201
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Dou R, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong D, Fuchs H, Wang Y, Chi L. Building chessboard-like supramolecular structures on Au(111) surfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:385601. [PMID: 26314756 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/38/385601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate an anthracene derivative, 3(5)-(9-anthryl) pyrazole (ANP), self-assembled on the Au(111) surface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A chessboard-like network structure composed of ANP molecules is found, covering the whole Au(111) substrate. Our STM results and DFT calculations reveal that the formation of chessboard-like networks originates from a basic unit cell, a tetramer structure, which is formed by four ANP molecules connected through C-H…N hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds inside each tetramer and the molecule-substrate interaction are fundamentally important in providing a driving force for formation of the supramolecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Dou
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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202
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Jarvis SP. Resolving Intra- and Inter-Molecular Structure with Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19936-59. [PMID: 26307976 PMCID: PMC4581333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in molecular investigations at surfaces has been to image individual molecules, and the assemblies they form, with single-bond resolution. Scanning probe microscopy, with its exceptionally high resolution, is ideally suited to this goal. With the introduction of methods exploiting molecularly-terminated tips, where the apex of the probe is, for example, terminated with a single CO, Xe or H2 molecule, scanning probe methods can now achieve higher resolution than ever before. In this review, some of the landmark results related to attaining intramolecular resolution with non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) are summarised before focussing on recent reports probing molecular assemblies where apparent intermolecular features have been observed. Several groups have now highlighted the critical role that flexure in the tip-sample junction plays in producing the exceptionally sharp images of both intra- and apparent inter-molecular structure. In the latter case, the features have been identified as imaging artefacts, rather than real intermolecular bonds. This review discusses the potential for NC-AFM to provide exceptional resolution of supramolecular assemblies stabilised via a variety of intermolecular forces and highlights the potential challenges and pitfalls involved in interpreting bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Paul Jarvis
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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203
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Sankaran S, de Ruiter M, Cornelissen JJLM, Jonkheijm P. Supramolecular Surface Immobilization of Knottin Derivatives for Dynamic Display of High Affinity Binders. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1972-80. [PMID: 26270829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knottins are known as a robust and versatile class of miniprotein scaffolds for the presentation of high-affinity binding peptides; however, to date their application in biomaterials, biological coatings, and surface applications have not been explored. We have developed a strategy to recombinantly synthesize a β-trypsin inhibitory knottin with supramolecular guest tags that enable it to adhere to self-assembled monolayers of the supramolecular host cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). We have described a strategy to easily express knottins in E. coli by conjugating them to a fluorescent protein after which they are cleaved and purified. Knottin constructs that varied in the number and position of the supramolecular tag at either the N- or C-termini or at both ends have been verified for their trypsin inhibitory function and CB[8]-binding properties in solution and on surfaces. All of the knottin constructs showed strong inhibition of trypsin with inhibition constants between 10 and 30 nM. Using microscale thermophoresis, we determined that the supramolecular guest tags on the knottins bind CB[8] with a Kd of ∼6 μM in solution. At the surface, strong divalent binding has been determined with a Kd of 0.75 μM in the case of the knottin with two supramolecular guest tags, whereas only weak monovalent binding occurred when only one guest tag was present. We also show successful supramolecular surface immobilization of the knottin using CB[8] and prove that they can be used to immobilize β-trypsin at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikrishnan Sankaran
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering Laboratory of the MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering Laboratory of the MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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204
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Rauch V, Kikkawa Y, Koepf M, Hijazi I, Wytko JA, Campidelli S, Goujon A, Kanesato M, Weiss J. Trapping Nanostructures on Surfaces through Weak Interactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:13437-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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205
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Moras P, Sheverdyaeva PM, Pacilé D, Carbone C. Spectroscopic signatures of an ordered array of independent Ag heptamers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:305502. [PMID: 26174180 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/30/305502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A periodic network of Ag heptamers forms on the carburized W(1 1 0)-R(15 × 12) surface, upon deposition of sub-monolayer amounts of Ag. We investigate the electronic structure and dimensionality of this system by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The observation of very well-defined Ag 4d-levels confirms the highly ordered growth of size-selected Ag nano-particles on the W(1 1 0)-R(15 × 12) template. The absence of energy dispersion of these states indicates negligible coupling among the Ag heptamers, and points out the local character of the heptamer-substrate interaction. The system can be described as an array of Ag heptamers with fully confined Ag 4d-levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moras
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy
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206
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Yokoyama S, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Effects of Alkyl Chain Length and Hydrogen Bonds on the Cooperative Self-Assembly of 2-Thienyl-Type Diarylethenes at a Liquid/Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) Interface. Chemistry 2015. [PMID: 26219631 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate understanding of the process of self-assembly is of critical importance to tailor nanostructured order on 2D surfaces with functional molecules. Photochromic compounds are promising candidates for building blocks of advanced photoresponsive surfaces. To investigate the relationship between molecular structure and the mechanism of ordering formation, 2-thienyl-type diarylethenes with various lengths of alkyl side chains linked through an amide or ester group were synthesized. Their self-assemblies at a liquid/solid interface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The concentration dependence of the surface coverage was analyzed by using a cooperative model for a 2D surface based on two characteristic parameters: the nucleation equilibrium constant (Kn) and the elongation equilibrium constant (Ke). The following conclusions can be drawn. 1) The concentration at which a stable 2D molecular ordering is observed by STM exponentially decreases with increasing length of the alkyl chain. 2) Compounds bearing amide groups have higher degrees of cooperativity in self-assembly on 2D surfaces (i.e., σ, which is defined as Kn/Ke) than compounds with ester groups. 3) The self-assembly process of the open-ring isomer of an ester derivative is close to isodesmic, whereas that of the closed-ring isomer is cooperative because of the difference in equilibrium constants for the nucleation step (i.e., Kn) between the two isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yokoyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan)
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan)
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan).
