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Chang FP, Kuang LY, Huang CA, Jane WN, Hung Y, Hsing YIC, Mou CY. A simple plant gene delivery system using mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5279-5287. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20529k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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202
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Wilkinson K, Ekstrand-Hammarström B, Ahlinder L, Guldevall K, Pazik R, Kępiński L, Kvashnina KO, Butorin SM, Brismar H, Önfelt B, Österlund L, Seisenbaeva GA, Kessler VG. Visualization of custom-tailored iron oxide nanoparticles chemistry, uptake, and toxicity. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7383-7393. [PMID: 23070150 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of iron oxide generated by wearing of vehicles have been modelled with a tailored solution of size-uniform engineered magnetite particles produced by the Bradley reaction, a solvothermal metal-organic approach rendering hydrophilic particles. The latter does not bear any pronounced surface charge in analogy with that originating from anthropogenic sources in the environment. Physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by a wide range of methods, including XPD, TEM, SEM, DLS and spectroscopic techniques. The magnetite nanoparticles were found to be sensitive for transformation into maghemite under ambient conditions. This process was clearly revealed by Raman spectroscopy for high surface energy magnetite particles containing minor impurities of the hydromaghemite phase and was followed by quantitative measurements with EXAFS spectroscopy. In order to assess the toxicological effects of the produced nanoparticles in humans, with and without surface modification with ATP (a model of bio-corona formed in alveolar liquid), a pathway of potential uptake and clearance was modelled with a sequence of in vitro studies using A549 lung epithelial cells, lymphocyte 221-B cells, and 293T embryonal kidney cells, respectively. Raman microscopy unambiguously showed that magnetite nanoparticles are internalized within the A549 cells after 24 h co-incubation, and that the ATP ligand is retained on the nanoparticles throughout the uptake process. The toxicity of the nanoparticles was estimated using confocal fluorescence microscopy and indicated no principal difference for unmodified and modified particles, but revealed considerably different biochemical responses. The IL-8 cytokine response was found to be significantly lower for the magnetite nanoparticles compared to TiO(2), while an enhancement of ROS was observed, which was further increased for the ATP-modified nanoparticles, implicating involvement of the ATP signalling pathway in the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, SLU BioCenter, P.O. Box 7015, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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203
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Begum P, Fugetsu B. Phytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) and the role of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 243:212-22. [PMID: 23146354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a novel nanomaterial with wide potential applications; however the adverse effects of CNTs following environmental exposure have recently received significant attention. Herein, we explore the systemic toxicity and potential influence of 0-1000 mg L(-1) the multi-walled CNTs on red spinach. The multi-walled CNTs exposed plants exhibited growth inhibition and cell death after 15 days of hydroponic culture. The multi-walled CNTs had adverse effects on root and leaf morphology, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Raman spectroscopy detected the multi-walled CNTs in leaves. Biomarkers of nanoparticle toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell damage in the red spinach were greatly increased 15 days post-exposure to the multi-walled CNTs. These effects were reversed when the multi-walled CNTs were supplemented with ascorbic acid (AsA), suggesting a role of ROS in the multi-walled CNT-induced toxicity and that the primary mechanism of the multi-walled CNTs' toxicity is oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Begum
- Laboratory of Environmental Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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204
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Landa P, Vankova R, Andrlova J, Hodek J, Marsik P, Storchova H, White JC, Vanek T. Nanoparticle-specific changes in Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression after exposure to ZnO, TiO2, and fullerene soot. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 241-242:55-62. [PMID: 23036700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of exposure to 100 mg/L zinc oxide (nZnO), fullerene soot (FS) or titanium dioxide (nTiO(2)) nanoparticles on gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana roots was studied using microarrays. After 7d, nZnO, FS, or nTiO(2) exposure resulted in 660 up- and 826 down-regulated genes, 232 up- and 189 down-regulated genes, and 80 up- and 74 down-regulated genes, respectively (expression difference>2-fold; p[t test]<0.05). The genes induced by nZnO and FS include mainly ontology groups annotated as stress responsive, including both abiotic (oxidative, salt, water deprivation) and biotic (wounding and defense to pathogens) stimuli. The down-regulated genes upon nZnO exposure were involved in cell organization and biogenesis, including translation, nucleosome assembly and microtubule based process. FS largely repressed the transcription of genes involved in electron transport and energy pathways. Only mild changes in gene expression were observed upon nTiO(2) exposure, which resulted in up- and down-regulation of genes involved mainly in responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. The data clearly indicate that the mechanisms of phytotoxicity are highly nanoparticle dependent despite of a limited overlap in gene expression response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
