201
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Kim Y, Komoda E, Miyashita M, Miyagawa H. Continuous stimulation of the plant immune system by the peptide elicitor PIP-1 is required for phytoalexin biosynthesis in tobacco cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5781-8. [PMID: 24881999 DOI: 10.1021/jf501679p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The peptide elicitor PIP-1 (YGIHTH-nh2) induced various defense responses in tobacco cells. Types of defense responses induced by PIP-1 were different based on its concentration range: oxidative burst (an early response) was induced at low micromolar levels, but phytoalexin production (a late response) required about 10-50-fold higher concentrations than those required for oxidative burst. We assumed that rapid decreases in the PIP-1 concentration due to enzymatic hydrolysis in the culture media could cause this difference. To examine the potential impact of such degradation particularly on induction of phytoalexin biosynthesis, we designed a degradation-resistant analogue, MePIP-1, in which the amide bond between the fifth and sixth residues was N-methylated. MePIP-1 was considerably more stable than PIP-1 and induced significant phytoalexin production upon treatment at low micromolar levels. Further investigation of the mechanism of action of MePIP-1 showed a requirement of continuous elicitor stimulation for 3-6 h for the phytoalexin production, which is likely to be regulated by long-lasting MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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202
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Chandra K, Roy TK, Shalev DE, Loyter A, Gilon C, Gerber RB, Friedler A. A tandem in situ peptide cyclization through trifluoroacetic acid cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9450-5. [PMID: 24827640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a new approach for peptide cyclization during solid phase synthesis under highly acidic conditions. Our approach involves simultaneous in situ deprotection, cyclization and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleavage of the peptide, which is achieved by forming an amide bond between a lysine side chain and a succinic acid linker at the peptide N-terminus. The reaction proceeds via a highly active succinimide intermediate, which was isolated and characterized. The structure of a model cyclic peptide was solved by NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations support the proposed mechanism of cyclization. Our new methodology is applicable for the formation of macrocycles in solid-phase synthesis of peptides and organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Chandra
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra campus The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904 (Israel) http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/∼assaf
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203
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Chandra K, Roy TK, Shalev DE, Loyter A, Gilon C, Gerber RB, Friedler A. A Tandem In Situ Peptide Cyclization through Trifluoroacetic Acid Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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204
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Malakoutikhah M, Guixer B, Arranz-Gibert P, Teixidó M, Giralt E. ‘À la Carte’ Peptide Shuttles: Tools to Increase Their Passage across the Blood-Brain Barrier. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1594-601. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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205
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Feher-Voelger A, Borges-González J, Carrillo R, Morales EQ, González-Platas J, Martín T. Synthesis and conformational analysis of cyclic homooligomers from pyranoid ε-sugar amino acids. Chemistry 2014; 20:4007-22. [PMID: 24616150 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New pyranoid ε-sugar amino acids were designed as building blocks, in which the carboxylic acid and the amine groups were placed in positions C2 and C3 with respect to the tetrahydropyran oxygen atom. By using standard solution-phase coupling procedures, cyclic homooligomers containing pyranoid ε-sugar amino acids were synthesized. Conformation analysis was performed by using NMR spectroscopic experiments, FTIR spectroscopic studies, X-ray analysis, and a theoretical conformation search. These studies reveal that the presence of a methoxy group in the position C4 of the pyran ring produces an important structural change in the cyclodipeptides. When the methoxy groups are present, the structure collapses through interresidue hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the pyran ring and the amide protons. However, when the cyclodipeptide lacks the methoxy groups, a U-shape structure is adopted, in which there is a hydrophilic concave face with four oxygen atoms and two amide protons directed toward the center of the cavity. Additionally, we found important evidence of the key role played by weak electrostatic interactions, such as the five-membered hydrogen-bonded pseudocycles (C5) between the amide protons and the ether oxygen atoms, in the conformation equilibrium of the macrocycles and in the cyclization step of the cyclic tetrapeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Feher-Voelger
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain), Fax: (+34) 922-260135
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206
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Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are an emerging class of therapeutics that can modulate protein-protein interactions. In contrast to the heavily automated high-throughput screening systems traditionally used for the identification of chemically synthesized small-molecule drugs, peptide-based macrocycles can be synthesized by ribosomal translation and identified using in vitro selection techniques, allowing for extremely rapid (hours to days) screening of compound libraries comprising more than 10(13) different species. Furthermore, chemical modification of translated peptides and engineering of the genetic code have greatly expanded the structural diversity of the available peptide libraries. In this review, we discuss the use of these technologies for the identification of bioactive macrocyclic peptides, emphasizing recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Passioura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; , , ,
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207
