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Gendron CM, Chakraborty TS, Chung BY, Harvanek ZM, Holme KJ, Johnson JC, Lyu Y, Munneke AS, Pletcher SD. Neuronal Mechanisms that Drive Organismal Aging Through the Lens of Perception. Annu Rev Physiol 2019; 82:227-249. [PMID: 31635526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons provide organisms with data about the world in which they live, for the purpose of successfully exploiting their environment. The consequences of sensory perception are not simply limited to decision-making behaviors; evidence suggests that sensory perception directly influences physiology and aging, a phenomenon that has been observed in animals across taxa. Therefore, understanding the neural mechanisms by which sensory input influences aging may uncover novel therapeutic targets for aging-related physiologies. In this review, we examine different perceptive experiences that have been most clearly linked to aging or age-related disease: food perception, social perception, time perception, and threat perception. For each, the sensory cues, receptors, and/or pathways that influence aging as well as the individual or groups of neurons involved, if known, are discussed. We conclude with general thoughts about the potential impact of this line of research on human health and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi M Gendron
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Tuhin S Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Brian Y Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Zachary M Harvanek
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Kristina J Holme
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Jacob C Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Yang Lyu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Allyson S Munneke
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Scott D Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; .,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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202
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Miller ES, Apple CG, Kannan KB, Funk ZM, Plazas JM, Efron PA, Mohr AM. Chronic stress induces persistent low-grade inflammation. Am J Surg 2019; 218:677-683. [PMID: 31378316 PMCID: PMC6768696 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to determine if the systemic cytokine profile of rodents subjected to chronic restraint stress leads to persistent low-grade inflammation. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to restraint stress for a total of seven or fourteen days. Urine norepinephrine (NE), plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed with ELISA. Liver expression of IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed with real time PCR. RESULTS Chronic stress at 7 and 14 days sequentially increased plasma acute phase reactants (NE, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP), liver IL-6 expression, hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization, and decreased erythroid progenitor colony growth. Weight gain was reduced by chronic stress compared to each models' naïve counterpart. CONCLUSIONS Combining this model with trauma and sepsis models will allow evaluation of the contribution of persistent inflammation in disease progression and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Miller
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Camille G Apple
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Kolenkode B Kannan
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Zackary M Funk
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Jessica M Plazas
- University of Florida, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Philip A Efron
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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203
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Bansiddhi P, Brown JL, Khonmee J, Norkaew T, Nganvongpanit K, Punyapornwithaya V, Angkawanish T, Somgird C, Thitaram C. Management factors affecting adrenal glucocorticoid activity of tourist camp elephants in Thailand and implications for elephant welfare. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221537. [PMID: 31574099 PMCID: PMC6771993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant camps are among the most popular destinations in Thailand for tourists from many countries. A wide range of management strategies are used by these camps, which can have varied impacts on health and welfare of elephants. The objectives of this study were to examine relationships between FGM (fecal glucocorticoid metabolite) concentrations and camp management factors (work routine, walking, restraint, rest area, foraging), and to other welfare indicators (stereotypic behaviors, body condition, foot health, and skin wounds). Data were obtained on 84 elephants (18 males and 66 females) from 15 elephant camps over a 1-year period. Elephants were examined every 3 months and assigned a body condition score, foot score, and wound score. Fecal samples were collected twice monthly for FGM analysis. Contrary to some beliefs, elephants in the observation only program where mahouts did not carry an ankus for protection had higher FGM concentrations compared to those at camps that offered riding with a saddle and shows. Elephants that were tethered in the forest at night had lower FGM concentrations compared to elephants that were kept in open areas inside the camps. There was an inverse relationship between FGM concentrations and occurrence of stereotypy, which was not anticipated. Thus, assessing adrenal activity via monitoring of FGM concentrations can provide important information on factors affecting the well-being of elephants. Results suggest that more naturalistic housing conditions and providing opportunities to exercise may be good for elephants under human care in Thailand, and that a no riding, no hook policy does not necessarily guarantee good welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
| | - Jaruwan Khonmee
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Treepradab Norkaew
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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204
