201
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Chamberlin SG, Sargood KJ, Richter A, Mellor JM, Anderson DW, Richards NG, Turner DL, Sharma RP, Alexander P, Davies DE. Constrained peptide analogues of transforming growth factor-alpha residues cysteine 21-32 are mitogenically active. Use of proline mimetics to enhance biological potency. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21062-7. [PMID: 7673134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.36.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two proline mimetics, the enantiomers of 2-aza-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid, have been incorporated in place of Pro30 into synthetic peptides based on the B-loop beta-sheet sequence of human transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) (residues Cys21-Cys32). The peptides were further modified by inclusion of an N-terminal phenylalanine and constrained by formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. While no mitogenic response was observed in the parental NR6 cell line, the peptides stimulated DNA synthesis in NR6/HER cells (NR6 fibroblasts transfected with the human epidermal growth factor receptor). Induction of DNA synthesis was dose dependent, with EC50 values in the range 130-330 microM; in the presence of low doses of TGF-alpha, the mitogenic effect of the peptides was additive, up to the plateau response achieved by maximal doses of TGF-alpha alone. These effects are consistent with the peptides acting via the same mechanism as TGF-alpha. Analysis of the structure of the peptides by NMR indicated that the presence of the mimetics significantly increased the propensity of the peptidyl-proline bond to adopt the cis conformation. These data confirm the role of the beta-sheet in receptor activation, and emphasize the importance of presentation of peptides in an appropriate conformation for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Chamberlin
- Cancer Research Campaign Medical Oncology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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202
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Synthesis of fragments of transforming growth factor alpha incorporating exo-2-Azabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-3-carboxylic acids as proline substitutes. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/00404-0399(50)1336-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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203
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Sottili M, Sternini C, Reinshagen M, Brecha NC, Nast CC, Walsh JH, Eysselein VE. Up-regulation of transforming growth factor alpha binding sites in experimental rabbit colitis. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:24-31. [PMID: 7797021 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), a member of the epidermal growth factor family, has been proposed to mediate protection against mucosal injury and promote healing of the gastrointestinal mucosa. TGF-alpha acts via a plasma membrane receptor, which is distributed throughout the digestive system with the highest density in epithelia. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of TGF-alpha binding sites in the normal and inflamed rabbit colon. METHODS The immune complex/formalin model of acute colitis and tissue section receptor autoradiography were used. Inflammation was characterized by cellular infiltration, edema, and necrosis. TGF-alpha binding relative density was determined by densitometry on film autoradiograms. RESULTS The normal colon had a low to moderate density of specific TGF-alpha binding sites in the mucosa and external muscle. TGF-alpha binding density was significantly increased in the mucosa at 4 hours and remained higher than normal for up to 48 hours. The density of binding sites in the mucosa and the inflammatory index returned to near normal values at 96 hours, when colitis had subsided. CONCLUSIONS The increase in TGF-alpha binding in the mucosa during experimental colitis supports the hypothesis that members of the epidermal growth factor family play a role in inflammation, perhaps acting as mediators of mucosal protection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sottili
- Patologia Chirurgica, Universitá di Ancona, Italy
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204
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Salomon DS, Brandt R, Ciardiello F, Normanno N. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their receptors in human malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 19:183-232. [PMID: 7612182 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00144-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1905] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D S Salomon
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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205
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206
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Vinter-Jensen L, Juhl CO, Rehfeld JF, Poulsen SS, Dajani EZ, Nexø E. Chronic systemic treatment with epidermal growth factor induces hypergastrinaemia in Goettingen minipigs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30:422-7. [PMID: 7638566 DOI: 10.3109/00365529509093301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. The impact of chronic systemic treatment with EGF on intragastric pH and serum gastrin concentrations has not been investigated previously. METHODS Goettingen minipigs were treated with human recombinant EGF (hEGF) or placebo for 4 weeks. Once a week the acidity and protein concentration of gastric juice were determined, and serum gastrin concentrations measured. After 4 weeks, tissue specimens were obtained from the gastric antrum and immunostained for gastrin- and somatostatin-producing G- and D-cells. Furthermore, the development of antibodies against hEGF was evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Subcutaneously administered hEGF, 30 micrograms/kg/day for 4 weeks, included a fourfold increase in basal serum gastrin concentration, increased the number of antral G-cells, and decreased the density of antral D-cells. The acidity of gastric fluid was reduced, and the protein concentration increased. All animals developed low-titred antibodies towards hEGF. The antibodies did not influence the extent to which the individual animal responded to the EGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vinter-Jensen
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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207
