from the microenvironment. For example, cultured neurons are known to respond to exogenous ganglioside with changes characteristic of cell differentiation. Gangliosides can amplify the responses of neurons to extrinsic protein factors (neuronotrophic factors) that are normal constituents of the neuron's environment. The systemic administration of monosialoganglioside also potentiates trophic actions in vivo and improves neural responses following various types of injury to the adult mammalian central nervous system. The possible molecular mechanism(s) underlying the ganglioside effects may reflect an action in modulating ligand-receptor linked transfer of information across the plasma membrane of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Skaper
- Fidia Research Laboratories, Department of CNS Research, Abano Terme, Italy
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2180
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Vantini G, Schiavo N, Di Martino A, Polato P, Triban C, Callegaro L, Toffano G, Leon A. Evidence for a physiological role of nerve growth factor in the central nervous system of neonatal rats. Neuron 1989; 3:267-73. [PMID: 2484338 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Forebrain cholinergic neurons have been shown to respond in vivo to administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) with a prominent and selective increase of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. This has suggested that NGF can act as a trophic factor for these neurons. To test this hypothesis directly, anti-NGF antibodies (and their Fab fragments) were intracerebroventricularly injected into neonatal rats to neutralize endogenously occurring NGF. The anti-NGF antibody administration produced a decrease of ChAT activity in the hippocampus, septal area, cortex, and striatum of rat pups. This finding was substantiated by a concomitant decrease of immunopositive staining for ChAT in the septal area. These effects indicate that the occurrence of endogenous NGF in the CNS is physiologically relevant for regulating the function of forebrain cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vantini
- Fidia Research Laboratories, Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, Italy
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2181
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Mobley WC. Nerve growth factor in Alzheimer's disease: to treat or not to treat? Neurobiol Aging 1989; 10:578-80; discussion 588-90. [PMID: 2812231 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(89)90135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several hypotheses can be proposed to link neurotrophic factors with neurodegenerative diseases. Not surprisingly, different hypotheses suggest completely different approaches to therapy; some would suggest use of neurotrophic factors, while others would propose that the actions of these factors be blocked. It has been suggested that NGF be used to prevent the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). At this time it is not possible to conclude whether or not NGF is implicated in the causation or progression of this disorder. Nevertheless, experimental studies in animals have given a strong rationale for its use. Given the lack of an effective treatment for this disorder, the careful approach to NGF trials outlined by an ad hoc committee of the National Institute on Aging should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Mobley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco 94143
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2182
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Abstract
Defects in essential trophic interactions represent one possible explanation for the systems degenerations that occur in Alzheimer's as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. Since a multiplicity of neural pathways are affected in Alzheimer's disease, it is likely that more than one neurotrophic factor may be implicated. Through modern approaches in cell and molecular biology, it may be possible to identify such factors and to more precisely study their role in both sustaining neural connections, and in diseases involving those connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Wainer
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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2183
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Rakowicz-Szulczynska EM, Koprowski H. Antagonistic effect of PDGF and NGF on transcription of ribosomal DNA and tumor cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 163:649-56. [PMID: 2775292 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which NGF and PDGF affect growth of tumor cells was tested in human melanoma WM 266-4 and colorectal carcinoma SW 707 cell lines. We present evidence that NGF translocated to the nucleus and bound to the chromatin of SW 707 cells, which express the cell surface and the chromatin receptor for NGF, inhibits ribosomal RNA synthesis which in consequence leads to inhibition of cell proliferation. In WM 266-4 cells, which do not express NGF receptor, NGF does not affect cell proliferation. In contrast, PDGF translocated to the nucleus of both SW 707 and WM 266-4 cells activates ribosomal RNA synthesis. We report here that NGF abolishes PDGF-activated ribosomal RNA synthesis and PDGF-stimulated growth of tumor cells.
