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Smith LJ, Silverman L, Sakai D, Le Maitre CL, Mauck RL, Malhotra NR, Lotz JC, Buckley CT. Advancing cell therapies for intervertebral disc regeneration from the lab to the clinic: Recommendations of the ORS spine section. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1036. [PMID: 30895277 PMCID: PMC6419951 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is strongly associated with chronic low back pain, a leading cause of disability worldwide. Current back pain treatment approaches (both surgical and conservative) are limited to addressing symptoms, not necessarily the root cause. Not surprisingly therefore, long-term efficacy of most approaches is poor. Cell-based disc regeneration strategies have shown promise in preclinical studies, and represent a relatively low-risk, low-cost, and durable therapeutic approach suitable for a potentially large patient population, thus making them attractive from both clinical and commercial standpoints. Despite such promise, no such therapies have been broadly adopted clinically. In this perspective we highlight primary obstacles and provide recommendations to help accelerate successful clinical translation of cell-based disc regeneration therapies. The key areas addressed include: (a) Optimizing cell sources and delivery techniques; (b) Minimizing potential risks to patients; (c) Selecting physiologically and clinically relevant efficacy metrics; (d) Maximizing commercial potential; and (e) Recognizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaborations and engaging with clinicians from inception through to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J. Smith
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research CenterCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Lara Silverman
- DiscGenics Inc.Salt Lake CityUtah
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennessee
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | | | - Robert L. Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research CenterCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Neil R. Malhotra
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for BioengineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of DublinDublinIreland
- School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinDublinIreland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) CentreRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland & Trinity College Dublin, The University of DublinDublinIreland
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202
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Patil P, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD, Lee J, Sowa G, Vo N. Cellular senescence in intervertebral disc aging and degeneration. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:180-190. [PMID: 30473991 PMCID: PMC6248341 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-018-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age is a major risk factor for multiple disease pathologies, including chronic back pain, which stems from age-related degenerative changes to intervertebral disc tissue. Growing evidence suggest that the change in phenotype of disc cells to a senescent phenotype may be one of the major driving forces of age-associated disc degeneration. This review discusses the known stressors that promote development of senescence in disc tissue and the underlying molecular mechanisms disc cells adopt to enable their transition to a senescent phenotype. RECENT FINDINGS Increased number of senescent cells have been observed with advancing age and degeneration in disc tissue. Additionally, in vitro studies have confirmed the catabolic nature of stress-induced senescent disc cells. Several factors have been shown to establish senescence via multiple different underlying mechanisms. SUMMARY Cellular senescence can serve as a therapeutic target to combat age-associated disc degeneration. However, whether the different stressors utilizing different signaling networks establish different kinds of senescent types in disc cells is currently unknown and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanti Patil
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nam Vo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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203
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Buser Z, Chung AS, Abedi A, Wang JC. The future of disc surgery and regeneration. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2018; 43:995-1002. [PMID: 30506089 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-018-4254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low back and neck pain are among the top contributors for years lived with disability, causing patients to seek substantial non-operative and operative care. Intervertebral disc herniation is one of the most common spinal pathologies leading to low back pain. Patient comorbidities and other risk factors contribute to the onset and magnitude of disc herniation. Spine fusions have been the treatment of choice for disc herniation, due to the conflicting evidence on conservative treatments. However, re-operation and costs have been among the main challenges. Novel technologies including cage surface modifications, biologics, and 3D printing hold a great promise. Artificial disc replacement has demonstrated reduced rates of adjacent segment degeneration, need for additional surgery, and better outcomes. Non-invasive biological approaches are focused on cell-based therapies, with data primarily from preclinical settings. High-quality comparative studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel technologies and biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Buser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo St, HC4 - #5400A, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | | | - Aidin Abedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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204
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Migliorini F, Rath B, Tingart M, Baroncini A, Quack V, Eschweiler J. Autogenic mesenchymal stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2018; 43:1027-1036. [PMID: 30415465 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-018-4218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A systematic review of the literature was conducted to clarify the outcomes of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) injections for the regeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). METHODS The following databases were accessed: PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase and Google Scholar bibliographic databases. Articles including previous or planned surgical interventions were excluded. Only articles reporting percutaneous autologous MSC injection to regenerate IVD in humans were included. We referred to the Coleman Methodology Score for the methodological quality assessment. The statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager Software 5.3. RESULTS After the databases search and cross-references of the bibliographies, seven studies were included in the present work. The funnel plot detected low risk of publication bias. The Coleman Methodology Score reported a good result, scoring 61.07 points. A total of 98 patients were enrolled, with 122 treated levels. All the patients underwent conservative therapies prior to injection. A remarkable improvement in the quality of life were reported after the treatment. The average Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) improved from "severe disability" to "minimal disability" at one year follow-up. The visual analogue scale (VAS) showed an improvement of ca. 30% at one year follow-up. Only one case of herniated nucleus pulposus was reported. No other adverse events at the aspiration or injection site were observed. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review of the literature proved MSC injection to be a safe and feasible option for intervertebral disc regeneration in the early-degeneration stage patients. Irrespective of the source of the MSCs, an overall clinical and radiological improvement of the patients has been evidenced, as indeed a very low complication rate during the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Rath
- Department of Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Tingart
- Department of Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alice Baroncini
- Department of Spine Surgery, Eifelklinik St. Brigida, Kammerbruchstraße 8, 52152, Simmerath, Germany
| | - Valentin Quack
- Department of Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Eschweiler
- Department of Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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205
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Hartman R, Patil P, Tisherman R, St Croix C, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD, Ambrosio F, Van Houten B, Sowa G, Vo N. Age-dependent changes in intervertebral disc cell mitochondria and bioenergetics. Eur Cell Mater 2018; 36:171-183. [PMID: 30334244 PMCID: PMC9972500 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v036a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust cellular bioenergetics is vital in the energy-demanding process of maintaining matrix homeostasis in the intervertebral disc. Age-related decline in disc cellular bioenergetics is hypothesised to contribute to the matrix homeostatic perturbation observed in intervertebral disc degeneration. The present study aimed to measure how ageing impacted disc cell mitochondria and bioenergetics. Age-related changes measured included matrix content and cellularity in disc tissue, as well as matrix synthesis, cell proliferation and senescence markers in cell cultures derived from annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) isolated from the discs of young (6-9 months) and older (36-50 months) New Zealand White rabbits. Cellular bioenergetic parameters were measured using a Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer, in addition to quantitating mitochondrial morphological changes and membrane potential. Ageing reduced mitochondrial number and membrane potential in both cell types. Also, it significantly reduced glycolytic capacity, mitochondrial reserve capacity, maximum aerobic capacity and non-glucose-dependent respiration in NP. Moreover, NP cells exhibited age-related decline in matrix synthesis and reduced cellularity in older tissues. Despite a lack of changes in mitochondrial respiration with age, AF cells showed an increase in glycolysis and altered matrix production. While previous studies report age-related matrix degenerative changes in disc cells, the present study revealed, for the first time, that ageing affected mitochondrial number and function, particularly in NP cells. Consequently, age-related bioenergetic changes may contribute to the functional alterations in aged NP cells that underlie disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, 200 Lothrop St., E1648 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,
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206
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Zhang Z, Wang C, Lin J, Jin H, Wang K, Yan Y, Wang J, Wu C, Nisar M, Tian N, Wang X, Zhang X. Therapeutic Potential of Naringin for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Involvement of Autophagy Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Nucleus Pulposus Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1-20. [PMID: 30284462 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of lower back pain, but few efficacious medicines have been developed for IDD. Increased nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis is a dominant pathogenesis of IDD and is considered a therapeutic target. Previously, our group proved that autophagy may protect nucleus pulposus cells against apoptosis. As one of the major bioflavonoids of citrus, naringin activates autophagy. Therefore, we hypothesize that naringin may have therapeutic potential for IDD by activating autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells. In this study, we evaluated the effects of naringin on TBHP-induced oxidative stress in nucleus pulposus cells in vitro as well as in puncture-induced rat IDD model in vivo. Our results showed that naringin could reduce the incidence of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells and promoted the expression of autophagy markers LC3-II/I and beclin-1. Meanwhile, inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA may partially reverse the anti-apoptotic effect of naringin, indicating that autophagy was involved in the protective effect of naringin in nucleus pulposus cells. Further study showed that autophagy regulation of naringin may be related to AMPK signaling. Also, we found that naringin treatment can regulate the expression of collagen II, aggrecan and Mmp13 to sustain the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, our in vivo study showed that naringin can ameliorate IDD in puncture-induced rat model. In conclusion, our study suggests that naringin can protect nucleus pulposus cells against apoptosis and ameliorate IDD in vivo, the mechanism may relate to its autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjie Zhang
