201
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Li Q, Xie S, Liang Z, Meng X, Liu S, Girault H, Shao Y. Fast Ion-Transfer Processes at Nanoscopic Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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202
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Pust SE, Maier W, Wittstock G. Investigation of Localized Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Processes and Corrosion Reactions with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2008.5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractScanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has developed into a very versatile tool for the investigation of solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and liquid-gas interfaces. The arrangement of an ultramicroelectrode (UME) in close proximity to the interface under study allows the application of a large variety of different experimental schemes. The most important have been named feedback mode, generation-collection mode, redox competition mode and direct mode. Quantitative descriptions are available for the UME signal, depending on different sample properties and experimental variables. Therefore, SECM has been established as an indispensible tool in many areas of fundamental electrochemical research. Currently, it also spreads as an important new method to solve more applied problems, in which inhomogeneous current distributions are typically observed on different length scales. Prominent examples include devices for electrochemical energy conversion such as fuel cells and batteries as well as localized corrosion phenomena. However, the direct local investigation of such systems is often impossible. Instead, suitable reaction schemes, sample environments, model samples and even new operation modes have to be introduced in order to obtain results that are relevant to the practical application. This review outlines and compares the theoretical basis of the different SECM working modes and reviews the application in the area of electrochemical energy conversion and localized corrosion with a special emphasis on the problems encountered when working with practical samples.
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203
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Cougnon C, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Patterning of Surfaces by Oxidation of Amine-Containing Compounds Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7395-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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204
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Cougnon C, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Patterning of Surfaces by Oxidation of Amine-Containing Compounds Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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205
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Mureşan L, Nistor M, Gáspár S, Popescu IC, Csöregi E. Monitoring of glucose and glutamate using enzyme microstructures and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:81-6. [PMID: 19520620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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206
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Surface analysis with scanning electrochemical microscopy in the feedback mode: Monitoring of reactivity and pitting precursor sites on the Nd–Fe–B-type magnet. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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207
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Edwards MA, Williams CG, Whitworth AL, Unwin PR. Scanning ion conductance microscopy: a model for experimentally realistic conditions and image interpretation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4482-92. [PMID: 19405486 DOI: 10.1021/ac900376w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a scanned probe microscopy technique in which the probe is a fine glass pipet filled with a contact (reference) electrode and an electrolyte solution. The current flow between the reference electrode and a second reference electrode positioned in bulk solution when the two electrodes are biased externally can be used as a feedback signal to maintain a constant separation between the tip and a surface during imaging. In usual practice the tip position is modulated over a small amplitude perpendicular to the surface, and the resulting alternating current (AC) is used as the feedback signal, although the direct current can also be used. A comprehensive model for the current response is reported. Laplace's equation has been solved for the electrolyte solution for a range of tip geometries, enabling the factors controlling the tip current to be identified. The approach developed is shown to represent an improvement over earlier semiempirical treatments. To explore the influence of surface topography on the (AC) current response, various surfaces have been considered, including a tip moved toward a planar surface (in the normal direction) and tips scanned over a pit and a step in the surface. The results have allowed a critical assessment of the SICM response as a means of probing surface topography. Features identified through simulation have been found in experiments through studies of two model substrates for which imaging results are reported. In typical experimental practice, the response of the SICM tip to surface features occurs over much greater lateral distances than the size of the pipet aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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208
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Cornut R, Hapiot P, Lefrou C. Enzyme-mediator kinetics studies with SECM: Numerical results and procedures to determine kinetics constants. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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209
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Liang S, Guo Q, Dong X. The time delay in electrochemical measurements of a finite-volume system. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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210
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Szot K, Nogala W, Niedziolka-Jönsson J, Jönsson-Niedziolka M, Marken F, Rogalski J, Kirchner CN, Wittstock G, Opallo M. Hydrophilic carbon nanoparticle-laccase thin film electrode for mediatorless dioxygen reduction. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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211
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Cortés-Salazar F, Träuble M, Li F, Busnel JM, Gassner AL, Hojeij M, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Soft Stylus Probes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900887u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Träuble
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Gassner
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hojeij
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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212
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Lambert J, Hergenröder R, Suter D, Deckert V. Probing Liquid-Liquid Interfaces with Spatially Resolved NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6343-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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213
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Lambert J, Hergenröder R, Suter D, Deckert V. Untersuchung von Flüssig-flüssig-Phasengrenzen mit ortsauflösender NMR-Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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214
