201
|
Barja G. The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 127:1-27. [PMID: 25149212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging is reviewed. Only two parameters currently correlate with species longevity in the right sense: the mitochondrial rate of reactive oxygen species (mitROS) production and the degree of fatty acid unsaturation of tissue membranes. Both are low in long-lived animals. In addition, the best-known manipulation that extends longevity, dietary restriction, also decreases the rate of mitROS production and oxidative damage to mtDNA. The same occurs during protein restriction as well as during methionine restriction. These two manipulations also increase maximum longevity in rodents. The decrease in mitROS generation and oxidative stress that takes place in caloric restriction seems to be due to restriction of a single dietary substance: methionine. The information available supports a mitochondrial free radical theory of aging focused on low generation of endogenous damage and low sensitivity of membranes to oxidation in long-lived animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Barja
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Hernández L, Terradas M, Camps J, Martín M, Tusell L, Genescà A. Aging and radiation: bad companions. Aging Cell 2015; 14:153-61. [PMID: 25645467 PMCID: PMC4364827 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging involves a deterioration of cell functions and changes that may predispose the cell to undergo an oncogenic transformation. The carcinogenic risks following radiation exposure rise with age among adults. Increasing inflammatory response, loss of oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, ongoing telomere attrition, decline in the DNA damage response efficiency, and deleterious nuclear organization are age-related cellular changes that trigger a serious threat to genomic integrity. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic interplay between all these factors, providing an integrated view of how they contribute to the observed age-related increase in radiation sensitivity. As life expectancy increases and so it does the medical intervention, it is important to highlight the benefits of radiation protection in the elderly. Thus, a deep understanding of the mechanistic processes confining the threat of aging-related radiosensitivity is currently of foremost relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariona Terradas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Oncology Group, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Tusell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Genescà
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Smith J, Wright J, Schneider BL. A budding yeast's perspective on aging: the shape I'm in. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:701-10. [PMID: 25819684 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215577584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is exemplified by progressive, deleterious changes that increase the probability of death. However, while the effects of age are easy to recognize, identification of the processes involved has proved to be much more difficult. Somewhat surprisingly, research using the budding yeast has had a profound impact on our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in aging. Herein, we examine the biological significance and implications surrounding the observation that genetic pathways involved in the modulation of aging and the determination of lifespan in yeast are highly complicated and conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Smith
- Department of Medical Education and Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jill Wright
- Department of Medical Education and Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Brandt L Schneider
- Department of Medical Education and Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
A correlation of reactive oxygen species accumulation by depletion of superoxide dismutases with age-dependent impairment in the nervous system and muscles of Drosophila adults. Biogerontology 2015; 16:485-501. [PMID: 25801590 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The theory that accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in internal organs is a major promoter of aging has been considered negatively. However, it is still controversial whether overexpression of superoxide dismutases (SODs), which remove ROS, extends the lifespan in Drosophila adults. We examined whether ROS accumulation by depletion of Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD1) or Mn-SOD (SOD2) influenced age-related impairment of the nervous system and muscles in Drosophila. We confirmed the efficient depletion of Sod1 and Sod2 through RNAi and ROS accumulation by monitoring of ROS-inducible gene expression. Both RNAi flies displayed accelerated impairment of locomotor activity with age and shortened lifespan. Similarly, adults with nervous system-specific depletion of Sod1 or Sod2 also showed reduced lifespan. We then found an accelerated loss of dopaminergic neurons in the flies with suppressed SOD expression. A half-dose reduction of three pro-apoptotic genes resulted in a significant suppression of the neuronal loss, suggesting that apoptosis was involved in the neuronal loss caused by SOD silencing. In addition, depletion of Sod1 or Sod2 in musculature is also associated with enhancement of age-related locomotion impairment. In indirect flight muscles from SOD-depleted adults, abnormal protein aggregates containing poly-ubiquitin accumulated at an early adult stage and continued to increase as the flies aged. Most of these protein aggregates were observed between myofibril layers. Moreover, immuno-electron microscopy indicated that the aggregates were predominantly localized in damaged mitochondria. These findings suggest that muscular and neuronal ROS accumulation may have a significant effect on age-dependent impairment of the Drosophila adults.
Collapse
|
205
|
The paradoxical role of thioredoxin on oxidative stress and aging. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 576:32-8. [PMID: 25726727 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of intensive study, there is still controversy about the free radical or oxidative stress theory of aging, particularly in mammals. Our laboratory has conducted the first detailed studies on the role of thioredoxin (Trx) in the cytosol (Trx1) and in mitochondria (Trx2) on oxidative stress and aging using unique mouse models either overexpressing or down-regulating Trx1 or Trx2. The results generated from our lab and others indicate that: (1) oxidative stress and subsequent changes in signaling pathways could have different pathophysiological impacts at different stages of life; (2) changes in redox-sensitive signaling controlled by levels of oxidative stress and redox state could play more important roles in pathophysiology than accumulation of oxidative damage; (3) changes in oxidative stress and redox state in different cellular compartments (cytosol, mitochondria, or nucleus) could play different roles in pathophysiology during aging, and their combined effects show more impact on aging than changes in either oxidative stress or redox state alone; and (4) the roles of oxidative stress and redox state could have different pathophysiological consequences in different organs/tissues/cells or pathophysiological conditions. To critically test the role of oxidative stress on aging and investigate changes in redox-sensitive signaling pathways, further study is required.
Collapse
|
206
|
Antioxidant activity, antitumor effect, and antiaging property of proanthocyanidins extracted from Kunlun Chrysanthemum flowers. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:983484. [PMID: 25628774 PMCID: PMC4299306 DOI: 10.1155/2015/983484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, antitumor effect, and antiaging property of proanthocyanidins from Kunlun Chrysanthemum flowers (PKCF) grown in Xinjiang. In vitro antioxidant experiments results showed that the total antioxidant activity and the scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radicals increased in a concentration-dependent manner and were stronger than those of vitamin C. To investigate the antioxidant activity of PKCF in vivo, we used serum, liver, and kidney from mouse for the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Results indicated that PKCF had antioxidative effect in vivo which significantly improved the activity of SOD and T-AOC and decreased MDA content. To investigate the antitumor activity of PKCF, we used H22 cells, HeLa cells, and Eca-109 cells with Vero cells as control. Inhibition ratio and IC50 values were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; PKCF showed great inhibitory activity on H22 cells and HeLa cells. We also used fruit flies as a model for analyzing the anti-aging property of PKCF. Results showed that PKCF has antiaging effect on Drosophila. Results of the present study demonstrated that PKCF could be a promising agent that may find applications in health care, medicine, and cosmetics.
