201
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Cao XN, Yan C, Liu DY, Peng JP, Chen JJ, Zhou Y, Long CL, He DW, Lin T, Shen LJ, Wei GH. Fine particulate matter leads to reproductive impairment in male rats by overexpressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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202
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Wu Y, Zhong A, Zheng H, Jiang M, Xia Z, Yu J, Chen L, Huang X. Expression of Flotilin-2 and Acrosome Biogenesis Are Regulated by MiR-124 during Spermatogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136671. [PMID: 26313572 PMCID: PMC4551675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNA molecules, which diversely regulate gene expression in organisms. Although the regulatory role of these small RNA molecules has been recently explored in animal spermatogenesis, the role of miR-124 in male germ cells is poorly defined. In our previous study, flotillin-2 was investigated as a novel Golgi-related protein involved in sperm acrosome biogenesis. The current study was designed to analyze the contribution of miR-124 in the regulation of flotillin-2 expression during mouse acrosome biogenesis. Luciferase assays revealed the target effects of miR-124 on flotillin-2 expression. Following intratesticular injection of miR-124 in 3-week-old male mice, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blot analysis were employed to confirm the function of miR-124 in regulating flotillin-2 after 48 hours. Sperm abnormalities were assessed 3 weeks later by ordinary optical microscopy, the acrosome abnormalities were also assessed by PNA staining and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed the proportion of sperm acrosome abnormalities was significantly higher than that of the control group. The expression of flotillin-2 and caveolin-1 was significantly downregulated during acrosome biogenesis. These results indicated that miR-124 could potentially play a role in caveolin-independent vesicle trafficking and modulation of flotillin-2 expression in mouse acrosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ahong Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haoyu Zheng
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengrong Xia
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (LC)
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (LC)
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203
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Jones S, Boisvert A, Francois S, Zhang L, Culty M. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces testicular effects in neonatal rats that are antagonized by genistein cotreatment. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:92. [PMID: 26316063 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.129098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs) is believed to predispose males to reproductive abnormalities. Although males are exposed to combinations of chemicals, few studies have evaluated the effects of ED mixtures at environmentally relevant doses. Our previous work showed that fetal exposure to a mixture of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) and the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) induced unique alterations in adult testis. In this follow-up study, we examined Postnatal Day 3 (PND3) and PND6 male offspring exposed from Gestational Day 14 to parturition to corn oil, 10mg/kg GEN, DEHP, or their combination, to gain insight into the early molecular events driving long-term alterations. DEHP stimulated the mRNA and protein expression of the steroidogenic enzyme HSD3B, uniquely at PND3. DEHP also increased the mRNA expression of Nestin, a Leydig progenitor/Sertoli cell marker, and markers of Sertoli cell (Wt1), gonocyte (Plzf, Foxo1), and proliferation (Pcna) at PND3, while these genes were unchanged by the mixture. Redox (Nqo1, Sod2, Sod3, Trx, Gst, Cat) and xenobiotic transporter (Abcb1b, Abcg2) gene expression was also increased by DEHP at PND3, while attenuated when combined with GEN, suggesting the involvement of cellular stress in short-term DEHP effects and a protective effect of GEN. The direct effects of GEN and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the principal bioactive metabolite of DEHP, on testis were investigated in PND3 organ cultures, showing a stimulatory effect of 10 μM mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on basal testosterone production that was normalized by GEN. These effects contrasted with previous reports of androgen suppression and decreased gene expression in perinatal rat testis by high DEHP doses, implying that neonatal effects are not predictive of adult effects. We propose that GEN, through an antioxidant action, normalizes reactive oxygen species-induced neonatal effects of DEHP. The notion that these EDs do not follow classical dose-response effects and involve different mechanisms of toxicity from perinatal ages to adulthood highlights the importance of assessing impacts across a range of doses and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jones
- Division of Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Boisvert
- Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sade Francois
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liandong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Martine Culty
- Division of Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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204
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Next Generation Sequencing Analysis Reveals Segmental Patterns of microRNA Expression in Mouse Epididymal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135605. [PMID: 26270822 PMCID: PMC4535982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional maturation of mammalian spermatozoa is accomplished as the cells descend through the highly specialized microenvironment of the epididymis. This dynamic environment is, in turn, created by the combined secretory and absorptive activity of the surrounding epithelium and displays an extraordinary level of regionalization. Although the regulatory network responsible for spatial coordination of epididymal function remains unclear, recent evidence has highlighted a novel role for the RNA interference pathway. Indeed, as noncanonical regulators of gene expression, small noncoding RNAs have emerged as key elements of the circuitry involved in regulating epididymal function and hence sperm maturation. Herein we have employed next generation sequencing technology to profile the genome-wide miRNA signatures of mouse epididymal cells and characterize segmental patterns of expression. An impressive profile of some 370 miRNAs were detected in the mouse epididymis, with a subset of these specifically identified within the epithelial cells that line the tubule (218). A majority of the latter miRNAs (75%) were detected at equivalent levels along the entire length of the mouse epididymis. We did however identify a small cohort of miRNAs that displayed highly regionalized patterns of expression, including miR-204-5p and miR-196b-5p, which were down- and up-regulated by approximately 39- and 45-fold between the caput/caudal regions, respectively. In addition we identified 79 miRNAs (representing ~ 21% of all miRNAs) as displaying conserved expression within all regions of the mouse, rat and human epididymal tissue. These included 8/14 members of let-7 family of miRNAs that have been widely implicated in the control of androgen signaling and the repression of cell proliferation and oncogenic pathways. Overall these data provide novel insights into the sophistication of the miRNA network that regulates the function of the male reproductive tract.