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Tekpetey FR, Singh B, Barbe G, Armstrong DT. Localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in the rat corpus luteum, and EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha stimulation of luteal cell steroidogenesis in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995; 110:95-102. [PMID: 7672457 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(95)03521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) have potent mitogenic effects on granulosa and theca cells. However, their effects on steroidogenesis by these cells is controversial, and there is limited information regarding their effects on luteal cell steroidogenesis. The present study investigated the cellular distribution of the EGF receptor (EGF-R) in the rat corpus luteum (CL) by immunocytochemical staining, and the effects of EGF and TGF-alpha on progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-OH-P) production in cultures of luteal cells. Using a primary antibody directed against the human EGF-R peptide, specific EGF-R staining was obtained in the CL. Both small and large luteal cells had EGF-R staining. In initial cell culture experiments, treatment of freshly isolated luteal cells with EGF or TGF-alpha (0.5-50 ng/ml) for 24 h had no effect on progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-P accumulation. Addition of LH (250 ng/ml) alone caused a 3.5-fold increase in both progestins, but co-treatment with EGF or TGF-alpha produced no further enhancement of progestin accumulation. However, when cells were seeded overnight and the attached cells were washed prior to growth factor treatment for 3 days with media change every 24 h, both EGF and TGF-alpha caused dose-dependent increases in progesterone accumulation/24 h period (up to 2-fold at 50 ng/ml growth factor) on days 1 and 2 but not day 3 of treatment. 20 alpha-OH-P accumulation was similarly stimulated (up to 2.5-fold) by EGF and TGF-alpha under these conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Tekpetey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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208
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Barbacci EG, Guarino BC, Stroh JG, Singleton DH, Rosnack KJ, Moyer JD, Andrews GC. The structural basis for the specificity of epidermal growth factor and heregulin binding. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:9585-9. [PMID: 7721889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.16.9585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heregulin is a ligand for the erbB3 and erbB4 receptors, with a region of high homology to epidermal growth factor (EGF). Despite this homology, these ligands bind to their corresponding receptors with great specificity. We report here the synthesis of heregulin beta 177-241 and show that a region consisting of amino acids 177-226 is sufficient both for binding and stimulation of receptor phosphorylation. Studies of chimeric EGF/heregulin peptides revealed that amino acids 177-181 of heregulin provide the specificity for binding to the heregulin receptor. The substitution of amino acids 177-181 of heregulin for the N terminus of EGF produced a unique bifunctional agonist that binds with high affinity to both the EGF receptor and the heregulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Barbacci
- Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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209
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Singh B, Rutledge JM, Armstrong DT. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor gene expression and peptide localization in porcine ovarian follicles. Mol Reprod Dev 1995; 40:391-9. [PMID: 7598904 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the expression of genes for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R) in various components of medium-sized porcine ovarian follicles by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and to localize their peptides during folliculogenesis by immunocytochemistry. A strong band for EGF mRNA transcript was detected in the oocyte, whereas the signal in cumulus, granulosa, and theca cells was very weak but detectable. In contrast, a very strong EGF-R mRNA signal was observed in cumulus, granulosa, and theca cells, whereas the signal in the oocyte was very weak. EGF peptide was localized in the oocyte, cumulus, and granulosa cells of all stages of follicle. In the oocyte, the intensity of immunostaining was more pronounced in primordial and primary follicles, compared to atrial follicles. In large antral follicles, immunostaining was pronounced in granulosa cells, whereas theca cells showed little or no detectable staining for EGF. EGF staining was also observed in the cumulus and granulosa cells of follicles undergoing atresia. EGF-R immunostaining was observed in the oocytes of primordial and primary follicles, and in cumulus, granulosa, and theca cells of all stages of follicle, including atretic follicles. In large antral follicles, the intensity of immunostaining was more pronounced in theca cells than in granulosa cells, and the oocyte showed little or no detectable staining. No immunostaining was observed when the primary antibody was replaced with preimmune serum (EGF), or preabsorbed with the control peptide (EGF-R), confirming the specificity of the staining procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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210
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Jeschke M, Wels W, Dengler W, Imber R, Stöcklin E, Groner B. Targeted inhibition of tumor-cell growth by recombinant heregulin-toxin fusion proteins. Int J Cancer 1995; 60:730-9. [PMID: 7860149 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910600527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusion of functional domains of proteins by in vitro recombination of gene fragments can be used to generate novel anti-tumor agents. The combination of tumor-cell-recognition functions and toxic functions results in cytotoxic molecules with a high specificity for tumor cells. Human adenocarcinomas are frequently characterized by over-expression of members of the epidermal-growth-factor (EGF) receptor family (ErbB-1, 2, 3 and 4), when compared with normal cells. These tumors are particularly suited to treatment with recombinant toxins. The human heregulins (HRG) and their rat counterparts (neu differentiation factor, NDF) have been identified as ligands for these receptors. Two chimeric heregulin-toxin fusions consisting of the EGF-like receptor recognition domain of the heregulin isoforms HRG alpha and HRG beta I, and the domains II, Ib and III of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA) were constructed. HRG beta I-ETA is highly cytotoxic for the mammary carcinoma cell lines SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-453. HRG alpha-ETA was less active than HRG beta I-ETA. The killing activity of the recombinant toxins correlated with the expression levels of ErbB-3 and/or ErbB-4 in the cell lines studied. High expression of ErbB-2 is not sufficient to confer sensitivity towards the HRG-ETA. Treatment of mice with 0.4 mg/kg/day of HRG beta I-ETA caused growth retardation of transplanted human breast tumor cells. Higher levels of HRG beta I-ETA administration resulted in acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver.
