201
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Gorris MAJ, Halilovic A, Rabold K, van Duffelen A, Wickramasinghe IN, Verweij D, Wortel IMN, Textor JC, de Vries IJM, Figdor CG. Eight-Color Multiplex Immunohistochemistry for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Immune Checkpoint Molecules within the Tumor Microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:347-354. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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202
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Ito SE, Shirota H, Kasahara Y, Saijo K, Ishioka C. IL-4 blockade alters the tumor microenvironment and augments the response to cancer immunotherapy in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1485-1496. [PMID: 28733709 PMCID: PMC11029029 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings show that immune cells constitute a large fraction of the tumor microenvironment and that they modulate tumor progression. Clinical data indicate that chronic inflammation is present at tumor sites and that IL-4, in particular, is upregulated. Thus, we tested whether IL-4 neutralization would affect tumor immunity. Current results demonstrate that the administration of a neutralizing antibody against IL-4 enhances anti-tumor immunity and delays tumor progression. IL-4 blockade also alters inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, reducing the generation of both immunosuppressive M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and enhancing tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In addition, IL-4 blockade improves the response to anti-OX40 Ab or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunotherapies. These findings suggest that IL-4 affects anti-tumor immunity and constitutes an attractive therapeutic target to reduce immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment, thus enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, OX40/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, OX40/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuku-Ei Ito
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Shirota
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kasahara
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ken Saijo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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203
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Alsina M, Moehler M, Hierro C, Guardeño R, Tabernero J. Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer: A Focus on Immune Checkpoints. Target Oncol 2017; 11:469-77. [PMID: 26880697 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major world-wide health problem. It is the third leading cause of death from cancer. The treatment of advanced GC by chemotherapy has limited efficacy. The addition of some targeted therapies like trastuzumab and ramucirumab have added a modest benefit, but only in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2 or HER2)-positive patients and in the second-line setting, respectively. The development of new and effective therapeutic strategies must consider the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of GC; prognostic and predictive biomarkers should be identified for clinical implementation. Immune deregulation has been associated with some GC subtypes, especially those that are associated with virus infection and those with a high mutational rate. Different mechanisms to prevent immunologic escape have been characterized during the last years; in particular the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors pembrolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab and atezolizumab have shown early sign of efficacy. Therefore, immunotherapeutic strategies may provide new opportunities for GC patients. This review will discuss (1) the main characteristics of GC treatment, (2) the immune response in GC, and (3) the current status of immune-related strategies in clinical development in GC patients, focusing on immune checkpoints therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alsina
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Markus Moehler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cinta Hierro
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Guardeño
- Oncology Deparment, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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204
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Liu B, Song Y, Liu D. Clinical trials of CAR-T cells in China. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:166. [PMID: 29058636 PMCID: PMC5651613 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel immunotherapeutic agents targeting tumor-site microenvironment are revolutionizing cancer therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells are widely studied for cancer immunotherapy. CD19-specific CAR-T cells, tisagenlecleucel, have been recently approved for clinical application. Ongoing clinical trials are testing CAR designs directed at novel targets involved in hematological and solid malignancies. In addition to trials of single-target CAR-T cells, simultaneous and sequential CAR-T cells are being studied for clinical applications. Multi-target CAR-engineered T cells are also entering clinical trials. T cell receptor-engineered CAR-T and universal CAR-T cells represent new frontiers in CAR-T cell development. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of CAR constructs and registered clinical trials of CAR-T cells in China and provided a quick glimpse of the landscape of CAR-T studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Henan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Delong Liu
- Henan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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205