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Conibear AC, Bochen A, Rosengren KJ, Stupar P, Wang C, Kessler H, Craik DJ. The Cyclic Cystine Ladder of Theta-Defensins as a Stable, Bifunctional Scaffold: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using the Integrin-Binding RGD Motif. Chembiochem 2014; 15:451-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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208
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Farahani MD, Honarparvar B, Albericio F, Maguire GEM, Govender T, Arvidsson PI, Kruger HG. Proline N-oxides: modulators of the 3D conformation of linear peptides through “NO-turns”. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4479-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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209
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Li Z, Wu L, Zhang T, Huang Z, Qiu G, Zhou Z, Jin L. N-2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde acylhydrazone–Fe(iii) complex: synthesis, crystal structure and its efficient and selective N-methylation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7554-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The n-acylhydrazone–Fe(iii) complexes permit ligand's amide N to be easily methylated and suppress the O-methylation side reactions of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lamei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Qiu
- College of Pharmacy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
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210
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Dutt Konar A, Vass E, Hollósi M, Majer Z, Grüber G, Frese K, Sewald N. Conformational properties of secondary amino acids: replacement of pipecolic acid by N-methyl-l-alanine in efrapeptin C. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:942-51. [PMID: 23681735 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efrapeptins, a family of naturally occurring peptides with inhibitory activities against ATPases, contain several α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids such as α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) or isovaline (Iva) besides pipecolic acid (Pip), β-Ala, Leu, Gly, and a C-terminal heterocyclic residue. Secondary α-amino acids such as proline are known to stabilize discrete conformations in peptides. A similar influence is ascribed to N-alkyl α-amino acids. We synthesized two efrapeptin C analogs with replacement of Pip by N-methyl-L-alanine (MeAla) using a combination of solid- and solution-phase techniques in a fragment-condensation strategy to compare the conformational bias of both secondary amino acids. The solution conformation was investigated by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) to probe whether the analogs adopt a 310 -helical conformation. The MeAla-containing analogs [MeAla(1,3) ]efrapeptin C and [MeAla(1,3,11) ]efrapeptin C inhibit ATP hydrolysis by the A3 B3 complex of A1 A0 -ATP synthase from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1.
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211
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Zaretsky S, Scully CCG, Lough AJ, Yudin AK. Exocyclic control of turn induction in macrocyclic peptide scaffolds. Chemistry 2013; 19:17668-72. [PMID: 24259185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Zaretsky
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Str., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 (Canada)
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212
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Multifaceted Roles of Disulfide Bonds. Peptides as Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2013; 114:901-26. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400031z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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213
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214
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Cecere G, Koenig CM, Alleva JL, MacMillan DWC. Enantioselective direct α-amination of aldehydes via a photoredox mechanism: a strategy for asymmetric amine fragment coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11521-4. [PMID: 23869694 PMCID: PMC3786402 DOI: 10.1021/ja406181e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct, asymmetric α-amination of aldehydes has been accomplished via a combination of photoredox and organocatalysis. Photon-generated N-centered radicals undergo enantioselective α-addition to catalytically formed chiral enamines to directly produce stable α-amino aldehyde adducts bearing synthetically useful amine substitution patterns. Incorporation of a photolabile group on the amine precursor obviates the need to employ a photoredox catalyst in this transformation. Importantly, this photoinduced transformation allows direct and enantioselective access to α-amino aldehyde products that do not require postreaction manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cecere
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Christian M. Koenig
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Jennifer L. Alleva
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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215
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A novel perspective and approach to intestinal octreotide absorption: sinomenine-mediated reversible tight junction opening and its molecular mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12873-92. [PMID: 23787475 PMCID: PMC3709818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we assessed the effects of sinomenine (SN) on intestinal octreotide (OCT) absorption both in Caco-2 cell monolayers and in rats. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms of tight junction (TJ) disruption and recovery by SN-mediated changes in the claudin-1 and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. The data showed that exposure to SN resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of claudin-1, which represented TJ weakening and paracellular permeability enhancement. Then, the recovery of TJ after SN removal required an increase in claudin-1, which demonstrated the transient and reversible opening for TJ. Meanwhile, the SN-mediated translocation of PKC-α from the cytosol to the membrane was found to prove PKC activation. Finally, SN significantly improved the absolute OCT bioavailability in rats and the transport rate in Caco-2 cell monolayers. We conclude that SN has the ability to enhance intestinal OCT absorption and that these mechanisms are related at least in part to the important role of claudin-1 in SN-mediated, reversible TJ opening via PKC activation.