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Lin
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Jin
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhao Yan
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianle Wang
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Congcong Wu
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Majid Nisar
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- † Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- ‡ The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
- § Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Wenzhou, P. R. China
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207
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Silagi ES, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the nucleus pulposus: Dysregulation and the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:368-379. [PMID: 29501510 PMCID: PMC6119535 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few human tissues have functions as closely linked to the composition of their extracellular matrices as the intervertebral disc. In fact, the hallmark of intervertebral disc degeneration, commonly accompanying low back and neck pain, is the progressive loss of extracellular matrix molecules - specifically the GAG-substituted proteoglycans. While this loss is often associated with increased extracellular catabolism via metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines, there is strong evidence that disc degeneration is related to dysregulation of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss those environmental factors, unique to the disc, that control expression and function of XT-1, GlcAT-I, and ChSy/ChPF in the healthy and degenerative state. Additionally, we address the pathophysiology of aberrant GAG biosynthesis and highlight therapeutic strategies designed to augment the loss of extracellular matrix molecules that afflict the degenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Silagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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208
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Wang F, Zhang C, Shi R, Xie ZY, Chen L, Wang K, Wang YT, Xie XH, Wu XT. The embryonic and evolutionary boundaries between notochord and cartilage: a new look at nucleus pulposus-specific markers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1274-1282. [PMID: 29935307 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The adult nucleus pulposus (NP) and articular cartilage are similar in terms of their histocytological components and biomechanical functionalities, requiring a deep understanding of NP-specific markers to better evaluate stem-cell-based NP regeneration. Here, we seek to distinguish NP cells from articular chondrocytes (ACs), focusing on differences in their embryonic formation and evolutionary origin. Embryonically, NP cells are conservatively derived from the axial notochord, whereas ACs originate in a diversified manner from paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. Evolutionarily, although the origins of vertebrate NP and AC cells can be traced to similar structures within protostomia-like bilaterian ancestors, the distant phylogenetic relationship between the two groups of animals and the differences in the bodily origins of the tissues suggest that the tissues may in fact have undergone parallel evolution within the protostomia and deuterostomia. The numbers of supposedly NP-specific markers are increasing gradually as microarray studies proceed, but no final consensus has been attained on the specificity and physiology of "exclusive" NP markers because of innate variations among species; intrinsic expression of genes that destabilize the circadian clock; and cooperation by, and crosstalk among, different genes in terms of physiology-related phenotypes. We highlight the embryonic and evolutionary boundaries between NP and AC cells, to aid in recognition of the challenges associated with evaluation of the role played by nucleopulpogenic differentiation during stem-cell-based intervertebral disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - R Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - Z-Y Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - L Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - K Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - Y-T Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - X-H Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - X-T Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
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209
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Torre OM, Mroz V, Bartelstein MK, Huang AH, Iatridis JC. Annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes in homeostasis and injury: implications for regenerative strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1442:61-78. [PMID: 30604562 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to develop cellular, molecular, and structural repair strategies and restore intervertebral disk function after injury, the basic biology underlying intervertebral disk healing remains poorly understood. Remarkably, little is known about the origins of cell populations residing within the annulus fibrosus, or their phenotypes, heterogeneity, and roles during healing. This review focuses on recent literature highlighting the intrinsic and extrinsic cell types of the annulus fibrosus in the context of the injury and healing environment. Spatial, morphological, functional, and transcriptional signatures of annulus fibrosus cells are reviewed, including inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells, which we propose to be referred to as annulocytes. The annulus also contains peripheral cells, interlamellar cells, and potential resident stem/progenitor cells, as well as macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells following injury. Phases of annulus fibrosus healing include inflammation and recruitment of immune cells, cell proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and matrix remodeling. However, annulus fibrosus healing commonly involves limited remodeling, with granulation tissues remaining, and the development of chronic inflammatory states. Identifying annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes during health, injury, and degeneration will inform reparative regeneration strategies aimed at improving annulus fibrosus healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Torre
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Victoria Mroz
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Meredith K Bartelstein
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice H Huang
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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210
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Huang YC, Hu Y, Li Z, Luk KDK. Biomaterials for intervertebral disc regeneration: Current status and looming challenges. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2188-2202. [PMID: 30095863 DOI: 10.1002/term.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A biomaterial-based strategy is employed to regenerate the degenerated intervertebral disc, which is considered a major generator of neck and back pain. Although encouraging enhancements in the anatomy and kinematics of the degenerative disc have been gained by biomaterials with various formulations in animals, the number of biomaterials tested in humans is rare. At present, most studies that involve the use of newly developed biomaterials focus on regeneration of the degenerative disc, but not pain relief. In this review, we summarise the current state of the art in the field of biomaterial-based regeneration or repair for the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and total disc transplantation in animals and humans, and we then provide essential suggestions for the development and clinical translation of biomaterials for disc regeneration. It is important for researchers to consider the commonly neglected issues instead of concentrating solely on biomaterial development and fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Can Huang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Regenerative Technologies, Orthopaedic Research Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spine Surgery, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Keith D K Luk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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211
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Thorpe AA, Bach FC, Tryfonidou MA, Le Maitre CL, Mwale F, Diwan AD, Ito K. Leaping the hurdles in developing regenerative treatments for the intervertebral disc from preclinical to clinical. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1027. [PMID: 31463447 PMCID: PMC6686834 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic back and neck pain is a prevalent disability, often caused by degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Because current treatments for this condition are less than satisfactory, a great deal of effort is being applied to develop new solutions, including regenerative strategies. However, the path from initial promising idea to clinical use is fraught with many hurdles to overcome. Many of the keys to success are not necessarily linked to science or innovation. Successful translation to clinic will also rely on planning and awareness of the hurdles. It will be essential to plan your entire path to clinic from the outset and to do this with a multidisciplinary team. Take advice early on regulatory aspects and focus on generating the proof required to satisfy regulatory approval. Scientific demonstration and societal benefits are important, but translation cannot occur without involving commercial parties, which are instrumental to support expensive clinical trials. This will only be possible when intellectual property can be protected sufficiently to support a business model. In this manner, commercial, societal, medical, and scientific partners can work together to ultimately improve patient health. Based on literature surveys and experiences of the co-authors, this opinion paper presents this pathway, highlights the most prominent issues and hopefully will aid in your own translational endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey A. Thorpe
- Biomolecular Sciences Research CentreSheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldUK
| | - Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Fackson Mwale
- Department of SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySt. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Division, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoventhe Netherlands
- Department of OrthopedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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212
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Protective Role of Carbonic Anhydrases III and VII in Cellular Defense Mechanisms upon Redox Unbalance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2018306. [PMID: 30154947 PMCID: PMC6098850 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2018306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Under oxidative stress conditions, several constitutive cellular defense systems are activated, which involve both enzymatic systems and molecules with antioxidant properties such as glutathione and vitamins. In addition, proteins containing reactive sulfhydryl groups may eventually undergo reversible redox modifications whose products act as protective shields able to avoid further permanent molecular oxidative damage either in stressful conditions or under pathological circumstances. After the recovery of normal redox conditions, the reduced state of protein sulfhydryl groups is restored. In this context, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) III and VII, which are human metalloenzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton, have been identified to play an antioxidant role in cells where oxidative damage occurs. Both proteins are mainly localized in tissues characterized by a high rate of oxygen consumption, and contain on their molecular surface two reactive cysteine residues eventually undergoing S-glutathionylation. Here, we will provide an overview on the molecular and functional features of these proteins highlighting their implications into molecular processes occurring during oxidative stress conditions.