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MESH Headings
- ADP Ribose Transferases
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Toxins
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Drug Design
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Exotoxins/chemistry
- Exotoxins/genetics
- Exotoxins/pharmacology
- Exotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Genes, Synthetic
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Glycoproteins/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neuregulins
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3
- Receptor, ErbB-4
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/toxicity
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virulence Factors
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeschke
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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211
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212
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Barnard JA, Beauchamp RD, Russell WE, Dubois RN, Coffey RJ. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their relevance to gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:564-80. [PMID: 7835600 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Barnard
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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213
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Danilenko DM, Ring BD, Lu JZ, Tarpley JE, Chang D, Liu N, Wen D, Pierce GF. Neu differentiation factor upregulates epidermal migration and integrin expression in excisional wounds. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:842-51. [PMID: 7860768 PMCID: PMC295566 DOI: 10.1172/jci117734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neu differentiation factor (NDF) is a 44-kD glycoprotein which was isolated from ras-transformed rat fibroblasts and indirectly induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the HER-2/neu receptor via binding to either the HER-3 or HER-4 receptor. NDF contains a receptor binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain and is a member of the EGF family. There are multiple different isoforms of NDF which arise by alternative splicing of a single gene. To date, in vivo biologic activities have not been demonstrated for any NDF isoform. Since NDF, HER-2/neu, and HER-3 are present in skin, and other EGF family members can influence wound keratinocytes in vivo, we investigated whether NDF would stimulate epidermal migration and proliferation in a rabbit ear model of excisional wound repair. In this model, recombinant human NDF-alpha 2 (rhNDF-alpha 2), applied once at the time of wounding, induced a highly significant increase in both epidermal migration and epidermal thickness at doses ranging from 4 to 40 micrograms/cm2. In contrast, rhNDF-alpha 1, rhNDF-beta 1, and rhNDF-beta 2 had no apparent biologic effects in this model. rhNDF-alpha 2 also induced increased neoepidermal expression of alpha 5 and alpha 6 integrins, two of the earliest integrins to appear during epidermal migration. In addition, rhNDF-alpha 2-treated wounds exhibited increased neoepidermal expression of cytokeratin 10 and filaggrin, both epidermal differentiation markers. NDF alpha isoforms were expressed in dermal fibroblasts of wounded and unwounded skin, while both HER-2/neu and HER-3 were expressed in unwounded epidermis and dermal adnexa. In wounds, HER-2/neu expression was markedly decreased in the wound neoepidermis while neoepidermal HER-3 expression was markedly upregulated. Taken together, these results suggest that endogenous NDF-alpha 2 may function as a paracrine mediator directing initial epidermal migration during cutaneous tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Danilenko
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1789
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214
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Chapter 1 Peptides in motoneurons. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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215
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Richter A, Drummond DR, MacGarvie J, Puddicombe SM, Chamberlin SG, Davies DE. Contribution of the Transforming Growth Factor α B-loop β-Sheet to Binding and Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. J Biol Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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216
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Shin SY, Shimizu M, Munekata E. Synthesis of N-terminal Truncated Peptides of Human Epidermal Growth Factor (h-EGF). CHEM LETT 1994. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1994.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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217
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Connolly DC, Toutenhoofd SL, Maihle NJ. Tyrosine kinase activity may be necessary but is not sufficient for c-erbB1-mediated tissue-specific tumorigenicity. J Virol 1994; 68:6804-10. [PMID: 7916062 PMCID: PMC237108 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6804-6810.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of mutant avian c-erbB1 genes results in tissue-specific transformation in chickens. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate kinase-defective mutants of several tissue-specific v-erbB transforming mutants by replacement of the ATP-binding lysine residue in the kinase domain with an arginine residue. These kinase-defective v-erbB mutants were analyzed for their in vitro and in vivo transforming potentials. Specifically, kinase-defective mutants of erythroleukemogenic, hemangioma-inducing, and sarcomagenic v-erbB genes were assessed for their oncogenic potential. In vitro transformation potential was assessed by soft-agar colony formation in primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). In vivo transformation potential was determined by infection of 1-day-old line 0 chicks with concentrated recombinant retrovirus and then monitoring of birds for tumor formation. These transformation assays demonstrate that kinase activity is absolutely essential for transformation by tissue-specific transforming mutants of the avian c-erbB1 gene. Since all of the tissue-specific v-erbB mutants characterized to date exhibit tyrosine kinase activity in vitro but do not transform all tissues in which they are expressed, we conclude that v-erbB-associated tyrosine kinase activity may be necessary but is not sufficient to induce tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Connolly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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218
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Barnard J, Graves-Deal R, Pittelkow M, DuBois R, Cook P, Ramsey G, Bishop P, Damstrup L, Coffey R. Auto- and cross-induction within the mammalian epidermal growth factor-related peptide family. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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219
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Rajkumar T, Gullick WJ. A monoclonal antibody to the human c-erbB3 protein stimulates the anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:459-65. [PMID: 8080731 PMCID: PMC2033356 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-erbB3 protein is a member of the type I growth factor receptor family. It has a widespread pattern of expression in normal tissues and is overexpressed in about 20% of breast cancers. We have raised a specific monoclonal antibody, called SGP1, against the extracellular domain of c-erbB3 which recognises the native form of the protein. The monoclonal antibody was found to modestly but significantly stimulate the anchorage-independent cloning efficiency of the breast tumour cell lines BT483 and T47D, both of which express the c-erbB3 protein. No effect was observed on 293 cells lacking expression, nor did a control isotype-matched antibody promote the growth of any of the cells tested. These results suggest that the c-erbB3 protein may normally act as a growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajkumar
- ICRF Oncology Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London UK
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220