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216
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Al-Hilal TA, Alam F, Byun Y. Oral drug delivery systems using chemical conjugates or physical complexes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:845-64. [PMID: 23220326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutics is extremely challenging. The digestive system is designed in a way that naturally allows the degradation of proteins or peptides into small molecules prior to absorption. For systemic absorption, the intact drug molecules must traverse the impending harsh gastrointestinal environment. Technologies, such as enteric coating, with oral dosage formulation strategies have successfully provided the protection of non-peptide based therapeutics against the harsh, acidic condition of the stomach. However, these technologies showed limited success on the protection of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Importantly, inherent permeability coefficient of the therapeutics is still a major problem that has remained unresolved for decades. Addressing this issue in the context, we summarize the strategies that are developed in enhancing the intestinal permeability of a drug molecule either by modifying the intestinal epithelium or by modifying the drug itself. These modifications have been pursued by using a group of molecules that can be conjugated to the drug molecule to alter the cell permeability of the drug or mixed with the drug molecule to alter the epithelial barrier function, in order to achieve the effective drug permeation. This article will address the current trends and future perspectives of the oral delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim A Al-Hilal
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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217
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Abstract
The suite of currently used drugs can be divided into two categories - traditional 'small molecule' drugs with typical molecular weights of <500 Da but with oral bioavailability, and much larger 'biologics' typically >5000 Da that are not orally bioavailable and need to be delivered via injection. Due to their small size, conventional small molecule drugs may suffer from reduced target selectivity that often ultimately manifests in human side-effects, whereas protein therapeutics tend to be exquisitely specific for their targets due to many more interactions with them, but this comes at a cost of low bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, and metabolic instability. The time has now come to reinvestigate new drug leads that fit between these two molecular weight extremes, with the goal of combining advantages of small molecules (cost, conformational restriction, membrane permeability, metabolic stability, oral bioavailability) with those of proteins (natural components, target specificity, high potency). This article uses selected examples of peptides to highlight the importance of peptide drugs, some potential new opportunities for their exploitation, and some difficult challenges ahead in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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218
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Swami R, Shahiwala A. Impact of physiochemical properties on pharmacokinetics of protein therapeutics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:231-9. [PMID: 23584976 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties, such as molecular weight, size, partition coefficient, acid dissociation constant and solubility have a great impact on pharmacokinetics of traditional small molecule drugs and substantially used in development of small drugs. However, predicting pharmacokinetic fate (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) of protein therapeutics from their physicochemical parameters is extremely difficult due to the macromolecular nature of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Their structural complexity and immunogenicity are other contributing factors that determine their biological fate. Therefore, to develop generalized strategies concerning development of therapeutic proteins and peptides are highly challenging. However, reviewing the literature, authors found that physiochemical properties, such as molecular weight, charge and structural modification are having great impact on pharmacokinetics of protein therapeutics and an attempt is made to provide the major findings in this manuscript. This manuscript will serve to provide some bases for developing protein therapeutics with desired pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Swami
- , House no. 1089, Sector 20 B, Chandigarh, 160020, India,
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219
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Ito K, Passioura T, Suga H. Technologies for the synthesis of mRNA-encoding libraries and discovery of bioactive natural product-inspired non-traditional macrocyclic peptides. Molecules 2013; 18:3502-28. [PMID: 23507778 PMCID: PMC6270345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss emerging technologies for drug discovery, which yields novel molecular scaffolds based on natural product-inspired non-traditional peptides expressed using the translation machinery. Unlike natural products, these technologies allow for constructing mRNA-encoding libraries of macrocyclic peptides containing non-canonical sidechains and N-methyl-modified backbones. The complexity of sequence space in such libraries reaches as high as a trillion (>1012), affording initial hits of high affinity ligands against protein targets. Although this article comprehensively covers several related technologies, we discuss in greater detail the technical development and advantages of the Random non-standard Peptide Integration Discovery (RaPID) system, including the recent identification of inhibitors against various therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroaki Suga
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +81-3-5841-8372
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220
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Bock JE, Gavenonis J, Kritzer JA. Getting in shape: controlling peptide bioactivity and bioavailability using conformational constraints. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:488-499. [PMID: 23170954 PMCID: PMC4847942 DOI: 10.1021/cb300515u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biologists commonly seek out correlations between the physicochemical properties of molecules and their behavior in biological systems. However, a new paradigm is emerging for peptides in which conformation is recognized as the primary determinant of bioactivity and bioavailability. This review highlights an emerging body of work that directly addresses how a peptide's conformation controls its biological effects, cell penetration, and intestinal absorption. Based on this work, the dream of mimicking the potency and bioavailability of natural product peptides is getting closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Bock
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jason Gavenonis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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221