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213
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Liu S, Yang SD, Huo XW, Yang DL, Ma L, Ding WY. 17β-Estradiol inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration by down-regulating MMP-3 and MMP-13 and up-regulating type II collagen in a rat model. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:182-191. [PMID: 30056756 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1453826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Si-Dong Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi-Wei Huo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Da-Long Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Ding
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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214
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In-Vivo Nucleus Pulposus-Specific Regulation of Adult Murine Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11191. [PMID: 30046041 PMCID: PMC6060169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Catenin, transcription factor of Wnt signaling, is promoted in patients with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, but Wnt signaling decreases with aging. We hypothesize that IVD degeneration is associated with decreased Wnt signaling despite more b-Catenin. Chronic compression of tail IVDs of young-adult and aged Wnt-reporter (TOPGAL) animals initiated an age-related cascade of degenerative-like changes, which included reduced Wnt ligand expression and Wnt signaling in nucleus pulposus cells, despite elevation of b-Catenin protein and gene expression. To determine the effect of upregulated and downregulated Wnt signaling in adult discs, b-Catenin in the nucleus pulposus was stabilized (Shh-CreErT2/b-Cateninfl(Ex3)/fl(Ex3), cACT) or knocked out (Shh-CreErT2/b-Cateninfl/fl, cKO). cACT discs had promoted expression of Wnt-targets and -ligands, brachyury, extracellular matrix production and 34% greater compressive stiffness than WT (b-Cateninfl(Ex3)/fl(Ex3)) discs, but 50% less tensile stiffness. By contrast, knockout reversed the cACT phenotype: less protein expression of b-catenin in the nucleus pulposus, less expression of brachyury, heightened expression of extracellular matrix breakdown and 46% less compressive stiffness than wild-type (b-Cateninfl/fl,WT) discs. These data suggest that intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with loss of Wnt signaling and that the concomitant increase in b-catenin is a regenerative response, potentially offering a therapeutic approach to degeneration.
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215
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Resveratrol enhances matrix biosynthesis of nucleus pulposus cells through activating autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway under oxidative damage. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180544. [PMID: 29752339 PMCID: PMC6435559 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The decrease in nucleus pulposus (NP) matrix production is a classic feature during disc degeneration. Resveratrol (RSV) is reported to play protective effects under many pathological factors.The present study aims to study the effects of RSV on NP matrix homeostasis under oxidative damage and the potential mechanism. Rat NP cells were exposed to H2O2 solution to create an oxidative damage. RSV and the 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were added along with the culture medium to respectively investigate the role of RSV and cellular autophagy. NP matrix synthesis was evaluated by the expression of macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen II) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. Activation of cellular autophagy was assessed by the expression of several molecular markers. Additionally, activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway was also evaluated to study its potential role. Compared with the control group (NP cells treated with H2O2), RSV significantly up-regulated expression of matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen), promoted GAG production, and increased the expression of autophagy-related markers (Beclin-1 and LC-3). Further analysis showed that inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA partly attenuated NP matrix production. Additionally, RSV increased activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway compared with the control NP cells, but it was not affected by the addition of 3-MA. RSV plays a protective role in enhancing NP matrix synthesis under oxidative damage. Mechanistically, activation of the cellular autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway may participate in this process. RSV may be an effective drug to attenuate oxidative stress-induced disc degeneration.
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216
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Abstract
Mechanical loading of the intervertebral disc (IVD) initiates cell-mediated remodeling events that contribute to disc degeneration. Cells of the IVD, nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF), will exhibit various responses to different mechanical stimuli which appear to be highly dependent on loading type, magnitude, duration, and anatomic zone of cell origin. Cells of the NP, the innermost region of the disc, exhibit an anabolic response to low-moderate magnitudes of static compression, osmotic pressure, or hydrostatic pressure, while higher magnitudes promote a catabolic response marked by increased protease expression and activity. Cells of the outer AF are responsive to physical forces in a manner that depends on frequency and magnitude, as are cells of the NP, though they experience different forces, deformations, pressure, and osmotic pressure in vivo. Much remains to be understood of the mechanotransduction pathways that regulate IVD cell responses to loading, including responses to specific stimuli and also differences among cell types. There is evidence that cytoskeletal remodeling and receptor-mediated signaling are important mechanotransduction events that can regulate downstream effects like gene expression and posttranslational biosynthesis, all of which may influence phenotype and bioactivity. These and other mechanotransduction events will be regulated by known and to-be-discovered cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and depend on composition of extracellular matrix ligands for cell interaction, matrix stiffness, and the phenotype of the cells themselves. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge of the role of mechanical stimuli and the impact upon the cellular response to loading and changes that occur with aging and degeneration of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey V Fearing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paula A Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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217
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Franco-Obregón A, Cambria E, Greutert H, Wernas T, Hitzl W, Egli M, Sekiguchi M, Boos N, Hausmann O, Ferguson SJ, Kobayashi H, Wuertz-Kozak K. TRPC6 in simulated microgravity of intervertebral disc cells. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:2621-2630. [PMID: 29968164 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged bed rest and microgravity in space cause intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are implicated in mechanosensing of several tissues, but are poorly explored in IVDs. METHODS Primary human IVD cells from surgical biopsies composed of both annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (passage 1-2) were exposed to simulated microgravity and to the TRPC channel inhibitor SKF-96365 (SKF) for up to 5 days. Proliferative capacity, cell cycle distribution, senescence and TRPC channel expression were analyzed. RESULTS Both simulated microgravity and TRPC channel antagonism reduced the proliferative capacity of IVD cells and induced senescence. While significant changes in cell cycle distributions (reduction in G1 and accumulation in G2/M) were observed upon SKF treatment, the effect was small upon 3 days of simulated microgravity. Finally, downregulation of TRPC6 was shown under simulated microgravity. CONCLUSIONS Simulated microgravity and TRPC channel inhibition both led to reduced proliferation and increased senescence. Furthermore, simulated microgravity reduced TRPC6 expression. IVD cell senescence and mechanotransduction may hence potentially be regulated by TRPC6 expression. This study thus reveals promising targets for future studies. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elena Cambria
- Institute for Biomechanics, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Greutert
- Institute for Biomechanics, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timon Wernas
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Office (Biostatistics), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marcel Egli
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Miho Sekiguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Norbert Boos
- Prodorso Center for Spinal Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hausmann
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Institute for Biomechanics, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, 81547, Munich, Germany.
- Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Health Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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218
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Bardonova LA, Sheikh O, Malova IO, Sorokovikov VA, Byvaltsev VA. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC. COLUNA/COLUMNA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-185120181703193837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The intervertebral disc (IVD) is one of the parts of the body most commonly affected by disease, and it is only recently that we have come closer to understanding the reasons for its degeneration, in which nutrient supply plays a crucial role. In this literature review, we discuss the basic principles and characteristics of energy supply and demand to the IVD. Specifically, we review how different metabolites influence IVD cell activity, the effects of mechanical loading on IVD cell metabolism, and differences in energy metabolism of the annulus fibrous and nucleus pulposus cell phenotypes. Determining the factors that influence nutrient supply and demand in the IVD will enhance our understanding of the IVD pathology, and help to elucidate new therapeutic targets for IVD degeneration treatment.