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205
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McKenzie CW, Craige B, Kroeger TV, Finn R, Wyatt TA, Sisson JH, Pavlik JA, Strittmatter L, Hendricks GM, Witman GB, Lee L. CFAP54 is required for proper ciliary motility and assembly of the central pair apparatus in mice. Mol Biol Cell 2015. [PMID: 26224312 PMCID: PMC4569307 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella play critical roles in fluid clearance and cell motility, and dysfunction commonly results in the pediatric syndrome primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). CFAP221, also known as PCDP1, is required for ciliary and flagellar function in mice and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, where it localizes to the C1d projection of the central microtubule apparatus and functions in a complex that regulates flagellar motility in a calcium-dependent manner. We demonstrate that the genes encoding the mouse homologues of the other C. reinhardtii C1d complex members are primarily expressed in motile ciliated tissues, suggesting a conserved function in mammalian motile cilia. The requirement for one of these C1d complex members, CFAP54, was identified in a mouse line with a gene-trapped allele. Homozygous mice have PCD characterized by hydrocephalus, male infertility, and mucus accumulation. The infertility results from defects in spermatogenesis. Motile cilia have a structural defect in the C1d projection, indicating that the C1d assembly mechanism requires CFAP54. This structural defect results in decreased ciliary beat frequency and perturbed cilia-driven flow. This study identifies a critical role for CFAP54 in proper assembly and function of mammalian cilia and flagella and establishes the gene-trapped allele as a new model of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W McKenzie
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Branch Craige
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Tiffany V Kroeger
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Rozzy Finn
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Jacqueline A Pavlik
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Lara Strittmatter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Gregory M Hendricks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - George B Witman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Lance Lee
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104 Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105
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206
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Developmental windows of susceptibility for epigenetic inheritance through the male germline. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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207
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Nakamura Y, Asano A, Hosaka Y, Takeuchi T, Iwanaga T, Yamano Y. Expression and intracellular localization of TBC1D9, a Rab GTPase-accelerating protein, in mouse testes. Exp Anim 2015; 64:415-24. [PMID: 26119791 PMCID: PMC4637379 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking in male germ cells contributes to their development via cell morphological changes and acrosome formation. TBC family proteins work as Rab GTPase accelerating proteins (GAPs), which negatively regulate Rab proteins, to mediate membrane trafficking. In this study, we analyzed the expression of a Rab GAP, TBC1D9, in mouse organs and the intracellular localization of the gene products. Tbc1d9 showed abundant expression in adult mice testis. We found that the Tbc1d9 mRNA was expressed in primary and secondary spermatocytes, and that the TBC1D9 protein was expressed in spermatocytes and round spermatids. In 293T cells, TBC1D9-GFP proteins were localized in the endosome and Golgi apparatus. Compartments that were positive for the constitutive active mutants of Rab7 and Rab9 were also positive for TBC1D9 isoform 1. In addition, TBC1D9 proteins were associated with Rab7 and Rab9, respectively. These results indicate that TBC1D9 is expressed mainly in spermatocytes, and suggest that TBC1D9 regulates membrane trafficking pathways related to Rab9- or Rab7-positive vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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208
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Caenorhabditis elegans as a useful model to assess the effect of spermiogenesis induced by three teratogens. Mol Cell Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-015-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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209
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Steinhauer J. Separating from the pack: Molecular mechanisms of Drosophila spermatid individualization. SPERMATOGENESIS 2015; 5:e1041345. [PMID: 26413413 PMCID: PMC4581072 DOI: 10.1080/21565562.2015.1041345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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210
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Zarzycka M, Chojnacka K, Mruk D, Gorowska E, Hejmej A, Kotula-Balak M, Pardyak L, Bilinska B. Flutamide alters the distribution of c-Src and affects the N-cadherin-β-catenin complex in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat. Andrology 2015; 3:569-81. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Zarzycka
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - K. Chojnacka
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - D.D. Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research; Population Council; New York City New York USA
| | - E. Gorowska
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - A. Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - M. Kotula-Balak
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - L. Pardyak
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - B. Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
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211
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Au CE, Hermo L, Byrne E, Smirle J, Fazel A, Simon PHG, Kearney RE, Cameron PH, Smith CE, Vali H, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Ma K, Nilsson T, Bergeron JJM. Expression, sorting, and segregation of Golgi proteins during germ cell differentiation in the testis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4015-32. [PMID: 25808494 PMCID: PMC4710233 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1318 proteins characterized in the male germ cell Golgi apparatus reveal a new germ cell–specific Golgi marker and a new pan-Golgi marker for all cells. The localization of these and other Golgi proteins reveals differential expression linked to mitosis, meiosis, acrosome formation, and postacrosome Golgi migration and destination in the late spermatid. The molecular basis of changes in structure, cellular location, and function of the Golgi apparatus during male germ cell differentiation is unknown. To deduce cognate Golgi proteins, we isolated germ cell Golgi fractions, and 1318 proteins were characterized, with 20 localized in situ. The most abundant protein, GL54D of unknown function, is characterized as a germ cell–specific Golgi-localized type II integral membrane glycoprotein. TM9SF3, also of unknown function, was revealed to be a universal Golgi marker for both somatic and germ cells. During acrosome formation, several Golgi proteins (GBF1, GPP34, GRASP55) localize to both the acrosome and Golgi, while GL54D, TM9SF3, and the Golgi trafficking protein TMED7/p27 are segregated from the acrosome. After acrosome formation, GL54D, TM9SF3, TMED4/p25, and TMED7/p27 continue to mark Golgi identity as it migrates away from the acrosome, while the others (GBF1, GPP34, GRASP55) remain in the acrosome and are progressively lost in later steps of differentiation. Cytoplasmic HSP70.2 and the endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein-folding enzyme PDILT are also Golgi recruited but only during acrosome formation. This resource identifies abundant Golgi proteins that are expressed differentially during mitosis, meiosis, and postacrosome Golgi migration, including the last step of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Au
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Louis Hermo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Elliot Byrne
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Smirle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Ali Fazel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Paul H G Simon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Robert E Kearney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Pamela H Cameron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Charles E Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kewei Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Tommy Nilsson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - John J M Bergeron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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212
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Liu Y, DeBoer K, de Kretser DM, O’Donnell L, O’Connor AE, Merriner DJ, Okuda H, Whittle B, Jans DA, Efthymiadis A, McLachlan RI, Ormandy CJ, Goodnow CC, Jamsai D, O’Bryan MK. LRGUK-1 is required for basal body and manchette function during spermatogenesis and male fertility. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005090. [PMID: 25781171 PMCID: PMC4363142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility affects at least 5% of reproductive age males. The most common pathology is a complex presentation of decreased sperm output and abnormal sperm shape and motility referred to as oligoasthenoteratospermia (OAT). For the majority of OAT men a precise diagnosis cannot be provided. Here we demonstrate that leucine-rich repeats and guanylate kinase-domain containing isoform 1 (LRGUK-1) is required for multiple aspects of sperm assembly, including acrosome attachment, sperm head shaping and the initiation of the axoneme growth to form the core of the sperm tail. Specifically, LRGUK-1 is required for basal body attachment to the plasma membrane, the appropriate formation of the sub-distal appendages, the extension of axoneme microtubules and for microtubule movement and organisation within the manchette. Manchette dysfunction leads to abnormal sperm head shaping. Several of these functions may be achieved in association with the LRGUK-1 binding partner HOOK2. Collectively, these data establish LRGUK-1 as a major determinant of microtubule structure within the male germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kathleen DeBoer
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - David M. de Kretser
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Liza O’Donnell
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anne E. O’Connor
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - D. Jo Merriner
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Hidenobu Okuda
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David A. Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Athina Efthymiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Robert I. McLachlan
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent’s Hospital Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris C. Goodnow
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Duangporn Jamsai
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Moira K. O’Bryan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- * E-mail:
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213
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Manku G, Culty M. Mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonia differentiation: recent advances and remaining challenges. Reproduction 2015; 149:R139-57. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of spermatozoa relies on a pool of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), formed in infancy from the differentiation of their precursor cells, the gonocytes. Throughout adult life, SSCs will either self-renew or differentiate, in order to maintain a stem cell reserve while providing cells to the spermatogenic cycle. By contrast, gonocytes represent a transient and finite phase of development leading to the formation of SSCs or spermatogonia of the first spermatogenic wave. Gonocyte development involves phases of quiescence, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Spermatogonia, on the other hand, remain located at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules throughout their successive phases of proliferation and differentiation. Apoptosis is an integral part of both developmental phases, allowing for the removal of defective cells and the maintenance of proper germ–Sertoli cell ratios. While gonocytes and spermatogonia mitosis are regulated by distinct factors, they both undergo differentiation in response to retinoic acid. In contrast to postpubertal spermatogenesis, the early steps of germ cell development have only recently attracted attention, unveiling genes and pathways regulating SSC self-renewal and proliferation. Yet, less is known on the mechanisms regulating differentiation. The processes leading from gonocytes to spermatogonia have been seldom investigated. While the formation of abnormal gonocytes or SSCs could lead to infertility, defective gonocyte differentiation might be at the origin of testicular germ cell tumors. Thus, it is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. This review summarizes and compares the present knowledge on the mechanisms regulating mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonial differentiation.