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2184
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Aloe L. Adrenalectomy decreases nerve growth factor in young adult rat hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5636-40. [PMID: 2664787 PMCID: PMC297679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of adrenalectomy on the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus and on the distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in forebrain cholinergic neurons of developing rats was studied. Biological and immunohistochemical determinations indicated that in 40-day-old rats, adrenalectomy reduced the NGF level in the hippocampus and the choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the septal lateral bands. Furthermore, autoradiographic studies showed that adrenalectomy causes changes in the distribution and expression of NGF receptors in the hippocampus. These results suggest that adrenal hormones are involved in the regulation of the NGF level in the hippocampus and of NGF receptors in the septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aloe
- Istituto di Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca, Rome, Italy
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2185
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Aebischer P, Salessiotis AN, Winn SR. Basic fibroblast growth factor released from synthetic guidance channels facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration across long nerve gaps. J Neurosci Res 1989; 23:282-9. [PMID: 2769793 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490230306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) has been shown to enhance the in vitro survival and neurite extension of various types of neurons including dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells. Alpha-1 glycoprotein (alpha 1-GP), an acute phase reactant, has been reported to enhance the in vitro neuritic extensions of chick DRG cells. In the present study, we investigated the ability of synthetic nerve guidance channels, which release sustained controlled amounts of b-FGF and/or alpha 1-GP, to support the regeneration of a transected peripheral nerve over a 15 mm long gap, a distance that does not permit regeneration in conventional polymeric tubes. Tubes releasing bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome C, BSA and b-FGF, BSA and denatured b-FGF, BSA and alpha 1-GP, or BSA, b-FGF, and alpha 1-GP were fabricated by a dip-molding technique. In vitro kinetic studies of protein release from these channels showed an initial burst during the 1st day, followed by a linear release for at least 2 weeks thereafter. In vitro studies indicated that the b-FGF released from the polymer was biologically active as assessed by the ability of channels releasing b-FGF to induce neurite extensions in PC12 cells. For in vivo studies, the various types of tubes were used as nerve guidance channels for the repair of a 15 mm nerve gap in the sciatic nerve of rats. Four weeks postimplantation, only the tubes releasing b-FGF or b-FGF and alpha 1-GP displayed regenerated cables bridging both nerve stumps, which contained nerve fascicles with myelinated and unmyelinated axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aebischer
- Artificial Organ Laboratory, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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2186
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that target-derived molecules play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal survival during development. These molecules, termed neurotrophic factors, are thought to act in specific ways as defined by the neurotrophic theory. One central tenet of the neurotrophic theory is that some neurons in a population die because trophic molecules are available in only limited amounts during periods of naturally occurring cell death. Delivery of trophic factor to nerve terminals could be regulated by several mechanisms, including, for example, limited production (biosynthesis) by target cells, limited release by targets, or limited uptake by pre-synaptic terminals. An examination of recent studies of motoneuron development indicates that motoneurons compete, via axonal branching and synaptic contacts, for restricted sites on targets that provide access to trophic factors. According to this view, it is terminal branches and contact ('synaptic') sites that limit the regulation of neuronal survival, rather than trophic factor production.
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2187
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Clegg DO, Large TH, Bodary SC, Reichardt LF. Regulation of nerve growth factor mRNA levels in developing rat heart ventricle is not altered by sympathectomy. Dev Biol 1989; 134:30-7. [PMID: 2471662 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons is known to be controlled by nerve growth factor (NGF) supplied by the targets of innervation, yet little is known about how target NGF synthesis is regulated. We have investigated the pattern of NGF mRNA expression in developing rat heart ventricle using a sensitive RNA blotting procedure. We find that the concentration of NGF mRNA increases steadily from Embryonic Day 17 to peak levels at 10-14 days postnatal and then declines about twofold and stabilizes at the level found in adults. The rise in NGF mRNA concentration correlates with the arrival and differentiation of sympathetic nerve terminals in the heart and the cessation of sympathetic cell death. To assess the role of innervating sympathetic neurons in regulating NGF mRNA expression, neonatal rats were sympathectomized by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine and heart ventricles were assayed for NGF message. Although this treatment reduced ventricle norepinephrine content by 82%, no significant change in NGF mRNA concentration was observed. These results suggest that the developmental program of NGF mRNA production in the heart is not influenced by innervating sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Clegg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Neuroscience Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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2188