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207
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Gutzler R, Stepanow S, Grumelli D, Lingenfelder M, Kern K. Mimicking enzymatic active sites on surfaces for energy conversion chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2132-9. [PMID: 26121410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic supramolecular chemistry on surfaces has matured to a point where its underlying growth mechanisms are well understood and structures of defined coordination environments of metal atoms can be synthesized in a controlled and reproducible procedure. With surface-confined molecular self-assembly, scientists have a tool box at hand which can be used to prepare structures with desired properties, as for example a defined oxidation number and spin state of the transition metal atoms within the organic matrix. From a structural point of view, these coordination sites in the supramolecular structure resemble the catalytically active sites of metallo-enzymes, both characterized by metal centers coordinated to organic ligands. Several chemical reactions take place at these embedded metal ions in enzymes and the question arises whether these reactions also take place using metal-organic networks as catalysts. Mimicking the active site of metal atoms and organic ligands of enzymes in artificial systems is the key to understanding the selectivity and efficiency of enzymatic reactions. Their catalytic activity depends on various parameters including the charge and spin configuration in the metal ion, but also on the organic environment, which can stabilize intermediate reaction products, inhibits catalytic deactivation, and serves mostly as a transport channel for the reactants and products and therefore ensures the selectivity of the enzyme. Charge and spin on the transition metal in enzymes depend on the one hand on the specific metal element, and on the other hand on its organic coordination environment. These two parameters can carefully be adjusted in surface confined metal-organic networks, which can be synthesized by virtue of combinatorial mixing of building synthons. Different organic ligands with varying functional groups can be combined with several transition metals and spontaneously assemble into ordered networks. The catalytically active metal centers are adequately separated by the linking molecules and constitute promising candiates for heterogeneous catalysts. Recent advances in synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of metal-organic networks are highlighted in this Account. Experimental results like structure determination of the networks, charge and spin distribution in the metal centers, and catalytic mechanisms for electrochemical reactions are presented. In particular, we describe the activity of two networks for the oxygen reduction reaction in a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and electrochemical study. The similarities and differences of the networks compared to metallo-enzymes will be discussed, such as the metal surface that operates as a geometric template and concomitantly functions as an electron reservoir, and how this leads to a new class of bioinspired catalysts. The possibility to create functional two-dimensional coordination complexes at surfaces taking inspiration from nature opens up a new route for the design of potent nanocatalyst materials for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70176 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stepanow
- Department
of Materials, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Hönggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET - Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magalı́ Lingenfelder
- Max Planck-EPFL
Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience, EPFL SB CMNT NL-CMNT, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70176 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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208
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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209
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Tahara K, Kaneko K, Katayama K, Itano S, Nguyen CH, Amorim DDD, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Formation of Multicomponent Star Structures at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7032-7040. [PMID: 26061362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate key roles of multiple interactions between multiple components and multiple phases in the formation of an uncommon self-assembling pattern, we present here the construction of a porous hexagonal star (h-star) structure using a trigonal molecular building block at the liquid/solid interface. For this purpose, self-assembly of hexaalkoxy-substituted dehydrobenzo[12]annulene derivatives DBA-OCns was investigated at the tetradecane/graphite interface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Monolayer structures were significantly influenced by coadsorbed tetradecane molecules depending on the alkyl chains length (C13-C16) of DBA-OCn. However, none of DBA-OCn molecules formed the expected trigonal complexes, indicating that an additional driving force is necessary for the formation of the trigonal complex and its assembly into the h-star structure. As a first approach, we employed the "guest induced structural change" for the formation of the h-star structure. In the presence of two guest molecules, nonsubstituted DBA and hexakis(phenylethynyl)benzene which fit the respective pores, an h-star structure was formed by DBA-OC15 at the tetradecane/graphite interface. Moreover, a tetradecane molecule was coadsorbed between a pair of alkyl chains of DBA-OC15, thereby blocking the interdigitation of the alkyl chain pairs. Therefore, the h-star structure results from the self-assembly of the four molecular components including the solvent molecule. The second approach is based on aggregation of perfluoroalkyl chains via fluorophilicity of DBA-F, in which the perfluoroalkyl groups are substituted at the end of three alkyl chains of DBA-OCn via p-phenylene linkers. A trigonal complex consisting of DBA-F and three tetradecane molecules formed an h-star structure, in which the perfluoroalkyl groups that orient into the alkane solution phase aggregated at the hexagonal pore via fluorophilicity. The present result provides useful insight into the design and control of complex molecular self-assembly at the liquid/solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazukuni Tahara
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kaneko
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Keisuke Katayama
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shintaro Itano
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Chi Huan Nguyen
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Deborah D D Amorim
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- ‡Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- †Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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210
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Liu J, Chen Q, Xiao L, Shang J, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shao X, Li J, Chen W, Xu GQ, Tang H, Zhao D, Wu K. Lattice-Directed Formation of Covalent and Organometallic Molecular Wires by Terminal Alkynes on Ag Surfaces. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6305-6314. [PMID: 25990647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface reactions of 2,5-diethynyl-1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene on Ag(111), Ag(110), and Ag(100) were systematically explored and scrutinized by scanning tunneling microscopy, molecular mechanics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. On Ag(111), Glaser coupling reaction became dominant, yielding one-dimensional molecular wires formed by covalent bonds. On Ag(110) and Ag(100), however, the terminal alkynes reacted with surface metal atoms, leading to one-dimensional organometallic nanostructures. Detailed experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that such a lattice dependence of the terminal alkyne reaction at surfaces originated from the matching degree between the periodicities of the produced molecular wires and the substrate lattice structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Shao