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Singh G, Moore D, Saraf RF. Localized Electrochemistry on a 10 μm Spot on a Monolith Large Electrode: An Avenue for Electrochemical Microarray Analysis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6055-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900313v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0642
| | - David Moore
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0642
| | - Ravi F. Saraf
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0642
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215
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Cougnon C, Gohier F, Bélanger D, Mauzeroll J. In Situ Formation of Diazonium Salts from Nitro Precursors for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Patterning of Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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216
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Cougnon C, Gohier F, Bélanger D, Mauzeroll J. In Situ Formation of Diazonium Salts from Nitro Precursors for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Patterning of Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4006-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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217
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Burchardt M, Träuble M, Wittstock G. Digital Simulation of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Approach Curves to Enzyme Films with Michaelis−Menten Kinetics. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4857-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9004919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Burchardt
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Träuble
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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218
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Ghorbal A, Grisotto F, Charlier J, Palacin S, Goyer C, Demaille C. Localized Electrografting of Vinylic Monomers on a Conducting Substrate by Means of an Integrated Electrochemical AFM Probe. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1053-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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219
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Neugebauer S, Zimdars A, Liepold P, Gębala M, Schuhmann W, Hartwich G. Optimization of an Electrochemical DNA Assay by Using a 48-Electrode Array and Redox Amplification Studies by Means of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1193-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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220
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Anne A, Demaille C, Goyer C. Electrochemical atomic-force microscopy using a tip-attached redox mediator. Proof-of-concept and perspectives for functional probing of nanosystems. ACS NANO 2009; 3:819-827. [PMID: 19281224 DOI: 10.1021/nn8007788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first steps toward the development of a new type of high-resolution AFM-SECM microscopy which relies on the use of tip-attached redox-labeled polymer chains as mediators to probe the local electrochemical reactivity of a planar substrate at the nanoscale. Submicrometer-sized combined gold AFM-SECM probes were functionalized by linear, nanometer-sized, flexible, PEG3400 chains bearing a ferrocene (Fc) redox label at their free end. Analysis of the force and current approach curves recorded when such Fc-PEGylated probes (tips) were approached to a bare gold substrate allowed the presence of the Fc-PEG chains at the very tip end of the combined probes to be specifically demonstrated. It also allowed the chain coverage, configuration, and dynamics to be determined. When the Fc-PEGylated probe is positioned some approximately 5 nm above the substrate, only a few hundred chains are actually electrochemically contacting the surface, thus reducing the size of the tip-substrate interaction area to 20-40 nm. Most importantly, we have shown that the tip-borne PEG chains are flexible enough to allow their Fc heads to efficiently "sense" locally the electrochemical reactivity of the substrate, thus validating the working principle of the new AFM-SECM microscopy we propose. This innovative microscopy, we label Tarm (for tip-attached redox mediator)/AFM-SECM, should be particularly suitable for probing the activity of slowly functioning nanometer-sized active sites on surfaces, such as individual enzyme molecules, because it is, by design, free of the diffusional constraints which hamper the characterization of such nanosystems by classical SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moleculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université-CNRS No. 7591, Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7), 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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221
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Shiku H, Takeda M, Murata T, Akiba U, Hamada F, Matsue T. Development of electrochemical reporter assay using HeLa cells transfected with vector plasmids encoding various responsive elements. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 640:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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222
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Laforge FO, Velmurugan J, Wang Y, Mirkin MV. Nanoscale Imaging of Surface Topography and Reactivity with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3143-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François O. Laforge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College−City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
| | - Jeyavel Velmurugan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College−City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College−City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College−City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
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223
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Takahashi Y, Miyamoto T, Shiku H, Asano R, Yasukawa T, Kumagai I, Matsue T. Electrochemical Detection of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors on a Single Living Cell Surface by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2785-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900195m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11-607, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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224
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Williams CG, Edwards MA, Colley AL, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Scanning Micropipet Contact Method for High-Resolution Imaging of Electrode Surface Redox Activity. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2486-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802114r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, and MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4 7AL
| | - Martin A. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, and MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4 7AL
| | - Anna L. Colley
- Department of Chemistry, and MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4 7AL
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, and MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4 7AL