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Konar AD. The unique crystallographic signature of a β-turn mimic nucleated by N-methylated phenylalanine and Aib as corner residue: conformational and self-assembly studies. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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222
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Chatterjee J, Rechenmacher F, Kessler H. N-methylation of peptides and proteins: an important element for modulating biological functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:254-69. [PMID: 23161799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylation is one of the simplest chemical modifications often occurring in peptides and proteins of prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes. Over years of evolution, nature has employed N-methylation of peptides as an ingenious technique to modulate biological function, often as a mode of survival through the production of antibiotics. This small structural change can not only mobilize large protein complexes (as in the histone methylation), but also inhibits the action of enzymes by selective recognition of protein-protein interaction surfaces. In recent years through the advancement in synthetic approaches, the potential of N-methylation has begun to be revealed, not only in modulating biological activity and selectivity as well as pharmacokinetic properties of peptides, but also in delivering novel drugs. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of the versatility of N-methylation in modulating biological, structural, and pharmacokinetic properties of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Chatterjee
- Genome biology unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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223
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Chatterjee J, Rechenmacher F, Kessler H. N-Methylierung von Peptiden und Proteinen: ein wichtiges Element für die Regulation biologischer Funktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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224
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Amijee H, Bate C, Williams A, Virdee J, Jeggo R, Spanswick D, Scopes DIC, Treherne JM, Mazzitelli S, Chawner R, Eyers CE, Doig AJ. The N-methylated peptide SEN304 powerfully inhibits Aβ(1-42) toxicity by perturbing oligomer formation. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8338-52. [PMID: 23025847 DOI: 10.1021/bi300415v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric forms of β-amyloid (Aβ) have potent neurotoxic activity and are the primary cause of neuronal injury and cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compounds that perturb oligomer formation or structure may therefore be therapeutic for AD. We previously reported that d-[(chGly)-(Tyr)-(chGly)-(chGly)-(mLeu)]-NH(2) (SEN304) is able to inhibit Aβ aggregation and toxicity, shown primarily by thioflavin T fluorescence and MTT (Kokkoni, N. et al. (2006) N-Methylated peptide inhibitors of β-amyloid aggregation and toxicity. Optimisation of inhibitor structure. Biochemistry 45, 9906-9918). Here we extensively characterize how SEN304 affects Aβ(1-42) aggregation and toxicity, using biophysical assays (thioflavin T, circular dichroism, SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, surface plasmon resonance, traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, ELISA), toxicity assays in cell culture (MTT and lactate dehydrogenase in human SH-SHY5Y cells, mouse neuronal cell death and synaptophysin) and long-term potentiation in a rat hippocampal brain slice. These data, with dose response curves, show that SEN304 is a powerful inhibitor of Aβ(1-42) toxicity, particularly effective at preventing Aβ inhibition of long-term potentiation. It can bind directly to Aβ(1-42), delay β-sheet formation and promote aggregation of toxic oligomers into a nontoxic form, with a different morphology that cannot bind thioflavin T. SEN304 appears to work by inducing aggregation, and hence removal, of Aβ oligomers. It is therefore a promising lead compound for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozefa Amijee
- Senexis Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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225
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Muppidi A, Doi K, Edwardraja S, Drake EJ, Gulick AM, Wang HG, Lin Q. Rational design of proteolytically stable, cell-permeable peptide-based selective Mcl-1 inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14734-7. [PMID: 22920569 DOI: 10.1021/ja306864v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct chemical modifications provide a simple and effective means to "translate" bioactive helical peptides into potential therapeutics targeting intracellular protein-protein interactions. We previously showed that distance-matching bisaryl cross-linkers can reinforce peptide helices containing two cysteines at the i and i+7 positions and confer cell permeability to the cross-linked peptides. Here we report the first crystal structure of a biphenyl-cross-linked Noxa peptide in complex with its target Mcl-1 at 2.0 Å resolution. Guided by this structure, we remodeled the surface of this cross-linked peptide through side-chain substitution and N-methylation and obtained a pair of cross-linked peptides with substantially increased helicity, cell permeability, proteolytic stability, and cell-killing activity in Mcl-1-overexpressing U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Muppidi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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226
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227
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Beck JG, Chatterjee J, Laufer B, Kiran MU, Frank AO, Neubauer S, Ovadia O, Greenberg S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Intestinal Permeability of Cyclic Peptides: Common Key Backbone Motifs Identified. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12125-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. Beck
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Burkhardt Laufer
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Marelli Udaya Kiran
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas O. Frank
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Oded Ovadia
- Institute of Drug
Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120,
Israel
| | - Sarit Greenberg
- Institute of Drug
Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120,
Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904,
Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute of Drug
Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120,
Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study
and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Department Chemie,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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228