- ∥Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- #SPURc, 1 CREATE Way, #15-01, CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
| | - Guo Qin Xu
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- #SPURc, 1 CREATE Way, #15-01, CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
| | - Hao Tang
- ¶Groupe Matériaux Crystallins sous Contrainte, CEMES-CNRS, Boîte Postale 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Kai Wu
- #SPURc, 1 CREATE Way, #15-01, CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
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211
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Li X, Su Y, Li X, Ma G, Ling Q. Syntheses, Structures, and Characteristics of Six Coordination Polymers Based on 1,4-Bis(imidazol-1-yl)benzene and Isophthalates Containing Coordination-Inert Substituents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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212
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Yokoyama S, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Photoinduced Four-State Three-Step Ordering Transformation of Photochromic Terthiophene at a Liquid/Solid Interface Based on Two Principles: Photochromism and Polymorphism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6404-6414. [PMID: 26005903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated photoinduced ordering transformation of a photochromic terthiophene derivative by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the trichlorobenzene (TCB)/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface. The open-ring and annulated isomers of the terthiophene formed two-dimensional molecular orderings with different patterns while the closed-ring isomer did not form any ordering. The ordering of the open-ring isomer exhibited polymorphism depending on the concentration of supernatant solution. Upon UV light irradiation to a solution of the open-ring isomer or the closed-ring isomer, ordering composed of the annulated isomer was irreversibly formed. Upon visible light irradiation or thermal stimulus to the closed-ring isomer, the two kinds of polymorph composed of the open-ring isomer were formed due to the polymorphism. By controlling photochromism and polymorphism among four states made of three photochemical isomers, four-state three-step transformation was achieved by in situ photoirradiation from a solution of the closed-ring isomer (no ordering) into the ordering composed of the open-ring isomer (ordering α and β) followed by the orderings composed of the annulated isomer (ordering γ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yokoyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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213
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Kikkawa Y, Ishitsuka M, Omori K, Kashiwada A, Tsuzuki S, Hiratani K. Ester-Linked Alkyl Chain Effect on the 2D Structures of Isobutenyl Compounds: Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Manami Ishitsuka
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University
| | | | - Ayumi Kashiwada
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University
| | - Seiji Tsuzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kazuhisa Hiratani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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214
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Haruk AM, Mativetsky JM. Supramolecular Approaches to Nanoscale Morphological Control in Organic Solar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13381-406. [PMID: 26110382 PMCID: PMC4490500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Having recently surpassed 10% efficiency, solar cells based on organic molecules are poised to become a viable low-cost clean energy source with the added advantages of mechanical flexibility and light weight. The best-performing organic solar cells rely on a nanostructured active layer morphology consisting of a complex organization of electron donating and electron accepting molecules. Although much progress has been made in designing new donor and acceptor molecules, rational control over active layer morphology remains a central challenge. Long-term device stability is another important consideration that needs to be addressed. This review highlights supramolecular strategies for generating highly stable nanostructured organic photovoltaic active materials by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Haruk
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Mativetsky
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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215
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Li Y, Cheng L, Liu C, Liu W, Fan Y, Fan X, Zeng Q. On-Surface Observation of the Formation of Organometallic Complex in a Supramolecular Network. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10972. [PMID: 26061532 PMCID: PMC4462016 DOI: 10.1038/srep10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-surface formation of organometallic monomers or oligomers, especially in supramolecular network, attracts an extensive interest for chemists and material scientist. In this work, we have investigated metal coordination between zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and 1, 3-di (4-pyridyl) propane (dipy-pra) in the 2, 6, 11-tricarboxydecyloxy-3, 7, 10-triundecyloxy triphenylene (asym-TTT) supramolecular template by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate under ambient conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that every two ZnPc molecules in one nano-reactor connect with each other through one dipy-pra molecule by metal-coordination interaction. In this coordinating process, the template of asym-TTT supramolecular networks plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Linxiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- 1] Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China [2] Material and Chemical Engineering Department, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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216
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Nishitani N, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Investigation on the Surface-Confined Self-Assembly Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds of Urea and Amide Groups: Quantitative Analysis of Concentration Dependence of Surface Coverage. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1926-31. [PMID: 26033832 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a hydrogen-bond network via an amide group is a key driving force for the nucleation-elongation-type self-assembly that is often seen in biomolecules and artificial supramolecular assemblies. In this work, rod-coil-like aromatic compounds bearing an amide (1 a-3 a) or urea group (1 u-3 u) were synthesized, and their self-assemblies on a 2-D surface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). According to the quantitative analysis of the concentration dependence of the surface coverage, it was revealed that the strength of the hydrogen bond (i.e., amide or urea) and the number of non-hydrogen atoms in a molecular component (i.e., size of core and length of alkyl side chain) play a primary role in determining the stabilization energy during nucleation and elongation processes of molecular ordering on the HOPG surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Nishitani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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217