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Stanton P, Richards S, Reeves J, Nikolic M, Edington K, Clark L, Robertson G, Souter D, Mitchell R, Hendler FJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression by human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, cell lines and xenografts. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:427-33. [PMID: 8080726 PMCID: PMC2033361 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression has been associated frequently with squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and SCC cell lines. In most cases the level of EGFR on the tumours from which the cell lines were derived has not been determined, nor have EGFR levels been determined for xenograft tumours from the cell lines. In this study we determined EGFR expression on a new series of head and neck SCC (SCCHN)-derived cell lines, which were obtained from tumours representing a spectrum of malignant progression, and two cell strains derived from erythroplakia premalignant lesions. The level of EGFR on cell lines was determined by [125I]EGF competitive binding assays. EGFR levels on some of the original tumours and xenografts of the cell lines were determined on cryosections by a competitive binding assay based on [125I]EGFR1, an EGFR-specific monoclonal antibody. EGFR expression on the tumour cryosections was compared with expression on cryosections of skin and buccal mucosa. Eight of the ten tumour cell lines had elevated EGFR. Two of the tumour-derived cell lines and the two erythroplakia-derived cell strains expressed EGFR at levels similar to that detected on normal keratinocytes in tissue culture. Only two of the tumours overexpressed EGFR when compared with normal tissue. The other tumours had levels similar to that detected on the basal layers of skin or buccal mucosa. The xenografts expressed EGFR, as did the original tumours, even though they were derived from cell lines that displayed significant overexpression of EGFR. This study suggests that most tumours have a latent potential to overexpress EGFR which is realised in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stanton
- Department of Surgery, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK
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221
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Carlsson J, Gedda L, Grönvik C, Hartman T, Lindström A, Lindström P, Lundqvist H, Lövqvist A, Malmqvist J, Olsson P. Strategy for boron neutron capture therapy against tumor cells with over-expression of the epidermal growth factor-receptor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 30:105-15. [PMID: 7521866 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(94)90525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas, squamous carcinomas and different adenocarcinomas from breast, colon and prostate might have an increased number of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors. The receptors are, in these cases, candidates for binding of receptor specific toxic conjugates that might inactivate cellular proliferation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether it is reasonable to try ligand-dextran based conjugates for therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS EGF or TGF alpha were conjugated to dextran and binding, internalization, retention and degradation of eight types of such conjugates were analyzed in EGF-receptor amplified glioma cells. The conjugates were labelled with radioactive nuclides to allow detection and two of the conjugates were carrying boron in the form of carboranyl amino acids or aminoalkyl-carboranes. Comparative binding tests, applying 125I-EGF, were made with cultured breast, colon and prostate adenocarcinoma, glioma and squamous carcinoma cells. Some introductory tests to label with 76Br for positron emission tomography and with 131I for radionuclide therapy were also made. RESULTS The dextran part of the conjugates did not prevent receptor specific binding. The amount of receptor specific binding varied between the different types of conjugates and between the tested cell types. The dextran part improved intracellular retention and radioactive nuclides were retained for at least 20-24 h. The therapeutical effect improved when 131I was attached to EGF-dextran instead of native EGF. CONCLUSION The improved cellular retention of the ligand-dextran conjugates is an important property since it gives extended exposure time when radionuclides are applied and flexibility in the choice of time for application of neutrons in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). It is possible that ligand-dextran mediated BNCT might allow, if the applied neutron fields covers rather wide areas around the primary tumor, locally spread cells that otherwise would escape treatment to be inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
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222
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Cilento BG, Freeman MR, Schneck FX, Retik AB, Atala A. Phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of human bladder urothelia expanded in vitro. J Urol 1994; 152:665-70. [PMID: 7517459 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the harvest of bladder cell types from surgical specimens was used to generate strains of normal human urothelial cells that could be reproducibly cultivated, passaged and extensively expanded in serum-free medium. Immunostaining of the bladder epithelial cells with broadly reacting anti-cytokeratin antibodies and with an anti-cytokeratin antibody specific to cytokeratin 7, a transitional cell marker, indicated that they expressed a stable epithelial phenotype with serial passage. Low levels of immunostaining for E-cadherin and low levels of E-cadherin messenger ribonucleic acid, as determined by Northern blot analysis, and strongly positive immunostaining with an anti-vimentin antibody indicated collectively that the uroepithelial cells express a nonbarrier-forming phenotype under these culture conditions. However, when the urothelial cells were implanted subcutaneously into athymic mice on biodegradable synthetic polymers, they formed multilayered structures, suggesting that they retain the capability to differentiate in a living host. The urothelial cells proliferated in an epidermal growth factor independent manner and expressed high levels of transforming growth factor-alpha and amphiregulin messanger ribonucleic acids, suggesting the possibility of autocrine regulation of growth by epidermal growth factor-like factors. Cytogenetic analysis indicated that urothelial cells cultured for 6 passages possessed a normal chromosomal complement. These results demonstrate that primary cultures of autologous human bladder epithelial cells can be extensively expanded in vitro and, consequently, might be used in cell transplantation strategies for genitourinary reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Cilento
- Urology Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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223
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Narita T, Funahashi H, Imai T, Takagi H. Correlation between the Concentration of c-erbB-2 Protein, EGF-receptor and TGF alpha in Breast Cancer Tissue, and Clinicopathological Parameters. Breast Cancer 1994; 1:57-59. [PMID: 11091508 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Narita
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Reserch Institute of Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464, Japan
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224
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Kita YA, Barff J, Luo Y, Wen D, Brankow D, Hu S, Liu N, Prigent SA, Gullick WJ, Nicolson M. NDF/heregulin stimulates the phosphorylation of Her3/erbB3. FEBS Lett 1994; 349:139-43. [PMID: 8045292 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Her3/erbB3 has been identified as a third member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family [(1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9193-9197; (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4905-4909]. The natural ligand for Her3 has not been identified. Although recently NDF has been proposed as a specific ligand for Her4 [(1993) Nature 366, 473-475; (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 18407-18410], we report here that Her3 was phosphorylated on tyrosine not only in three breast carcinoma cell lines, MDAMB453, MDAMB468 and SKBR3, but also in Her3-transfected CHO cells in response to NDF stimulation. In further studies, cells were reacted with 125I-labeled NDF and then chemically crosslinked. Immunoprecipitation with anti-Her3 revealed a dense high Mw band, greater than 400 kDa. The results suggest that NDF may be a ligand of Her3 and induces receptor hetero-oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Kita