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205
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Reyes VC, Li M, Hoek EMV, Mahendra S, Damoiseaux R. Genome-wide assessment in Escherichia coli reveals time-dependent nanotoxicity paradigms. ACS NANO 2012; 6:9402-9415. [PMID: 23039911 DOI: 10.1021/nn302815w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanomaterials (eNM) in consumer and industrial products is increasing exponentially. Our ability to rapidly assess their potential effects on human and environmental health is limited by our understanding of nanomediated toxicity. High-throughput screening (HTS) enables the investigation of nanomediated toxicity on a genome-wide level, thus uncovering their novel mechanisms and paradigms. Herein, we investigate the toxicity of zinc-containing nanomaterials (Zn-eNMs) using a time-resolved HTS methodology in an arrayed Escherichia coli genome-wide knockout (KO) library. The library was screened against nanoscale zerovalent zinc (nZn), nanoscale zinc oxide (nZnO), and zinc chloride (ZnCl(2)) salt as reference. Through sequential screening over 24 h, our method identified 173 sensitive clones from diverse biological pathways, which fell into two general groups: early and late responders. The overlap between these groups was small. Our results suggest that bacterial toxicity mechanisms change from pathways related to general metabolic function, transport, signaling, and metal ion homeostasis to membrane synthesis pathways over time. While all zinc sources shared pathways relating to membrane damage and metal ion homeostasis, Zn-eNMs and ZnCl(2) displayed differences in their sensitivity profiles. For example, ZnCl(2) and nZnO elicited unique responses in pathways related to two-component signaling and monosaccharide biosynthesis, respectively. Single isolated measurements, such as MIC or IC(50), are inadequate, and time-resolved approaches utilizing genome-wide assays are therefore needed to capture this crucial dimension and illuminate the dynamic interplay at the nano-bio interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C Reyes
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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206
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Zimmermann YS, Schäffer A, Hugi C, Fent K, Corvini PFX, Lenz M. Organic photovoltaics: potential fate and effects in the environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 49:128-140. [PMID: 23022661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In times of dwindling fossil fuels it is particularly crucial to develop novel "green" technologies in order to cover the increasing worldwide demand for energy. Organic photovoltaic solar cells (OPVs) are promising as a renewable energy source due to low energy requirement for production, low resource extraction, and no emission of greenhouse gasses during use. In contrast to silicium-based solar cells, OPVs offer the advantages of light-weight, semi-transparency and mechanical flexibility. As to a possible forthcoming large-scale production, the environmental impact of such OPVs should be assessed and compared to currently best available technologies. For the first time, this review compiles the existing knowledge and identifies gaps regarding the environmental impact of such OPVs in a systematic manner. In this regard, we discuss the components of a typical OPV layer by layer. We discuss the probability of enhanced release of OPV-borne components into the environment during use-phase (e.g. UV- and biodegradation) and end-of-life phase (e.g. incineration and waste disposal). For this purpose, we compiled available data on bioavailability, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, and ecotoxicity. Whereas considerable research has already been carried out concerning the ecotoxicity of certain OPV components (e.g. nanoparticles and fullerenes), others have not been investigated at all so far. In conclusion, there is a general lack of information about fate, behavior as well as potential ecotoxicity of most of the main OPV components and their degradation/transformation products. So far, there is no evidence for a worrying threat coming from OPVs, but since at present, no policy and procedures regarding recycling of OPVs are in action, in particular improper disposal upon end-of-life might result in an adverse effect of OPVs in the environment when applied in large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick-Serge Zimmermann
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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207
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Kashyap PL, Kumar S, Srivastava AK, Sharma AK. Myconanotechnology in agriculture: a perspective. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:191-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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208