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Tayi AS, Kaeser A, Matsumoto M, Aida T, Stupp SI. Supramolecular ferroelectrics. Nat Chem 2015; 7:281-94. [PMID: 25803466 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry uses non-covalent interactions to coax molecules into forming ordered assemblies. The construction of ordered materials with these reversible bonds has led to dramatic innovations in organic electronics, polymer science and biomaterials. Here, we review how supramolecular strategies can advance the burgeoning field of organic ferroelectricity. Ferroelectrics - materials with a spontaneous and electrically reversible polarization - are touted for use in non-volatile computer memories, sensors and optics. Historically, this physical phenomenon has been studied in inorganic materials, although some organic examples are known and strong interest exists to extend the search for ferroelectric molecular systems. Other undiscovered applications outside this regime could also emerge. We describe the key features necessary for molecular and supramolecular dipoles in organic ferroelectrics and their incorporation into ordered systems, such as porous frameworks and liquid crystals. The goal of this Review is to motivate the development of innovative supramolecular ferroelectrics that exceed the performance and usefulness of known systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok S Tayi
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Adrien Kaeser
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Michio Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan [2] RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [3] Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA [4] Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Suite 11-131, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Fornaro T, Burini D, Biczysko M, Barone V. Hydrogen-Bonding Effects on Infrared Spectra from Anharmonic Computations: Uracil–Water Complexes and Uracil Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4224-36. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fornaro
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Burini
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Perugia, INFN Sezione
Perugia Via Vanvitelli, I-106123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- Physics
Department, and International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 China
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici
(ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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220
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Song W, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Thermodynamics of 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid monolayer self-assembly at the nonanoic acid-graphite interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:13239-47. [PMID: 24870380 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct calorimetric measurement of the overall enthalpy change associated with self-assembly of organic monolayers at the liquid-solid interface is for most systems of interest practically impossible. In previous work we proposed an adapted Born-Haber cycle for an indirect assessment of the overall enthalpy change by using terephthalic acid monolayers at the nonanoic acid-graphite interface as a model system. To this end, the sublimation enthalpy, dissolution enthalpy, the monolayer binding enthalpy in vacuum, and a dewetting enthalpy are combined to yield the total enthalpy change. In the present study the Born-Haber cycle is applied to 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid monolayers. A detailed comparison of these two aromatic dicarboxylic acids is used to evaluate and quantify the contribution of the organic backbone for stabilization of the monolayer at the nonanoic acid-graphite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Song
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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221
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Kuang G, Zhang Q, Li DY, Shang XS, Lin T, Liu PN, Lin N. Cross-Coupling of Aryl-Bromide and Porphyrin-Bromide on an Au(111) Surface. Chemistry 2015; 21:8028-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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222
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Li M, Xie P, Deng K, Yang YL, Lei SB, Wei ZQ, Zeng QD, Wang C. A dynamic study of the structural change in the binary network in response to guest inclusion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:8778-82. [PMID: 24691352 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55355h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work flexible binary networks of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (TMA) with 4,4'-bipyridine (Bpy) or 1,3,5-tris(4-pyridyl)-2,4,6-triazine(TPTZ) molecules at the liquid-solid interface were constructed. When coronene (COR) molecules are introduced into these systems, the binary networks collapse and at the same time, new COR/TMA host-guest structures are formed. Both experiments and calculations unambiguously indicate that the COR/TMA host-guest complex structure has stronger adsorption energy, resulting in the deconstruction-reconstruction phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
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223
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Whitelam S, Tamblyn I, Garrahan JP, Beton PH. Emergent rhombus tilings from molecular interactions with M-fold rotational symmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:115702. [PMID: 25839291 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show that model molecules with particular rotational symmetries can self-assemble into network structures equivalent to rhombus tilings. This assembly happens in an emergent way, in the sense that molecules spontaneously select irregular fourfold local coordination from a larger set of possible local binding geometries. The existence of such networks can be rationalized by simple geometrical arguments, but the same arguments do not guarantee a network's spontaneous self-assembly. This class of structures must in certain regimes of parameter space be able to reconfigure into networks equivalent to triangular tilings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Isaac Tamblyn
- Department of Physics, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Juan P Garrahan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Tahara K, Gotoda J, Carroll CN, Hirose K, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Square Tiling by Square Macrocycles at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Co-crystallisation with One- or Two-Dimensional Order. Chemistry 2015; 21:6806-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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225
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Sun XL, Fan LX, Yang YJ, Guo Z, Tian WQ, Lei S. Synthesis of One-Dimensional Schiff Base Polymers that Contain an Oligothiophene Building Block on the Graphite Surface. Chemistry 2015; 21:6898-905. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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226