Collapse
|
207
|
New insights into the chemical and biochemical basis of the "yang-invigorating" action of chinese yang-tonic herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:856273. [PMID: 25610483 PMCID: PMC4295141 DOI: 10.1155/2014/856273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the practice of traditional Chinese medicine, many Yang-tonic herbs have been used for retarding the decline in bodily function and delaying the onset of age-related diseases. Our earlier studies have demonstrated that Yang-invigorating herbs/formulations protect against oxidative injury in various organs and also extend the median lifespan in mice. This lifespan extension was associated with an upregulation of cellular antioxidant status including that of mitochondria whose functional capacity is also increased by “Yang-invigorating” herbs/formulations. In this paper, we propose that triterpenes and phytosterols, which are ubiquitously found in Yang-tonic herbs, may be the chemical entities responsible for enhancing mitochondrial functional and antioxidant capacity and thus the “Yang-invigorating” action. The biochemical mechanism underlying this “Yang-invigorating” action may involve a sustained production of low levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to an increased activity of the electron transport chain, with the possible involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling. The increase in mitochondrial functional capacity can retard the decline in bodily function during aging, whereas the mitochondrial ROS production is instrumental in eliciting a glutathione antioxidant response via redox-sensitive signaling pathways, which can delay the onset of age-related diseases.
Collapse
|
208
|
Ihle KE, Fondrk MK, Page RE, Amdam GV. Genotype effect on lifespan following vitellogenin knockdown. Exp Gerontol 2014; 61:113-22. [PMID: 25497555 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee workers display remarkable flexibility in the aging process. This plasticity is closely tied to behavioral maturation. Workers who initiate foraging behavior at earlier ages have shorter lifespans, and much of the variation in total lifespan can be explained by differences in pre-foraging lifespan. Vitellogenin (Vg), a yolk precursor protein, influences worker lifespan both as a regulator of behavioral maturation and through anti-oxidant and immune functions. Experimental reduction of Vg mRNA, and thus Vg protein levels, in wild-type bees results in precocious foraging behavior, decreased lifespan, and increased susceptibility to oxidative damage. We sought to separate the effects of Vg on lifespan due to behavioral maturation from those due to immune and antioxidant function using two selected strains of honey bees that differ in their phenotypic responsiveness to Vg gene knockdown. Surprisingly, we found that lifespans lengthen in the strain described as behaviorally and hormonally insensitive to Vg reduction. We then performed targeted gene expression analyses on genes hypothesized to mediate aging and lifespan: the insulin-like peptides (Ilp1 and 2) and manganese superoxide dismutase (mnSOD). The two honey bee Ilps are the most upstream components in the insulin-signaling pathway, which influences lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and other organisms, while manganese superoxide dismutase encodes an enzyme with antioxidant functions in animals. We found expression differences in the llps in fat body related to behavior (llp1 and 2) and genetic background (Ilp2), but did not find strain by treatment effects. Expression of mnSOD was also affected by behavior and genetic background. Additionally, we observed a differential response to Vg knockdown in fat body expression of mnSOD, suggesting that antioxidant pathways may partially explain the strain-specific lifespan responses to Vg knockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Ihle
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama.
| | - M Kim Fondrk
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; University of California, Davis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Robert E Page
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Gro V Amdam
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Aas 1432, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Hermann PM, Watson SN, Wildering WC. Phospholipase A2 - nexus of aging, oxidative stress, neuronal excitability, and functional decline of the aging nervous system? Insights from a snail model system of neuronal aging and age-associated memory impairment. Front Genet 2014; 5:419. [PMID: 25538730 PMCID: PMC4255604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes a range of changes varying from subtle structural and physiological changes causing only minor functional decline under healthy normal aging conditions, to severe cognitive or neurological impairment associated with extensive loss of neurons and circuits due to age-associated neurodegenerative disease conditions. Understanding how biological aging processes affect the brain and how they contribute to the onset and progress of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is a core research goal in contemporary neuroscience. This review focuses on the idea that changes in intrinsic neuronal electrical excitability associated with (per)oxidation of membrane lipids and activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are an important mechanism of learning and memory failure under normal aging conditions. Specifically, in the context of this special issue on the biology of cognitive aging we portray the opportunities offered by the identifiable neurons and behaviorally characterized neural circuits of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in neuronal aging research and recapitulate recent insights indicating a key role of lipid peroxidation-induced PLA2 as instruments of aging, oxidative stress and inflammation in age-associated neuronal and memory impairment in this model system. The findings are discussed in view of accumulating evidence suggesting involvement of analogous mechanisms in the etiology of age-associated dysfunction and disease of the human and mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn N Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Martins D, Titorenko VI, English AM. Cells with impaired mitochondrial H2O2 sensing generate less •OH radicals and live longer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1490-503. [PMID: 24382195 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mitochondria are major sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and adaptive mitochondrial ROS signaling extends longevity. We aim at linking the genetic manipulation of mitochondrial H2O2 sensing in live cells to mechanisms driving aging in the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To this end, we compare in vivo ROS (O2(•-), H2O2 and (•)OH) accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities, labile iron levels, GSH depletion, and protein oxidative damage during the chronological aging of three yeast strains: ccp1Δ that does not produce the mitochondrial H2O2 sensor protein, cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1); ccp1(W191F) that produces a hyperactive variant of this sensor protein (Ccp1(W191F)); and the isogenic wild-type strain. RESULTS Since they possess elevated manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) activity, young ccp1Δ cells accumulate low mitochondrial superoxide (O2(•-)) levels but high H2O2 levels. These cells exhibit stable aconitase activity and contain low amounts of labile iron and hydroxyl radicals ((•)OH). Furthermore, they undergo late glutathione (GSH) depletion, less mitochondrial protein oxidative damage and live longer than wild-type cells. In contrast, young ccp1(W191F) cells accumulate little H2O2, possess depressed Sod2 activity, enabling their O2(•-) level to spike and deactivate aconitase, which, ultimately, leads to greater mitochondrial oxidative damage, early GSH depletion, and a shorter lifespan than wild-type cells. INNOVATION Modulation of mitochondrial H2O2 sensing offers a novel interventional approach to alter mitochondrial H2O2 levels in live cells and probe the pro- versus anti-aging effects of ROS. CONCLUSION The strength of mitochondrial H2O2 sensing modulates adaptive mitochondrial ROS signaling and, hence, lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorival Martins