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219
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Pereira DR, Tapeinos C, Rebelo AL, Oliveira JM, Reis RL, Pandit A. Scavenging Nanoreactors that Modulate Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana R. Pereira
- 3B's Research Group; University of Minho; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- CÚRAM; Centre for Research in Medical Devices; National University of Ireland, Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - Christos Tapeinos
- CÚRAM; Centre for Research in Medical Devices; National University of Ireland, Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - Ana L. Rebelo
- CÚRAM; Centre for Research in Medical Devices; National University of Ireland, Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group; University of Minho; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group; University of Minho; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM; Centre for Research in Medical Devices; National University of Ireland, Galway; Galway Ireland
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220
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Lama P, Le Maitre CL, Harding IJ, Dolan P, Adams MA. Nerves and blood vessels in degenerated intervertebral discs are confined to physically disrupted tissue. J Anat 2018; 233:86-97. [PMID: 29708266 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerves and blood vessels are found in the peripheral annulus and endplates of healthy adult intervertebral discs. Degenerative changes can allow these vessels to grow inwards and become associated with discogenic pain, but it is not yet clear how far, and why, they grow in. Previously we have shown that physical disruption of the disc matrix, which is a defining feature of disc degeneration, creates free surfaces which lose proteoglycans and water, and so become physically and chemically conducive to cell migration. We now hypothesise that blood vessels and nerves in degenerated discs are confined to such disrupted tissue. Whole lumbar discs were obtained from 40 patients (aged 37-75 years) undergoing surgery for disc herniation, disc degeneration with spondylolisthesis or adolescent scoliosis ('non-degenerated' controls). Thin (5-μm) sections were stained with H&E and toluidine blue for semi-quantitative assessment of blood vessels, fissures and proteoglycan loss. Ten thick (30-μm) frozen sections from each disc were immunostained for CD31 (an endothelial cell marker), PGP 9.5 and Substance P (general and nociceptive nerve markers, respectively) and examined by confocal microscopy. Volocity image analysis software was used to calculate the cross-sectional area of each labelled structure, and its distance from the nearest free surface (disc periphery or internal fissure). Results showed that nerves and blood vessels were confined to proteoglycan-depleted regions of disrupted annulus. The maximum distance of any blood vessel or nerve from the nearest free surface was 888 and 247 μm, respectively. Blood vessels were greater in number, grew deeper, and occupied more area than nerves. The density of labelled blood vessels and nerves increased significantly with Pfirrmann grade of disc degeneration and with local proteoglycan loss. Analysing multiple thick sections with fluorescent markers on a confocal microscope allows reliable detection of thin filamentous structures, even within a dense matrix. We conclude that, in degenerated and herniated discs, blood vessels and nerves are confined to proteoglycan-depleted regions of disrupted tissue, especially within annulus fissures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Lama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Patricia Dolan
- Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael A Adams
- Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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221
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Zhao L, Lin H, Chen S, Chen S, Cui M, Shi D, Wang B, Ma K, Shao Z. Hydrogen peroxide induces programmed necrosis in rat nucleus pulposus cells through the RIP1/RIP3-PARP-AIF pathway. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1269-1282. [PMID: 28960436 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically investigate whether programmed necrosis contributes to H2 O2 -induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cells death and to further explore the underlying mechanism involved. Rat NP cells were subjected to different concentrations of H2 O2 for various time periods. The cell viability was measured using a cell counting kit-8, and the death rate was detected by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide (PI) staining. The programmed necrosis-related molecules receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The morphologic and ultrastructural changes were examined by phasecontrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), the PARP inhibitor diphenyl-benzoquinone (DPQ) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology were used to indirectly evaluate programmed necrosis. Our results indicated that H2 O2 induced necrotic morphologic and ultrastructural changes and an elevated PI positive rate in NP cells; these effects were mediated by the upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3, hyperactivation of PARP, and translocation of AIF from mitochondria to nucleus. Additionally, NP cells necrosis was significantly attenuated by Nec-1, DPQ pretreatment and knockdown of RIP3 and AIF, while knockdown of RIP1 produced the opposite effects. In conclusion, these results suggested that under oxidative stress, RIP1/RIP3-mediated programmed necrosis, executed through the PARP-AIF pathway, played an important role in NP cell death. Protective strategies aiming to regulate programmed necrosis may exert a beneficial effect for NP cells survival, and ultimately retard intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1269-1282, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Deyao Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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222
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Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase III, a Nucleus Pulposus Phenotypic Marker, is Hypoxia-responsive and Confers Protection from Oxidative Stress-induced Cell Death. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4856. [PMID: 29559661 PMCID: PMC5861082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the avascular nucleus pulposus (NP) phenotype plays a crucial role in the maintenance of intervertebral disc health. While advances have been made to define the molecular phenotype of healthy NP cells, the functional relevance of several of these markers remains unknown. In this study, we test the hypothesis that expression of Carbonic Anhydrase III (CAIII), a marker of the notochordal NP, is hypoxia-responsive and functions as a potent antioxidant without a significant contribution to pH homeostasis. NP, but not annulus fibrosus or end-plate cells, robustly expressed CAIII protein in skeletally mature animals. Although CAIII expression was hypoxia-inducible, we did not observe binding of HIF-1α to select hypoxia-responsive-elements on Car3 promoter using genomic chromatin-immunoprecipitation. Similarly, analysis of discs from NP-specific HIF-1α null mice suggested that CAIII expression was independent of HIF-1α. Noteworthy, silencing CAIII in NP cells had no effect on extracellular acidification rate, CO2 oxidation rate, or intracellular pH, but rather sensitized cells to oxidative stress-induced death mediated through caspase-3. Our data clearly suggests that CAIII serves as an important antioxidant critical in protecting NP cells against oxidative stress-induced injury.
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223
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Sadowska A, Hausmann ON, Wuertz-Kozak K. Inflammaging in the intervertebral disc. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2514183x18761146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Spine Center, Munich, Germany
- Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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224
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Mohammed S, Yu J. Platelet-rich plasma injections: an emerging therapy for chronic discogenic low back pain. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2018; 4:115-122. [PMID: 29732431 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2018.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have been investigated in recent years as an emerging therapy for various musculoskeletal conditions, including lumbar degenerative disc disease. Although PRP has received increasing attention from medical science experts, comprehensive clinical reports of its efficacy are limited to those treating knee osteoarthritis and epicondylitis. Use of PRP is gaining popularity in the area of degenerative disc disease, but there is a clear need for reliable clinical evidence of its applications and effectiveness. In this article, we review the current literature on PRP therapy and its potential use in the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain, with a focus on evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suja Mohammed
- Australian Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Yu
- Australian Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Spine and Pain, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
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225
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Age-Correlated Phenotypic Alterations in Cells Isolated From Human Degenerated Intervertebral Discs With Contained Hernias. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E274-E284. [PMID: 28678109 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Human intervertebral disc (hIVD) cells were isolated from 41 surgically excised samples and assessed for their phenotypic alterations with age. OBJECTIVE Toward the design of novel anti-aging strategies to overcome degenerative disc disease (DDD), we investigated age-correlated phenotypic alterations that occur on primary hIVD cells. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although regenerative medicine holds great hope, much is still to be unveiled on IVD cell biology and its intrinsic signaling pathways, which can lead the way to successful therapies for IDD. A greater focus on age-related phenotypic changes at the cell level would contribute to establish more effective anti-aging/degeneration targets. METHODS The study was subdivided in four main steps: i) optimization of primary cells isolation technique; ii) high-throughput cell morphology analysis, by imaging flow cytometry (FC) and subsequent validation by histological analysis; iii) analysis of progenitor cell surface markers expression, by conventional FC; and iv) statistical analysis and correlation of cells morphology and phenotype with donor age. RESULTS Three subsets of cells were identified on the basis of their diameter: small cell (SC), large cell (LC), and super LC (SLC). The frequency of SCs decreased nearly 50% with age, whereas that of LCs increased nearly 30%. Interestingly, the increased cells size was due to an enlargement of the pericellular matrix (PCM). Moreover, the expression pattern for CD90 and CD73 was a reflexion of age, where older individuals show reduced frequencies of positive cells for those markers. Nevertheless, the elevated percentages of primary positive cells for the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) marker CD146 found, even in some older donors, refreshed hope for the hypothetical activation of the self-renewal potential of the IVD. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the remarkable morphological alterations that occur on hIVD cells with aging and degeneration, while reinforcing previous reports on the gradual disappearance of an endogenous progenitor cell population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Liu X, Krishnamoorthy D, Lin L, Xue P, Zhang F, Chi L, Linhardt RJ, Iatridis JC. A method for characterising human intervertebral disc glycosaminoglycan disaccharides using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. Eur Cell Mater 2018; 35:117-131. [PMID: 29469163 PMCID: PMC5865475 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v035a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration results in the depletion of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which can lead to structural and mechanical loss of IVD function, ingrowth of nociceptive nerve fibres and eventually discogenic pain. Specific GAG types as well as their disaccharide patterns can be predictive of disease and degeneration in several tissues but have not been comprehensively studied within the IVD. A highly sensitive mass spectrometry based technique with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to provide characterisation of chondroitin sulphate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), heparan sulphate (HS) and their disaccharide sulphation patterns across different anatomical regions of human IVDs. Principal component analysis further distinguished important regional variations and proposed potential ageing variations in GAG profiles. CS was the GAG in greatest abundance in the IVD followed by HA and HS. Principal component analysis identified clear separation of GAG profiles between nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus in young and old specimens. Distinct patterns of predominantly expressed disaccharides of CS and HS between young and old IVD samples, provided preliminary evidence that important alterations in disaccharides occur within IVDs during ageing. This technique offered a novel approach to identify and quantify specific GAG disaccharides in human IVDs and the data presented were the first to offer insight into the spatial distribution as well as association with ageing of GAGs and GAG disaccharide sulphation patterns across the human IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1188, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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227
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Li D, Yue J, Wu Y, Barnie PA, Wu Y. HtrA1 up-regulates expression of MMPs via Erk1/2/Rock-dependent pathways. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:998-1008. [PMID: 31938194 PMCID: PMC6958014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies that have identified the potential role of a high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). This study was undertaken to investigate the regulatory role of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of IDD. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mRNA levels of HtrA1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of human intervertebral disc degeneration tissues were measured by real-time quantitative PCR, and a correlation between the expression level of HtrA1 and MMPs was also investigated. Human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) were challenged with rHtrA1, and expression of MMPs was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. Moreover, to analyze the mechanism by which HtrA1 up-regulates MMPs, ERK1/2/ROCK signaling pathway inhibitors were also used. RESULTS We found significant increases in mRNA expression of HtrA1 and MMP1, 3, 9, and 13 in IDD tissues compared with control. HtrA1 expression level was associated with the levels of MMP1, 3, and 13. Expression of MMP1, 3, and 13 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in HNPCs treated by rHtrA1. Moreover, administration of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor or ROCK signaling pathway inhibitor decreased rHtrA1-induced MMPs production. Therefore, changes in HtrA1 expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of IDD. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HtrA1 can induce increases in MMPs in HNPCs via the ERK1/2/ROCK signaling pathway, thus providing new insights into the role of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiawei Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhou 213003, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape CoastGhana
| | - Yumin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhou 213003, China
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228
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Feng C, Liu M, Fan X, Yang M, Liu H, Zhou Y. Intermittent cyclic mechanical tension altered the microRNA expression profile of human cartilage endplate chondrocytes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5238-5246. [PMID: 29393457 PMCID: PMC5865992 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the association between cartilage endplate (CEP) degeneration and abnormal mechanical loading. Several studies have reported that intermittent cyclic mechanical tension (ICMT) regulates CEP degeneration via various biological processes and signaling pathways. However, the functions of microRNAs in regulating the cellular responses of CEP chondrocytes to ICMT remain to be elucidated. The current study determined the differentially expressed microRNAs in human CEP chondrocytes exposed to ICMT using microarray analysis. A total 21 significantly upregulated and 62 downregulated miRNAs were identified compared with the control. The findings were subsequently partially validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Potential target genes of the significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using bioinformatics analysis and were used for Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. The present study revealed that the significantly differentially expressed microRNAs were involved in various signaling pathways and biological processes that are crucial to regulating the responses of CEP chondrocytes to ICMT. The current study provided a global view of microRNA expression in CEP chondrocytes under mechanical stimulation, suggesting that microRNAs are important for regulating the mechanical response of CEP chondrocytes. Additionally, it provided a novel insight into the association between mechanical stress and the establishment and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Minghan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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229
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Han YC, Ma B, Guo S, Yang M, Li LJ, Wang SJ, Tan J. Leptin regulates disc cartilage endplate degeneration and ossification through activation of the MAPK-ERK signalling pathway in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2098-2109. [PMID: 29372627 PMCID: PMC5867127 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings demonstrate that leptin plays a significant role in chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanisms by which leptin acts on cartilage endplate (CEP) cells to give rise to calcification are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of leptin that induced mineralization of CEP cells in vitro and in vivo. We constructed a rat model of lumbar disc degeneration and determined that leptin was highly expressed in the presence of CEP calcification. Rat CEP cells treated with or without leptin were used for in vitro analysis using RT‐PCR and Western blotting to examine the expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Both OCN and Runx2 expression levels were significantly increased in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Leptin activated ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in a time‐dependent manner. Inhibition of phosphorylated ERK1/2 using targeted siRNA suppressed leptin‐induced OCN and Runx2 expression and blocked the formation of mineralized nodules in CEP cells. We further demonstrated that exogenous leptin induced matrix mineralization of CEP cells in vivo. We suggest that leptin promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of CEP cells via the MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway and may be used to investigate the mechanisms of disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Jin Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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230
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Zhou X, Tao Y, Chen E, Wang J, Fang W, Zhao T, Liang C, Li F, Chen Q. Genipin-cross-linked type II collagen scaffold promotes the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into nucleus pulposus-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1258-1268. [PMID: 29314724 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Erman Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Weijing Fang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Research Institute of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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231
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Abstract
Degenerative disc disease is a progressive, chronic disorder with strong association to pain, where the dysregulated tissue environment signals disc cells, thereby leading to a low inflammatory process and slow extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis in a perpetual vicious cycle, generating a structural and functional failure of intervertebral disc joint (IVDJ). Among current biologic therapies, there is an emerging minimally invasive strategy that consists of infiltrating plasma rich in growth factors, a safe and efficacious therapeutic approach for other musculoskeletal degenerative conditions. This review summarizes the homeostasis and degeneration of IVDJ, discusses some results on basic science and therapeutic use of platelet-rich plasma products and advances an alternative minimally invasive biologic therapy in IVDJ degeneration and chronic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- BTI - Biotechnology Institute, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Jose Maria Cagigal Kalea, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39,01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Sabino Padilla
- BTI - Biotechnology Institute, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Jose Maria Cagigal Kalea, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39,01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
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232
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Jiang LB, Cao L, Ma YQ, Chen Q, Liang Y, Yuan FL, Li XL, Dong J, Chen N. TIGAR mediates the inhibitory role of hypoxia on ROS production and apoptosis in rat nucleus pulposus cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:138-148. [PMID: 29061494 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia has been shown to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) has been reported to suppress oxidative stress. We sought to explore the role of TIGAR in the effect of hypoxia on ROS production and apoptosis. METHODS An intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat caudal spine was established by puncturing the Co6-7 disc. TIGAR expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting in human and SD rat NP tissues of degenerated discs. Rat primary NP cells treated with hypoxia and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were analyzed by western blotting for TIGAR expression. After TIGAR silence with TIGAR siRNA transfection, apoptosis percentage, mitochondrial and total intracellular ROS levels were measured. H2O2 was used to further check the effects of TIGAR on oxidative stress. Finally, NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSH ratio were examined after TIGAR silencing under hypoxic conditions and after H2O2 treatment. RESULTS A degree-dependent increase in TIGAR expression was observed in human and rat degenerated NP tissues. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducer CoCl2 enhanced TIGAR and P53 expressions in rat NP cells. TIGAR silence reversed the inhibitory effects of hypoxia on intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production, as well as apoptosis percentage. However, TIGAR silence aggravated H2O2-induced ROS production. In addition, TIGAR increased NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSH ratio in NP cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that TIGAR appears to mediate the protective role of hypoxia on ROS production and apoptosis percentage by enhancing NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSH ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-B Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y-Q Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - F-L Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X-L Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - J Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - N Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Qingpu Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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233