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Dong QG, Zhang Y, Wang MS, Feng J, Zhang HH, Wu YG, Gu TJ, Yu XH, Jiang CL, Chen Y, Li W, Kong W. Improvement of enzymatic stability and intestinal permeability of deuterohemin-peptide conjugates by specific multi-site N-methylation. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2431-41. [PMID: 22674377 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The deuterohemin-peptide conjugate, DhHP-6 (Dh-β-AHTVEK-NH(2)), is a microperoxidase mimetic, which has demonstrated substantial benefits in vivo as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, specific multi-site N-methylated derivatives of DhHP-6 were designed and synthesized to improve metabolic stability and intestinal absorption, which are important factors for oral delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. The DhHP-6 derivatives were tested for (1) scavenging potential of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)); (2) permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers and everted gut sacs; and (3) enzymatic stability in serum and intestinal homogenate. The results indicated that the activities of the DhHP-6 derivatives were not influenced by N-methylation, and that tri-N-methylation of DhHP-6 could significantly increase intestinal flux, resulting in a two- to threefold higher apparent permeability coefficient. In addition, molecules with N-methylation at selected sites (e.g., Glu residue) showed high resistance against proteolytic degradation in both diluted serum and intestinal preparation, with 50- to 140-fold higher half-life values. These findings suggest that the DhHP-6 derivatives with appropriate N-methylation could retain activity levels equivalent to that of the parent peptide, while showing enhanced intestinal permeability and stability against enzymatic degradation. The tri-N-methylated peptide Dh-β-AH(Me)T(Me)V(Me)EK-NH(2) derived from this study may be developed as a promising candidate for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Guang Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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229
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Yamagishi Y, Shoji I, Miyagawa S, Kawakami T, Katoh T, Goto Y, Suga H. Natural product-like macrocyclic N-methyl-peptide inhibitors against a ubiquitin ligase uncovered from a ribosome-expressed de novo library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1562-70. [PMID: 22195558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring peptides often possess macrocyclic and N-methylated backbone. These features grant them structural rigidity, high affinity to targets, proteolytic resistance, and occasionally membrane permeability. Because such peptides are produced by either nonribosomal peptide synthetases or enzymatic posttranslational modifications, it is yet a formidable challenge in degenerating sequence or length and preparing libraries for screening bioactive molecules. Here, we report a new means of synthesizing a de novo library of "natural product-like" macrocyclic N-methyl-peptides using translation machinery under the reprogrammed genetic code, which is coupled with an in vitro display technique, referred to as RaPID (random nonstandard peptides integrated discovery) system. This system allows for rapid selection of strong binders against an arbitrarily chosen therapeutic target. Here, we have demonstrated the selection of anti-E6AP macrocyclic N-methyl-peptides, one of which strongly inhibits polyubiqutination of proteins such as p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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230
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Replacing amino acids in translation: expanding chemical diversity with non-natural variants. Methods 2012; 60:70-4. [PMID: 23718982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a strategy for synthesis of peptides with multiple unnatural amino acids (UAAs) using in vitro translation. Our method involves removing a natural amino acid and replacing it with an UAA variant in a reconstituted translation system. Whereas other systems require engineered components or chemical synthesis to charge UAAs onto tRNAs prior to translation, our strategy utilizes the wild-type machinery and charging occurs concomitant with translation. The design of the system allows for easy quantification of the UAA's incorporation efficiency and fidelity.
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231
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Robertson CR, Pruess TH, Grussendorf E, White HS, Bulaj G. Generating orally active galanin analogues with analgesic activities. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:903-9. [PMID: 22374865 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous neuropeptide galanin has anticonvulsant and analgesic properties mediated by galanin receptors expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Our previous work showed that by combining truncation of the galanin peptide with N- and C-terminal modifications afforded analogues that suppress seizures or pain upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. To generate orally active galanin analogues, the previously reported lead compound Gal-B2 (NAX 5055) was redesigned by 1) central truncation, (2) introduction of D-amino acids, and 3) addition of backbone spacers. Analogue D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2, containing 7-aminoheptanoic acid as a backbone spacer and an oligo-D-lysine motif at the C terminus, exhibits anticonvulsant and analgesic activity post-i.p. administration. Oral administration of D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2 demonstrates analgesic activity with decreases in both acute and inflammatory pain in the mouse formalin model of pain at doses as low as 8 mg kg(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Robertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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232
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Abstract
This protocol presents a detailed description of the synthesis of N-methylated cyclic peptides. N-methylation is a powerful technique to modulate the physicochemical properties of peptides by introducing one or more methyl groups into the peptidic amide bonds. Together with peptide cyclization, this procedure confers unprecedented pharmacokinetic properties to the peptides, including metabolic stability, membrane permeability and even oral bioavailability. Here we describe two simplified methods of N-methylation of linear peptides on solid supports, which can be performed in less than 2 h and are applicable to any amino acid. Finally, we also describe two methods of peptide cyclization, which can be used to obtain the N-methylated cyclic peptide and which are not limited to specific peptide sequences. With this protocol, multiply N-methylated cyclic peptides can be synthesized in as little as 4-5 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Chatterjee
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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233
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Rand AC, Leung SSF, Eng H, Rotter CJ, Sharma R, Kalgutkar AS, Zhang Y, Varma MV, Farley KA, Khunte B, Limberakis C, Price DA, Liras S, Mathiowetz AM, Jacobson MP, Lokey RS. Optimizing PK properties of cyclic peptides: the effect of side chain substitutions on permeability and clearance(). MEDCHEMCOMM 2012; 3:1282-1289. [PMID: 23133740 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of cyclic peptides were designed and prepared to investigate the physicochemical properties that affect oral bioavailabilty of this chemotype in rats. In particular, the ionization state of the peptide was examined by the incorporation of naturally occurring amino acid residues that are charged in differing regions of the gut. In addition, data was generated in a variety of in vitro assays and the usefulness of this data in predicting the subsequent oral bioavailability observed in the rat is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C Rand