- Department of Immunology, Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
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225
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Procaccino F, Reinshagen M, Hoffmann P, Zeeh JM, Lakshmanan J, McRoberts JA, Patel A, French S, Eysselein VE. Protective effect of epidermal growth factor in an experimental model of colitis in rats. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:12-7. [PMID: 8020654 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the maintenance of mucosal integrity in the lower gastrointestinal tract is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of EGF in experimental colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid/ethanol enemas. Rats were pretreated with intraperitoneal administration of recombinant human EGF (600 micrograms/kg) or vehicle 1 hour before induction of colitis and daily thereafter until killed at 8 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week. A separate group received an identical dosage and administration of EGF or vehicle for 1 week with treatment initiated 24 hours after the induction of colitis. Colonic tissue was evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and for myeloperoxidase activity. RESULTS Pretreatment with EGF reduced microscopic erosions at 8 and 48 hours by 74% and 54%, respectively (P < 0.05). At 1 week, microscopic ulcerations and myeloperoxidase activity were reduced by 65% in the EGF-pretreated group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in macroscopic injury, histological damage, or myeloperoxidase activity was noted when EGF treatment was initiated after the induction of colitis. CONCLUSIONS Systemic EGF administration reduces mucosal damage and inflammation in a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid/ethanol model of colitis in rats through a mechanism involving mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Procaccino
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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226
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Iwamura M, di Sant'agnese PA, Wu G, Benning CM, Cockett AT, Gershagen S. Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2 by neuroendocrine cells in normal prostatic tissue. Urology 1994; 43:838-43. [PMID: 7910990 DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that prostatic neuroendocrine (NE) cells play an important role in the growth and differentiation of the prostate by secreting various neuropeptides and serotonin. However, the mechanism by which NE cells themselves are regulated is virtually unknown. In the present study we evaluated the expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family (HER) in prostatic NE cells. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from twenty radical prostatectomy specimens were immunostained with validated rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against human EGFR and c-erbB-2, using the streptavidin-peroxidase enzyme conjugate method. RESULTS A strong immunoreactivity was observed with both antibodies in the cytosol of a few epithelial cells. These cells frequently had a dendritic appearance and were located in the acini and ducts. The EGFR-positive cells were predominant in most cases. Double immunostaining revealed the colocalization of both antigens with chromogranin A, a polypeptide that is expressed by most NE cells. Moreover, EGFR and c-erbB-2 appeared to be colocalized as well as independently expressed by different subpopulations of NE cells. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that prostatic NE cells might be regulated by the HER protein family, probably, in a ligand-specific fashion. This is the first report identifying a potential pathway regulating prostatic NE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwamura
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
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227
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Abstract
Activation and proliferation of glial cells are common events in the pathology of the nervous system. Although we are only beginning to understand the molecular signals leading to glial activation in vivo, there is increasing evidence that growth factors and their receptors may play an important part. In this paper we summarize the data on the pathophysiology of glial growth factor receptors and their ligands in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raivich
- Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, Germany
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228
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Annotated References. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1994. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.3.6.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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229
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Tamada H, Kai Y, Mori J. Epidermal growth factor--induced implantation and decidualization in the rat. PROSTAGLANDINS 1994; 47:467-75. [PMID: 7938617 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(94)90046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on blastocyst implantation and experimentally-induced decidualization were examined in the rat. Intraluminal injection of EGF into each uterine horn induced implantation in the ovariectomized progesterone-treated delayed implanting rat in a dose-dependent manner. This induction was inhibited by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Intraluminal injection of EGF on day 5 of pseudopregnancy elicited a greater decidual response when compared to the vehicle-injected contralateral uterine horn. These results suggest that EGF may play important roles in the process of implantation and decidualization in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tamada
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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230
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Sikora K, Harris J, Hurst H, Lemoine N. Therapeutic strategies using c-erbB-2 promoter-controlled drug activation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 716:115-24; discussion 124-5, 140-3. [PMID: 7912912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sikora
- ICRF Oncology Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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231
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Hartman T, Carlsson J. Radiation dose heterogeneity in receptor and antigen mediated boron neutron capture therapy. Radiother Oncol 1994; 31:61-75. [PMID: 8041899 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8140(94)90414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT, might be a valuable tumour therapeutical modality for the treatment of cells that are difficult to handle with conventional methods such as surgery or external radiotherapy. The principle is that tumour associated 10B atoms capture thermal neutrons and thereby forms high-LET helium and lithium ions as reaction products. An interesting development is to conjugate 10B atoms to macromolecules that bind to tumour cells with over-expressed receptors or specific antigens. The targeting macromolecules might be receptor-ligands, antibodies or antibody-fragments containing 10B. The present study deals with the limitations of such an approach. One problem is the background dose from capture of neutrons in physiologically occurring elements, especially nitrogen. We showed, with computer simulations, that the background specific energy (the stochastic analogy of dose) in the cell nuclei, due to captures in nitrogen, had a wide spread and could be rather high, up to 3 Gy in some cells, when relevant neutron fluencies were applied. The maximal amount of 10B that can be delivered to single tumour cells due to receptor-ligand, receptor-antibody