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University , Montreal, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Kolesar JE, Safdar A, Abadi A, MacNeil LG, Crane JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Kaufman BA. Defects in mitochondrial DNA replication and oxidative damage in muscle of mtDNA mutator mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:241-51. [PMID: 25106705 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A causal role for mitochondrial dysfunction in mammalian aging is supported by recent studies of the mtDNA mutator mouse ("PolG" mouse), which harbors a defect in the proofreading-exonuclease activity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma. These mice exhibit accelerated aging phenotypes characteristic of human aging, including systemic mitochondrial dysfunction, exercise intolerance, alopecia and graying of hair, curvature of the spine, and premature mortality. While mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to cause increased oxidative stress in many systems, several groups have suggested that PolG mutator mice show no markers of oxidative damage. These mice have been presented as proof that mitochondrial dysfunction is sufficient to accelerate aging without oxidative stress. In this study, by normalizing to mitochondrial content in enriched fractions we detected increased oxidative modification of protein and DNA in PolG skeletal muscle mitochondria. We separately developed novel methods that allow simultaneous direct measurement of mtDNA replication defects and oxidative damage. Using this approach, we find evidence that suggests PolG muscle mtDNA is indeed oxidatively damaged. We also observed a significant decrease in antioxidants and expression of mitochondrial biogenesis pathway components and DNA repair enzymes in these mice, indicating an association of maladaptive gene expression with the phenotypes observed in PolG mice. Together, these findings demonstrate the presence of oxidative damage associated with the premature aging-like phenotypes induced by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kolesar
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adeel Safdar
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Arkan Abadi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Lauren G MacNeil
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin D Crane
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Tang BL. Synthetic mitochondria as therapeutics against systemic aging: a hypothesis. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:131-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Medical Drive 117597 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Allison DB, Antoine LH, Ballinger SW, Bamman MM, Biga P, Darley-Usmar VM, Fisher G, Gohlke JM, Halade GV, Hartman JL, Hunter GR, Messina JL, Nagy TR, Plaisance EP, Powell ML, Roth KA, Sandel MW, Schwartz TS, Smith DL, Sweatt JD, Tollefsbol TO, Watts SA, Yang Y, Zhang J, Austad SN. Aging and energetics' 'Top 40' future research opportunities 2010-2013. F1000Res 2014; 3:219. [PMID: 25324965 PMCID: PMC4197746 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5212.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of a coordinated effort to expand our research activity at the interface of Aging and Energetics a team of investigators at The University of Alabama at Birmingham systematically assayed and catalogued the top research priorities identified in leading publications in that domain, believing the result would be useful to the scientific community at large. OBJECTIVE To identify research priorities and opportunities in the domain of aging and energetics as advocated in the 40 most cited papers related to aging and energetics in the last 4 years. DESIGN The investigators conducted a search for papers on aging and energetics in Scopus, ranked the resulting papers by number of times they were cited, and selected the ten most-cited papers in each of the four years that include 2010 to 2013, inclusive. RESULTS Ten research categories were identified from the 40 papers. These included: (1) Calorie restriction (CR) longevity response, (2) role of mTOR (mechanistic target of Rapamycin) and related factors in lifespan extension, (3) nutrient effects beyond energy (especially resveratrol, omega-3 fatty acids, and selected amino acids), 4) autophagy and increased longevity and health, (5) aging-associated predictors of chronic disease, (6) use and effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (7) telomeres relative to aging and energetics, (8) accretion and effects of body fat, (9) the aging heart, and (10) mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, and cellular energetics. CONCLUSION The field is rich with exciting opportunities to build upon our existing knowledge about the relations among aspects of aging and aspects of energetics and to better understand the mechanisms which connect them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Allison
- Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Lisa H. Antoine
- Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Scott W. Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, USA
| | - Peggy Biga
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Julia M. Gohlke
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Halade
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - John L. Hartman
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Joseph L. Messina
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Eric P. Plaisance
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Mickie L. Powell
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kevin A. Roth
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Michael W. Sandel
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Tonia S. Schwartz
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - J. David Sweatt
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Trygve O. Tollefsbol
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Yongbin Yang
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Steven N. Austad
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Wang XQ, Shao Y, Ma CY, Chen W, Sun L, Liu W, Zhang DY, Fu BC, Liu KY, Jia ZB, Xie BD, Jiang SL, Li RK, Tian H. Decreased SIRT3 in aged human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2298-310. [PMID: 25210848 PMCID: PMC4224562 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) is an important member of the sirtuin family of protein deacetylases that is localized to mitochondria and linked to lifespan extension in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. As aged cells have less regenerative capacity and are more susceptible to oxidative stress, we investigated the effect of ageing on SIRT3 levels and its correlation with antioxidant enzyme activities. Here, we show that severe oxidative stress reduces SIRT3 levels in young human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hMSCs). Overexpression of SIRT3 improved hMSCs resistance to the detrimental effects of oxidative stress. By activating manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT), SIRT3 protects hMSCs from apoptosis under stress. SIRT3 expression, levels of MnSOD and CAT, as well as cell survival showed little difference in old versus young hMSCs under normal growth conditions, whereas older cells had a significantly reduced capacity to withstand oxidative stress compared to their younger counterparts. Expression of the short 28 kD SIRT3 isoform was higher, while the long 44 kD isoform expression was lower in young myocardial tissues compared with older ones. These results suggest that the active short isoform of SIRT3 protects hMSCs from oxidative injury by increasing the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes. The expression of this short isoform decreases in cardiac tissue during ageing, leading to a reduced capacity for the heart to withstand oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratories of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Canistro D, Boccia C, Falconi R, Bonamassa B, Valgimigli L, Vivarelli F, Soleti A, Genova ML, Lenaz G, Sapone A, Zaccanti F, Abdel-Rahman SZ, Paolini M. Redox-Based Flagging of the Global Network of Oxidative Stress Greatly Promotes Longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:936-43. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
216
|