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Zhang C, Wang F, Xie Z, Chen L, Sinkemani A, Yu H, Wang K, Mao L, Wu X. Dysregulation of YAP by the Hippo pathway is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration, cell contact inhibition, and cell senescence. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2175-2192. [PMID: 29416763 PMCID: PMC5788631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays important roles in wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration, and in the treatment of degenerative diseases, by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in mammals. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the major causes of low back pain, a widespread issue associated with a heavy economic burden. However, the mechanism underlying how the Hippo pathway regulates IDD is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Hippo pathway is involved in natural IDD. Activation and dephosphorylation of yes-associated protein (YAP) were observed in younger rat discs, and decreased gradually with age. Surprisingly, Hippo pathway suppression was accompanied by overexpression of YAP, caused by acute disc injury, suggesting a limited ability for self-repair in IDD. We also demonstrated that YAP is inhibited by cell-to-cell contact via the Hippo pathway in vitro. Phosphorylation by large tumor suppressor kinases 1/2 (LATS1/2) led to cytoplasmic translocation and inactivation of YAP. YAP dephosphorylation was mainly localized in the nucleus and regulated by the Hippo pathway, whereas YAP dephosphorylation occurred in the cytoplasm and was associated with nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) senescence. Moreover, NPCs were transfected with shYAP and it accelerates the premature senescence of cells by interfered Hippo pathway through YAP. Therefore, our results indicate that the Hippo pathway plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of intervertebral discs and controlling NPC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Arjun Sinkemani
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haomin Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Mao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaotao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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234
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Alvarez-Garcia O, Matsuzaki T, Olmer M, Masuda K, Lotz MK. Age-related reduction in the expression of FOXO transcription factors and correlations with intervertebral disc degeneration. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2682-2691. [PMID: 28430387 PMCID: PMC5650945 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a main risk factor for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, the main cause of low back pain. FOXO transcription factors are important regulators of tissue homeostasis and longevity. Here, we determined the expression pattern of FOXO in healthy and degenerated human IVD and the associations with IVD degeneration during mouse aging. FOXO expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in normal and degenerated human IVD samples and in cervical and lumbar IVD from 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month-old C57BL/6J mice. Mouse spines were graded for key histological features of disc degeneration in all the time points and expression of two key FOXO downstream targets, sestrin 3 (SESN3) and superoxide dismutase (SOD2), was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Histological analysis revealed that FOXO proteins are expressed in all compartments of human and mouse IVD. Expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3, but not FOXO4, was significantly deceased in human degenerated discs. In mice, degenerative changes in the lumbar spine were seen at 24 and 36 months of age whereas cervical IVD showed increased histopathological scores at 36 months. FOXO expression was significantly reduced in lumbar IVD at 12-, 24-, and 36-month-old mice and in cervical IVD at 36-month-old mice when compared with the 6-month-old group. The reduction of FOXO expression in lumbar IVD was concomitant with a decrease in the expression of SESN3 and SOD2. These findings suggest that reduced FOXO expression occurs in lumbar IVD during aging and precedes the major histopathological changes associated with lumbar IVD degeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2682-2691, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tokio Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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235
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Tsujii A, Nakamura N, Horibe S. Age-related changes in the knee meniscus. Knee 2017; 24:1262-1270. [PMID: 28970119 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is the most prominent risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis (OA), which affects knees and causes major health burdens. Meniscal dysfunction mostly based on degeneration contributes to the development and progression of knee OA. Meniscal degeneration is caused by various extrinsic factors, such as repetitive trauma or leg malalignment, while meniscal aging is considered as internal changes, such as molecular or cellular changes. Little is known about age-related changes in the meniscus. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize and clarify the understanding of the aged meniscus. METHODS There are few articles about natural aging in the meniscus, because most reports only demonstrate the effects of OA on the meniscus. We searched PubMed (1948 to November 2016) to identify and summarize all English-language articles evaluating natural aging in the meniscus. RESULTS There is evidence of compositional change in the meniscus with aging, involving cells, collagens, and proteoglycans. In addition, as recent reports on the natural aging of cartilage have indicated, senescence of the meniscal cells may also lead to disruption of meniscal cells and tissue homeostasis. Due to the low turnover rate of collagen, accumulation of advanced glycation end-products largely contributes to tissue stiffness and vulnerability, and finally results in degenerative changes or tears. Furthermore, environmental factors such as joint fluid secreted by inflamed synovium could also contribute to meniscal tissue deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Age-related changes induce meniscal tissue vulnerability and finally lead to meniscal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tsujii
- Department of Orthopedics, Yao Municipal Hospital, Yao, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Horibe
- Faculty of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefectural University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
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236
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Zvicer J, Obradovic B. Bioreactors with hydrostatic pressures imitating physiological environments in intervertebral discs. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:529-545. [PMID: 28763577 DOI: 10.1002/term.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral discs are normally exposed to a variety of loads and stresses but hydrostatic pressure (HP) could be the main biosignal for chondrogenic cell differentiation and maintenance of this tissue. Although there are simple approaches to intermittently expose cell cultures to HP in separate material testing devices, utilization of biomimetic bioreactors aiming to provide in vitro conditions mimicking those found in vivo, attracts special attention. However, design of such bioreactors is complex due to the requirement of high HP magnitudes (up to 3 MPa) applied in different regimes mimicking pressures arising in intervertebral disc during normal daily activities. Furthermore, efficient mass transfer has to be facilitated to cells within 3D scaffolds, and the engineering challenges include avoidance or removal of gas bubbles in the culture medium before pressurization as well as selection of appropriate, biocompatible construction materials and maintenance of sterility during cultivation. Here, we review approaches to induce HP in 2D and 3D cell cultures categorized into 5 groups: (I) discontinuous systems with direct pressurization of the cultivation medium by a piston, (II) discontinuous systems with indirect pressurization by a compression fluid, (III) continuous systems with direct pressurization of the cultivation medium, static culture, (IV) continuous systems with culture perfusion, and (V) systems applying HP in conjunction with other physical signals. Although the complexity is increasing as additional features are added to the systems, the need to understand HP effects on cells and tissues in a physiologically relevant, yet precisely controlled, environment together with current technological advancements are leading towards innovative bioreactor solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Zvicer
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Obradovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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237
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Mavrogonatou E, Pratsinis H, Papadopoulou A, Karamanos NK, Kletsas D. Extracellular matrix alterations in senescent cells and their significance in tissue homeostasis. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:27-42. [PMID: 29066153 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Normal cells after a defined number of successive divisions or after exposure to genotoxic stresses are becoming senescent, characterized by a permanent growth arrest. In addition, they secrete increased levels of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators, collectively termed "senescence-associated secretory phenotype". Furthermore, senescent cells exhibit an altered expression and organization of many extracellular matrix components, leading to specific remodeling of their microenvironment. In this review we present the current knowledge on extracellular matrix alterations associated with cellular senescence and critically discuss certain characteristic examples, highlighting the ambiguous role of senescent cells in the homeostasis of various tissues under both normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mavrogonatou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
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238
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Physiology of ageing of the musculoskeletal system. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:203-217. [PMID: 29224697 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a summary of current concepts of ageing in relation to the musculoskeletal system, highlighting recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of age-related changes in bone, skeletal muscle, chondroid and fibrous tissues. The key components of the musculoskeletal system and their functions are introduced together with a general overview of the molecular hallmarks of ageing. A brief description of the normal architecture of each of these tissue types is followed by a summary of established and developing concepts of mechanisms contributing to the age-related alterations in each. Extensive detailed description of these changes is beyond the scope of this review; instead, we aim to highlight some of the most significant processes and, where possible, the molecular changes underlying these and refer the reader to in-depth, subspecialist reviews of the individual components for further details.