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Fan Q, Wang T, Liu L, Zhao J, Zhu J, Gottfried JM. Tribromobenzene on Cu(111): Temperature-dependent formation of halogen-bonded, organometallic, and covalent nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4906214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026,People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026,People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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227
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Ning Y, Cramer JR, Nuermaimaiti A, Svane K, Yu M, Lægsgaard E, Besenbacher F, Xue QK, Ma X, Hammer B, Gothelf KV, Linderoth TR. Selection of conformational states in self-assembled surface structures formed from an oligo(naphthylene–ethynylene) 3-bit binary switch. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101922. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4908062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ning
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - J. R. Cramer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A. Nuermaimaiti
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - K. Svane
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M. Yu
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - E. Lægsgaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F. Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Q.-K. Xue
- Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X. Ma
- Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - B. Hammer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - K. V. Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - T. R. Linderoth
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Danish-Chinese Centre for Self-Assembly and Function of Molecular Nanostructures on Surfaces, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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228
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Geng Y, Dai H, Chang S, Hu F, Zeng Q, Wang C. Formation of C═C bond via knoevenagel reaction between aromatic aldehyde and barbituric acid at liquid/HOPG and vapor/HOPG interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4659-4666. [PMID: 25664650 DOI: 10.1021/am508068m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlling chemical reactions on surface is of great importance to constructing self-assembled covalent nanostructures. Herein, Knoevenagel reaction between aromatic aldehyde compound 2,5-di(5-aldehyde-2-thienyl)-1,4-dioctyloxybenzene (PT2) and barbituric acid (BA) has been successfully performed for the first time at liquid/HOPG interface and vapor/HOPG interface. The resulting surface nanostructures and the formation of C═C bond are recorded through scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) spectrometer and UV-vis absorption. The obtained results reveal that Knoevenagel condensation reaction can efficiently occur at both interfaces. This surface reaction would be an important step toward further reaction to produce innovative conjugated nanomaterial on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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229
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Tsuya T, Iritani K, Tahara K, Tobe Y, Iwanaga T, Toyota S. Chemistry of Anthracene-Acetylene Oligomers XXV: On-Surface Chirality of a Self-Assembled Molecular Network of a Fan-Blade-Shaped Anthracene-Acetylene Macrocycle with a Long Alkyl Chain. Chemistry 2015; 21:5520-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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230
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Mali KS, Greenwood J, Adisoejoso J, Phillipson R, De Feyter S. Nanostructuring graphene for controlled and reproducible functionalization. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:1566-1585. [PMID: 25553734 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06470d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 'graphene rush' that started almost a decade ago is far from over. The dazzling properties of graphene have long warranted a number of applications in various domains of science and technology. Harnessing the exceptional properties of graphene for practical applications however has proved to be a massive task. Apart from the challenges associated with the large-scale production of the material, the intrinsic zero band gap, the inherently low reactivity and solubility of pristine graphene preclude its use in several high- as well as low-end applications. One of the potential solutions to these problems is the surface functionalization of graphene using organic building blocks. The 'surface-only' nature of graphene allows the manipulation of its properties not only by covalent chemical modification but also via non-covalent interactions with organic molecules. Significant amount of research efforts have been directed towards the development of functionalization protocols for modifying the structural, electronic, and chemical properties of graphene. This feature article provides a glimpse of recent progress in the molecular functionalization of surface supported graphene using non-covalent as well as covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S Mali
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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231
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Slater AG, Hu Y, Yang L, Argent SP, Lewis W, Blunt MO, Champness NR. Thymine functionalised porphyrins, synthesis and heteromolecular surface-based self-assembly. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1562-1569. [PMID: 29560243 PMCID: PMC5811115 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and surface-based self-assembly of thymine-functionalised porphyrins is described. Reaction of 1-formylphenyl-3-benzoyl-thymine with suitable pyrollic species leads to the formation of tetra-(phenylthymine)porphyrin (tetra-TP) or mono-thymine-tri-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin (mono-TP). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate the self-association of mono-TP in the solid state through thymine···thymine hydrogen-bonding interactions but in solution this interaction (Kd = 6.1 ± 3.0 M-1) is relatively weak in comparison to the heteromolecular interaction between mono-TP and 9-propyladenine (K = 91.8 ± 20.5 M-1). STM studies of the tetratopic hydrogen-bonding tecton, tetra-TP, deposited on an HOPG substrate reveal the formation of an almost perfectly square self-assembled lattice through thymine···thymine hydrogen-bonding. Co-deposition of tetra-TP with 9-propyladenine leads to the adoption of preferable thymine···adenine interactions leading to the formation of a heteromolecular tetra-TP···9-propyladenine hydrogen bonded array including both Watson-Crick thymine···adenine interactions and adenine···adenine hydrogen-bonding. The studies demonstrate a pathway for the self-assembly of tetratopic hydrogen-bonding tectons and the use of preferential heteromolecular thymine···adenine interactions for the disruption of the homomolecular tetra-TP array. Studies of the self-assembly of tetra-TP and 9-propyladenine demonstrate a strong dependence on overall concentration and molar ratio of components indicating the importance of kinetic effects in surface self-assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Slater
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD UK .
| | - Ya Hu
- The Department of Chemistry , University College London (UCL) , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Lixu Yang
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD UK .
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD UK .
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD UK .
| | - Matthew O Blunt
- The Department of Chemistry , University College London (UCL) , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD UK .