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, and MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4 7AL
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225
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Olson IA, Sessler AM, Connell JL, Giordano E, Baez Sosa YY, Zavaleta SW, Bowyer WJ. Measurement of Heterogeneous Reaction Rates during Indium-Mediated Allylation. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2801-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Anne M. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Jodi L. Connell
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Esthefanie Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Yessica Y. Baez Sosa
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Salvador W. Zavaleta
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Walter J. Bowyer
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
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226
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Eckhard K, Schuhmann W, Maciejewska M. Determination of optimum imaging conditions in AC-SECM using the mathematical distance between approach curves displayed in the impedance domain. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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227
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Baltes N, Heinze J. Imaging Local Proton Fluxes through a Polycarbonate Membrane by Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Functionalized Alkanethiols. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:174-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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228
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A mechanistic investigation of di-tert-butyl nitroxide using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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229
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Studying permeable films with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM): Quantitative determination of permeability parameter. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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230
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Shiku H, Goto S, Jung S, Nagamine K, Koide M, Itayama T, Yasukawa T, Matsue T. Electrochemical characterization of enzymatic activity of yeast cells entrapped in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microwell on the basis of limited diffusion system. Analyst 2008; 134:182-7. [PMID: 19082191 DOI: 10.1039/b808428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and quantitative analysis was performed using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microwell array in a scanning electrochemical microscopy setup. A microelectrode with a relatively large seal radius was used to cover the top of the cylindrical PDMS microwell (96 pL). The voltammogram for 4 mM ferrocyanide resulted in a charge value of 38 nC, suggesting that almost 100% of the reductant in the microwell was converted to the oxidation current. When genetically modified yeast cells were entrapped in the microwell, the accumulation of p-aminophenol (PAP) produced by expressing beta-galactosidase (betaGAL) was successfully observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11, Aramaki-Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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231
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Tenent RC, Wipf DO. Local electron transfer rate measurements on modified and unmodified glassy carbon electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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232
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Frederix PLTM, Bosshart PD, Akiyama T, Chami M, Gullo MR, Blackstock JJ, Dooleweerdt K, de Rooij NF, Staufer U, Engel A. Conductive supports for combined AFM-SECM on biological membranes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:384004. [PMID: 21832564 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/384004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Four different conductive supports are analysed regarding their suitability for combined atomic force and scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) on biological membranes. Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), MoS(2), template stripped gold, and template stripped platinum are compared as supports for high resolution imaging of reconstituted membrane proteins or native membranes, and as electrodes for transferring electrons from or to a redox molecule. We demonstrate that high resolution topographs of the bacterial outer membrane protein F can be recorded by contact mode AFM on all four supports. Electrochemical feedback experiments with conductive cantilevers that feature nanometre-scale electrodes showed fast re-oxidation of the redox couple Ru(NH(3))(6)(3+/2+) with the two metal supports after prolonged immersion in electrolyte. In contrast, the re-oxidation rates decayed quickly to unpractical levels with HOPG or MoS(2) under physiological conditions. On HOPG we observed heterogeneity in the re-oxidation rate of the redox molecules with higher feedback currents at step edges. The latter results demonstrate the capability of conductive cantilevers with small electrodes to measure minor variations in an SECM signal and to relate them to nanometre-scale features in a simultaneously recorded AFM topography. Rapid decay of re-oxidation rate and surface heterogeneity make HOPG or MoS(2) less attractive for combined AFM-SECM experiments on biological membranes than template stripped gold or platinum supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L T M Frederix
- M E Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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233
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Cornut R, Lefrou C. New analytical approximation of feedback approach curves with a microdisk SECM tip and irreversible kinetic reaction at the substrate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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234
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Matrab T, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the direct patterning of a gold surface with organic moities derived from iodonium salt. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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235
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Pellissier M, Zigah D, Barrière F, Hapiot P. Optimized preparation and scanning electrochemical microscopy analysis in feedback mode of glucose oxidase layers grafted onto conducting carbon surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9089-9095. [PMID: 18624418 DOI: 10.1021/la801150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An optimized immobilization procedure based on the electroreduction of aryldiazonium salt followed by covalent attachment of a cross-linked hydrogel was used to graft glucose oxidase on a carbon surface. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry were used to follow the construction steps of the modified electrode. By adjusting the compactness of the layer through the electrografting reaction, the penetration of the mediator through the layer can be controlled to allow the monitoring of the enzymatic activity by both cyclic voltammetry and SECM in feedback mode. The enzymatic activity of the film is finally characterized by SECM.