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Slomberg DL, Schoenfisch MH. Silica nanoparticle phytotoxicity to Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10247-54. [PMID: 22889047 DOI: 10.1021/es300949f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) was evaluated as a function of particle size (14, 50, and 200 nm), concentration (250 and 1000 mg L(-1)), and surface composition toward Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown hydroponically for 3 and 6 weeks. Reduced development and chlorosis were observed for plants exposed to highly negative SiNPs (-20.3 and -31.9 mV for the 50 and 200 nm SiNPs, respectively) regardless of particle concentration when not controlling pH of the hydroponic medium, which resulted in increased alkalinity (~pH 8). Particles were no longer toxic to the plants at either concentration upon calcination or removal of surface silanols from the SiNP surface, or adjusting the pH of the growth medium to pH 5.8. The phytotoxic effects observed for the negatively charged 50 and 200 nm SiNPs were attributed to pH effects and the adsorption of macro- and micro-nutrients to the silica surface. Size-dependent uptake of the nanoparticles by the plants was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with plant roots containing 32.0, 1.85, and 7.00 × 10(-3) mg Si·kg tissue(-1)/nm(3) (normalized for SiNP volume) for the 14, 50, and 200 nm SiNPs respectively, after 6 weeks exposure at 1000 ppm (pH 5.8). This study demonstrates that the silica scaffolds are not phytotoxic up to 1000 ppm despite significant uptake of the SiNPs (14, 50, and 200 nm) into the root system of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Slomberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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209
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Miralles P, Johnson E, Church TL, Harris AT. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes in alfalfa and wheat: toxicology and uptake. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:3514-27. [PMID: 22977097 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the bioavailability and toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the environment, and, in particular, on their interactions with vascular plants, are limited. We investigated the effects of industrial-grade multiwalled CNTs (75 wt% CNTs) and their impurities on alfalfa and wheat. Phytotoxicity assays were performed during both seed germination and seedling growth. The germinations of both species were tolerant of up to 2560 mg l(-1) CNTs, and root elongation was enhanced in alfalfa and wheat seedlings exposed to CNTs. Remarkably, catalyst impurities also enhanced root elongation in alfalfa seedlings as well as wheat germination. Thus the impurities, not solely the CNTs, impacted the plants. CNT internalization by plants was investigated using electron microscopy and two-dimensional Raman mapping. The latter showed that CNTs were adsorbed onto the root surfaces of alfalfa and wheat without significant uptake or translocation. Electron microscopy investigations of internalization were inconclusive owing to poor contrast, so Fe(3)O(4)-functionalized CNTs were prepared and studied using energy-filter mapping of Fe(3)O(4). CNTs bearing Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were detected in the epidermis of one wheat root tip only, suggesting that internalization was possible but unusual. Thus, alfalfa and wheat tolerated high concentrations of industrial-grade multiwalled CNTs, which adsorbed onto their roots but were rarely taken up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Miralles
- Laboratory for Sustainable Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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210
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Miralles P, Church TL, Harris AT. Toxicity, Uptake, and Translocation of Engineered Nanomaterials in Vascular plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9224-39. [PMID: 22892035 DOI: 10.1021/es202995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To exploit the promised benefits of engineered nanomaterials, it is necessary to improve our knowledge of their bioavailability and toxicity. The interactions between engineered nanomaterials and vascular plants are of particular concern, as plants closely interact with soil, water, and the atmosphere, and constitute one of the main routes of exposure for higher species, i.e. accumulation through the food chain. A review of the current literature shows contradictory evidence on the phytotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials. The mechanisms by which engineered nanomaterials penetrate plants are not well understood, and further research on their interactions with vascular plants is required to enable the field of phytotoxicology to keep pace with that of nanotechnology, the rapid evolution of which constantly produces new materials and applications that accelerate the environmental release of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Miralles
- Laboratory for Sustainable Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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211
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Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Latta DE, Manangón E, Britt DW, Johnson WP, Boyanov MI, Anderson AJ. CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: phytotoxicity, metal speciation, and induction of oxidative stress in sand-grown wheat. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH 2012. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-012-1125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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212