Sohal RS, Forster MJ. Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:366-82. [PMID: 24941891 PMCID: PMC4111977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this review is to provide an appraisal of the current status of the relationship between energy intake and the life span of animals. The concept that a reduction in food intake, or caloric restriction (CR), retards the aging process, delays the age-associated decline in physiological fitness, and extends the life span of organisms of diverse phylogenetic groups is one of the leading paradigms in gerontology. However, emerging evidence disputes some of the primary tenets of this conception. One disparity is that the CR-related increase in longevity is not universal and may not even be shared among different strains of the same species. A further misgiving is that the control animals, fed ad libitum (AL), become overweight and prone to early onset of diseases and death, and thus may not be the ideal control animals for studies concerned with comparisons of longevity. Reexamination of body weight and longevity data from a study involving over 60,000 mice and rats, conducted by a National Institute on Aging-sponsored project, suggests that CR-related increase in life span of specific genotypes is directly related to the gain in body weight under the AL feeding regimen. Additionally, CR in mammals and "dietary restriction" in organisms such as Drosophila are dissimilar phenomena, albeit they are often presented to be the very same. The latter involves a reduction in yeast rather than caloric intake, which is inconsistent with the notion of a common, conserved mechanism of CR action in different species. Although specific mechanisms by which CR affects longevity are not well understood, existing evidence supports the view that CR increases the life span of those particular genotypes that develop energy imbalance owing to AL feeding. In such groups, CR lowers body temperature, rate of metabolism, and oxidant production and retards the age-related pro-oxidizing shift in the redox state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajindar S Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Michael J Forster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Cascella R, Evangelisti E, Zampagni M, Becatti M, D'Adamio G, Goti A, Liguri G, Fiorillo C, Cecchi C. S-linolenoyl glutathione intake extends life-span and stress resistance via Sir-2.1 upregulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:127-35. [PMID: 24835770 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a prominent role in life-span regulation of living organisms. One of the endogenous free radical scavenger systems is associated with glutathione (GSH), the most abundant nonprotein thiol in mammalian cells, acting as a major reducing agent and in antioxidant defense by maintaining a tight control over redox status. We have recently designed a series of novel S-acyl-GSH derivatives capable of preventing amyloid oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease models, upon an increase in GSH intake. In this study we show that the longevity of the wild-type N2 Caenorhabditis elegans strain was significantly enhanced by dietary supplementation with linolenoyl-SG (lin-SG) thioester with respect to the ethyl ester of GSH, linolenic acid, or vitamin E. RNA interference analysis and activity inhibition assay indicate that life-span extension was mediated by the upregulation of Sir-2.1, a NAD-dependent histone deacetylase ortholog of mammalian SIRT1. In particular, lin-SG-mediated overexpression of Sir-2.1 appears to be related to the Daf-16 (FoxO) pathway. Moreover, the lin-SG derivative protects N2 worms from the paralysis and oxidative stress induced by Aβ/H2O2 exposure. Overall, our findings put forward lin-SG thioester as an antioxidant supplement triggering sirtuin upregulation, thus opening new future perspectives for healthy aging or delayed onset of oxidative-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cascella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Evangelisti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mariagioia Zampagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giampiero D'Adamio
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Liguri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
The effect of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor on longevity of short-lived and long-lived seed beetles and its mitonuclear hybrids. Biogerontology 2014; 15:487-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
219
|
Pickering AM, Lehr M, Kohler WJ, Han ML, Miller RA. Fibroblasts From Longer-Lived Species of Primates, Rodents, Bats, Carnivores, and Birds Resist Protein Damage. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:791-9. [PMID: 25070662 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Species differ greatly in their rates of aging. Among mammalian species life span ranges from 2 to over 60 years. Here, we test the hypothesis that skin-derived fibroblasts from long-lived species of animals differ from those of short-lived animals in their defenses against protein damage. In parallel studies of rodents, nonhuman primates, birds, and species from the Laurasiatheria superorder (bats, carnivores, shrews, and ungulates), we find associations between species longevity and resistance of proteins to oxidative stress after exposure to H(2)O(2) or paraquat. In addition, baseline levels of protein carbonyl appear to be higher in cells from shorter-lived mammals compared with longer-lived mammals. Thus, resistance to protein oxidation is associated with species maximal life span in independent clades of mammals, suggesting that this cellular property may be required for evolution of longevity. Evaluation of the properties of primary fibroblast cell lines can provide insights into the factors that regulate the pace of aging across species of mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Pickering
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Marcus Lehr
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - William J Kohler
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Melissa L Han
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Yamanashi H, Hashizume O, Yonekawa H, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Administration of an antioxidant prevents lymphoma development in transmitochondrial mice overproducing reactive oxygen species. Exp Anim 2014; 63:459-66. [PMID: 25048265 PMCID: PMC4244294 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the difficulty to exclude possible involvement of nuclear DNA mutations, it
has been a controversial issue whether pathogenic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
and the resultant respiration defects are involved in tumor development. To address this
issue, our previous study generated transmitochondrial mice
(mito-mice-ND613997), which possess the nuclear and mtDNA backgrounds derived
from C57BL/6J (B6) strain mice except that they carry B6 mtDNA with a G13997A mutation in
the mt-Nd6 gene. Because aged mito-mice-ND613997
simultaneously showed overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bone marrow cells
and high frequency of lymphoma development, current study examined the effects of
administrating a ROS scavenger on the frequency of lymphoma development. We used
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a ROS scavenger, and showed that NAC
administration prevented lymphoma development. Moreover, its administration induced
longevity in mito-mice-ND613997. The gene expression profiles in bone marrow
cells indicated the upregulation of the Fasl gene, which can be
suppressed by NAC administration. Given that natural-killer (NK) cells mediate the
apoptosis of various tumor cells via enhanced expression of genes encoding apoptotic
ligands including Fasl gene, its overexpression would reflect the
frequent lymphoma development in bone marrow cells. These observations suggest that
continuous administration of an antioxidant would be an effective therapeutics to prevent
lymphoma development enhanced by ROS overproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yamanashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
New insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy during oxidative stress and aging in the heart. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:210934. [PMID: 25132912 PMCID: PMC4124219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/210934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The heart is highly sensitive to the aging process. In the elderly, the heart tends to become hypertrophic and fibrotic. Stiffness increases with ensuing systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Aging also affects the cardiac response to stress. At the molecular level, the aging process is associated with accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles, partially due to defects in protein quality control systems. The accumulation of dysfunctional and abnormal mitochondria is an important pathophysiological feature of the aging process, which is associated with excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrial fusion and fission and mitochondrial autophagy are crucial mechanisms for maintaining mitochondrial function and preserving energy production. In particular, mitochondrial fission allows for selective segregation of damaged mitochondria, which are afterward eliminated by autophagy. Unfortunately, recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy are progressively impaired over time, contributing to the aging process. This suggests that restoration of these mechanisms could delay organ senescence and prevent age-associated cardiac diseases. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the close relationship between mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, oxidative stress, and aging, with a particular focus on the heart.