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Batchelor PE, Armstrong DM, Blaker SN, Gage FH. Nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase colocalization in neurons within the rat forebrain: response to fimbria-fornix transection. J Comp Neurol 1989; 284:187-204. [PMID: 2546981 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902840204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that magnocellular cholinergic basal forebrain neurons are trophically responsive to nerve growth factor (NGF) and contain NGF receptors (NGFr), the exact distribution of forebrain NGFr-immunoreactive neurons and the degree to which cholinergic neurons are colocalized with them have remained in question. In this study we employed a very sensitive double-labelling method and examined in the same tissue section the distribution and cellular features of NGFr-positive and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunolabelled neurons within the rat basal forebrain. Throughout this region the majority of magnocellular basal forebrain neurons were immunoreactive for both NGFr and ChAT. However, a small percentage of neurons in the ventral portion of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca were immunoreactive only for NGFr, whereas a larger population of magnocellular neurons in the substantia innominata exhibited only ChAT immunoreactivity. No NGFr-immunoreactive cells were found associated with ChAT-positive neurons in the striatum, neocortex, or hippocampus, and no single-labelled NGFr-immunoreactive neurons were found outside the basal forebrain area, except for a large number of positive-labelled cells along the ventricular walls of the third ventricle. In addition to its function in maintaining the normal integrity of the basal forebrain and cholinergic, peripheral sympathetic, and neural-crest-derived sensory neurons, NGF may also have a role in the growth of these neurons after damage to the nervous system. To examine this postulate the hippocampus was denervated of its septal input and examined 8 weeks later. Two populations of neurons were found to have undergone collateral sprouting--namely, the midline magnocellular cholinergic neurons of the dorsal hippocampus and the sympathetic noradrenergic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. Both of these neuronal populations also stained strongly for NGFr. In contrast, the small intrinsic cholinergic neurons of the hippocampus exhibited neither sprouting response nor staining for NGFr. In view of these results, we suggest that the differing sprouting responses demonstrated by these three neuronal populations may be due to their responsiveness to NGF, as indicated by the presence or absence of NGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Batchelor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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2189
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Escandon E, Chao MV. Developmental expression of the chicken nerve growth factor receptor gene during brain morphogenesis. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1989; 47:187-96. [PMID: 2545373 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(89)90175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural development proceeds in an ordered fashion in which a variety of genetic and epigenetic factors exert an influence at well defined times. Using a cloned chicken genomic fragment for the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, we have detected strong expression in chicken brain at early stages of embryonic development. Expression of the receptor gene was greatly diminished at birth. This pattern of NGF receptor mRNA level was observed in all cranial regions and was further correlated with the appearance and disappearance of cell surface receptors. The transient developmental expression of NGF receptors in chick brain and the requirement for receptors to mediate NGF's effects suggests that NGF may possess a broader range of actions during development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Escandon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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2190
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Hallböök F, Persson H, Barbany G, Ebendal T. Development and regional expression of chicken neuroleukin (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) messenger RNA. J Neurosci Res 1989; 23:142-51. [PMID: 2754762 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490230204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroleukin (NLK) is a protein identical with the glycolytic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) that has been reported to support the survival of a subpopulation of neurons in embryonic dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord neurons in culture. In this report we have studied the developmental expression of NLK mRNA in the chick embryo in order to evaluate its possible role as a neurotrophic factor. The chicken gene encoding NLK was isolated by cross-hybridization to a mouse NLK cDNA clone. A DNA fragment from the chicken NLK gene with a 90% nucleotide sequence homology to mouse NLK cDNA encoding amino acids 310-355 was then used as a hybridization probe in a series of RNA-blots. In the entire embryo NLK mRNA was found already at embryonic day 3.5 (E3.5) and the level of expression was significantly decreased between E3.5 and hatching. Roughly similar levels of NLK mRNA were found in all tissues of the E8 embryo analyzed with the exception of