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Environmental Nanoparticles Interactions with Plants: Morphological, Physiological, and Genotoxic Aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/751686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized by their small size (less than 100 nm) and large surface area, which confer specific physicochemical properties as strength, electrical, and optical features. NPs can be derived from natural or anthropic sources, such as engineered or unwanted/incidental NPs. The composition, dimension, and morphology of engineered NPs enable their use in a variety of areas, such as electronic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, environmental, catalysis, and materials science. As nanotechnology is an innovative and scientific growth area with an exponential production, more information is needed concerning the impacts of these nanomaterials (NMs) in the environment and, particularly, in animals/humans health and in plants performance. So, research on NPs as emerging contaminants is therefore a new field in environmental health. This minireview describes, briefly, the NPs characterization and their occurrence in the environment stating air, water, and soil. Finally, particular emphasis is given to the interaction of NPs with plants at different levels: morphology, physiology, and genotoxicity. By analyzing this compiled information, it is evident that research on NPs phytotoxicity is in the beginning, and more comprehensive studies are needed not only on NPs cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but also on the best and the most reliable methods of assessing NPs toxicity.
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213
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Handy RD, van den Brink N, Chappell M, Mühling M, Behra R, Dušinská M, Simpson P, Ahtiainen J, Jha AN, Seiter J, Bednar A, Kennedy A, Fernandes TF, Riediker M. Practical considerations for conducting ecotoxicity test methods with manufactured nanomaterials: what have we learnt so far? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:933-72. [PMID: 22422174 PMCID: PMC3325413 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review paper reports the consensus of a technical workshop hosted by the European network, NanoImpactNet (NIN). The workshop aimed to review the collective experience of working at the bench with manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), and to recommend modifications to existing experimental methods and OECD protocols. Current procedures for cleaning glassware are appropriate for most MNMs, although interference with electrodes may occur. Maintaining exposure is more difficult with MNMs compared to conventional chemicals. A metal salt control is recommended for experiments with metallic MNMs that may release free metal ions. Dispersing agents should be avoided, but if they must be used, then natural or synthetic dispersing agents are possible, and dispersion controls essential. Time constraints and technology gaps indicate that full characterisation of test media during ecotoxicity tests is currently not practical. Details of electron microscopy, dark-field microscopy, a range of spectroscopic methods (EDX, XRD, XANES, EXAFS), light scattering techniques (DLS, SLS) and chromatography are discussed. The development of user-friendly software to predict particle behaviour in test media according to DLVO theory is in progress, and simple optical methods are available to estimate the settling behaviour of suspensions during experiments. However, for soil matrices such simple approaches may not be applicable. Alternatively, a Critical Body Residue approach may be taken in which body concentrations in organisms are related to effects, and toxicity thresholds derived. For microbial assays, the cell wall is a formidable barrier to MNMs and end points that rely on the test substance penetrating the cell may be insensitive. Instead assays based on the cell envelope should be developed for MNMs. In algal growth tests, the abiotic factors that promote particle aggregation in the media (e.g. ionic strength) are also important in providing nutrients, and manipulation of the media to control the dispersion may also inhibit growth. Controls to quantify shading effects, and precise details of lighting regimes, shaking or mixing should be reported in algal tests. Photosynthesis may be more sensitive than traditional growth end points for algae and plants. Tests with invertebrates should consider non-chemical toxicity from particle adherence to the organisms. The use of semi-static exposure methods with fish can reduce the logistical issues of waste water disposal and facilitate aspects of animal husbandry relevant to MMNs. There are concerns that the existing bioaccumulation tests are conceptually flawed for MNMs and that new test(s) are required. In vitro testing strategies, as exemplified by genotoxicity assays, can be modified for MNMs, but the risk of false negatives in some assays is highlighted. In conclusion, most protocols will require some modifications and recommendations are made to aid the researcher at the bench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Handy
- Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, School of Biomedical & Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
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214