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214
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Pennarossa G, Maffei S, Tettamanti G, Congiu T, deEguileor M, Gandolfi F, Brevini TAL. Intercellular bridges are essential for human parthenogenetic cell survival. Mech Dev 2015; 136:30-9. [PMID: 25700933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic cells, obtained from in vitro activated mammalian oocytes, display multipolar spindles, chromosome malsegregation and a high incidence of aneuploidy, probably due to the lack of paternal contribution. Despite this, parthenogenetic cells do not show high rates of apoptosis and are able to proliferate in a way comparable to their biparental counterpart. We hypothesize that a series of adaptive mechanisms are present in parthenogenetic cells, allowing a continuous proliferation and ordinate cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Here we identify the presence of intercellular bridges that contribute to the establishment of a wide communication network among human parthenogenetic cells, providing a mutual exchange of missing products. Silencing of two molecules essential for intercellular bridge formation and maintenance demonstrates the key function played by these cytoplasmic passageways that ensure normal cell functions and survival, alleviating the unbalance in cellular component composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pennarossa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, UniStem, Center For Stem Cell Research, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Maffei
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, UniStem, Center For Stem Cell Research, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Science, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda deEguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, UniStem, Center For Stem Cell Research, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, UniStem, Center For Stem Cell Research, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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215
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Huang S, Cui Y, Guo X, Wang L, Li S, Lu Y, Bi Y, Huang X, Lin M, Xia Y, Wang S, Wang X, Zhou Z, Sha J. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether disrupts spermatogenesis, impairs mitochondrial function and induces apoptosis of early leptotene spermatocytes in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 51:114-24. [PMID: 25656793 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to explore molecular markers and mechanism of BDE47 on spermatogenesis in mammals. Adult male SD rats were gavaged daily with corn oil containing 0, 0.001, 0.03, 1 or 20mg BDE47/kg bw for eight weeks. Testes morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy, TUNEL, immunohistochemistry and morphometry. Differential proteome profile and western blotting were applied to determine molecular markers and protein expression. GC1-spg cells (mouse spermatogonial cells) were used to verify mechanism of BDE47. Data showed BDE47 reduced tubular epithelial thickness, impaired mitochondrial function and induced apoptosis in early leptotene spermatocytes. Proteomic study identified 70 differential spots corresponding to 64 proteins. 20 proteins related to apoptosis, 15 located in mitochondria. Exposure of GC1-spg cells showed BDE47 induced apoptosis, impaired mitochondria and decreased Bcl-2 in cells. Data indicate that BDE47 disrupts spermatogenesis, impairs mitochondrial function and induces apoptosis of early leptotene spermatocytes in rats probably via mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Human Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Suying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shoulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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216
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Viveka S, Udyavar A, Shetty B, Kuriakose S, Sudha MJ. Histomorphometric effects of gemcitabine on Swiss albino mice spermatogenesis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:29. [PMID: 25709994 PMCID: PMC4333483 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.150423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis is a highly conserved and regulated process and it is sensitive to fluctuations in the physical and chemical environment. Gemcitabine is a novel antimetabolic anticancer drug used frequently in the treatment of many cancers. This study aimed to investigate the histomorphometric effects of gemcitabine on spermatogenesis in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gemcitabine in high and low doses (80 and 40 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally to inbred Swiss albino mice. Gross testicular features and seminiferous tubular histomorphometry was studies at the end of 7(th), 14(th) day and at 2 months sperm shape abnormalities were studied. RESULTS Seminiferous tubular morphology was altered significantly, showing a reduction in height, perimeter and area in a dose dependent manner. Sertoli cell number decreased. Basement membrane thickness was reduced and it appeared to be permanent, with statistically insignificant changes even after 2 months. There was a reduction of intertubular spaces. Sperms have shown banana heading, decapitation and loss of normal hook of head. The effects were partially reversible at the end of 2 months. CONCLUSION It was concluded that gemcitabine affects the process of spermatogenesis adversely in a dose and time dependent manner and the effects are partially reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viveka
- Department of Anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Meeyannoor, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Ajay Udyavar
- Department of Anatomy, A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Balakrishna Shetty
- Department of Anatomy, A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Kuriakose
- Department of Anatomy, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - M. J Sudha
- Department of Pharmacology, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Meeyannoor, Kollam, Kerala, India
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217
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Abstract
In the mammalian testis, spermatogenesis is a highly coordinated process of germ cell development, which ends with the release of ‘mature’ spermatozoa. The fine regulation of spermatogenesis is strictly dependent on sex steroid hormones, which orchestrate the cellular and molecular events underlying normal development of germ cells. Sex steroids actions also rely on the control of germ cell survival, and the programmed cell death by apoptosis has been indicated as a critical process in regulating the size and quality of the germ line. Recently, oestrogens have emerged as important regulators of germ cell fate. However, the beneficial or detrimental effects of oestrogens in spermatogenesis are controversial, with independent reports arguing for their role as cell survival factors or as apoptosis-inducers. The dual behaviour of oestrogens, shifting from ‘angels to devils’ is supported by the clinical findings of increased oestrogens levels in serum and intratesticular milieu of idiopathic infertile men. This review aims to discuss the available information concerning the role of oestrogens in the control of germ cell death and summarises the signalling mechanisms driven oestrogen-induced apoptosis. The present data represent a valuable basis for the clinical management of hyperoestrogenism-related infertility and provide a rationale for the use of oestrogen-target therapies in male infertility.
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218
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O'Donnell L. Mechanisms of spermiogenesis and spermiation and how they are disturbed. SPERMATOGENESIS 2015; 4:e979623. [PMID: 26413397 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Haploid round spermatids undergo a remarkable transformation during spermiogenesis. The nucleus polarizes to one side of the cell as the nucleus condenses and elongates, and the microtubule-based manchette sculpts the nucleus into its species-specific head shape. The assembly of the central component of the sperm flagellum, known as the axoneme, begins early in spermiogenesis, and is followed by the assembly of secondary structures needed for normal flagella. The final remodelling of the mature elongated spermatid occurs during spermiation, when the spermatids line up along the luminal edge, shed their residual cytoplasm and are ultimately released into the lumen. Defects in spermiogenesis and spermiation are manifested as low sperm number, abnormal sperm morphology and poor motility and are commonly observed during reproductive toxicant administration, as well as in genetically modified mouse models of male infertility. This chapter summarizes the major physiological processes and the most commonly observed defects in spermiogenesis and spermiation, to aid in the diagnosis of the potential mechanisms that could be perturbed by experimental manipulation such as reproductive toxicant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza O'Donnell
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research ; Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University ; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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219
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Lin ZYC, Hirano T, Shibata S, Seki NM, Kitajima R, Sedohara A, Siomi MC, Sasaki E, Siomi H, Imamura M, Okano H. Gene expression ontogeny of spermatogenesis in the marmoset uncovers primate characteristics during testicular development. Dev Biol 2015; 400:43-58. [PMID: 25624265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis has been investigated extensively in rodents and a strictly controlled developmental process has been defined at cellular and molecular levels. In comparison, primate spermatogenesis has been far less well characterized. However, important differences between primate and rodent spermatogenesis are emerging so it is not always accurate to extrapolate findings in rodents to primate systems. Here, we performed an extensive immunofluorescence study of spermatogenesis in neonatal, juvenile, and adult testes in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to determine primate-specific patterns of gene expression that underpin primate germ cell development. Initially we characterized adult spermatogonia into two main classes; mitotically active C-KIT(+)Ki67(+) cells and mitotically quiescent SALL4(+)PLZF(+)LIN28(+)DPPA4(+) cells. We then explored the expression of a set of markers, including PIWIL1/MARWI, VASA, DAZL, CLGN, RanBPM, SYCP1 and HAPRIN, during germ cell differentiation from early spermatocytes through round and elongating spermatids, and a clear program of gene expression changes was determined as development proceeded. We then examined the juvenile marmoset testis. Markers of gonocytes demonstrated two populations; one that migrates to the basal membrane where they form the SALL4(+) or C-KIT(+) spermatogonia, and another that remains in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. This later population, historically identified as pre-spermatogonia, expressed meiotic and apoptotic markers and were eliminated because they appear to have failed to correctly migrate. Our findings provide the first platform of gene expression dynamics in adult and developing germ cells of the common marmoset. Although we have characterized a limited number of genes, these results will facilitate primate spermatogenesis research and understanding of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takamasa Hirano
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naomi M Seki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Kitajima
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Ayako Sedohara
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mikiko C Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masanori Imamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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220
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Spata6 is required for normal assembly of the sperm connecting piece and tight head-tail conjunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E430-9. [PMID: 25605924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424648112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
"Pinhead sperm," or "acephalic sperm," a type of human teratozoospermia, refers to the condition in which ejaculate contains mostly sperm flagella without heads. Family clustering and homogeneity of this syndrome suggests a genetic basis, but the causative genes remain largely unknown. Here we report that Spata6, an evolutionarily conserved testis-specific gene, encodes a protein required for formation of the segmented columns and the capitulum, two major structures of the sperm connecting piece essential for linking the developing flagellum to the head during late spermiogenesis. Inactivation of Spata6 in mice leads to acephalic spermatozoa and male sterility. Our proteomic analyses reveal that SPATA6 is involved in myosin-based microfilament transport through interaction with myosin subunits (e.g., MYL6).