or antigen-antibody mediated binding is probably in the range 10(8)-10(10) atoms/cell. Our calculations showed that the tumour cells had to contain about 10(9) 10B/cell to give a therapeutically interesting dose to the nuclei of the targeted cells. The doses were highest when the boron was in the cell nucleus. There was also a wide spread of specific energy absorbed by the nuclei after neutron capture in 10B. When, for example, 10(8) 10(10)B/nucleus were applied the specific energy to the analysed nuclei varied from 0 Gy up to about 7 Gy. These variations were due to the stochastic nature of the capture processes. Some helium or lithium ion tracks passed through the centre of the cell nuclei delivering a lot of energy, some passed through only a smaller part delivering small amounts of energy and sometimes the nuclei escaped without any hits at all. The results were obtained when relevant neutron fluencies (2-5 x 10(12) n/cm2) were applied. Increased neutron fluencies gave higher doses both due to capture in boron and in nitrogen but in order to improve the ratio between the dose to targeted tumour cells and the dose to normal cells, the number of 10B atoms in the targeted cells had to be increased and/or the boron placed in the cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hartman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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232
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Fondacci C, Alsat E, Gabriel R, Blot P, Nessmann C, Evain-Brion D. Alterations of human placental epidermal growth factor receptor in intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1149-55. [PMID: 8132754 PMCID: PMC294064 DOI: 10.1172/jci117067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied human placental microvillous EGF receptor (EGFR) and its relationship with maternal and placental features in 14 cases of intrauterine growth retardation. Placental EGFR phosphorylation was significantly decreased or absent in 12 cases of small for gestational age neonates, as shown by SDS-PAGE, autoradiography, and scanning analysis. Specific [125I]EGF binding and Scatchard plots of the binding data showed a decreased number of EGFR in 6 of the 12 cases, with a mean maximal binding capacity of 1.09 +/- 0.32 pmol/mg for high affinity sites (mean control value = 2.30 +/- 0.23 pmol/mg). Most of the hypertensive women and smokers belonged to this subgroup. In three of the remaining six cases of small gestational age placentas with low EGFR phosphorylation, there was no maternal pathology or significant parenchymatous placental lesions. Five showed a 175-kD EGFR species when probed by [125I]EGF cross-linking and Western blotting with RK2 and C-Term, two polyclonal anti-EGFR antibodies, suggesting abnormal transduction of the EGF-induced signal. The sixth placenta yielded a single 145-kD EGFR band consistent with an abnormal EGFR structure; Western blot analysis showed no immunoreactive band. In conclusion, maternal and placental pathologies in intrauterine growth retardation are associated with various alterations of placental EGFR, pointing out the importance of EGFR ligands in the regulatory pathway of placental and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fondacci
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Dévelopment, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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233
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Identification of the high affinity binding site of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) for the chicken epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor using EGF/TGF-alpha chimeras. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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234
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Tuzi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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235
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Olsson P, Lindström A, Carlsson J. Internalization and excretion of epidermal growth factor-dextran-associated radioactivity in cultured human squamous-carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:529-37. [PMID: 7509322 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910560412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Certain tumor cells, such as squamous carcinomas and gliomas, can have an increased number of epidermal-growth-factor (EGF) receptors. The EGF receptors can in these cases be targets for toxic conjugates with specific binding. EGF-based toxic conjugates are potential targeting agents. We have analyzed the internalization and excretion of 125I administered in the form of 125I-EGF-dextran in squamous-carcinoma A431 cells. 125I-EGF without dextran was used for comparison. A431 cells have large numbers of EGF receptors and are capable both of recycling and of degradation of internalized receptor-ligand complexes. The binding of 125I-EGF-dextran and 125I-EGF was receptor-specific, since both ligands competed with non-radioactive EGF for binding. The amount of internalized 125I as a function of time increased continuously within 24 hr following administration of radioactivity as 125I-EGF-dextran. The time pattern was quite different when 125I-EGF without dextran was applied. In the latter case, the amount of internalized radioactivity decreased already after a few hours, probably depending on degradation of EGF. Pre-incubation of the cells with 125I-EGF-dextran or 125I-EGF and analysis of retained and released 125I activity at different times after washing showed that the 125I activity was retained for longer periods of time when EGF-dextran was used instead of EGF. About 30% of the internalized 125I activity was retained after 24 hr when EGF-dextran was used, compared with excretion of nearly all the radioactivity within 5 hr when EGF was used. In some experiments a high concentration of non-radioactive EGF, 5 micrograms/ml, was given to the cells after pre-incubation with 125I-EGF-dextran. This changed the retention and excretion patterns, so that a larger amount of 125I was excreted in the macromolecular fraction and a smaller amount of 125I activity was retained in the cells. Gel chromatography of the 125I activity released into the culture medium showed that the variations in molecular weight were larger after administration of a high concentration of non-radioactive EGF, most likely due to partial degradation of EGF-dextran. The results regarding excretion are in conformity with a model of competition between recycling of EGF-dextran-EGF-receptor complexes and "trapping" of EGF-dextran in the lysosomes followed by slow degradation. For targeting purposes, it is worth noting that the radioactivity administered in the form of 125I-EGF-dextran had a longer retention time than when 125I-EGF without dextran was used, and that the retention and excretion rates could be modified by post-treatment with the receptor ligand itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Olsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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236
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Gasparini G, Gullick WJ, Maluta S, Dalla Palma P, Caffo O, Leonardi E, Boracchi P, Pozza F, Lemoine NR, Bevilacqua P. c-erbB-3 and c-erbB-2 protein expression in node-negative breast carcinoma--an immunocytochemical study. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A:16-22. [PMID: 7908213 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The type I growth factor receptor family has been found to play an important role in the control of normal growth and differentiation. Moreover, the epidermal growth factor receptor and the c-erbB-2 oncogene seem to be implicated in the pathogenesis and behaviour of several cancers, including breast cancer. c-erbB-3 is a new member of the type I receptor family for which there is currently little information available on its expression in neoplastic tissues, and on its possible prognostic significance. This study was undertaken to define the prognostic value of c-erbB-3 expression in a series of node-negative breast cancer (NNBC) patients when compared, by multivariate analysis, with expression of the c-erbB-2 protein and conventional clinicopathological features. cerbB-3 was recognised by the novel monoclonal antibody RTJ1, whereas c-erbB-2 was detected by the polyclonal antibody 21N, using immunocytochemical methods. We found that overexpression of c-erbB-3 occurs frequently in NNBC. Overall, 138 of 212 carcinomas (65%) had some degree of membrane RTJ1 staining, and 28 (13%) showed strong and generalised positivity ( ). Twenty-four per cent of carcinomas had membrane 21N staining, and 12% presented strong and generalised positivity ( ). c-erbB-3 protein expression was significantly associated only with that of c-erbB-2 (P = 0.05), whereas 21N positivity was significantly associated with small tumour size (P = 0.02) and ductal histotype (P = 0.04). No significant correlation between expression of either receptor proteins or relapse-free survival was observed after a median follow-up of 63 months. Applying multivariate analysis, only tumour size approached significance. Our results indicate that analysis of expression of c-erbB-3 and c-erbB-2 alone do not seem to be useful in identifying patients with NNBC at different risk of relapse or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gasparini