Collapse
|
222
|
Mitochondrial function and mitochondrial DNA maintenance with advancing age. Biogerontology 2014; 15:417-38. [PMID: 25015781 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We review the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance and mitochondrial function on the aging process. Mitochondrial function and mtDNA integrity are closely related. In order to create a protective barrier against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) attacks and ensure mtDNA integrity, multiple cellular mtDNA copies are packaged together with various proteins in nucleoids. Regulation of antioxidant and RONS balance, DNA base excision repair, and selective degradation of damaged mtDNA copies preserves normal mtDNA quantities. Oxidative damage to mtDNA molecules does not substantially contribute to increased mtDNA mutation frequency; rather, mtDNA replication errors of DNA PolG are the main source of mtDNA mutations. Mitochondrial turnover is the major contributor to maintenance of mtDNA and functionally active mitochondria. Mitochondrial turnover involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and selective autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy). All of these processes exhibit decreased activity during aging and fall under greater nuclear genome control, possibly coincident with the emergence of nuclear genome instability. We suggest that the age-dependent accumulation of mutated mtDNA copies and dysfunctional mitochondria is associated primarily with decreased cellular autophagic and mitophagic activity.
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
Key objectives of biogerontology are to understand the biology of aging and to translate scientific insight into interventions that improve late-life health - or anti-aging treatments. In this context, when considering the problem of how to effect translational research, it is useful to have a clear, consensus view on what exactly constitutes an anti-aging treatment. This essay critically assesses the understanding of this concept common among biogerontologists, and proposes a new definition. A current conception of anti-aging treatment imagines a primary cause of aging that is causally upstream of, and the cause of, all age-related pathology. Intervening in this aging process thus protects against the totality of age-related diseases. However, this underlying aging process remains an abstraction. By contrast, what is demonstrable is that interventions in model organisms can improve late-life health and extend lifespan. Furthermore, a safe deduction is that treatments that extend lifespan do so by reducing age-related pathology, both florid and subtle. What is currently identifiable about aging (i.e. senescence) is that it is a very complex disease syndrome, likely involving a number of biological mechanisms. Treatments that substantially extend lifespan must suppress multiple pathologies that otherwise limit lifespan, but whether they suppress the entire aging process remains undemonstrated. A more pragmatic and realistic definition of anti-aging treatment is any preventative approach to reduce late-life pathology, based on the understanding that senescence is a disease syndrome. This definition would encompass preventative approaches aimed at both broad and narrow spectra of age-related pathologies. Its adoption would facilitate translation, since it would shift the emphasis to medical practice, particularly the introduction of preventative approaches. Narrow spectrum anti-aging treatments (e.g. the cardiovascular polypill) could establish a practice that eventually extends to broader spectrum anti-aging treatments (e.g. dietary restriction mimetics).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gems
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Mayero S, Perez-Quilis C, Lucia A. New molecular targets and lifestyle interventions to delay aging sarcopenia. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:156. [PMID: 25071565 PMCID: PMC4078253 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain ; Department of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, University Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain
| | - Sara Mayero
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario , Valencia , Spain
| | - Carme Perez-Quilis
- Department of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, University Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Robb EL, Christoff CA, Maddalena LA, Stuart JA. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal cells: relevance to aging and normal physiology. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In animal mitochondria, the four electron reduction of molecular oxygen to produce water at respiratory complex IV is the terminal step in substrate oxidation. However, respiratory complexes I, II, and III can participate in the single electron reduction of oxygen to produce the radical species superoxide. This progenitor reactive oxygen species (ROS) participates in a number of reactions that generate other ROS. These molecules may react with, and damage, intracellular macromolecules, leading to cellular dysfunction. Mitochondrial ROS production is often considered from this perspective of macromolecular damage and is central to the “oxidative damage theory of aging”, which suggests the accumulation of oxidative damage in animal cells underlies the aging phenotype and limits lifespan. In this review, we discuss some experimental results accumulated over the past decade that are inconsistent with this theory. A limitation of the theory is that it presupposes mitochondrial ROS are inherently harmful. However, it is increasingly apparent that some basic cellular functions are physiologically regulated by normal levels of mitochondrial ROS. For example, cell growth and division, the apoptotic pathway, and mitochondrial fusion–fission dynamics all appear to be redox-regulated by mitochondrial ROS and perhaps the matrix manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Therefore, it is less clear how the balance between ROS regulation of normal cellular activities and ROS-mediated macromolecular damage is maintained and how this relates to aging and longevity in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Robb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Casey A. Christoff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Lucas A. Maddalena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Edrey YH, Salmon AB. Revisiting an age-old question regarding oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:368-378. [PMID: 24704971 PMCID: PMC4049226 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in maintaining health throughout life can be made through a clear understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate aging. The Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging (OSTA) is probably the most well studied mechanistic theory of aging and suggests that the rate of aging is controlled by accumulation of oxidative damage. To directly test the OSTA, aging has been measured in several lines of mice with genetic alterations in the expression of enzymatic antioxidants. Under its strictest interpretation, these studies do not support the OSTA, as modulation of antioxidant expression does not generally affect mouse life span. However, the incidence of many age-related diseases and pathologies is altered in these models, suggesting that oxidative stress does significantly influence some aspects of the aging process. Further, oxidative stress may affect aging in disparate patterns among tissues or under various environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding aging in antioxidant mutant mice and offer several interpretations of their support of the OSTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael H Edrey
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; The Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Aledo JC. Life-history Constraints on the Mechanisms that Control the Rate of ROS Production. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:217-30. [PMID: 24955029 PMCID: PMC4064561 DOI: 10.2174/1389202915666140515230615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to understand why and how we age has led to numerous lines of investigation that have gradually converged to consider mitochondrial metabolism as a major player. During mitochondrial respiration a small and variable amount of the consumed oxygen is converted to reactive species of oxygen (ROS). For many years, these ROS have been perceived as harmful by-products of respiration. However, evidence from recent years indicates that ROS fulfill important roles as cellular messengers. Results obtained using model organisms suggest that ROS-dependent signalling may even activate beneficial cellular stress responses, which eventually may lead to increased lifespan. Nevertheless, when an overload of ROS cannot be properly disposed of, its accumulation generates oxidative stress, which plays a major part in the ageing process. Comparative studies about the rates of ROS production and oxidative damage accumulation, have led to the idea that the lower rate of mitochondrial oxygen radical generation of long-lived animals with respect to that of their short-lived counterpart, could be a primary cause of their slow ageing rate. A hitherto largely under-appreciated alternative view is that such lower rate of ROS production, rather than a cause may be a consequence of the metabolic constraints imposed for the large body sizes that accompany high lifespans. To help understanding the logical underpinning of this rather heterodox view, herein I review the current literature regarding the mechanisms of ROS formation, with particular emphasis on evolutionary aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Aledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Alili L, Diekmann J, Giesen M, Holtkötter O, Brenneisen P. A drug-induced accelerated senescence (DIAS) is a possibility to study aging in time lapse. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9658. [PMID: 24833306 PMCID: PMC4082584 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the oxidative stress (or free radical) theory of aging is the most popular explanation of how aging occurs at the molecular level. Accordingly, a stress-induced senescence-like phenotype of human dermal fibroblasts can be induced in vitro by the exposure of human diploid fibroblasts to subcytotoxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. However, several biomarkers of replicative senescence e.g. cell cycle arrest and enlarged morphology are abrogated 14 days after treatment, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather acts as a trigger for short-term senescence (1-3 days) than being responsible for the maintenance of the senescence-like phenotype. Further, DNA-damaging factors are discussed resulting in a permanent senescent cell type. To induce long-term premature senescence and to understand the molecular alterations occurring during the aging process, we analyzed mitomycin C (MMC) as an alkylating DNA-damaging agent and ROS producer. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), used as model for skin aging, were exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of MMC and analyzed for potential markers of cellular aging, for example enlarged morphology, activity of senescence-associated-ß-galactosidase, cell cycle arrest, increased ROS production and MMP1-activity, which are well-documented for HDF in replicative senescence. Our data show that mitomycin C treatment results in a drug-induced accelerated senescence (DIAS) with long-term expression of senescence markers, demonstrating that a combination of different susceptibility factors, here ROS and DNA alkylation, are necessary to induce a permanent senescent cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirija Alili
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Brand MD. The role of mitochondria in longevity and healthspan. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24855560 PMCID: PMC4030464 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in aging and disease remains contentious more than 40 years after the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging was first proposed. As part of a wider cross-journal series on contemporary mitochondrial biology, Longevity & Healthspan presents a thematic series of four reviews that discuss the evidence for and against the modern incarnations of the theory, and examine the relevance of mitochondrial membrane phospholipid unsaturation and the interactions of mitochondria with sex hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Brand
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Superoxide dismutase deficiency impairs olfactory sexual signaling and alters bioenergetic function in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8119-24. [PMID: 24843175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322282111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (an overproduction of reactive oxygen species in relation to defense mechanisms) may restrict investment in life history traits, such as growth, reproduction, lifespan, and the production of sexual signals to attract mates. The constraint on sexual signaling by oxidative stress is of particular interest because it has been proposed as a mechanism ensuring that only good-quality males produce the most attractive sexual signals. Despite these predictions, evidence supporting this theory is, at best, equivocal. We used a superoxide dismutase knockout mouse to demonstrate that oxidative stress directly impairs investment in morphological (preputial glands) and molecular (major urinary proteins) components of olfactory signaling essential for mate attraction. By maintaining males in a much more competitive environment than usual for mouse laboratory experiments, we also revealed a range of phenotypes of superoxide dismutase deficiency not observed in previous studies of this mouse model. This range included impaired bioenergetic function, which was undetectable in the control environment of this study. We urge further examination of model organisms in seminatural conditions and more competitive laboratory environments, as important phenotypes can be exposed under these more demanding conditions.
Collapse
|
231
|
Richardson AG, Schadt EE. The Role of Macromolecular Damage in Aging and Age-related Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69 Suppl 1:S28-32. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
232
|
Bilkei-Gorzo A. Genetic mouse models of brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:244-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
233
|
Ristow M, Schmeisser K. Mitohormesis: Promoting Health and Lifespan by Increased Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Dose Response 2014; 12:288-341. [PMID: 24910588 PMCID: PMC4036400 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-035.ristow] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS), consisting of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and multiple others, do not only cause oxidative stress, but rather may function as signaling molecules that promote health by preventing or delaying a number of chronic diseases, and ultimately extend lifespan. While high levels of ROS are generally accepted to cause cellular damage and to promote aging, low levels of these may rather improve systemic defense mechanisms by inducing an adaptive response. This concept has been named mitochondrial hormesis or mitohormesis. We here evaluate and summarize more than 500 publications from current literature regarding such ROS-mediated low-dose signaling events, including calorie restriction, hypoxia, temperature stress, and physical activity, as well as signaling events downstream of insulin/IGF-1 receptors, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), target-of-rapamycin (TOR), and lastly sirtuins to culminate in control of proteostasis, unfolded protein response (UPR), stem cell maintenance and stress resistance. Additionally, consequences of interfering with such ROS signals by pharmacological or natural compounds are being discussed, concluding that particularly antioxidants are useless or even harmful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Schwerzenbach/Zürich, CH 8603, Switzerland
- Dept. of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, Jena D-07743, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmeisser
- Dept. of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, Jena D-07743, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Kumar D, Rizvi SI. A critical period in lifespan of male rats coincides with increased oxidative stress. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 58:427-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
235
|
Sheng Y, Abreu IA, Cabelli DE, Maroney MJ, Miller AF, Teixeira M, Valentine JS. Superoxide dismutases and superoxide reductases. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3854-918. [PMID: 24684599 PMCID: PMC4317059 DOI: 10.1021/cr4005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Sheng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Isabel A. Abreu
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Av. da República,
Qta. do Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional,
Edificio IBET/ITQB, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diane E. Cabelli
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Michael J. Maroney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Anne-Frances Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Miguel Teixeira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joan Selverstone Valentine
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioinspired Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Ernst UR, De Haes W, Cardoen D, Schoofs L. Life-prolonging measures for a dead theory? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:533-534. [PMID: 23955247 PMCID: PMC4039271 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In a recent review article, Selman and colleagues (Trends Ecol Evol 27:570-577, 2012) discuss the status quo of the oxidative stress theory of aging (OSTA) and how it links to life history evolution. They suggest that the OSTA should be tested in wild populations which might show effects masked in laboratory settings. We disagree with their propositions for several reasons. We argue that there is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not causally linked with aging and that ROS do not play a straightforward role in shaping life history evolution. We propose that laboratory animals and semi-wild populations rather than wild animals are suited best to test any hypothesized effect of reactive oxygen species. This is because data from controlled manipulative experiments rather than observational correlations are preferred to solve this issue. In addition, nonconventional model organisms will be useful in answering the question how relevant the OSTA could be for life history evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R Ernst