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, California, USA
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234
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Abstract
Drug development is a complex process, requiring scientific and regulatory input at almost all stages from multiple groups of expertise. Small molecule development issues are covered in other parts of this volume. This chapter is devoted to discussing the large molecules, or biologics, and the particular nuances involved in developing these molecules as medicines. Our definition of biologic, for the purposes of this chapter, differs from that described by the regulatory bodies. Where regulators state that a biologic is a molecule produced by a living organism, be it a mammalian, insect, yeast or bacteria cell, or whole animal, we prefer to include molecules such as oligonucleotides and peptides here, which are usually chemically synthesized. So our definition is that of a molecule whose composition mostly entails naturally occurring amino acids, sugars or nucleotide bases. There are modifications made chemically to oligonucleotides and peptides to improve their drug-like properties, but for this volume, we class them as biologics. The aim of this chapter is to describe some of the differences, complexities and paradoxically, simplifications in the pharmacokinetics and ADME sciences during drug development of biologics when compared to the more familiar small molecule drug development process. The impact of the particular pharmacokinetics and ADME sciences of biologics on toxicological and pharmacological end points will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brady
- Bicycle Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
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235
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Caumes C, Hjelmgaard T, Roy O, Reynaud M, Servent D, Taillefumier C, Faure S. Synthesis and binding affinities for sst receptors of cyclic peptoid SRIF-mimetics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20265d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the first all-peptoid SRIF (Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor) analogues and evaluation of their binding affinities for the five human somatostatin receptors (hsst1–5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Caumes
- Clermont Universités
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF)
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Thomas Hjelmgaard
- Clermont Universités
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF)
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Olivier Roy
- Clermont Universités
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF)
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Morgane Reynaud
- CEA
- iBiTecS
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO)
- 91191 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - Denis Servent
- CEA
- iBiTecS
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO)
- 91191 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - Claude Taillefumier
- Clermont Universités
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF)
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Sophie Faure
- Clermont Universités
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF)
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
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236
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Martín-Gago P, Gomez-Caminals M, Ramón R, Verdaguer X, Martin-Malpartida P, Aragón E, Fernández-Carneado J, Ponsati B, López-Ruiz P, Cortes MA, Colás B, Macias MJ, Riera A. Fine-tuning the π-π Aromatic Interactions in Peptides: Somatostatin Analogues Containing Mesityl Alanine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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237
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Martín-Gago P, Gomez-Caminals M, Ramón R, Verdaguer X, Martin-Malpartida P, Aragón E, Fernández-Carneado J, Ponsati B, López-Ruiz P, Cortes MA, Colás B, Macias MJ, Riera A. Fine-tuning the π-π Aromatic Interactions in Peptides: Somatostatin Analogues Containing Mesityl Alanine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1820-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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238
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Tal-Gan Y, Freeman NS, Klein S, Levitzki A, Gilon C. Metabolic stability of peptidomimetics: N-methyl and aza heptapeptide analogs of a PKB/Akt inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:887-92. [PMID: 21824328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Linear peptides suffer from poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Peptidomimetics are designed to overcome these pharmacological drawbacks while maintaining the biological effects of the parent peptides. Aza-peptides, in which an alpha carbon is replaced with nitrogen, are promising peptidomimetic analogs; however, little is known about the stability of these analogs toward enzymatic degradation. We performed systematic aza and N-methyl scans of a PKB/Akt inhibitor, PTR6154. We evaluated the stability of the aza-scan and N-methyl scan libraries toward enzymatic degradation by trypsin/chymotrypsin. Our results indicate that the modification site is important for metabolic stability and that aza-peptides have a more global effect than N-methylation, affecting cleavage sites distant from the modification site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftah Tal-Gan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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239
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On-resin N-methylation of cyclic peptides for discovery of orally bioavailable scaffolds. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:810-7. [PMID: 21946276 PMCID: PMC3210067 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Backbone N-methylation is common among peptide natural products and has a substantial impact on both the physical properties and the conformational states of cyclic peptides. However, the specific impact of N-methylation on passive membrane diffusion in cyclic peptides has not been investigated systematically. Here we report a method for the selective, on-resin N-methylation of cyclic peptides to generate compounds with drug-like membrane permeability and oral bioavailability. The selectivity and degree of N-methylation of the cyclic peptide was dependent on backbone stereochemistry, suggesting that conformation dictates the regiochemistry of the N-methylation reaction. The permeabilities of the N-methyl variants were corroborated by computational studies on a 1,024-member virtual library of N-methyl cyclic peptides. One of the most permeable compounds, a cyclic hexapeptide (molecular mass = 755 Da) with three N-methyl groups, showed an oral bioavailability of 28% in rat.