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, St Bortolo Regional Medical Center, Vicenza, Italy
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237
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Gusterson B, Shipley J, Crew J. Application of molecular genetics and cytogenetics to breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Oncol 1994; 5 Suppl 4:17-23. [PMID: 8060893 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/5.suppl_4.s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade there have been considerable advances in understanding of the molecular events involved in the initiation and progression of a wide range of solid tumours. In many instances, cytogenetic abnormalities have been the first indication that there is a mutated gene at a particular locus. In colonic polyposis, for example, the loss of 5q material in a man with the disease indicated the importance of the region and led to the subsequent cloning of the gene. Interestingly, loss of this tumour suppressor gene is also seen in approximately 20%-50% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas, which suggests that it may be important to study these inherited syndromes to identify genes that may be more widely involved in carcinogenesis. It is also important to realize that the order in which different molecular events occur is unlikely to fit into predictable chronological patterns, and that there will be great variation in the molecular defects of tumours that otherwise appear morphologically similar and have a common pattern of clinical presentation and progression. This is because established tumours are probably composed of a number of subclones at the molecular level, and clonal selection will only take place if a particular mutation provides a selective growth advantage or it is necessary for a stage in progression, such as invasion or metastasis. Multiple sites of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) have been identified in a range of tumours, many of which may be sites of as yet unidentified tumour suppressor genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gusterson
- Section of Cell Biology and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K
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238
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Rajkumar T, Gullick WJ. The type I growth factor receptors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994; 29:3-9. [PMID: 7912566 DOI: 10.1007/bf00666177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 family of growth factor receptors includes the EGFR, c-erbB2, c-erbB3, and c-erbB4. All four members of the family are expressed in breast cancer. The EGFR gene and more frequently the c-erbB2 gene are amplified in a proportion of cases. In addition to increased expression as a result of gene amplification, overexpression of perhaps all of the receptors also appears to occur, probably as a result of increased mRNA transcription. Overexpression may have prognostic value and may predict response to current therapies. Finally these GFR proteins represent targets for new types of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajkumar
- ICRF Oncology Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
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239
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A gene responsible for an inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer has been localized to the long arm of chromosome 17 and termed BRCA1. As well as being closely linked to breast/ovarian cancer cases, this gene may be involved in up to 45% of site-specific breast cancers. The identification and cloning of the BRCA1 gene is imminent, and will facilitate the screening and counselling of families at risk of breast cancer, and in the longer term may open up new therapeutic possibilities. The tumour suppressor gene TP53 is mutated in 25%-40% of cases of sporadic breast cancer, and is associated with an aggressive tumour phenotype and poor prognosis in both node-positive and node-negative cases. The pattern of mutations in this tumour suppressor gene shows a higher than expected frequency of G to T transversions, mostly restricted to the highly conserved domain in exons 5 to 8. In many, but not all cases, point mutation of one allele is accompanied by deletion of the remaining normal allele at chromosome 17p13. Abnormalities of TP53 appear to be relatively early events in tumorigenesis, being present in ductal carcinoma in situ lesions. The retinoblastoma gene RB1 shows a variety of abnormalities in about 20% of breast cancers, and there may be an association with TP53 mutations. Other abnormalities which occur with a particularly high incidence in breast cancer include allele loss at chromosome 1p/1q, 3p, 6q, 11p, 16q and 18q. The ERBB2 oncogene encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase whose ligand has recently been claimed to be the heregulin family in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Lemoine
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
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240
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Role of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on proliferation and invasion by first trimester human trophoblast. Placenta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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241
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Abstract
EGFR is a member of the tyrosine kinase family of cell surface receptors with a wide range of expression throughout development and in a variety of different cell types. The receptor can transmit signals to cells: i) upon interaction with ligands such as EGF, TGF alpha, amphiregulin or heparin binding EGF, ii) upon truncation or mutation of extracellular and/or intracellular domains, iii) upon amplification of a basal receptor activity (in the absence of ligand) through cooperation with other cellular signaling pathways or nuclear events (e.g. expression of v-erbA). The activated EGFR can exert pleiotropic functions on cells, depending on their tissue origin and state of differentiation. Under certain conditions it can also contribute to neoplasia and development of metastases. Such conditions can exist upon aberrant receptor/ligand expression and activation (e.g. in the wrong cell; at the wrong time; in the wrong amounts). Aberrant signalling can also occur through constitutive EGFR activation. Oncogenic potential of EGFR has been demonstrated in a wide range of experimental animals. EGFR is also implicated in human cancer, where it may contribute both to the initiation (glioblastoma) and progression (epithelial tumors) of the disease. EGFR may influence key steps in the processes of tumor invasion and dissemination. Involvement of EGFR in tumor spread may indicate a potential use of this receptor as a target for antimetastatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khazaie
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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242