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232
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Chen Z, Klyatskaya S, Urgel JI, Écija D, Fuhr O, Auwärter W, Barth JV, Ruben M. Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:327-35. [PMID: 25821671 PMCID: PMC4362489 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a continuation of our work employing polyphenylene-dicarbonitrile molecules and in particular the terphenyl derivative 1 (TDCN), we have synthesized a novel ditopic terphenyl-4,4"-di(propiolonitrile) (2) linker for the self-assembly of organic monolayers and metal coordination at interfaces. The structure of the organic linker 2 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). On the densely packed Ag(111) surface, the terphenyl-4,4"-di(propiolonitrile) linkers self-assemble in a regular, molecular chevron arrangement exhibiting a Moiré pattern. After the exposure of the molecular monolayer to a beam of Gd atoms, the propiolonitrile groups get readily involved in metal-ligand coordination interactions. Distinct coordination motifs evolve with coordination numbers varying between three and six for the laterally-bound Gd centers. The linker molecules retain an overall flat adsorption geometry. However, only networks with restricted local order were obtained, in marked contrast to previously employed, simpler polyphenylene-dicarbonitrile 1 linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - José I Urgel
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Écija
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- IMDEA Nanoscience, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Universite de Strasbourg, Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Materiaux de Strasbourg, CNRS UMP 7504, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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233
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Jones AOF, Geerts YH, Karpinska J, Kennedy AR, Resel R, Röthel C, Ruzié C, Werzer O, Sferrazza M. Substrate-induced phase of a [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene derivative and phase evolution by aging and solvent vapor annealing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1868-73. [PMID: 25569633 DOI: 10.1021/am5075908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Substrate-induced phases (SIPs) are polymorphic phases that are found in thin films of a material and are different from the single crystal or "bulk" structure of a material. In this work, we investigate the presence of a SIP in the family of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) organic semiconductors and the effect of aging and solvent vapor annealing on the film structure. Through extensive X-ray structural investigations of spin coated films, we find a SIP with a significantly different structure to that found in single crystals of the same material forms; the SIP has a herringbone motif while single crystals display layered π-π stacking. Over time, the structure of the film is found to slowly convert to the single crystal structure. Solvent vapor annealing initiates the same structural evolution process but at a greatly increased rate, and near complete conversion can be achieved in a short period of time. As properties such as charge transport capability are determined by the molecular structure, this work highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the structure of organic semiconductor films and presents a simple method to control the film structure by solvent vapor annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP223, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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234
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Yagai S. Supramolecularly Engineered Functional π-Assemblies Based on Complementary Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Yagai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
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235
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Pham TA, Song F, Alberti MN, Nguyen MT, Trapp N, Thilgen C, Diederich F, Stöhr M. Heat-induced formation of one-dimensional coordination polymers on Au(111): an STM study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14473-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon annealing, H-bonded nanoribbons are transformed into 1D coordination polymers on Au(111) governed by an unusual threefold coordination bonding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Pham
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Fei Song
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Mariza N. Alberti
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Carlo Thilgen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
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236
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Lee J, Kim J, Kim H, Rhee CK, Whangbo MH. Solution phase post-modification of a trimesic acid network on Au(111) with Zn2+ ions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:873-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08621j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-modification of a TMA network of crown-like hexamers with Zn2+ ions transforms it into a metal–organic network of TMA–Zn2+ coordinated chevron-pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Jandee Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Division of Materials Science
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Daejeon 305-333
- Korea
| | - Choong Kyun Rhee
- Department of Chemistry
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
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237
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Palma CA, Ciesielski A, Öner MA, Schaeffer G, Lehn JM, Barth JV, Samorì P. Two-dimensional soft supramolecular networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17297-300. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soft networks are self-assembled at the solid/liquid interface and characterized by local disorder arising from multivalent flexible intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Murat Anil Öner
- Physik-Department E20
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Gaël Schaeffer
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department E20
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
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238
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Silly F, Kervella Y, Jousselme B. Engineering porous and compact two-dimensional nanoarchitectures on surfaces taking advantage of bisterpyridine-derivatives self-assembly. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22117j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of bis-terpyridine molecules is investigated using STM. Images reveal that close-packed as well as porous two-dimensional nanoarchitectures can be engineered by changing the molecular backbone separating the terpyridine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Silly
- TITANS, SPEC
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91191 Gif sur Yvette
| | - Yann Kervella
- CEA Grenoble INAC/SPrAM UMR 5819 CEA – CNRS – Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble 1
- LEMOH
- 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- CEA Grenoble INAC/SPrAM UMR 5819 CEA – CNRS – Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble 1
- LEMOH
- 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- LICSEN, NIMBE
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239
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Hauptvogel I, Seichter W, Weber E. Crystal structure of 4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(2,6-dibromoaniline). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:97-9. [PMID: 25705462 PMCID: PMC4331912 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989014027182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(2,6-dibromoaniline) molecule lies across an inversion center and hence the benzene rings are strictly planar. Molecules are linked by N—H⋯N and weak N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (101). Type II Br⋯Br interactions complete a three-dimensional supramolecular network. In the title compound, C14H12Br4N2, the molecule lies across an inversion center and hence the benzene rings are strictly coplanar. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H⋯N and weak N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (101). In addition, type II Br⋯Br interactions [3.625 (4) Å] complete a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