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Dao NC, Brockway DF, Crowley NA. In Vitro Optogenetic Characterization of Neuropeptide Release from Prefrontal Cortical Somatostatin Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 419:1-4. [PMID: 31487544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a neuropeptide thought to play a role in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, and is important for healthy aging and behavioral resiliency. Physiological conditions underlying somatostatin peptidergic release are not well-defined. Using a combination of optogenetic and biochemical approaches in transgenic mice, we demonstrate an assay for the induction and inhibition of somatostatin release in mouse acute brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Dao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Dakota F Brockway
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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205
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Effects of Single Cage Housing on Stress, Cognitive, and Seizure Parameters in the Rat and Mouse Pilocarpine Models of Epilepsy. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0179-18.2019. [PMID: 31331937 PMCID: PMC6709207 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0179-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many experimental approaches require housing rodents in individual cages, including in epilepsy research. However, rats and mice are social animals; and individual housing constitutes a stressful situation. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of individual housing as compared to conditions maintaining social contact on stress markers and epilepsy. Control male mice socially housed during pretest and then transferred to individual cages for six weeks displayed anhedonia, increased anxiety and biological markers of stress as compared to pretest values or mice kept socially housed during six weeks. Pilocarpine (pilo)-treated mice housed together showed increased levels of anhedonia, anxiety and stress markers as well as decreased cognitive performance as compared to the control group. The differences were more significant in pilo-treated mice housed individually. Anxiety correlated linearly with cognitive performance and stress markers independently of the experimental conditions. In the male rat pilo model, seizures were sixteen times more frequent in singly housed animals as compared to animals kept in pairs. Daily interactions with an experimenter in otherwise singly housed animals was sufficient to produce results identical to those found in animals kept in pairs. We propose that social isolation produces a severe phenotype in terms of stress and seizure frequency as compared to animals maintaining social contact (at least in these two models), a factor that needs to be taken into account for data interpretation, in particular for preclinical studies.
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206
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Stevenson JR, McMahon EK, Boner W, Haussmann MF. Oxytocin administration prevents cellular aging caused by social isolation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:52-60. [PMID: 30640038 PMCID: PMC7476076 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stressors, such as chronic isolation in social mammals, can elevate glucocorticoids, which can affect cellular mechanisms of aging, including increased levels of oxidative stress and shortened telomere lengths. Recent work in the selectively social prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) suggests that oxytocin and social support may mitigate some of the negative consequences of social isolation, possibly by reducing glucocorticoid levels. We investigated the influences of isolation, social support, and daily oxytocin injections in female prairie voles. Glucocorticoid levels, oxidative damage, telomere length, and anhedonia, a behavioral index of depression, were measured throughout the study. We found that six weeks of chronic isolation led to increased glucocorticoid levels, oxidative damage, telomere degradation and anhedonia. However, daily oxytocin injections in isolated voles prevented these negative consequences. These findings demonstrate that chronic social isolation in female prairie voles is a potent stressor that results in depression-like behavior and accelerated cellular aging. Importantly, oxytocin can completely prevent the negative consequences of social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie R. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA,Corresponding author at: 215 O’Leary Center, 1 Dent Drive, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, United States. (J.R. Stevenson)
| | | | - Winnie Boner
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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207
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Glutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061482. [PMID: 30934533 PMCID: PMC6471396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Initially termed the “gut-brain axis” it is now renamed the “microbiota-gut-brain axis” considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in maintaining local and systemic homeostasis. Different cellular and molecular pathways act along this axis and strong attention is paid to neuroactive molecules (neurotransmitters, i.e., noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate and metabolites, i.e., tryptophan metabolites), sustaining a possible interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. This review provides a description of the most up-to-date evidence on glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in this bidirectional communication axis. Modulation of glutamatergic receptor activity along the microbiota-gut-brain axis may influence gut (i.e., taste, visceral sensitivity and motility) and brain functions (stress response, mood and behavior) and alterations of glutamatergic transmission may participate to the pathogenesis of local and brain disorders. In this latter context, we will focus on two major gut disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, both characterized by psychiatric co-morbidity. Research in this area opens the possibility to target glutamatergic neurotransmission, either pharmacologically or by the use of probiotics producing neuroactive molecules, as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal and related psychiatric disorders.