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Alison MR, Nasim MM, Anilkumar TV, Sarraf CE. Transforming growth factor-alpha immunoreactivity in a variety of epithelial tissues. Cell Prolif 1993; 26:449-60. [PMID: 9087535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1993.tb00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) has been examined in a range of normal adult epithelial tissues from both man and rat using an anti-hTGF alpha monoclonal antibody (GF10). No differences in distribution were apparent between man and rat. In the continually renewing epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, no staining was seen within the proliferative compartments, but strong immunoexpression was noted in various differentiated populations. In the testis, the spermatogonia were unstained, but the more luminally orientated germ cells were strongly positive. In the gastrointestinal tract, at least, any mitogenic action of TGF alpha must be mediated through a relatively long paracrine loop. In contrast, the differentiated parenchyma of kidney, salivary gland and liver remained unstained apart from collecting ducts in the kidney, striated ducts in salivary glands and bile ducts in the liver. The association of TGF alpha with tubule formation was reinforced by the very strong staining of newly forming bile ducts in a model of liver oval cell proliferation. Thus, in all the epithelia studied there was a distinct spatial pattern of TGF alpha immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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243
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Zieske JD, Wasson M. Regional variation in distribution of EGF receptor in developing and adult corneal epithelium. J Cell Sci 1993; 106 ( Pt 1):145-52. [PMID: 8270620 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor has been localized to the proliferative cell layers in a variety of stratified squamous epithelia. In the current study, the rat cornea was used as an experimental model to determine if epidermal growth factor receptor is concentrated in epithelial stem cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor was localized using immunofluorescence microscopy in adult and neonatal (1-day to 4-week) rat corneas. Antibody binding to epidermal growth factor receptor was present in basal cells across the adult cornea but was more intense in the limbal zone. In rats 1 day to 1 week of age, the corneal epithelium consisted of one or two layer of cells that were intensely labeled by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor. Following epithelial stratification, which occurred just prior to eyelid opening (approximately 12 days), expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was greatly reduced in central corneal epithelium and gained an adult pattern by 3 weeks of age. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was also examined by incubating 1 mm slices of adult corneas with 125I-epidermal growth factor (4 nM) for 90 minutes, followed by washing and autoradiography. Basal cells in the limbal zone contained 4.5-fold more silver grains per cell than did basal cells in the central cornea. These data suggest that cells with high potential for proliferation, i.e. limbal basal cells and all basal cells in developing rats, express high epidermal growth factor receptor levels. High levels of receptor may allow these cells to be rapidly stimulated by growth factors to undergo cell division during development and following wounding in adult corneas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Zieske
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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244
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Sanidas EE, Filipe MI, Linehan J, Lemoine NR, Gullick WJ, Rajkumar T, Levison DA. Expression of the c-erbB-3 gene product in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 54:935-40. [PMID: 8335401 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910540612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of c-erbB-3 gene product was studied in 91 advanced gastric carcinomas, adjacent hyperplastic mucosa, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia and in normal controls, using immunohistochemistry in archival material. All tumours showed positive c-erbB-3 staining in both cytoplasm and membrane. No significant differences of expression were observed between intestinal and diffuse-type carcinomas or any other clinical parameters. Of interest is the expression in the adjacent mucosa, which is extensive, cytoplasmic, and of lower intensity than in the tumours. Further studies are currently being carried out to clarify the role of this protein in tumour behaviour and gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Sanidas
- Department of Histopathology, UMDS Guy's Hospital, London
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Adamson
- La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, California 92037
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246
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Lemoine NR. Growth factors and oncogenes. J Pathol 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/path.1711680413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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247
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Abstract
Numerous peptides are known that have specific functions as growth factors in different tissues. These bioactive peptides are characterized by their ability to bind to high-affinity receptors, by their classification into superfamilies that share homology and function and by their synthesis as large precursor molecules that are processed to active forms. In some cases the precursors themselves also have biological activity. Modulation of growth factor activity at the level of the receptor or effector molecules has great therapeutic potential. This article will outline some of the strategies that have been successful in detecting and identifying growth factors and demonstrating their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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248
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Lemoine NR, Lobresco M, Leung H, Barton C, Hughes CM, Prigent SA, Gullick WJ, Klöppel G. TheerbB-3 Gene in human pancreatic cancer. J Pathol 1992; 168:269-73. [PMID: 1361525 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711680305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the type 1 growth factor receptor family have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. There is evidence for a potential autocrine loop involving overexpression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its ligands, as well as overexpression of the erbB-2 receptor. A third member of this receptor family, erbB-3, has recently been recognized and found to be abnormally expressed in some types of human cancer. In this study we show that overexpression of the erbB-3 protein occurs very frequently in carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas and also in chronic pancreatitis. We found no evidence of amplification or rearrangement of the erbB-3 gene by Southern blot analysis of DNA from pancreatic cancer cells lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Lemoine
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
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249
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Vaughan TJ, Pascall JC, Brown KD. Tissue distribution of mRNA for heparin-binding epidermal growth factor. Biochem J 1992; 287 ( Pt 3):681-4. [PMID: 1445231 PMCID: PMC1133061 DOI: 10.1042/bj2870681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) is a recently identified member of the EGF family. Mature HB-EGF is processed from a larger transmembrane precursor which can itself act as a cell-surface receptor for the internalization of diphtheria toxin into eukaryotic cells. However, to date there is no information available on the distribution of HB-EGF in mammalian tissues. We have therefore used reverse-transcription PCR to analyse the expression of HB-EGF mRNA in a wide range of tissues. HB-EGF transcripts were detected in RNA isolated from 15 of the 22 tissues obtained from adult pigs, which is consistent with the ability of diphtheria toxin to affect many body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Vaughan
- Department of Biochemistry, A.F.R.C. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, U.K
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