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240
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Ngwuluka NC, Pillay V, Choonara YE, Modi G, Naidoo D, du Toit LC, Kumar P, Ndesendo VM, Khan RA. Fabrication, modeling and characterization of multi-crosslinked methacrylate copolymeric nanoparticles for oral drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6194-225. [PMID: 22016653 PMCID: PMC3189777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12096194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology remains the field to explore in the quest to enhance therapeutic efficacies of existing drugs. Fabrication of a methacrylate copolymer-lipid nanoparticulate (MCN) system was explored in this study for oral drug delivery of levodopa. The nanoparticles were fabricated employing multicrosslinking technology and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, morphology, structural modification, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. Chemometric Computational (CC) modeling was conducted to deduce the mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis as well as to corroborate the experimental findings. The CC modeling deduced that the nanoparticles synthesis may have followed the mixed triangular formations or the mixed patterns. They were found to be hollow nanocapsules with a size ranging from 152 nm (methacrylate copolymer) to 321 nm (methacrylate copolymer blend) and a zeta potential range of 15.8–43.3 mV. The nanoparticles were directly compressible and it was found that the desired rate of drug release could be achieved by formulating the nanoparticles as a nanosuspension, and then directly compressing them into tablet matrices or incorporating the nanoparticles directly into polymer tablet matrices. However, sustained release of MCNs was achieved only when it was incorporated into a polymer matrix. The experimental results were well corroborated by the CC modeling. The developed technology may be potentially useful for the fabrication of multi-crosslinked polymer blend nanoparticles for oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndidi C. Ngwuluka
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (N.C.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.T.); (P.K.); (V.M.K.N.)
| | - Viness Pillay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (N.C.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.T.); (P.K.); (V.M.K.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +27-11-717-2274; Fax: +27-86-553-4733
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (N.C.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.T.); (P.K.); (V.M.K.N.)
| | - Girish Modi
- Division of Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Dinesh Naidoo
- Division of Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Lisa C. du Toit
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (N.C.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.T.); (P.K.); (V.M.K.N.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (N.C.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.T.); (P.K.); (V.M.K.N.)
| | - Valence M.K. Ndesendo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (N.C.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.T.); (P.K.); (V.M.K.N.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
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241
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Knappe TA, Manzenrieder F, Mas-Moruno C, Linne U, Sasse F, Kessler H, Xie X, Marahiel MA. Introducing Lasso Peptides as Molecular Scaffolds for Drug Design: Engineering of an Integrin Antagonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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242
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Introducing Lasso Peptides as Molecular Scaffolds for Drug Design: Engineering of an Integrin Antagonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8714-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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243
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Chatterjee J, Laufer B, Beck JG, Helyes Z, Pintér E, Szolcsányi J, Horvath A, Mandl J, Reubi JC, Kéri G, Kessler H. N-Methylated sst2 Selective Somatostatin Cyclic Peptide Analogue as a Potent Candidate for Treating Neurogenic Inflammation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:509-14. [PMID: 24900340 DOI: 10.1021/ml200032v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A focused multiply N-methylated library of a cyclic hexapeptidic somatostatin analogue: MK678 cyclo(-MeAYwKVF-) was generated, which resulted in the unexpected observation of an efficacious tetra-N-methylated analogue, cyclo(-MeAYMewMeKVMeF-) with a potent inhibitory action on sensory neuropeptide release in vitro and on acute neurogenic inflammatory response in vivo. The analogue shows selectivity toward somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2). Extensive 2D NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation revealed the solution conformation of the analogue, which can be adopted as a lead for the further structure-activity relationship studies targeting neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Chatterjee
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Burkhardt Laufer
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Beck
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Aniko Horvath
- Pathobiochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Mandl
- Pathobiochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Jean C. Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3010 Switzerland
| | - György Kéri
- Pathobiochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85747, Germany
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244