the brain, which contained only low levels. When the developmental expression was analyzed in different tissues separately, NLK mRNA expression was found to decrease during development in the heart and bursa of Fabricius, whereas the level of mRNA in the brain showed a large increase shortly after hatching. The spinal cord and the pectoral and femoral muscles all showed high levels of NLK mRNA throughout development. In the adult chick, the highest levels of NLK mRNA were found in the muscle, brain, and kidney, where the NLK mRNA was estimated to account for approximately 0.1% of the total mRNA in these tissues. A widespread expression of NLK mRNA was observed in the adult brain with approximately similar levels in all brain regions tested. Similar results were also obtained when NLK mRNA expression was analyzed in adult rats. Our results show that developmental expression of the NLK gene is independently regulated in different tissues. The widespread and abundant expression of both the avian and rodent NLK gene is in accordance with its newly discovered identity as a glycolytic enzyme. Consequently, the developmental and adult pattern of NLK mRNA expression does not favour a specific trophic role for this protein in accordance with other known neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hallböök
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2191
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Mizrachi Y. Neurotrophic activity of monomeric glucophosphoisomerase was blocked by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and peptides from HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. J Neurosci Res 1989; 23:217-24. [PMID: 2547084 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490230212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucophosphoisomerase (GPI), a glycolytic enzyme, was recently described to share 90% sequence homology with neuroleukin, a recently discovered growth factor which promotes motor neuron regeneration in vivo, survival of peripheral and central neurons in vitro, and affects B cell immunoglobulin synthesis. Interestingly, neuroleukin activity was described to be antagonized by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp120), with which neuroleukin was found to share partial sequence homology. In this study, reduced GPI demonstrated similar activity to neuroleukin in a novel bioassay using human and rat neuroblastoma cell lines. In the presence of reduced GPI, these cells were found to differentiate, in terms of enhanced neurite extension at a reduced proliferation rate. These results demonstrate the existence of a novel growth factor activity of an evolutionary ancient enzyme. The nonreduced commercial form of GPI, probably the dimer, was found to be inactive in this bioassay. Using the neuroblastoma cells model system, we further investigated the significance of the region of homology to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) as the putative binding site of GPI to its receptor on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mizrachi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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2192
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Ernfors P, Ebendal T, Olson L, Mouton P, Strömberg I, Persson H. A cell line producing recombinant nerve growth factor evokes growth responses in intrinsic and grafted central cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:4756-60. [PMID: 2734317 PMCID: PMC287352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.12.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat beta nerve growth factor (NGF) gene was inserted into a mammalian expression vector and cotransfected with a plasmid conferring resistance to neomycin into mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. From this transfection a stable cell line was selected that contains several hundred copies of the rat NGF gene and produces excess levels of recombinant NGF. Such genetically modified cells were implanted into the rat brain as a probe for in vivo effects of NGF on central nervous system neurons. In a model of the cortical cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease, we demonstrate a marked increase in the survival of, and fiber outgrowth from, grafts of fetal basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, as well as stimulation of fiber formation by intact adult intrinsic cholinergic circuits in the cerebral cortex. Adult cholinergic interneurons in intact striatum also sprout vigorously toward implanted fibroblasts. Our results suggest that this model has implications for future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ernfors
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2193
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Ernfors P, Henschen A, Olson L, Persson H. Expression of nerve growth factor receptor mRNA is developmentally regulated and increased after axotomy in rat spinal cord motoneurons. Neuron 1989; 2:1605-13. [PMID: 2560649 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization histochemistry and RNA blot analysis were used to study expression of nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) mRNA in rat spinal cord motoneurons. The results show that NGF-R mRNA is expressed at high levels in rat spinal cord motoneurons at the time of naturally occurring cell death. This expression is sustained, but reduced, during synapse formation and is subsequently greatly reduced in the adult spinal cord. A unilateral crush lesion of the sciatic nerve resulted in an 8-fold increase in NGF-R mRNA in adult rat spinal cord motoneurons 3 days after lesion, compared with the nonlesioned side. NGF-R mRNA induction was even more pronounced 7 and 14 days after lesion, reaching levels 12 times higher than those on the nonlesioned side. However, 6 weeks after lesion, when the motor function of the leg was largely restored, NGF-R expression had decreased to levels similar to those on the contralateral side. We therefore suggest that NGF-R mediates a trophic or axonal guidance function for developing and regenerating spinal cord motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ernfors