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Navarro DA, Bisson MA, Aga DS. Investigating uptake of water-dispersible CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 211-212:427-435. [PMID: 22226052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Interest on the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials has rapidly increased over the past years because it is expected that these materials will eventually be released into the environment. The present work investigates the potential root uptake of water-dispersible CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) by the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. Experiments revealed that Arabidopsis exposed to QDs that are dispersed in Hoagland's solution for 1-7 days did not internalize intact QDs. Analysis of Cd and Se concentrations in roots and leaves by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicated that Cd and Se from QD-treated plants were not translocated into the leaves, and remained in the root system of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy showed strong evidence that the QDs were generally on the outside surfaces of the roots, where the amount of QDs adsorbed is dependent on the stability of the QDs in suspension. Despite no evidence of nanoparticle internalization, the ratio of reduced glutathione levels (GSH) relative to the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in plants decreased when plants were exposed to QD dispersions containing humic acids, suggesting that QDs caused oxidative stress on the plant at this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divina A Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA
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215
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Lee WM, Kwak JI, An YJ. Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: media effect on phytotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:491-9. [PMID: 22075051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding some adverse effects of nanoparticles in edible crop plants is a matter of importance because nanoparticles are often released into soil environments. We investigated the phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the important crop plants, Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor. The silver nanoparticles were selected for this study because of their OECD designation as a priority nanomaterial. The toxicity and bioavailability of AgNPs in the crop plant species P. radiatus and S. bicolor were evaluated in both agar and soil media. The seedling growth of test species was adversely affected by exposure to AgNPs. We found evidence of nanoparticle uptake by plants using electron microscopic studies. In the agar tests, P. radiatus and S. bicolor showed a concentration dependent-growth inhibition effect. Measurements of the growth rate of P. radiatus were not affected in the soil studies by impediment within the concentrations tested herein. Bioavailability of nanoparticles was reduced in the soil, and the dissolved silver ion effect also differed in the soil as compared to the agar. The properties of nanoparticles have been shown to change in soil, so this phenomenon has been attributed to the reduced toxicity of AgNPs to plants in soil medium. The application of nanoparticles in soil is a matter of great importance to elucidate the terrestrial toxicity of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Mi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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216
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Glenn JB, White SA, Klaine SJ. Interactions of gold nanoparticles with freshwater aquatic macrophytes are size and species dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:194-201. [PMID: 22038861 DOI: 10.1002/etc.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of 4- and 18-nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to aquatic macrophytes was investigated in vivo with exposure suspension in well water. Three morphologically distinct aquatic macrophytes were studied. Myriophyllum simulans Orch. and Egeria densa Planch. are submerged aquatic vascular plants, whereas Azolla caroliniana Willd. is a free-floating aquatic fern. Because aquatic plants absorb the majority of their nutrients from the water column, it is logical to hypothesize that they may absorb nanomaterials in suspension, potentially facilitating trophic transfer. Each plant was exposed to two different-sized gold nanospheres at a nominal concentration of 250 µg/L AuNPs for 24 h. Macrophytes were harvested at six time points (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h), dried, and then analyzed for gold concentration via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Concentrations were normalized to whole-plant dry tissue mass. The present study shows that absorption of AuNPs through root uptake was size and species dependent. Electron microscopy revealed that 4- and 18-nm AuNPs adsorbed to the roots of each species. Root tissue was sectioned, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that 4-nm and 18-nm AuNPs were absorbed by A. caroliniana, whereas only 4-nm AuNPs were absorbed by M. simulans. Egeria densa did not absorb AuNPs of either size. Gold nanoparticles were confirmed in tissue by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Absorption of AuNPs by plants may be a function of the salinity tolerance of each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brad Glenn
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA.