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236
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Wang M, Bugarski S, Stimming U. Probing single flavoprotein molecules on graphite in aqueous solution with scanning tunneling microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1110-1114. [PMID: 18654993 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkui Wang
- LPI, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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237
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Imaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryo-derived peanut leaves by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2227-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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238
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Zhao C, Burrell G, Torriero AAJ, Separovic F, Dunlop NF, MacFarlane DR, Bond AM. Electrochemistry of Room Temperature Protic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:6923-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711804j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Geoff Burrell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Angel A. J. Torriero
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Noel F. Dunlop
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Douglas R. MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, ARC Special Research Center for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Orica Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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239
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240
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Scanning electrochemical microscopy study of laccase within a sol–gel processed silicate film. Bioelectrochemistry 2008; 72:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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241
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Eckhard K, Erichsen T, Stratmann M, Schuhmann W. Frequency-Dependent Alternating-Current Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (4D AC-SECM) for Local Visualisation of Corrosion Sites. Chemistry 2008; 14:3968-76. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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242
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Zhu R, Qin Z, Noël JJ, Shoesmith DW, Ding Z. Analyzing the Influence of Alloying Elements and Impurities on the Localized Reactivity of Titanium Grade-7 by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1437-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701796u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renkang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ziqiang Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - James J. Noël
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - David W. Shoesmith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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243
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244
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Kinetic studies of glucose oxidase in polyelectrolyte multilayer films by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Bioelectrochemistry 2008; 72:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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245
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Abstract
There is a significant current interest in development of new techniques for direct characterization of the intracellular redox state and high-resolution imaging of living cells. We used nanometer-sized amperometric probes in combination with the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) to carry out spatially resolved electrochemical experiments in cultured human breast cells. With the tip radius approximately 1,000 times smaller than that of a cell, an electrochemical probe can penetrate a cell and travel inside it without apparent damage to the membrane. The data demonstrate the possibility of measuring the rate of transmembrane charge transport and membrane potential and probing redox properties at the subcellular level. The same experimental setup was used for nanoscale electrochemical imaging of the cell surface.
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246
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Eckhard K, Schuhmann W. Alternating current techniques in scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM). Analyst 2008; 133:1486-97. [DOI: 10.1039/b806721j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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247
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Ganesan R, Yoo SY, Choi JH, Lee SY, Kim JB. Simple micropatterning of biomolecules on a diazoketo-functionalized photoresist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b709774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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248
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Daniele S, Ciani I, Battistel D. Effect of the Insulating Shield Thickness on the Steady-State Diffusion-Limiting Current of Sphere Cap Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2007; 80:253-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701631y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga, S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Ilenia Ciani
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga, S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Dario Battistel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga, S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
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249
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Anastassiou CA, Parker KH, O'Hare D. Scaling in Nonstationary Voltammetry Representations. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:13053-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074585w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim H. Parker
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
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250
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