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Stuart JA, Maddalena LA, Merilovich M, Robb EL. A midlife crisis for the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:4. [PMID: 24690218 PMCID: PMC3977679 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception more than four decades ago, the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (MFRTA) has served as a touchstone for research into the biology of aging. The MFRTA suggests that oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from mitochondria accumulates in cells over an animal’s lifespan and eventually leads to the dysfunction and failure that characterizes aging. A central prediction of the theory is that the ability to ameliorate or slow this process should be associated with a slowed rate of aging and thus increased lifespan. A vast pool of data bearing on this idea has now been published. ROS production, ROS neutralization and macromolecule repair have all been extensively studied in the context of longevity. We review experimental evidence from comparisons between naturally long- or short-lived animal species, from calorie restricted animals, and from genetically modified animals and weigh the strength of results supporting the MFRTA. Viewed as a whole, the data accumulated from these studies have too often failed to support the theory. Excellent, well controlled studies from the past decade in particular have isolated ROS as an experimental variable and have shown no relationship between its production or neutralization and aging or longevity. Instead, a role for mitochondrial ROS as intracellular messengers involved in the regulation of some basic cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and death, has emerged. If mitochondrial ROS are involved in the aging process, it seems very likely it will be via highly specific and regulated cellular processes and not through indiscriminate oxidative damage to macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St, Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Effect of antioxidants supplementation on aging and longevity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:404680. [PMID: 24783202 PMCID: PMC3982418 DOI: 10.1155/2014/404680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
If aging is due to or contributed by free radical reactions, as postulated by the free radical theory of aging, lifespan of organisms should be extended by administration of exogenous antioxidants. This paper reviews data on model organisms concerning the effects of exogenous antioxidants (antioxidant vitamins, lipoic acid, coenzyme Q, melatonin, resveratrol, curcumin, other polyphenols, and synthetic antioxidants including antioxidant nanoparticles) on the lifespan of model organisms. Mechanisms of effects of antioxidants, often due to indirect antioxidant action or to action not related to the antioxidant properties of the compounds administered, are discussed. The legitimacy of antioxidant supplementation in human is considered.
Collapse
|
239
|
Hammel SC, East K, Shaka AJ, Rose MR, Shahrestani P. Brief early-life non-specific incorporation of deuterium extends mean life span in Drosophila melanogaster without affecting fecundity. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 16:98-104. [PMID: 23301756 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of brief, non-specific deuteration of Drosophila melanogaster by including varying percentages of ²H (D) in the H₂O used in the food mix consumed during initial development. Up to 22.5% deuterium oxide (D₂O) in H₂O was administered, with the result that a low percentage of D₂O in the water increased mean life span, whereas the highest percentage used (22.5%) reduced life span. After the one-time treatment period, adult flies were maintained ad libitum with food of normal isotopic distribution. At low deuterium levels, where life span extension was observed, there was no observed change in fecundity. Dead flies were assayed for deuterium incorporation by complete hydrolysis in hot 12 N HCl solution followed by subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). Isoleucine and leucine residues showed a small, linear dose-dependent incorporation of deuterium at non-exchangeable sites. Although high levels of D₂O itself are toxic for other reasons, higher levels of deuterium incorporation, which can be achieved without toxicity by strategies that avoid direct use of D₂O, are clearly worth exploring.
Collapse
|
240
|
Age-related alterations in endothelial function of femoral artery in young SHR and WKY rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:658479. [PMID: 24772431 PMCID: PMC3977421 DOI: 10.1155/2014/658479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of vascular aging in juvenescence on endothelial function in femoral arteries and to assess differences between normotensive and hypertensive rats. The aim of the study was to determine if age affected nitric oxide- (NO-) mediated relaxations in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Juvenile (7-week-old) and young adult (22-week-old) male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used in this study. Femoral artery (FA) reactivity was determined by wire myograph and NO synthase activity by conversion of [3H]-L-arginine. During juvenescence systolic blood pressure (tail-cuff) increased significantly only in SHR, while NO synthesis decreased significantly in both strains. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were reduced in the FA of SHR compared to age-matched WKY at both ages, yet these parameters were unchanged in adult rats compared with juvenile animals. The NO-dependent component of vasorelaxation was markedly reduced, whereas the NO-independent component was increased in adult compared to juvenile rats in both strains. The endothelial dysfunction in SHR at both ages was associated with reduction of NO-independent mechanisms. In conclusion, aging in early periods of life was associated with reduction of vascular NO production and bioavailability in both strains investigated. This reduction was however fully compensated by accentuation of NO-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
241
|
Long YC, Tan TMC, Takao I, Tang BL. The biochemistry and cell biology of aging: metabolic regulation through mitochondrial signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E581-91. [PMID: 24452454 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00665.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and organ metabolism affects organismal lifespan. Aging is characterized by increased risks for metabolic disorders, with age-associated degenerative diseases exhibiting varying degrees of mitochondrial dysfunction. The traditional view of the role of mitochondria generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular aging, assumed to be causative and simply detrimental for a long time now, is in need of reassessment. While there is little doubt that high levels of ROS are detrimental, mounting evidence points toward a lifespan extension effect exerted by mild to moderate ROS elevation. Dietary caloric restriction, inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-I signaling, and inhibition of the nutrient-sensing mechanistic target of rapamycin are robust longevity-promoting interventions. All of these appear to elicit mitochondrial retrograde signaling processes (defined as signaling from the mitochondria to the rest of the cell, for example, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, or UPR(mt)). The effects of mitochondrial retrograde signaling may even spread to other cells/tissues in a noncell autonomous manner by yet unidentified signaling mediators. Multiple recent publications support the notion that an evolutionarily conserved, mitochondria-initiated signaling is central to the genetic and epigenetic regulation of cellular aging and organismal lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chau Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Kim J, Ishihara N, Lee TR. A DAF-16/FoxO3a-dependent longevity signal is initiated by antioxidants. Biofactors 2014; 40:247-57. [PMID: 24123695 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise mechanisms of antioxidant-mediated longevity are poorly understood. We show that an antioxidant treatment can extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) through the nuclear translocation of the forkhead box O transcription factor (FoxO) homolog DAF-16. This pathway was found to involve 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) and serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1), distinct from the known oxidative stress-mediated mechanism in which FoxO3a translocation is regulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mammalian sterile 20-like kinase-1 (MST-1). The differences in the mechanisms of FoxO activation by antioxidants and oxidants result in differences in FoxO phosphorylation and target gene expression. Based on these results, we found that a combination of early antioxidant treatment and late oxidant treatment is most effective for lifespan extension in C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juewon Kim
- Bioscience Research Institute, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Barja G. Correlations with longevity and body size: to correct or not correct? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:1096-8. [PMID: 24568930 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Barja
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response and increased longevity: cause, consequence, or correlation? Exp Gerontol 2014; 56:142-6. [PMID: 24518875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response is a conserved pathway that allows mitochondrial chaperones and other factors to be induced in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of this pathway has been proposed to underlie lifespan extension from knockdown or mutation of several nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. In some cases, however, induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is associated with a reduction of lifespan in both yeast and C. elegans. It also has yet to be demonstrated that induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is sufficient to increase lifespan in the absence of overt mitochondrial dysfunction. In this perspective, we briefly review the evidence for and against a direct pro-longevity role of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and suggest important areas of investigation for experimentally addressing this question.