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217
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Di Giacomo G, Rizza S, Montagna C, Filomeni G. Established Principles and Emerging Concepts on the Interplay between Mitochondrial Physiology and S-(De)nitrosylation: Implications in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 22927857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues that has been frequently indicated as potential molecular mechanism governing cell response upon redox unbalance downstream of nitric oxide (over)production. In the last years, increased levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) have been tightly associated with the onset of nitroxidative stress-based pathologies (e.g., cancer and neurodegeneration), conditions in which alterations of mitochondrial homeostasis and activation of cellular processes dependent on it have been reported as well. In this paper we aim at summarizing the current knowledge of mitochondria-related proteins undergoing S-nitrosylation and how this redox modification might impact on mitochondrial functions, whose impairment has been correlated to tumorigenesis and neuronal cell death. In particular, emphasis will be given to the possible, but still neglected implication of denitrosylation reactions in the modulation of mitochondrial SNOs and how they can affect mitochondrion-related cellular process, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Di Giacomo
- Research Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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218
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Juhel G, Batisse E, Hugues Q, Daly D, van Pelt FNAM, O'Halloran J, Jansen MAK. Alumina nanoparticles enhance growth of Lemna minor. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:328-36. [PMID: 21813085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The industrial use of nanoparticles is rapidly increasing, and this has given rise to concerns about potential biological impacts of engineered particles released into the environment. So far, relatively little is known about uptake, accumulation and responses to engineered nanoparticles by plants. In this study, the effects of alumina nanoparticles on growth, morphology and photosynthesis of Lemna minor were quantified. It was found that alumina nanoparticles substantially increase biomass accumulation of L. minor. Such a stimulatory effect of alumina nanoparticles on growth has not been reported previously. Enhanced biomass accumulation was paralleled by morphological adjustments such as increased root length and number of fronds per colony, and by increased photosynthetic efficiency. Metal nanoparticles have previously been shown to enhance the energy transfer efficiency of isolated reaction centres; therefore it is proposed that the mechanism underlying the alumina mediated enhancement of biomass accumulation in L. minor is associated with increased efficiencies in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Juhel
- Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Sciences, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Field, Cork, Ireland
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219
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Kumari M, Khan SS, Pakrashi S, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on root cells of Allium cepa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:613-21. [PMID: 21501923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) in consumer products may enhance its release into the environment. Phytotoxicity study is important to understand its possible environmental impact. Allium cepa (Onion bulb) is the best model organism to study genetic toxicology of nanoparticles. Here we have reported cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on the root cells of A. cepa. The effects of ZnO NPs on the mitotic index (MI), micronuclei index (MN index), chromosomal aberration index, and lipid peroxidation were determined through the hydroponic culturing of A. cepa. A. cepa roots were treated with the dispersions of ZnO NPs at four different concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 μg ml(-1)). With the increasing concentrations of ZnO NPs MI decreased with the increase of pycnotic cells, on the other hand MN and chromosomal aberration index increased. The frequency of micronucleated cells was higher in ZnO NPs treated cells as compared to control (deionized distilled water). The number of cells in each mitotic phase changed upon ZnO NPs treatment. The effect of ZnO NPs on lipid peroxidation as examined by measuring TBARS concentration was evident at all the concentrations compared to bulk ZnO. The TEM image showed internalization of ZnO NPs like particles. SEM image of treated A. cepa demonstrated that the internalized nanoparticles agglomerated depending on the physico-chemical environment inside the cell. Our results demonstrated that ZnO NPs can be a clastogenic/genotoxic and cytotoxic agent. In conclusion, the A. cepa cytogenetic test can be used for the genotoxicity monitoring of novel nanomaterials like ZnO NPs, which is used in many consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kumari
- Centre for Nano-Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
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220