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221
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Jamsai D, O'Connor AE, O'Donnell L, Lo JCY, O'Bryan MK. Uncoupling of transcription and translation of Fanconi anemia (FANC) complex proteins during spermatogenesis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 5:e979061. [PMID: 26413409 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Male germ cell genome integrity is critical for spermatogenesis, fertility and normal development of the offspring. Several DNA repair pathways exist in male germ cells. One such important pathway is the Fanconi anemia (FANC) pathway. Unlike in somatic cells, expression profiles and the role of the FANC pathway in germ cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we undertook an extensive expression analyses at both mRNA and protein levels of key components of the FANC pathway during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Herein we show that Fanc mRNAs and proteins displayed developmental enrichment within particular male germ cell types. Spermatogonia and pre-leptotene spermatocytes contained the majority of the FANC components examined i.e. complex I members FANCB, FANCG and FANCM, complex II members FANCD2 and FANCI, and complex III member FANCJ. Leptotene, zygotene and early pachytene spermatocytes contained FANCB, FANCG, FANCM and FANCD2. With the exception of FANCL, all FANC proteins examined were not detected in round spermatids. Elongating and elongated spermatids contained FANCB, FANCG, FANCL and FANCJ. qPCR analysis on isolated spermatocytes and round spermatids showed that Fancg, Fancl, Fancm, Fancd2, Fanci and Fancj mRNAs were expressed in both of these germ cell types, indicating that some degree of translational repression of these FANC proteins occurs during the transition from meiosis to spermiogenesis. Taken together, our findings raise the possibility that the assembly of FANC protein complexes in each of the male germ cell type is unique and may be distinct from the proposed model in mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Jamsai
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne E O'Connor
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza O'Donnell
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia ; MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research ; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Chi Yi Lo
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
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222
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Wegner SH, Yu X, Pacheco Shubin S, Griffith WC, Faustman EM. Stage-specific signaling pathways during murine testis development and spermatogenesis: A pathway-based analysis to quantify developmental dynamics. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 51:31-9. [PMID: 25463528 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Shifting the field of developmental toxicology toward evaluation of pathway perturbation requires a quantitative definition of normal developmental dynamics. This project examined a publicly available dataset to quantify pathway dynamics during testicular development and spermatogenesis and anchor toxicant-perturbed pathways within the context of normal development. Genes significantly changed throughout testis development in mice were clustered by their direction of change using K-means clustering. Gene Ontology terms enriched among each cluster were identified using MAPPfinder. Temporal pathway dynamics of enriched terms were quantified based on average expression intensity for all genes associated with a given term. This analysis captured processes that drive development, including the peak in steroidogenesis known to occur around gestational day 16.5 and the increase in meiosis and spermatogenesis-related pathways during the first wave of spermatogenesis. Our analysis quantifies dynamics of pathways vulnerable to toxicants and provides a framework for quantifying perturbation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna H Wegner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Sara Pacheco Shubin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States.
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223
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Nakata H, Wakayama T, Takai Y, Iseki S. Quantitative analysis of the cellular composition in seminiferous tubules in normal and genetically modified infertile mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:99-113. [PMID: 25411188 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414562045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a quantitative standard for the cellular composition in seminiferous tubules at each stage of spermatogenesis in the mouse testis, and thereby evaluate abnormalities in the infertile mouse testis. We applied a combination of lectin histochemistry for acrosomes and immunohistochemistry for various specific cell markers, both of which were visualized with fluorescence, on paraffin sections of the testis. We first examined seminiferous tubules from normal mice and counted the number of each cell type at each stage of spermatogenesis. We then examined seminiferous tubules from genetically modified mice deficient (-/-) for one of the cell adhesion molecules, nectin-2 or nectin-3, and compared the number of each cell type at each stage of spermatogenesis with the corresponding value in normal mice. In both nectin-2-/- and nectin-3-/- mice, which are infertile despite the apparently normal morphology of the seminiferous epithelia, we measured a progressive loss in the later-step spermatids, with significantly lower numbers of step 11-16 spermatids in nectin-3-/- mice and step 15-16 spermatids in nectin-2-/- mice as compared with that in normal control mice. The present study demonstrated that a quantitative analysis of cellular compositions at different stages in seminiferous tubules was useful for evaluating abnormalities in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (HN, TW, SI)
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (HN, TW, SI)
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (YT)
| | - Shoichi Iseki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (HN, TW, SI)
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224
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Pérez CV, Theas MS, Jacobo PV, Jarazo-Dietrich S, Guazzone VA, Lustig L. Dual role of immune cells in the testis: Protective or pathogenic for germ cells? SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 3:e23870. [PMID: 23687616 PMCID: PMC3644047 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe how the immune cells present in the testis interact with the germinal epithelium contributing to survival or apoptosis of germ cells (GCs). Physiologically, the immunosuppressor testicular microenvironment protects GCs from immune attack, whereas in inflammatory conditions, tolerance is disrupted and immune cells and their mediators respond to GC self antigens, inducing damage of the germinal epithelium. Considering that experimental models of autoimmune orchitis have clarified the local immune mechanisms by which protection of the testis is compromised, we described the following topics in the testis of normal and orchitic rats: (1) cell adhesion molecule expression of seminiferous tubule specialized junctions and modulation of blood-testis barrier permeability by cytokines (2) phenotypic and functional characteristics of testicular dendritic cells, macrophages, effector and regulatory T cells and mast cells and (3) effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and FasL) and the nitric oxide-nitric oxide synthase system on GC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia V Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; UBA/CONICET; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires, Argentina
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225