Collapse
|
245
|
Manayi A, Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Abdollahi M. Methods for the discovery of new anti-aging products--targeted approaches. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:383-405. [PMID: 24494592 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.885014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging is considered to be one of the most complicated and heterogeneous phenomena and is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases, disabilities and declining health. Aging cells cease to divide and drive the progression of illness through various pathways. Over the years, a number of anti-aging medicines of natural and synthetic origin have been introduced. Indeed, some studies have identified senescent cells as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of aging and age-related diseases. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight and critically review the possible mechanisms of the aging process and related illnesses. The authors give particular attention to illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, skin aging and cardiovascular diseases. EXPERT OPINION Several reports have highlighted that mitochondria are a key factor in the progression of aging and neurodegenerative illnesses. This is due to their production of extra amounts of reactive oxygen species, which leads into progressive caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell death. Therefore, strategies to prevent/reduce oxidative stress-mediated aging, whether environmental, nutritional and pharmacological, need to be taken into account. Presently, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, which focus on the evolutionary and genetic foundations of aging, have helped to establish the screening of several synthetic and natural compounds with large cohorts in a quick manner. However, there is yet to be any efficient experimental evidence to prove the exact role of senescent cells in age-related dysfunction and further studies are required to better understand these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Manayi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants Research Center , Tehran 1417614411 , Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Transcription could be the key to the selection advantage of mitochondrial deletion mutants in aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2972-7. [PMID: 24569805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314970111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial theory of aging is widely popular but confronted by several apparent inconsistencies. On the one hand, mitochondrial energy production is of central importance to the health and proper functioning of cells, and single-cell studies have shown that mtDNA deletion mutants accumulate in a clonal fashion in various mammalian species, displacing the wild-type mtDNAs. On the other hand, no explanation exists yet for the clonal expansion of mtDNA mutants that is compatible with experimental observations. We present here a new idea based on the distinctive connection between transcription and replication of metazoan mtDNA. Bioinformatic analysis of mtDNA deletion spectra strongly supports the predictions of this hypothesis and identifies specific candidates for proteins involved in transcriptional control of mtDNA replication. Computer simulations show the mechanism to be compatible with the available data from short- and long-lived mammalian species.
Collapse
|
247
|
YAMANASHI H, HASHIZUME O, YONEKAWA H, NAKADA K, HAYASHI JI. Administration of an Antioxidant Prevents Lymphoma Development in Transmitochondrial Mice Overproducing Reactive Oxygen Species. Exp Anim 2014. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka YAMANASHI
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Osamu HASHIZUME
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiromichi YONEKAWA
- Center for Basic Technology Research, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuto NAKADA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi HAYASHI
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Walsh ME, Shi Y, Van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:88-99. [PMID: 23743291 PMCID: PMC4017324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is observed during aging and in numerous age-related diseases. Dietary restriction (DR) is a regimen that protects against disease and extends life span in multiple species. However, it is unknown how DR mediates its protective effects. One prominent and consistent effect of DR in a number of systems is the ability to reduce oxidative stress and damage. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively examine the hypothesis that dietary restriction reduces oxidative stress in rodents by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to an overall reduction of oxidative damage to macromolecules. The literature reveals that the effects of DR on oxidative stress are complex and likely influenced by a variety of factors, including sex, species, tissue examined, types of ROS and antioxidant enzymes examined, and duration of DR. Here we present a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the effect of DR on mitochondrial ROS generation, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage. In a majority of studies, dietary restriction had little effect on mitochondrial ROS production or antioxidant activity. On the other hand, DR decreased oxidative damage in the majority of cases. Although the effects of DR on endogenous antioxidants are mixed, we find that glutathione levels are the most likely antioxidant to be increased by dietary restriction, which supports the emerging redox-stress hypothesis of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Garratt M, Brooks R. A genetic reduction in antioxidant function causes elevated aggression in mice. J Exp Biol 2014; 218:223-7. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Male-male aggression can have a large influence on access to mates, particularly in highly territorial animals such as mice. It has been suggested that males with impaired antioxidant defence and a consequential increased susceptibility to oxidative stress may have a reduced ability to invest in aggressive behaviours, which could limit their mating opportunities and reproductive success. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an uncontrolled over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in relation to defence mechanisms (such as antioxidants), and can cause damage to a variety of different cellular components. Impairments in specific aspects of antioxidant defence, leading to oxidative stress, can limit investment in some reproductive traits in males, such as sperm quality and the production of sexual signals to attract males. However, a direct effect of impaired antioxidant defence on aggressive behaviour has not, to our knowledge, been reported. In this study we demonstrate that mice with experimentally elevated sensitivity to oxidative stress (through inhibition of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1)) actually show the opposite response to previous predictions. Males completely deficient in Sod1 are more aggressive than both wild-type males and males that express 50% of this antioxidant enzyme. They are also faster to attack another male. The cause of this increased aggression is unknown, but this result highlights that aggressive behaviour in mice is not highly constrained by inhibited Sod1 expression, in contrast to other reproductive traits known to be impaired in this mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- University of New South Wales, Australia; University of Michigan Medical School, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
|