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2194
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Sunday ME, Isselbacher KJ, Gattoni-Celli S, Willett CG. Altered growth of a human neuroendocrine carcinoma line after transfection of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:4700-4. [PMID: 2660144 PMCID: PMC287339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.12.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are known to serve as recognition elements for cytotoxic T cells in mediating the rejection of transplanted tumors. We demonstrate that MHC molecules may have nonimmune functions in modulating tumor cell growth in addition to their classical role in antitumor immunity. A human neuroendocrine carcinoma cell line, COLO 320, with low levels of endogenous class I expression was transfected with the murine H-2Ld gene. Eleven independent stable clones were established, four containing only pRSV-neo and seven also containing varying copy numbers of the transfected Ld gene. The ability of the different clones to grow as colonies in soft agar correlated strongly with the relative amounts of Ld antigen expression (r = 0.89; P less than 0.001). There was a weaker correlation between increased clonogenic ability and higher levels of Ld mRNA (r = 0.67; P less than 0.05). There was no correlation between clonogenic ability and relative expression of amplified c-myc gene or of integrated pRSV-neo. Furthermore, in nude mice, Ld antigen expression was associated with increased formation of metastatic lung colonies 6 weeks after intravenous injection of 10(5) cells. These observations are consistent with the concept that MHC class I antigens may have a role in modulating the growth potential of certain tumor cells independent of their involvement in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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2195
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Kanje M, Skottner A, Sjöberg J, Lundborg G. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) stimulates regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res 1989; 486:396-8. [PMID: 2731041 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was tested on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve after a crush lesion. IGF-I was administered via miniosmotic pumps to the dorsal root ganglia or locally around the crush lesion. Regeneration of sensory fibers was measured after 3 or 4 days superfusion by pinching. IGF-I stimulated regeneration in both administration paradigms. Regeneration was inhibited if the nerve was perfused with specific antibodies to native IGF-I. The results suggest that endogenous extracellular IGF-I plays an important role during regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanje
- Department of Zoophysiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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2196
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Sjöberg J, Kanje M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) as a stimulator of regeneration in the freeze-injured rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res 1989; 485:102-8. [PMID: 2720394 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) on the ability of the rat sciatic nerve to regenerate into a freeze-injured nerve segment was investigated. The freeze-injured segment was perfused for 6 days with Ringer solution and different concentrations of IGF-1, dispensed by a subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump. At a pump concentration of 50, 100 and 200 micrograms IGF-1/ml the regeneration length increased with 14, 25 and 26%, respectively, as measured by the pinch test and by immunocytochemical staining for neurofilaments (NF) in the growing neurites. Schwann cells invading the freeze-injured segment were visualized by immunostaining for S-100 protein. In nerves perfused with Ringer solution alone the Schwann cells were present as far as the neurites had regenerated, while neurites seemed to grow slightly ahead of the Schwann cells in the nerves perfused with IGF-1. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine increased in IGF-1-treated nerves. However, IGF-1 perfusion did not increase thymidine incorporation when outgrowth of neurites was detained by a transection proximal to the freeze-injured area. The results suggest that IGF-1 affects regeneration by local stimulation of the growing neurites and that IGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of non-neuronal cells indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sjöberg
- Department of Zoophysiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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2197
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Abstract
Currently, regeneration chambers, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and related peptides, and gangliosides appear to be the most promising therapies in the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration, growth, and repair. Regeneration chambers enhance rat sciatic nerve regeneration in vivo after transection by providing a structurally organized and protected preformed space within which nerve fibers are exposed to macromolecular compounds which direct and enhance nerve growth. ACTH and related peptides, independent of their corticotropic activities, increase the availability of structural proteins to the axon terminal in rats subjected to nerve crush injuries and demonstrate inotropic effects in adrenalectomized and/or hypophysectomized rats. Exogenously administered gangliosides promote neuronal sprouting, regeneration, and reinnervation in experimental situations and have undergone clinical testing in acute and chronic peripheral nerve disorders. At the current dosage levels and schedules, the clinical results of ganglioside therapy have been mixed. The success of the experimental studies supports further clinical testing of these therapies in peripheral nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Horowitz