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240
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Fornaro T, Carnimeo I, Biczysko M. Toward Feasible and Comprehensive Computational Protocol for Simulation of the Spectroscopic Properties of Large Molecular Systems: The Anharmonic Infrared Spectrum of Uracil in the Solid State by the Reduced Dimensionality/Hybrid VPT2 Approach. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:5313-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510101y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fornaro
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivan Carnimeo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della
Ricerca CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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241
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Slater AG, Perdigão LMA, Beton PH, Champness NR. Surface-based supramolecular chemistry using hydrogen bonds. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3417-27. [PMID: 25330179 DOI: 10.1021/ar5001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The arrangement of molecular species into extended structures remains the focus of much current chemical science. The organization of molecules on surfaces using intermolecular interactions has been studied to a lesser degree than solution or solid-state systems, and unanticipated observations still lie in store. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds are an attractive tool that can be used to facilitate the self-assembly of an extended structure through the careful design of target building blocks. Our studies have focused on the use of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimides (PTCDIs), and related functionalized analogues, to prepare extended arrays on surfaces. These molecules are ideal for such studies because they are specifically designed to interact with appropriate diaminopyridine-functionalized molecules, and related species, through complementary hydrogen bonds. Additionally, PTCDI species can be functionalized in the bay region of the molecule, facilitating modification of the self-assembled structures that can be prepared. Through a combination of PTCDI derivatives, sometimes in combination with melamine, porous two-dimensional arrays can be formed that can entrap guest molecules. The factors that govern the self-assembly processes of PTCDI derivatives are discussed, and the ability to construct suitable target arrays and host-specific molecular species, including fullerenes and transition metal clusters, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Slater
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luis M. A. Perdigão
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Champness
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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242
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Sun X, Qi Y, Liu H, Peng J, Liu K, Fang Y. "Yin and Yang" tuned fluorescence sensing behavior of branched 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20016-20024. [PMID: 25313531 DOI: 10.1021/am505588x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high sensing performance and good photostability of fluorescent films based on adlayer construction represents a significant challenge in the area of functional fluorescent film research. A solution may be offered by "Yin and Yang", a balance idea from Chinese philosophy, for the design of a fluorophore and the relevant assembly. Accordingly, a 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (BPEB) derivative (C2) with two cholesteryl residues in the side chains and two glucono units in the head and tail positions was designed and synthesized. As a control, compound C1 was also prepared. The only difference between C1 and C2 is that the hydroxyl groups in the glucono residues of C1 are fully acetylated. Studies of the fluorescence behaviors of the two compounds in solution revealed that both the profile and the intensity of the fluorescence emission of the compounds, in particular C2, are dependent on their concentration and on the nature of solvents employed. Presence of HCl also alters the emission of the compounds in solution. On the basis of the studies, three fluorescent films were prepared, and their sensing performances to HCl in vapor state were studied. Specifically, Film 1 and Film 3 were fabricated via physical coating, separately, of C2 and C1 on glass plate surfaces. As another comparison, Film 2 was also fabricated with C2 as a fluorophore but at a much lower concentration if compared to that for the preparation of Film 1. As revealed by SEM and fluorescent microscopy studies, Film 1 and Film 2 exhibit well-defined microstructures, which are spherical particles and spherical pores, respectively, while Film 3 is characterized by irregular aggregates of C1. Fluorescence measurements demonstrated that Film 1 and Film 3 both display an aggregation emission, of which the emission from Film 1 is supersensitive to the presence of HCl vapor (detection limit: 0.4 ppb, a lowest value reported in the literatures). For Film 3, however, its emission is insensitive to the presence of the vapor. Similarly, the emission from the nonaggregated state of C2, a characteristic emission of Film 2, is also insensitive to the presence of the vapor. Furthermore, the sensing process of Film 1 to the vapor is highly selective and fully reversible, which lays foundation for its real-life uses. As for C2, the results from solution studies and those from film studies demonstrate clearly that introduction of auxiliary structures with opposite properties onto a typical fluorophore is a good strategy to develop fluorescent supramolecular motifs with rich assembly properties and great potential of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
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243
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Karamzadeh B, Eaton T, Cebula I, Torres DM, Neuburger M, Mayor M, Buck M. Bestowing structure upon the pores of a supramolecular network. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14175-8. [PMID: 25277643 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trigonal molecules compartmentalise the pores of a honeycomb network of 3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) and 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (melamine). Extending the 1,3,5-tri(phenylene-ethynylene)benzene core by a phenyl group allows for a well-defined accommodation of the molecule into two symmetry equivalent positions in the pore. The corresponding styryl or phenylene-ethynylene derivatives exceed the pore size and, thus, impede pore modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharan Karamzadeh
- EaStCHEM School Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, UK.
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244
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Cui K, Schlütter F, Ivasenko O, Kivala M, Schwab MG, Lee SL, Mertens SFL, Tahara K, Tobe Y, Müllen K, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Multicomponent self-assembly with a shape-persistent N-heterotriangulene macrocycle on Au(111). Chemistry 2014; 21:1652-9. [PMID: 25413370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent network formation by using a shape-persistent macrocycle (MC6) at the interface between an organic liquid and Au(111) surface is demonstrated. MC6 serves as a versatile building block that can be coadsorbed with a variety of organic molecules based on different types of noncovalent interactions at the liquid-solid interface. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals the formation of crystalline bicomponent networks upon codeposition of MC6 with aromatic molecules, such as fullerene (C60) and coronene. Tetracyanoquinodimethane, on the other hand, was found to induce disorder into the MC6 networks by adsorbing on the rim of the macrocycle. Immobilization of MC6 itself was studied in two different noncovalently assembled host networks. MC6 assumed a rather passive role as a guest and simply occupied the host cavities in one network, whereas it induced a structural transition in the other. Finally, the central cavity of MC6 was used to capture C60 in a complex three-component system. Precise immobilization of organic molecules at discrete locations within multicomponent networks, as demonstrated here, constitutes an important step towards bottom-up fabrication of functional surface-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cui