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239
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Methylation of microRNA-129-5P modulates nucleus pulposus cell autophagy by targeting Beclin-1 in intervertebral disc degeneration. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86264-86276. [PMID: 29156793 PMCID: PMC5689683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the etiology and progression of many diseases, including intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The miRNA miR-129-5P regulates autophagy in various cancers, but its role in human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells is unclear. The present study investigated whether miR-129-5p regulates the expression of Beclin-1 which is known to induce autophagy in NP cells by evaluating their levels in normal and degenerative disc tissues and human NP cells transfected with miR-129-5P mimic or inhibitor by quantitative real-time (qRT-)PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis. A bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the relationship between miR-129-5P and Beclin-1, which was confirmed by the dual luciferase assay. DNA methylation status was assessed by methylation-specific PCR, and the effect of demethylation on miR-129-5P level and autophagy was examined by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and flow cytometry. We found that miR-129-5P expression was downregulated while that of Beclin-1 and LC3-II was upregulated in degenerative disc NP cells. Meanwhile, autophagy was reduced in human NP cells transfected with miR-129-5P mimic, whereas the opposite result was observed upon treatment with miR-129-5P inhibitor. Bioinformatics analysis and the luciferase reporter assay revealed that Beclin-1 is a target of and is inhibited by miR-129-5P. We also found that CpG islands in the miR-129-5P promoter region were hypermethylated in degenerative as compared to normal disc tissue. Thus, miR-129-5P blocks NP cell autophagy by directly inhibiting Beclin-1, a process that is dependent on miR-129-5P promoter methylation.
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240
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Mosley GE, Evashwick-Rogler TW, Lai A, Iatridis JC. Looking beyond the intervertebral disc: the need for behavioral assays in models of discogenic pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1409:51-66. [PMID: 28797134 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthopedic research into chronic discogenic back pain has commonly focused on aging- and degeneration-related changes in intervertebral disc structure, biomechanics, and biology. However, the primary spine-related reason for physician office visits is pain. The ambiguous nature of the human condition of discogenic low back pain motivates the use of animal models to better understand the pathophysiology. Discogenic back pain models must consider both emergent behavioral changes following pain induction and changes in the nervous system that mediate such behavior. Looking beyond the intervertebral disc, we describe the different ways to classify pain in human patients and animal models. We describe several behavioral assays that can be used in rodent models to augment disc degeneration measurements and characterize different types of pain. We review rodent models of discogenic pain that employed behavioral pain assays and highlight a need to better integrate neuroscience and orthopedic science methods to extend current understanding of the complex and multifactorial pathophysiology of discogenic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Mosley
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Thomas W Evashwick-Rogler
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alon Lai
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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241
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Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Retarding Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7919201. [PMID: 28752097 PMCID: PMC5511641 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7919201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Several animal studies have demonstrated the positive effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on disc degeneration retardation. The present meta-analysis was to verify the efficacy of PRP in retarding disc degeneration in animal. Methods Relevant studies were identified and evaluated according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and related 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated to assess PRP efficiency. Results In total, eleven studies were included in this meta-analysis. Significant differences were found in the PRP treatment group, which showed increased disc height (SMD = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.86, 3.47, p = 0.000), increased MRI T2 signal intensity (SMD = −3.29, 95% CI: −4.44, −2.13, p = 0.000), and decreased histological degeneration grade (SMD = −4.28, 95% CI: −5.26, −3.30, p = 0.000). However, no significant increase in collagen II expression was found (SMD = 25389.74, 95% CI: −27585.72, 78365.21, p = 0.348). Apart from the subgroup analysis of the disc height based on animal species (pig) and disc degeneration model (chymopapain induction), other subgroup analysis based on animal species (rabbit and rat), study design, disc degeneration model, and follow-up period demonstrated that PRP treatment can significantly restore disc height and increase MRI T2 signal intensity. Conclusions PRP treatment is potentially effective in restoring disc height of rodent rabbit and rat, reducing histological degeneration grade, and increasing MRI T2 image signal. PRP injection may be promising therapy for retarding disc degeneration.
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242
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Ouyang ZH, Wang WJ, Yan YG, Wang B, Lv GH. The PI3K/Akt pathway: a critical player in intervertebral disc degeneration. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57870-57881. [PMID: 28915718 PMCID: PMC5593690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is thought to be the primary cause of low back pain, a severe public health problem worldwide. Current therapy for IDD aims to alleviate the symptoms and does not target the underlying pathological alternations within the disc. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway protects against IDD, which is attributed to increase of ECM content, prevention of cell apoptosis, facilitation of cell proliferation, induction or prevention of cell autophagy, alleviation of oxidative damage, and adaptation of hypoxic microenvironment. In the current review, we summarize recent progression on activation and negative regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and highlight its impact on IDD. Targeting this pathway could become an attractive therapeutic strategy for IDD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Ouyang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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243
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Vamvakas SS, Mavrogonatou E, Kletsas D. Human nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells becoming senescent using different treatments exhibit a similar transcriptional profile of catabolic and inflammatory genes. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017. [PMID: 28646455 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic low back pain has been associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, which is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases and inflammatory molecules in the degenerate tissue. IVD degeneration could be the outcome of natural organismal ageing and/or of the exposure of the disc to cumulative stressful environmental stimuli and is accompanied by an increased population of senescent cells in the tissue. On the other hand, senescent cells are known to secrete proteolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecules, which can contribute to ECM catabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional profile of selected metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators in human nucleus pulposus IVD cells that became senescent using three different approaches: serial subculturing, exposure to ionizing radiation and p16INK4a overexpression. METHODS Gene expression was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR and protein levels were determined by western blot analysis. The proliferative potential of the cells, as well as the percentage of senescent cells in the population were estimated by nuclear BrdU incorporation and by senescence-associated β galactosidase staining, respectively. RESULTS All senescent cells showed a similar regulation of MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, interleukin (IL) 6, IL8 and interferon γ at the level of transcription, with only some quantitative differentiations observed in p16INK4a-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSIONS Data described here suggest that senescent cells may have similar functions in IVD homeostasis, irrespective of the origin of senescence induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris-Spyros Vamvakas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Mavrogonatou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10, Athens, Greece.
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244
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Jiang H, Wang J, Xu B, Yang Q, Liu Y. Study on the expression of nerve growth associated protein-43 in rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2017; 17:104-107. [PMID: 28574417 PMCID: PMC5492325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present work we studied the expression of nerve growth associated protein (GAP-43) in a rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS 16 healthy adult SD rats, male or female, with an average weight 220g were selected. FluoroGold was injected in L5-L6 disc as the tracer. After 7 days, Freund's adjuvant was then injected to build model of intervertebral disc degeneration. After 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of modeling immune-histochemical method was used to detect the T13-L6 dorsal root ganglion and positive expression of GAP-43, TNF-α and IL-1 in L5-L6 intervertebral disc; RT-PCR method was used to detect GAP-43 mRNA and Western blot method was utilized to detect the expression levels of protein. RESULTS In the observation group, the dorsal root ganglion, positive expression rates of GAP-43, TNF-α and IL-1, expression levels of GAP-43 mRNA and protein in the intervertebral disc at each time point were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P⟨0.05); the positive expression rates of GAP-43, TNF-α and IL-1, expression levels of GAP-43 mRNA and protein of the observation group reached the peak at 3d, and dropped at 7d; dorsal root ganglion reached the peak at 7d and dropped at 14d. CONCLUSION Degenerative changes might be mediated by the abnormal high expression of GAP-43 and intervertebral disc inflammation jointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - B. Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Q. Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
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245
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Validation of the intervertebral disc histological degeneration score in cervical intervertebral discs and their end plates. Spine J 2017; 17:738-745. [PMID: 28104459 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Vertebral joints consist of intervertebral discs (IVDs) and cartilaginous end plates (EP) that lie superiorly and inferiorly to the IVDs and separate them from the adjacent vertebral bodies. With aging, both IVDs and EPs undergo degeneration. The Histologic Degeneration Score (HDS) is a grading system that microscopically evaluates the degree of degeneration in lumbar discs and predicts it with high accuracy basing on several histological markers of IVD and EP. There is currently a lack of validated histologic grading schemes for cervical spine degeneration. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to describe the changes in cervical IVDs and EPs with degeneration and to test the validity of the HDS in the cervical spine. STUDY DESIGN A histological study on degenerative changes in cervical IVDs and EPs was conducted. METHODS Thirty human cadavers were dissected to obtain 60 cervical IVDs from the lower half of C4 to the level of the upper half of C6. The IVDs were carefully excised along with EPs and then sectioned to obtain midsagittal samples for macroscopic examination according to a five-grade classification system. The samples were further dissected, fixed, and stained for histological examination according to HDS. RESULTS Thirty C4-C5 IVDs and thirty C5-C6 IVDs were macroscopically examined for degeneration. The averaged Thompson's grade was found to be 2.9±1.3. The mean HDS for IVDs was 13.1±5.8 and for EP was 10.2±5.2. The interrater reliability estimates indicated excellent reliability (κ values>0.81, percentage agreement 86.1%-96.1%). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for IVD and EP scores showed good consistency in predicting macroscopic degeneration. No significant differences were found between the values for cervical IVDs and EPs in the present study and those for lumbar discs derived in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS The HDS was confirmed to be as accurate in predicting the degree of degeneration in the cervical spine as in the lumbar region. To our best knowledge, this is the first reported and validated histological classification system intended for assessing histological degeneration in the cervical spine. Therefore, HDS can be recommended for academic and pathologic purposes in cervical disc degeneration.