- Department of Neurology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11042
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2198
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Wu K, Black I. Regulation of Synaptic Molecular Architecture in a Rat Sympathetic Ganglion and Hippocampus. J Cogn Neurosci 1989; 1:194-200. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExtensive evidence suggests that the synapse, the communicative organelle between neurons, plays a pivotal role in learning and memory. To begin defining epigenetic factors that potentially regulate molecular structure of the synapse, we have been studying a relatively simple model system, the rat sympathetic, superior cervical ganglion. Initially, we focused on the postsynaptic density (PSD), a disc-shaped structure in the postsynaptic neuron (see cover illustration). Previously, we found that trans-synaptic impulse activity regulates the predominant PSD protein molecule (PSDp). We now examine two related questions. Do other factors influence c synaptic structure independent of presynaptic innervation? Conversely, does denervation alter synaptic molecular structure in the hippocampus, as in the ganglion? Our studies indicate that the trophic protein, nerve growth factor, that governs sympathetic development and mature function, regulates the PSDp in normal and denervated ganglia. Consequently, synaptic structure in the periphery is, indeed, regulated by multiple factors. In the brain, fimbria-fornix lesions, which partially denervate the hippocampus, significantly reduce the hippocampal PSDp. We conclude that presynaptic innervation regulates synaptic structure in the hippocampus, as well as the periphery. More generally, epigenetic factors apparently regulate synaptic structure, potentially providing a molecular mechanism for information storage at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wu
- Cornell University, Medical College
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2199
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Abemayor E, Sidell N. Human neuroblastoma cell lines as models for the in vitro study of neoplastic and neuronal cell differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1989; 80:3-15. [PMID: 2538324 PMCID: PMC1567609 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.89803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood solid tumor composed of primitive cells derived from precursors of the autonomic nervous system. This neoplasm has the highest rate of spontaneous regression of all cancer types and has been noted to undergo spontaneous and chemically induced differentiation into elements resembling mature nervous tissue. As such, neuroblastoma has been a prime model system for the study of neuronal differentiation and the process of cancer cell maturation. In this paper we review those agents that have been described to induce the differentiation of neuroblastoma, with an emphasis on the effects and possible mechanisms of action of a group of related compounds, the retinoids. With this model system and the availability of subclones that are both responsive and resistant to chemically induced differentiation, fundamental questions regarding the mechanisms and processes underlying cell maturation have become more amenable to in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Abemayor
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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2200
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Cuello AC, Garofalo L, Kenigsberg RL, Maysinger D. Gangliosides potentiate in vivo and in vitro effects of nerve growth factor on central cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:2056-60. [PMID: 2928318 PMCID: PMC286846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of nerve growth factor beta (beta-NGF) and ganglioside GM1 on forebrain cholinergic neurons were examined in vivo and in vitro. Following unilateral decortication of rats, GM1 (5 mg/kg per day) administered intracerebroventricularly could protect forebrain cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis from retrograde degeneration in a manner comparable to beta-NGF. Administered in combination with beta-NGF, GM1 produced a significant increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and remaining cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. Concentrations of GM1 that were ineffective when administered alone in this lesion model, when given with beta-NGF, potentiated beta-NGF effects in both of the above brain areas. In dissociated septal cells in vitro, an increase in choline acetyltransferase activity was noted at beta-NGF concentrations as low as 0.1 pM and reached a plateau at 1 nM. A moderate (up to 35%) stimulation of choline acetyltransferase activity was observed with 10 microM GM1. The application of beta-NGF in combination with 10 microM GM1 or 0.1 microM GM1, a concentration that is ineffective in these cultures, produced a much greater increase in choline acetyltransferase activity than did beta-NGF alone. These observations support the idea that exogenously applied gangliosides can elicit trophic responses in cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system. That GM1 increases and even potentiates beta-NGF effects suggests that some of the trophic actions of this compound may be mediated through endogenous trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada
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