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
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245
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Yagai S, Suzuki M, Lin X, Gushiken M, Noguchi T, Karatsu T, Kitamura A, Saeki A, Seki S, Kikkawa Y, Tani Y, Nakayama KI. Supramolecular Engineering of Oligothiophene Nanorods without Insulators: Hierarchical Association of Rosettes and Photovoltaic Properties. Chemistry 2014; 20:16128-37. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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246
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Haq S, Hanke F, Sharp J, Persson M, Amabilino DB, Raval R. Versatile bottom-up construction of diverse macromolecules on a surface observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8856-8870. [PMID: 25191836 DOI: 10.1021/nn502388u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The heterocoupling of organic building blocks to give complex multicomponent macromolecules directly at a surface holds the key to creating advanced molecular devices. While "on-surface" synthesis with prefunctionalized molecules has recently led to specific one- and two- component products, a central challenge is to discover universal connection strategies that are applicable to a wide range of molecules. Here, we show that direct activation of C-H bonds intrinsic to π-functional molecules is a highly generic route for connecting different building blocks on a copper surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals that covalent π-functional macromolecular heterostructures, displaying diverse compositions, structures and topologies, are created with ease from seven distinct building blocks (including porphyrins, pentacene and perylene). By exploiting differences in C-H bond reactivity in the deposition and heating protocols we also demonstrate controlled synthesis of specific products, such as block copolymers. Further, the symmetry and geometry of the molecules and the surface also play a critical role in determining the outcome of the covalent bond forming reactions. Our "pick-mix-and-link" strategy opens up the capability to generate libraries of multivariate macromolecules directly at a surface, which in conjunction with nanoscale probing techniques could accelerate the discovery of functional interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Haq
- Surface Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , L69 3BX, Liverpool, U.K
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247
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Iancu V, Braun KF, Schouteden K, Van Haesendonck C. Inducing magnetism in pure organic molecules by single magnetic atom doping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:106102. [PMID: 25238370 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on in situ chemical reactions between an organic trimesic acid (TMA) ligand and a Co atom center. By varying the substrate temperature, we are able to explore the Co-TMA interactions and create novel magnetic complexes that preserve the chemical structure of the ligands. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations, we elucidate the structure and the properties of the newly synthesized complex at atomic or molecular size level. Hybridization between the atomic orbitals of the Co and the π orbitals of the ligand results in a delocalized spin distribution onto the TMA. The here demonstrated possibility to conveniently magnetize such versatile molecules opens up new potential applications for TMAs in molecular spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Iancu
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Schouteden
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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248
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Tahara K, Katayama K, Blunt MO, Iritani K, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Functionalized surface-confined pores: guest binding directed by lateral noncovalent interactions at the solid-liquid interface. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8683-8694. [PMID: 25089732 DOI: 10.1021/nn503815q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present here the construction of self-assembled two-dimensional (2D) molecular networks that contain pores equipped with functional groups that promote guest-specific binding at the liquid/solid interface. For this purpose, a dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) derivative, DBA-F, having perfluoroalkyl groups at the end of the three alternating alkoxy chains connected by para-phenylene linkers was synthesized. For comparison DBA-H, having the same carbon backbone without fluorine substituents, was also prepared. STM observations revealed that these molecules formed porous 2D networks whose pores were decorated with either fluoroalkane or simple alkane perimeters. Hexakis(phenylethynyl)benzene, HPEB, and its octadecafluoro derivative, HPEB-F surrounded by 18 fluorine atoms, were employed as planar guest molecules of suitable size. The fluoroalkane-lined pores present in the network of DBA-F exhibited good binding ability toward both guest molecules via fluorophilicity and electrostatic interaction, respectively. In contrast the binding ability of the alkane-lined pore of the network of DBA-H for the fluorinated guest HPEB-F was poor as a result of weaker electrostatic interaction. Interestingly, with HPEB as a guest, this network underwent a periodical structural deformation through an induced-fit mechanism to form a superlattice structure consisting of free and occupied pores. These observations are discussed based on modeling experiments using molecular mechanics and quantum chemical methods to elucidate the roles of lateral noncovalent interactions and size matching between the pore and the guest molecules used for 2D guest binding.
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249
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Wang C, Jana PK, Zhang H, Mu Z, Kehr G, Blömker T, Erker G, Fuchs H, Heuer A, Chi L. Controlling two-phase self-assembly of an adenine derivative on HOPG via kinetic effects. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9192-5. [PMID: 24995773 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03714f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large-area self-assembled structures of a nucleobase adenine derivative were successfully realized through vacuum deposition. STM images reveal two types of structures, which could be regulated by substrate temperature and the evaporation rate, indicating the relevance of kinetic effects. The results are supported by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfaelische Wilhelm-Universitaet Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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250
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Du P, Jaouen M, Bocheux A, Bourgogne C, Han Z, Bouchiat V, Kreher D, Mathevet F, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Charra F, Attias AJ. Surface-confined self-assembled Janus tectons: a versatile platform towards the noncovalent functionalization of graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10060-6. [PMID: 25047257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A general strategy for simultaneously generating surface-based supramolecular architectures on flat sp(2) -hybridized carbon supports and independently exposing on demand off-plane functionality with controlled lateral order is highly desirable for the noncovalent functionalization of graphene. Here, we address this issue by providing a versatile molecular platform based on a library of new 3D Janus tectons that form surface-confined supramolecular adlayers in which it is possible to simultaneously steer the 2D self-assembly on flat C(sp(2))-based substrates and tailor the external interface above the substrate by exposure to a wide variety of small terminal chemical groups and functional moieties. This approach is validated throughout by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid-solid interface and molecular mechanics modeling studies. The successful self-assembly on graphene, together with the possibility to transfer the graphene monolayer onto various substrates, should considerably extend the application of our functionalization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Du
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Chimie des Polymères, UMR CNRS 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 3 rue Galilée, 94200 Ivry (France)
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