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246
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ROS: Crucial Intermediators in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28392887 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5601593.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) indicates the contribution of oxidative stress to IVD degeneration (IDD), giving a novel insight into the pathogenesis of IDD. ROS are crucial intermediators in the signaling network of disc cells. They regulate the matrix metabolism, proinflammatory phenotype, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence of disc cells. Oxidative stress not only reinforces matrix degradation and inflammation, but also promotes the decrease in the number of viable and functional cells in the microenvironment of IVDs. Moreover, ROS modify matrix proteins in IVDs to cause oxidative damage of disc extracellular matrix, impairing the mechanical function of IVDs. Consequently, the progression of IDD is accelerated. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy targeting oxidative stress would provide a novel perspective for IDD treatment. Various antioxidants have been proposed as effective drugs for IDD treatment. Antioxidant supplementation suppresses ROS production in disc cells to promote the matrix synthesis of disc cells and to prevent disc cells from death and senescence in vitro. However, there is not enough in vivo evidence to support the efficiency of antioxidant supplementation to retard the process of IDD. Further investigations based on in vivo and clinical studies will be required to develop effective antioxidative therapies for IDD.
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247
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ROS: Crucial Intermediators in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5601593. [PMID: 28392887 PMCID: PMC5368368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5601593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) indicates the contribution of oxidative stress to IVD degeneration (IDD), giving a novel insight into the pathogenesis of IDD. ROS are crucial intermediators in the signaling network of disc cells. They regulate the matrix metabolism, proinflammatory phenotype, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence of disc cells. Oxidative stress not only reinforces matrix degradation and inflammation, but also promotes the decrease in the number of viable and functional cells in the microenvironment of IVDs. Moreover, ROS modify matrix proteins in IVDs to cause oxidative damage of disc extracellular matrix, impairing the mechanical function of IVDs. Consequently, the progression of IDD is accelerated. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy targeting oxidative stress would provide a novel perspective for IDD treatment. Various antioxidants have been proposed as effective drugs for IDD treatment. Antioxidant supplementation suppresses ROS production in disc cells to promote the matrix synthesis of disc cells and to prevent disc cells from death and senescence in vitro. However, there is not enough in vivo evidence to support the efficiency of antioxidant supplementation to retard the process of IDD. Further investigations based on in vivo and clinical studies will be required to develop effective antioxidative therapies for IDD.
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248
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Dowdell J, Erwin M, Choma T, Vaccaro A, Iatridis J, Cho SK. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Repair. Neurosurgery 2017; 80:S46-S54. [PMID: 28350945 PMCID: PMC5585783 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a natural progression of the aging process. Degenerative disk disease (DDD) is a pathologic condition associated with IVD that has been associated with chronic back pain. There are a variety of different mechanisms of DDD (genetic, mechanical, exposure). Each of these pathways leads to a final common result of unbalancing the anabolic and catabolic environment of the extracellular matrix in favor of catabolism. Attempts have been made to gain an understanding of the process of IVD degeneration with in Vitro studies. These models help our understanding of the disease process, but are limited as they do not come close to replicating the complexities that exist with an in Vivo model. Animal models have been developed to help us gain further understanding of the degenerative cascade of IVD degeneration In Vivo and test experimental treatment modalities to either prevent or reverse the process of DDD. Many modalities for treatment of DDD have been developed including therapeutic protein injections, stem cell injections, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. These interventions have had promising outcomes in animal models. Several of these modalities have been attempted in human trials, with early outcomes having promising results. Further, increasing our understanding of the degenerative process is essential to the development of new therapeutic interventions and the optimization of existing treatment protocols. Despite limited data, biological therapies are a promising treatment modality for DDD that could impact our future management of low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dowdell
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mark Erwin
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodoe Choma
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alexander Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics, Rothman Institute, Philadel-phia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Iatridis
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Samuel K Cho
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Bai XD, Li XC, Chen JH, Guo ZM, Hou LS, Wang DL, He Q, Ruan DK. * Coculture with Partial Digestion Notochordal Cell-Rich Nucleus Pulposus Tissue Activates Degenerative Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:837-846. [PMID: 28145804 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that notochordal cells (NCs) and NC-conditioned medium (NCCM) can stimulate cell viability and matrix production of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). However, the potential of notochordal cell-rich nucleus pulposus (NRNP) incorporating the native environment of the intervertebral disc (IVD) has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to develop an optimal NRNP model and test whether it can allow a significant level of NPC activation in vitro. Rabbit NRNP explants were divided into three groups according to different digestion time: digestion NRNP of 8 h, partial digestion NRNP of 2 h, and natural NRNP. Cell viability and NC phenotype were compared between these groups after 14 days of incubation. The products of the selected partial digestion NRNP group were then cocultured with human degenerated NPCs for 14 days. NPC viability, cell proliferation and senescence, the production of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in extracellular matrix, and NP matrix production by NPCs were assessed. The results showed that coculturing with partial digestion NRNP significantly improved the cell proliferation, cell senescence, and disc matrix gene expression of NPCs compared with those in the monoculture group. In addition, GAG/DNA ratio in the coculture group increased significantly, while the level of collagen II protein remained unchanged. In this study, we demonstrated that partial digestion NRNP may show a promising potential for NPC regeneration in IVD tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Bai
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Li
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital , Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hai Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ming Guo
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Sheng Hou
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Li Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Ke Ruan
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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250
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Nguyen QT, Jacobsen TD, Chahine NO. Effects of Inflammation on Multiscale Biomechanical Properties of Cartilaginous Cells and Tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2644-2656. [PMID: 29152560 PMCID: PMC5686563 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cells
within cartilaginous tissues are mechanosensitive and thus
require mechanical loading for regulation of tissue homeostasis and
metabolism. Mechanical loading plays critical roles in cell differentiation,
proliferation, biosynthesis, and homeostasis. Inflammation is an important
event occurring during multiple processes, such as aging, injury,
and disease. Inflammation has significant effects on biological processes
as well as mechanical function of cells and tissues. These effects
are highly dependent on cell/tissue type, timing, and magnitude. In
this review, we summarize key findings pertaining to effects of inflammation
on multiscale mechanical properties at subcellular, cellular, and
tissue level in cartilaginous tissues, including alterations in mechanotransduction
and mechanosensitivity. The emphasis is on articular cartilage and
the intervertebral disc, which are impacted by inflammatory insults
during degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, joint pain,
and back pain. To recapitulate the pro-inflammatory cascades that
occur in vivo, different inflammatory stimuli have been used for in
vitro and in situ studies, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
various interleukins (IL), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore,
this review will focus on the effects of these stimuli because they
are the best studied pro-inflammatory cytokines in cartilaginous tissues.
Understanding the current state of the field of inflammation and cell/tissue
biomechanics may potentially identify future directions for novel
and translational therapeutics with multiscale biomechanical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Nguyen
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - T D Jacobsen
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - N O Chahine
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
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