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O'Donnell L, McLachlan RI, Merriner DJ, O'Bryan MK, Jamsai D. KATNB1 in the human testis and its genetic variants in fertile and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic infertile men. Andrology 2014; 2:884-91. [PMID: 25280067 DOI: 10.1111/andr.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) is a phenotype frequently observed in infertile men, and is defined by low spermatozoa number, abnormal spermatozoa morphology and poor motility. We previously showed that a mutation in the Katnb1 gene in mice causes infertility because of OAT. The KATNB1 gene encodes an accessory subunit of the katanin microtubule-severing enzyme complex; this accessory subunit is thought to modulate microtubule-severing location and activity. We hypothesized that KATNB1 may play a role in human spermatogenesis and that genetic variants in KATNB1 could be associated with OAT in humans. Using immunostaining, we defined the localization of the KATNB1 protein in human testes. KATNB1 was present during spermatid development, and in particular localized to the microtubules of the manchette, a structure required for sperm head shaping. To assess a potential association between genetic variants in the KATNB1 gene and infertile men with OAT, we performed direct sequencing of genomic DNA samples from 100 OAT infertile and 100 proven fertile men. Thirty-seven KATNB1 variants were observed, five of which had not previously been described. Ten variants were present only in OAT men, however, statistical analysis did not reveal a significant association with fertility status. Our results suggest that variants in the KATNB1 gene are not commonly associated with OAT infertility in Australian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Donnell
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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226
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Jones S, Boisvert A, Duong TB, Francois S, Thrane P, Culty M. Disruption of Rat Testis Development Following Combined In Utero Exposure to the Phytoestrogen Genistein and Antiandrogenic Plasticizer Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate1. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:64. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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227
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Abstract
Current knowledge on avian spermiogenesis, including strengths and weaknesses, has been reviewed. Information on avian spermiogenesis considerably lags behind that in mammals because of the paucity of reports in birds. Spermiogenesis in passerine birds has received even much less attention than in non-passerine birds. Mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of the acrosome and nucleus, and roles of microtubular assemblies are poorly understood. The proximal centriole found in non-passerine birds, but hitherto considered to be absent in passerine birds, has recently been described in spermatids and mature spermatozoa of 2 passeridan species, including the Masked weaver for which new and detailed spermiogenetic information is provided in this review. A great deal more studies on spermiogenesis, and spermatogenesis generally, in various avian species are required to considerably enhance knowledge of this phenomenon, contribute to comparative spermatology, provide a basis for appropriate applied studies, and contribute to understanding of phylogeny in this vast order of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Aire
- Department of Anatomy; Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Veterinary Medicine; St. George's University; St. George, Grenada
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228
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Holland A, Ohlendieck K. Comparative profiling of the sperm proteome. Proteomics 2014; 15:632-48. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashling Holland
- Department of Biology; National University of Ireland; Maynooth County Kildare Ireland
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology; National University of Ireland; Maynooth County Kildare Ireland
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229
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Nilsen A, Fusser M, Greggains G, Fedorcsak P, Klungland A. ALKBH4 depletion in mice leads to spermatogenic defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105113. [PMID: 25153837 PMCID: PMC4143218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ALKBH4, an AlkB homologue in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent hydroxylase family, has previously been shown to regulate the level of monomethylated lysine-84 in actin and thereby indirectly influences the ability of non-muscular myosin II to bind actin filaments. ALKBH4 modulates fundamental processes including cytokinesis and cell motility, and its depletion is lethal during early preimplantation embryo stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ALKBH4 deficiency in a physiological context, using inducible Alkbh4 knockout mice. Here, we report that ALKBH4 is essential for the development of spermatocytes during the prophase of meiosis, and that ALKBH4 depletion leads to insufficient establishment of the synaptonemal complex. We also show that ALKBH4 is localized in nucleolar structures of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nilsen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Fusser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Greggains
- Section for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Fedorcsak
- Section for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (AK); (PF)
| | - Arne Klungland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (AK); (PF)
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Sequential expression of long noncoding RNA as mRNA gene expression in specific stages of mouse spermatogenesis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5966. [PMID: 25097017 PMCID: PMC4122978 DOI: 10.1038/srep05966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) species have been identified in gametes. However, the biogenesis and function of other categories of lncRNAs in gametes is poorly understood. Here, we profiled the expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs in spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), type A spermatogonia (A), pachytene spermatocytes (PS) and round spermatids (RS) by microarray analysis. We analyze the total expression of lncRNA/mRNA in these four germ cells and found that the maximum number of lncRNAs expression is in A (22127), and the minimum is in PS (14456). Also, the maximum number of mRNAs is in A (19923), and the minimum is in PS (13941). Furthermore, the trend in the number of specific lncRNAs was similar to the number of specific mRNAs in each type of germ cells (e.g., maximum in A and minimum in PS). The trend in the number of lncRNAs was similar to the number of mRNAs in two continued types of germ cells (e.g., maximum in SSC to A and minimum in PS to RS). The correlation analysis showed a high correlation coefficient of lncRNAs/mRNAs expression (R = 0.992). The results suggested that the sequential expression of long noncoding RNA as mRNA gene expression exhibits coordinated changes in male spermatogenesis.
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Urriola-Muñoz P, Lizama C, Lagos-Cabré R, Reyes JG, Moreno RD. Differential expression and localization of ADAM10 and ADAM17 during rat spermatogenesis suggest a role in germ cell differentiation. Biol Res 2014; 47:31. [PMID: 25053185 PMCID: PMC4101179 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular metolloproteases have been implied in different process such as cell death, differentiation and migration. Membrane-bound metalloproteases of the ADAM family shed the extracellular domain of many cytokines and receptor controlling auto and para/juxtacrine cell signaling in different tissues. ADAM17 and ADAM10 are two members of this family surface metalloproteases involved in germ cell apoptosis during the first wave of spermatogenesis in the rat, but they have other signaling functions in somatic tissues. Results In an attempt to further study these two enzymes, we describe the presence and localization in adult male rats. Results showed that both enzymes are detected in germ and Sertoli cells during all the stages of spermatogenesis. Interestingly their protein levels and cell surface localization in adult rats were stage-specific, suggesting activation of these enzymes at particular events of rat spermatogenesis. Conclusions Therefore, these results show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 protein levels and subcellular (cell surface) localization are regulated during rat spermatogenesis.