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Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS, Kruijtzer JAW, Kemmink J. Peptides and proteins as a continuing exciting source of inspiration for peptidomimetics. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1626-53. [PMID: 21751324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite their enormous diversity in biological function and structure, peptides and proteins are endowed with properties that have induced and stimulated the development of peptidomimetics. Clearly, peptides can be considered as the "stem" of a phylogenetic molecular development tree from which branches of oligomeric peptidomimetics such as peptoids, peptidosulfonamides, urea peptidomimetics, as well as β-peptides have sprouted. It is still a challenge to efficiently synthesize these oligomeric species, and study their structural and biological properties. Combining peptides and peptidomimetics led to the emergence of peptide-peptidomimetic hybrids in which one or more (proteinogenic) amino acid residues have been replaced with these mimetic residues. In scan-like approaches, the influence of these replacements on biological activity can then be studied, to evaluate to what extent a peptide can be transformed into a peptidomimetic structure while maintaining, or even improving, its biological properties. A central issue, especially with the smaller peptides, is the lack of secondary structure. Important approaches to control secondary structure include the introduction of α,α-disubstituted amino acids, or (di)peptidomimetic structures such as the Freidinger lactam. Apart from intra-amino acid constraints, inter-amino acid constraints for formation of a diversity of cyclic peptides have shaped a thick branch. Apart from the classical disulfide bridges, the repertoire has been extended to include sulfide and triazole bridges as well as the single-, double- and even triple-bond replacements, accessible by the extremely versatile ring-closing alkene/alkyne metathesis approaches. The latter approach is now the method of choice for the secondary structure that presents the greatest challenge for structural stabilization: the α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Segura-Campos M, Chel-Guerrero L, Betancur-Ancona D, Hernandez-Escalante VM. Bioavailability of Bioactive Peptides. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2011.563395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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246
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Mas-Moruno C, Rechenmacher F, Kessler H. Cilengitide: the first anti-angiogenic small molecule drug candidate design, synthesis and clinical evaluation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 10:753-68. [PMID: 21269250 PMCID: PMC3267166 DOI: 10.2174/187152010794728639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cilengitide, a cyclic RGD pentapeptide, is currently in clinical phase III for treatment of glioblastomas and in phase II for several other tumors. This drug is the first anti-angiogenic small molecule targeting the integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and αvβ1. It was developed by us in the early 90s by a novel procedure, the spatial screening. This strategy resulted in c(RGDfV), the first superactive αvβ3 inhibitor (100 to 1000 times increased activity over the linear reference peptides), which in addition exhibited high selectivity against the platelet receptor αIIbβ3. This cyclic peptide was later modified by N-methylation of one peptide bond to yield an even greater antagonistic activity in c(RGDf(NMe)V). This peptide was then dubbed Cilengitide and is currently developed as drug by the company Merck-Serono (Germany). This article describes the chemical development of Cilengitide, the biochemical background of its activity and a short review about the present clinical trials. The positive anti-angiogenic effects in cancer treatment can be further increased by combination with "classical" anti-cancer therapies. Several clinical trials in this direction are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Institute for Advance Study, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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247
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De Luca L, Ferro S, Morreale F, De Grazia S, Chimirri A. Inhibitors of the interactions between HIV-1 IN and the cofactor LEDGF/p75. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1184-91. [PMID: 21506277 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a complex multistep process that depends on both viral and host cell factors. The nuclear protein lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a multidomain protein, present in host cells, which plays an important role in the integration process. LEDGF/p75 not only binds HIV-1 integrase (IN) at its IN binding domain (IBD) but also contains several motifs that function in DNA and chromatin binding. The demonstrated importance of the association between IN and LEDGF/p75 in HIV-1 integration suggests the possibility that this protein-protein interaction (PPI) could be exploited as an antiviral target. We describe herein the progress to date in developing inhibitors of this promising target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Ovadia O, Greenberg S, Chatterjee J, Laufer B, Opperer F, Kessler H, Gilon C, Hoffman A. The effect of multiple N-methylation on intestinal permeability of cyclic hexapeptides. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:479-87. [PMID: 21375270 DOI: 10.1021/mp1003306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in peptide synthesis simplified the synthesis of multiple N-methylation of peptides. To evaluate how multiple N-methylation affects the bioavailability of peptides, a poly alanine cyclic hexapeptide library (n = 54), varying in the number of N-methyl (N-Me) groups (1-5 groups) and their position, was synthesized. The peptides were evaluated for their intestinal permeability in vitro using the Caco-2 model. Further evaluation of the transport route of chosen analogues was performed using rat excised viable intestinal tissue, a novel colorimetric liposomal model and the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). While most members were found to have poor permeability (permeability coefficient, P(app) < 1 x 10⁻⁶ cm/s, lower than mannitol, the marker for paracellular permeability), 10 analogues were found to have high Caco-2 permeability, (P(app) > 1 x 10⁻⁵ cm/s, similar to testosterone, a marker of transcellular permeability). No correlation was found between the number of N-methylated groups and the enhanced permeability. However, 9/10 permeable peptides in the Caco-2 model included an N-Me placed adjacently to the D-Ala position. While the exact transport route was not fully characterized, the data suggests a facilitated diffusion. It can be concluded that multiple N-methylation of peptides may improve intestinal permeability, and therefore can be utilized in the design of orally available peptide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Ovadia
- The Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Levin A, Benyamini H, Hayouka Z, Friedler A, Loyter A. Peptides that bind the HIV-1 integrase and modulate its enzymatic activity - kinetic studies and mode of action. FEBS J 2010; 278:316-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hayouka Z, Hurevich M, Levin A, Benyamini H, Iosub A, Maes M, Shalev DE, Loyter A, Gilon C, Friedler A. Cyclic peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase derived from the LEDGF/p75 protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8388-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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