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Wang S, Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Ultra-small TiO(2) nanoparticles disrupt microtubular networks in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:811-20. [PMID: 21276012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the mounting concerns, current understanding of the extent and mechanisms of phytotoxicity of manufactured nanomaterials remains limited. Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, ultra-small anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles cause reorganization and elimination of microtubules followed by the accelerated and 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of tubulin monomers. Similar to other microtubule-disrupting agents, TiO(2) nanoparticles induce isotropic growth of root cells. Because microtubules are essential for the normal function of all eukaryotic cells, these results reveal a potentially important consequence of environmental pollution by this widely used nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhu Wang
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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221
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Ghodake G, Seo YD, Lee DS. Hazardous phytotoxic nature of cobalt and zinc oxide nanoparticles assessed using Allium cepa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:952-955. [PMID: 21122986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanotechnology requires the clarification of the behavior and the effects of nanoparticles (NPs) as they are released into the environment. This study was to investigate the phytotoxicity of cobalt and zinc oxide NPs using the roots of Allium cepa (onion bulbs) as an indicator organism. The effects of cobalt and zinc oxide NPs on the root elongation, root morphology, and cell morphology of a plant, as well as their adsorption potential, were determined through the hydroponic culturing of A. cepa. A. cepa roots were treated with dispersions of the cobalt and zinc oxide NPs having three different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μg ml(-1)). With increasing concentrations of the NPs, the elongation of the roots was severely inhibited by both the cobalt and the zinc oxide NPs as compared to that in the control plant (untreated A. cepa roots). Massive adsorption of cobalt oxide NPs into the root system was responsible for the phytotoxicity. Zinc oxide NPs caused damage because of their severe accumulation in both the cellular and the chromosomal modules, thus signifying their highly hazardous phytotoxic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Ghodake
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Buk-Gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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222
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Oleszczuk P, Jośko I, Xing B. The toxicity to plants of the sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:436-42. [PMID: 21145166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with an outer diameter <10 nm (CNT10) or 40-60 nm (CNT60) to Lepidium sativum (cress), Sorghum saccharatum (sorgo), Solanum lycopersicon (tomato), Raphanus sativus (radish) and Cucumis sativus (cucumber). CNTs were also incubated in sewage sludge for 7 or 31 days to determine the effect of CNT aging on sewage sludge phytotoxicity. The influence of CNTs on 4 different sewage sludges was tested. The CNTs' influence on sludge toxicity varied with respect to the CNTs' outer diameter, type of sewage sludges and the plants tested. No significant influence of CNT concentration on phytotoxicity was noted. In the case of two sludges, a positive influence of CNTs on seed germination and root growth was observed. Depending on the CNTs' outer diameter, CNT aging decreased (CNT10) or increased (CNT60) sewage sludge phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Lee WM, Kim SW, Kwak JI, Nam SH, Shin YJ, An YJ. Research trends of ecotoxicity of nanoparticles in soil environment. Toxicol Res 2010; 26:253-9. [PMID: 24278532 PMCID: PMC3834496 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We are consistently being exposed to nanomaterials in direct and/or indirect route as they are used in almost all the sectors in our life. Nations across the worlds are now trying to put global regulation policy on nanomaterials. Sometimes, they are reported to be more toxic than the corresponding ion and micromaterials. Therefore, safety research of nanoparticles has huge implications on a national economics. In this study, we evaluated and analyzed the research trend of ecotoxicity of nanoparticles in soil environment. Test species include terrestrial plants, earthworms, and soil nematode. Soil enzyme activities were also discussed. We found that the results of nanotoxicity studies were affected by many factors such as physicochemical properties, size, dispersion method and test medium of nanoparticle, which should be considered when conducting toxicity researches. In particular, more researches on the effect of physico chemical properties and fate of nanoparticles on toxicity effect should be conducted consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Mi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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