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232
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Regulation of spermatogenesis: An evolutionary biologist's perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 29:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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233
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Noblanc A, Kocer A, Drevet JR. Recent knowledge concerning mammalian sperm chromatin organization and its potential weaknesses when facing oxidative challenge. Basic Clin Androl 2014; 24:6. [PMID: 26779341 PMCID: PMC4715350 DOI: 10.1186/2051-4190-24-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa are the smallest and most cyto-differentiated mammalian cells. From a somatic cell-like appearance at the beginning of spermatogenesis, the male germ cell goes through a highly sophisticated process to reach its final organization entirely devoted to its mission which is to deliver the paternal genome to the oocyte. In order to fit the paternal DNA into the tiny spermatozoa head, complete chromatin remodeling is necessary. This review essentially focuses on present knowledge of this mammalian sperm nucleus compaction program. Particular attention is given to most recent advances that concern the specific organization of mammalian sperm chromatin and its potential weaknesses. Emphasis is placed on sperm DNA oxidative damage that may have dramatic consequences including infertility, abnormal embryonic development and the risk of transmission to descendants of an altered paternal genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Noblanc
- GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR 6293 - INSERM U1103 - Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR 6293 - INSERM U1103 - Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Joël R Drevet
- GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR 6293 - INSERM U1103 - Clermont Université, Aubière, France
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234
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Kasioulis I, Syred HM, Tate P, Finch A, Shaw J, Seawright A, Fuszard M, Botting CH, Shirran S, Adams IR, Jackson IJ, van Heyningen V, Yeyati PL. Kdm3a lysine demethylase is an Hsp90 client required for cytoskeletal rearrangements during spermatogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1216-33. [PMID: 24554764 PMCID: PMC3982988 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysine demethylase Kdm3a (Jhdm2a, Jmjd1a) is required for male fertility, sex determination, and metabolic homeostasis through its nuclear role in chromatin remodeling. Many histone-modifying enzymes have additional nonhistone substrates, as well as nonenzymatic functions, contributing to the full spectrum of events underlying their biological roles. We present two Kdm3a mouse models that exhibit cytoplasmic defects that may account in part for the globozoospermia phenotype reported previously. Electron microscopy revealed abnormal acrosome and manchette and the absence of implantation fossa at the caudal end of the nucleus in mice without Kdm3a demethylase activity, which affected cytoplasmic structures required to elongate the sperm head. We describe an enzymatically active new Kdm3a isoform and show that subcellular distribution, protein levels, and lysine demethylation activity of Kdm3a depended on Hsp90. We show that Kdm3a localizes to cytoplasmic structures of maturing spermatids affected in Kdm3a mutant mice, which in turn display altered fractionation of β-actin and γ-tubulin. Kdm3a is therefore a multifunctional Hsp90 client protein that participates directly in the regulation of cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kasioulis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Syred
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Peri Tate
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Finch
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Shaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Seawright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Fuszard
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine H. Botting
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia L. Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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235
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Checking the Pulse of Vitamin A Metabolism and Signaling during Mammalian Spermatogenesis. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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236
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Margolin G, Khil PP, Kim J, Bellani MA, Camerini-Otero RD. Integrated transcriptome analysis of mouse spermatogenesis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:39. [PMID: 24438502 PMCID: PMC3906902 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of primordial germ cells into mature spermatozoa proceeds through multiple stages, one of the most important of which is meiosis. Meiotic recombination is in turn a key part of meiosis. To achieve the highly specialized and diverse functions necessary for the successful completion of meiosis and the generation of spermatozoa thousands of genes are coordinately regulated through spermatogenesis. A complete and unbiased characterization of the transcriptome dynamics of spermatogenesis is, however, still lacking. RESULTS In order to characterize gene expression during spermatogenesis we sequenced eight mRNA samples from testes of juvenile mice from 6 to 38 days post partum. Using gene expression clustering we defined over 1,000 novel meiotically-expressed genes. We also developed a computational de-convolution approach and used it to estimate cell type-specific gene expression in pre-meiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic cells. In addition, we detected 13,000 novel alternative splicing events around 40% of which preserve an open reading frame, and found experimental support for 159 computational gene predictions. A comparison of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) ChIP-Seq signals with RNA-Seq coverage shows that gene expression correlates well with Pol II signals, both at promoters and along the gene body. However, we observe numerous instances of non-canonical promoter usage, as well as intergenic Pol II peaks that potentially delineate unannotated promoters, enhancers or small RNA clusters. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of gene expression throughout mouse meiosis and spermatogenesis. Importantly, we find over a thousand of novel meiotic genes and over 5,000 novel potentially coding isoforms. These data should be a valuable resource for future studies of meiosis and spermatogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Margolin
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 5, Room 205A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pavel P Khil
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 5, Room 205A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joongbaek Kim
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 5, Room 205A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marina A Bellani
- National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - R Daniel Camerini-Otero
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 5, Room 205A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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237
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O'Donnell L, O'Bryan MK. Microtubules and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:45-54. [PMID: 24440897 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers of tubulin subunits that underpin many essential cellular processes, such as cell division and migration. Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatogenic stem cells undergo mitotic and meiotic division and differentiation to produce streamlined spermatozoa capable of motility and fertilization. This review summarizes the current knowledge of microtubule-based processes in spermatogenesis. We describe the involvement of microtubule dynamics in Sertoli cell shape and function, as well as in the mitotic and meiotic division of germ cells. The roles of microtubules in sperm head shaping, via the development and function of the manchette, and in sperm flagella development are also discussed. The review brings together data from microscopy studies and genetically modified mouse models, and reveals that the regulation of microtubule dynamics is essential for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza O'Donnell
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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238
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Misiakiewicz K, Kolasa A, Kondarewicz A, Marchlewicz M, Wiszniewska B. Expression of the c-Kit receptor in germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium in rats with hormonal imbalance. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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239
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Eslahi N, Hadjighassem MR, Joghataei MT, Mirzapour T, Bakhtiyari M, Shakeri M, Pirhajati V, Shirinbayan P, Koruji M. The effects of poly L-lactic acid nanofiber scaffold on mouse spermatogonial stem cell culture. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4563-76. [PMID: 24348035 PMCID: PMC3848747 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s45535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 3D-nanofiber scaffold acts in a similar way to the extracellular matrix (ECM)/basement membrane that enhances the proliferation and self-renewal of stem cells. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of a poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofiber scaffold on frozen-thawed neonate mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and testis tissues. METHODS The isolated spermatogonial cells were divided into six culture groups: (1) fresh spermatogonial cells, (2) fresh spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA, (3) frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells, (4) frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA, (5) spermatogonial cells obtained from frozen-thawed testis tissue, and (6) spermatogonial cells obtained from frozen-thawed testis tissue seeded onto PLLA. Spermatogonial cells and testis fragments were cryopreserved and cultured for 3 weeks. Cluster assay was performed during the culture. The presence of spermatogonial cells in the culture was determined by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for spermatogonial markers (Oct4, GFRα-1, PLZF, Mvh(VASA), Itgα6, and Itgβ1), as well as the ultrastructural study of cell clusters and SSCs transplantation to a recipient azoospermic mouse. The significance of the data was analyzed using the repeated measures and analysis of variance. RESULTS The findings indicated that the spermatogonial cells seeded on PLLA significantly increased in vitro spermatogonial cell cluster formations in comparison with the control groups (culture of SSCs not seeded on PLLA) (P≤0.001). The viability rate for the frozen cells after thawing was 63.00% ± 3.56%. This number decreased significantly (40.00% ± 0.82%) in spermatogonial cells obtained from the frozen-thawed testis tissue. Both groups, however, showed in vitro cluster formation. Although the expression of spermatogonial markers was maintained after 3 weeks of culture, there was a significant downregulation for some spermatogonial genes in the experimental groups compared with those of the control groups. Furthermore, transplantation assay and transmission electron microscopy studies suggested the presence of SSCs among the cultured cells. CONCLUSION Although PLLA can increase the in vitro cluster formation of neonate fresh and frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells, it may also cause them to differentiate during cultivation. The study therefore has implications for SSCs proliferation and germ cell differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Eslahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Mirzapour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiyari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malak Shakeri