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208
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Khodairy A, Ahmed EA, Ismael M, Mohamed KM, Thabet SA. Design and Synthesis of Some New Analgesic Azole Derivatives Containing Tramadol Moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khodairy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceSohag University Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Eman A. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceSohag University Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ismael
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceSohag University Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Mohamed
- Assuit Chemical Laboratory, Medical legal DepartmentMinistry of Justice Assuit 71511 Egypt
| | - Shymaa A. Thabet
- Central Research Laboratory, Faculty of MedicineSohag University Sohag 82524 Egypt
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209
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Liang W, Huang Y, Tan X, Wu J, Duan J, Zhang H, Yin B, Li Y, Zheng P, Wei H, Xie P. Alterations Of Glycerophospholipid And Fatty Acyl Metabolism In Multiple Brain Regions Of Schizophrenia Microbiota Recipient Mice. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:3219-3229. [PMID: 31819450 PMCID: PMC6876209 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s225982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by molecular and anatomical abnormalities of multiple brain regions. Our recent study showed that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota contributes to the onset of schizophrenia-relevant behaviors, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate how gut microbiota shapes metabolic signatures in multiple brain regions of schizophrenia microbiota recipient mice. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to compare the metabolic signatures in the cortex, cerebellum and striatum of schizophrenia microbiota and healthy microbiota recipient mice. Enrichment analysis was further conducted to uncover the crucial metabolic pathways related to schizophrenia-relevant behaviors. RESULTS We found that the metabolic phenotypes of these three regions were substantially different in schizophrenia microbiota recipient mice from those in healthy microbiota recipient mice. In total, we identified 499 differential metabolites that could discriminate the two groups in the three brain regions. These differential metabolites were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid and fatty acyl metabolism. Moreover, we found four of fatty acyl metabolites that were consistently altered in the three brain regions. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study suggests that alterations of glycerophospholipid and fatty acyl metabolism are implicated in the onset of schizophrenia-relevant behaviors, which may provide a new understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunmin Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangmin Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wei
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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210
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Parra-Montes de Oca MA, Gutiérrez-Mariscal M, Salmerón-Jiménez MF, Jaimes-Hoy L, Charli JL, Joseph-Bravo P. Voluntary Exercise-Induced Activation of Thyroid Axis and Reduction of White Fat Depots Is Attenuated by Chronic Stress in a Sex Dimorphic Pattern in Adult Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:418. [PMID: 31297093 PMCID: PMC6607407 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is inhibited by energy deficit, by acute or chronic stress, but activated by cold exposure or exercise. Because stress curtails acute cold induced activation of HPT, we evaluated the effect of chronic stress on HPT axis response to voluntary exercise, a persistent energy-demanding situation. Adult male and female Wistar rats were exposed to restraint stress, 30 min/day for 2 weeks, or to isolation (Iso) [post-natal day [PND] 30-63]. Exercise was performed (7 p.m.-7 a.m.) in a running wheel, sedentary controls stayed in individual cages (Sed); at 7 a.m. they were housed with their cage mate or individually (Iso); food intake by the exercised group was measured day and night to pair-fed Sed. At sacrifice, hormones, mRNA levels and tissue weights were quantified. Control or restrained adult rats had access to running wheel daily for 2 weeks. Compared to C, exercise decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) mass in females and males, increased hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN)-Trh expression in males proportionally to exercise performed, and increased TSH and T4 serum concentration in females. These changes were not detected in restrained groups. Starting at PND 63 control (2/cage) and isolated (1/cage) rats either exercised on 10 alternated nights or were sedentary. In control male animals, compared to Sed rats, exercise did not decrease WAT mass, nor changed HPT axis activity, but increased Pomc and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) expression in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), adrenergic receptor β3 and uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue. In control female animals, exercise decreased WAT mass, increased Pomc, Dio2, and Trhde expression in MBH, and TSH serum concentration. Iso females had lower TSH and T4 serum concentration, Dio2 and Trhde expression in MBH than controls. The stress response was higher in isolated males than females, but in males it did not alter the effects of exercise, in contrast to isolated females that had a blunted response to exercise compared to controls. In conclusion, chronic stress interferes with metabolic effects produced by exercise, such as loss of WAT mass, coincident with dampening of HPT activity.
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