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peymaneh Shirinbayan
- Pediatric Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tse ACK, Lau KYT, Ge W, Wu RSS. A rapid screening test for endocrine disrupting chemicals using primary cell culture of the marine medaka. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:50-58. [PMID: 24140634 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) pose a significant threat to wildlife worldwide, their diverse chemical structures present a major challenge to their detection, particularly since they are present at very low concentrations in the environment. We here report the development of an in vitro system for rapid screening of EDCs, using primary cell cultures (pituitary, ovarian follicular and testicular cells) of the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Pituitary, testis and ovary cell cultures were developed and challenged by environmentally relevant concentrations of three well known EDCs (viz. estradiol, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, and 4-n-nonylphenol) as well as hypoxia (which has been shown to be a potent endocrine disruptor). In general, the mRNA expression levels of gonadotropins, their receptors and steroidogenic enzymes exhibited dose response relationships to the four endocrine disruptors in different tissues. The sensitivity and responses were also comparable to in vivo responses of whole fish and in vitro responses of the H295R human adrenocortical cell line. Our results suggest that the use of marine medaka primary cultured cells can serve as a cost effective tool for rapid screening of EDCs in the marine environment, and at the same time, sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of EDCs by deciphering their specific target sites along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C K Tse
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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241
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Bao J, Wu J, Schuster AS, Hennig GW, Yan W. Expression profiling reveals developmentally regulated lncRNA repertoire in the mouse male germline. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:107. [PMID: 24048575 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the transcriptome of large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is believed to be greater than that of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Some lncRNAs, especially large intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), participate in epigenetic regulation by binding chromatin-modifying protein complexes and regulating protein-coding gene expression. Given that epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in male germline development, we embarked on expression profiling of both lncRNAs and mRNAs during male germline reprogramming and postnatal development using microarray analyses. We identified thousands of lncRNAs and hundreds of lincRNAs that are either up- or downregulated at six critical time points during male germ cell development. In addition, highly regulated lncRNAs were correlated with nearby (<30 kb) mRNA gene clusters, which were also significantly up- or downregulated. Large ncRNAs can be localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, with nuclear lncRNAs mostly associated with key components of the chromatin-remodeling protein complexes. Our data indicate that expression of lncRNAs is dynamically regulated during male germline development and that lncRNAs may function to regulate gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels via genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Bao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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242
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Yuan S, Zheng H, Zheng Z, Yan W. Proteomic analyses reveal a role of cytoplasmic droplets as an energy source during epididymal sperm maturation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77466. [PMID: 24155961 PMCID: PMC3796460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A small portion of cytoplasm is generally retained as the cytoplasmic droplet (CD) on the flagellum of spermatozoa after spermiation in mice. CDs are believed to play a role in osmoadaptation by allowing water entrance or exit. However, many lines of evidence suggest that CDs may have roles beyond osmoregulation. To gain more insights, we purified CDs from murine epididymal spermatozoa and conducted proteomic analyses on proteins highly enriched in CDs. Among 105 proteins identified, 71 (68%) were enzymes involved in energy metabolism. We also found that sperm mitochondria underwent a reactivation process and glycolytic enzymes were further distributed and incorporated into different regions of the flagellum during epididymal sperm maturation. Both processes appeared to require CDs. Our data suggest that the CD represents a transient organelle that serves as an energy source essential for epididymal sperm maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqiao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Huili Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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243
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Hu JR, Liu M, Wang DH, Hu YJ, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a KIFC1-like kinesin gene in the testis of Eumeces chinensis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6645-6655. [PMID: 24078165 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The member of the kinesin-14 subfamily, KIFC1, is a carboxyl-terminal motor protein that plays an important role in the elongation of nucleus and acrosome biogenesis during the spermiogenesis of mammals. Here, we had cloned and sequenced the cDNA of a mammalian KIFC1 homologue (termed ec-KIFC1) from the total RNA of the testis of the reptile Eumeces chinensis. The full-length sequence was 2,339 bp that contained a 216 bp 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR), a 194 bp 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) and a 1,929 bp open reading frame that encoded a special protein of 643 amino acids (aa). The calculated molecular weight of the putative ec-KIFC1 was 71 kDa and its estimated isoelectric point was 9.47. The putative ec-KIFC1 protein owns a tail domain from 1 to 116 aa, a stalk domain from 117 to 291 aa and a conserved carboxyl motor domain from 292 to 642 aa. Protein alignment demonstrated that ec-KIFC1 had 45.6, 42.8, 44.6, 36.9, 43.7, 46.4, 45.1, 55.6 and 49.8 % identity with its homologues in Mus musculus, Salmo salar, Danio rerio, Eriocheir sinensis, Rattus norvegicus, Homo sapiens, Bos taurus, Gallus gallus and Xenopus laevis, respectively. Tissue expression analysis showed the presence of ovary, heart, liver, intestine, oviduct, testis and muscle. The phylogenetic tree revealed that ec-KIFC1 was more closely related to vertebrate KIFC1 than to invertebrate KIFC1. In situ hybridization showed that the ec-KIFC1 mRNA was localized in the periphery of the nuclear membrane and the center of the nucleus in early spermatids. In mid spermatids, the ec-KIFC1 had abundant expression in the center of nucleus, and was expressed in the tail and the anterior part of spermatids. In the late spermatid, the nucleus gradually became elongated, and the ec-KIFC1 mRNA signal was still centralized in the nucleus. In mature spermatids, the signal of the ec-KIFC1 gradually became weak, and was mainly located at the tail of spermatids. Therefore, the ec-KIFC1 probably plays a critical role in the spermatogenesis of E. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rao Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
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244
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Mortimer D, Barratt CLR, Björndahl L, de Jager C, Jequier AM, Muller CH. What should it take to describe a substance or product as 'sperm-safe'. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19 Suppl 1:i1-45. [PMID: 23552271 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male reproductive potential continues to be adversely affected by many environmental, industrial and pharmaceutical toxins. Pre-emptive testing for reproductive toxicological (side-)effects remains limited, or even non-existent. Many products that come into direct contact with spermatozoa lack adequate testing for the absence of adverse effects, and numerous products that are intended for exposure to spermatozoa have only a general assumption of safety based on the absence of evidence of actual harm. Such assumptions can have unfortunate adverse impacts on at-risk individuals (e.g. couples who are trying to conceive), illustrating a clear need for appropriate up-front testing to establish actual 'sperm safety'. METHODS After compiling a list of general areas within the review's scope, relevant literature and other information was obtained from the authors' personal professional libraries and archives, and supplemented as necessary using PubMed and Google searches. Review by co-authors identified and eliminated errors of omission or bias. RESULTS This review provides an overview of the broad range of substances, materials and products that can affect male fertility, especially through sperm fertilizing ability, along with a discussion of practical methods and bioassays for their evaluation. It is concluded that products can only be claimed to be 'sperm-safe' after performing objective, properly designed experimental studies; extrapolation from supposed predicate products or other assumptions cannot be trusted. CONCLUSIONS We call for adopting the precautionary principle, especially when exposure to a product might affect not only a couple's fertility potential but also the health of resulting offspring and perhaps future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mortimer
- Oozoa Biomedical Inc., Caulfeild Village, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Lehti MS, Kotaja N, Sironen A. KIF3A is essential for sperm tail formation and manchette function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:44-55. [PMID: 23831641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A motor protein is responsible for intraflagellar transport, which is required for protein delivery during axoneme formation in ciliated cells. The function of KIF3A during spermatogenesis is not known. In this study, we show that depletion of KIF3A causes severe impairments in sperm tail formation and interestingly, it also affects manchette organization and the shaping of sperm heads. Our results demonstrate the analogy between the mechanisms governing the formation of cilia in somatic cells and the formation of spermatozoa-specific flagella. Furthermore, this study reveals KIF3A as an important regulator of spermatogenesis and emphasizes the crucial role of KIF3A in maintaining male fertility. We also identified several novel interacting partners for KIF3A, including meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1 (MNS1) that colocalizes with KIF3A in the manchette and principal piece of the sperm tail. This study highlights the essential role of KIF3A-mediated microtubular transport in the development of spermatozoa and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Lehti
- Agrifood Research Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Animal Genomics, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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246
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Chihara M, Otsuka S, Ichii O, Kon Y. Vitamin A deprivation affects the progression of the spermatogenic wave and initial formation of the blood-testis barrier, resulting in irreversible testicular degeneration in mice. J Reprod Dev 2013; 59:525-35. [PMID: 23934320 PMCID: PMC3934156 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood testis-barrier (BTB) is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the
seminiferous epithelium. Although many studies have reported that vitamin A (VA) is
required for the maintenance of spermatogenesis, the relationships between the BTB,
spermatogenesis and VA have not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed BTB
assembly and spermatogenesis in the testes of mice fed the VA-deficient (VAD) diet
from the prepubertal period to adulthood. During the prepubertal period, no changes
were observed in the initiation and progression of the first spermatogenic wave in
mice fed the VAD diet. However, the numbers of preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes
derived from the second spermatogenic wave onwards were decreased, and initial BTB
formation was also delayed, as evidenced by the decreased expression of mRNAs
encoding BTB components and VA signaling molecules. From 60 days postpartum, mice fed
the VAD diet exhibited apoptosis of germ cells, arrest of meiosis, disruption of the
BTB, and dramatically decreased testis size. Furthermore, vacuolization and
calcification were observed in the seminiferous epithelium of adult mice fed the VAD
diet. Re-initiation of spermatogenesis by VA replenishment in adult mice fed the VAD
diet rescued BTB assembly after when the second spermatogenic wave initiated from the
arrested spermatogonia reached the preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes. These
results suggested that BTB integrity was regulated by VA metabolism with meiotic
progression and that the impermeable BTB was required for persistent spermatogenesis
rather than meiotic initiation. In conclusion, consumption of the VAD diet led to
critical defects in spermatogenesis progression and altered the dynamics of BTB
assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Chihara
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Papah MB, Kisia SM, Ojoo RO, Makanya AN, Wood CM, Kavembe GD, Maina JN, Johannsson OE, Bergman HL, Laurent P, Chevalier C, Bianchini A, Bianchini LF, Onyango DW. Morphological evaluation of spermatogenesis in Lake Magadi tilapia (Alcolapia grahami): a fish living on the edge. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:371-82. [PMID: 23916093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis in Lake Magadi tilapia (Alcolapia grahami), a cichlid fish endemic to the highly alkaline and saline Lake Magadi in Kenya, was evaluated using light and transmission electron microscopy. Spermatogenesis, typified by its three major phases (spermatocytogenesis, meiosis and spermiogenesis), was demonstrated by the presence of maturational spermatogenic cells namely spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Primary spermatogonia, the largest of all the germ cells, underwent a series of mitotic divisions producing primary spermatocytes, which then entered two consecutive meiotic divisions to produce secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Spermatids, in turn, passed through three structurally distinct developmental stages typical of type-I spermiogenesis to yield typical primitive anacrosomal spermatozoa of the externally fertilizing type (aquasperm). The spermatozoon of this fish exhibited a spheroidal head with the nucleus containing highly electron-dense chromatin globules, a midpiece containing ten ovoid mitochondria arranged in two rows and a flagellum formed by the typical 9 + 2 microtubule axoneme. In addition, the midpiece, with no cytoplasmic sheath, appeared to end blindly distally in a lobe-like pattern around the flagellum; a feature that was unique and considered adaptive for the spermatozoon of this species to the harsh external environment. These observations show that the testis of A. grahami often undergoes active spermatogenesis despite the harsh environmental conditions to which it is exposed on a daily basis within the lake. Further, the spermiogenic features and spermatozoal ultrastructure appear to be characteristic of Cichlidae and, therefore, may be of phylogenetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Papah
- Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, 30197-00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
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248
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Tassinari R, Cubadda F, Moracci G, Aureli F, D’Amato M, Valeri M, De Berardis B, Raggi A, Mantovani A, Passeri D, Rossi M, Maranghi F. Oral, short-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rat: focus on reproductive and endocrine systems and spleen. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:654-62. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.822114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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249
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O'Bryan MK, Clark BJ, McLaughlin EA, D'Sylva RJ, O'Donnell L, Wilce JA, Sutherland J, O'Connor AE, Whittle B, Goodnow CC, Ormandy CJ, Jamsai D. RBM5 is a male germ cell splicing factor and is required for spermatid differentiation and male fertility. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003628. [PMID: 23935508 PMCID: PMC3723494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is common in mammalian cells and enables the production of multiple gene products from a single gene, thus increasing transcriptome and proteome diversity. Disturbance of splicing regulation is associated with many human diseases; however, key splicing factors that control tissue-specific alternative splicing remain largely undefined. In an unbiased genetic screen for essential male fertility genes in the mouse, we identified the RNA binding protein RBM5 (RNA binding motif 5) as an essential regulator of haploid male germ cell pre-mRNA splicing and fertility. Mice carrying a missense mutation (R263P) in the second RNA recognition motif (RRM) of RBM5 exhibited spermatid differentiation arrest, germ cell sloughing and apoptosis, which ultimately led to azoospermia (no sperm in the ejaculate) and male sterility. Molecular modelling suggested that the R263P mutation resulted in compromised mRNA binding. Within the adult mouse testis, RBM5 localises to somatic and germ cells including spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids. Through the use of RNA pull down coupled with microarrays, we identified 11 round spermatid-expressed mRNAs as putative RBM5 targets. Importantly, the R263P mutation affected pre-mRNA splicing and resulted in a shift in the isoform ratios, or the production of novel spliced transcripts, of most targets. Microarray analysis of isolated round spermatids suggests that altered splicing of RBM5 target pre-mRNAs affected expression of genes in several pathways, including those implicated in germ cell adhesion, spermatid head shaping, and acrosome and tail formation. In summary, our findings reveal a critical role for RBM5 as a pre-mRNA splicing regulator in round spermatids and male fertility. Our findings also suggest that the second RRM of RBM5 is pivotal for appropriate pre-mRNA splicing. The production of functional spermatozoa is an extraordinarily complex process that transforms a conventional round cell into the highly specialised sperm cell. These events require the coordinated activation of thousands of genes. It is likely that this complexity contributes to the large number of idiopathic infertility cases seen in humans. In an effort to improve the field's understanding of male fertility, we used a random mutagenesis screen to produce the Joey mouse line and to conclusively define RBM5 as an essential regulator of male fertility. The Joey line carries a mutation in the Rbm5 gene, which leads to a complete block of spermatid (haploid male germ cell) differentiation and ultimately a total loss of sperm production. Our results reveal a physiological role for RBM5 in the splicing of several spermatid-expressed mRNAs that are critical for the production of spermatozoa. This study is the first to show that RBM5, via its effects on mRNA splicing in the testis, is required for male fertility. These data improve our understanding of the regulatory networks of gene expression that control sperm production and as such may lead to the development of novel approaches to enhance or suppress fertility in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira K. O'Bryan
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brett J. Clark
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eileen A. McLaughlin
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Priority Research Centre in Chemical Biology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. D'Sylva
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liza O'Donnell
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Prince Henry's Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A. Wilce
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessie Sutherland
- Priority Research Centre in Chemical Biology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Anne E. O'Connor
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - Duangporn Jamsai
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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250
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The cytoplasmic droplet may be indicative of sperm motility and normal spermiogenesis. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:799-805. [PMID: 23770936 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cytoplasm of spermatids is removed at the end of spermiogenesis, a tiny portion is usually retained in the sperm flagellum, which is termed the cytoplasmic droplet (CD) in mammals. CDs are believed to play a role in sperm volume adaptation. However, we have noticed that epididymal spermatozoa that display initial (flagellation in situ) and progressive motility mostly possess CDs, whereas spermatozoa without CDs are rarely motile, suggesting that CDs have a role in motility development during sperm epididymal maturation. In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between the presence or absence of CDs, motility development and positional changes of CDs during sperm epididymal maturation in mice and monkeys. We also examined CDs on spermatozoa of three knockout mouse lines with late spermiogenic defects. Our data suggest that the CD is a normal organelle transiently present exclusively on epididymal spermatozoa, and normal CD morphology and location are associated with normal motility development during epididymal maturation of spermatozoa. Abnormal CD formation, e.g., a complete lack of CDs or ectopic CDs, is indicative of defective spermiogenesis. If CDs are essential for sperm motility development, then CDs may represent an ideal drug target for the development of non-hormonal male contraceptives.
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