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Wang J, Xie T, Wang B, William WN, Heymach JV, El-Naggar AK, Myers JN, Caulin C. PD-1 Blockade Prevents the Development and Progression of Carcinogen-Induced Oral Premalignant Lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:684-693. [PMID: 29018057 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is preceded by progressive oral premalignant lesions (OPL). Therefore, therapeutic strategies that prevent malignant progression of OPLs are expected to reduce the incidence of OSCC development. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that target the interaction of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) on T cells with the PD-1 ligand PD-L1 on cancer cells have been shown to extend the survival of patients with advanced OSCC. Here, we used the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) mouse model of oral carcinogenesis to test the hypothesis that PD-1 blockade may control the progression of OPLs. Mice were exposed to 4-NQO in their drinking water and then randomly assigned to two treatment groups that received either a blocking antibody for PD-1 or a control IgG. We found that anti-PD-1 treatment significantly reduced the number of oral lesions that developed in these mice and prevented malignant progression. Low-grade dysplastic lesions responded to PD-1 blockade with a significant increase in the recruitment of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and the accumulation of CTLA-4+ T cells in their microenvironment. Notably, PD-1 inhibition was accompanied by induction of IFNγ, STAT1 activation and the production of the T-cell effector granzyme B in infiltrating cells, and by the induction of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the oral lesions, suggesting that T-cell activation mediates the immunopreventive effects of anti-PD-1. These results support the potential clinical benefit of PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade to prevent OSCC development and progression and suggest that CTLA-4 inhibitors may enhance the preventive effects of anti-PD-1. Cancer Prev Res; 10(12); 684-93. ©2017 AACRSee related editorial by Gutkind et al., p. 681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of E.N.T., Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tongxin Xie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William N William
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos Caulin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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206
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张 世, 任 胜. [Novel Immuno-oncology Therapy: Current Status of Clinical Research and Prospect of Application]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:645-651. [PMID: 28935020 PMCID: PMC5973373 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immune-oncologic therapy advanced rapidly and has been defined as another option, following surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy, for treatment of malignant diseases. To date, several immune checkpoint inhibitors and compounds have been approved to treat various of malignant diseases with efficiency. Meanwhile, more and more potential therapeutic targets in processes of the cancer immunity have been noticed. We aimed to summarize the research status and clinical prospects of novel immune-oncologic treatment agencies targeted to different steps of the cancer-immunity cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- 世佳 张
- />200433 上海,同济大学附属上海市肺科医院肿瘤科Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - 胜祥 任
- />200433 上海,同济大学附属上海市肺科医院肿瘤科Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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207
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Manrique-Rincón AJ, Beraldo CM, Toscaro JM, Bajgelman MC. Exploring Synergy in Combinations of Tumor-Derived Vaccines That Harbor 4-1BBL, OX40L, and GM-CSF. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1150. [PMID: 28974950 PMCID: PMC5610681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that combination of modulatory immune strategies may potentiate tumor cell elimination. Most strategies rely on the use of monoclonal antibodies that can block cell surface receptors to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression or acting as costimulatory ligands to boost activation of T cells. In this study, we evaluate the use of combinations of genetically modified tumor-derived cell lines that harbor the costimulatory T cell ligands 4-1BB ligand, OX40L, and the cytokine GM-CSF. The aim of these treatments is to boost the activation of T cells and the elimination of cancer cells. These tumor-derived cells are able to activate or reinforce T cell activation, thereby generating a potent and specific antitumor response. We developed a high-content in vitro imaging assay that allowed us to investigate synergies between different tumor-derived cells expressing modulatory immune molecules, as well as the influence on effector T cells to achieve tumor cell death. These results were then compared to the results of in vivo experiments in which we challenged immunocompetent animals using the B16F10 syngeneic model of melanoma in C57BL6 mice. Our results suggest that there is a substantial therapeutic benefit to using combinations of syngeneic tumor vaccines that express immune modulators. In addition, we observed that combinations of tumor-derived cells that expressed costimulatory ligands and GM-CSF induced a long-term protective effect by preventing cancer development in both cured and rechallenged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Manrique-Rincón
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila M Beraldo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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208
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Klein C, Bacac M, Umana P, Fingerle-Rowson G. Combination therapy with the type II anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1145-1162. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1373087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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209
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Cabo M, Offringa R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Muntasell A, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1371896. [PMID: 29209572 PMCID: PMC5706611 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1371896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to establish new or boost pre-existing anticancer immune responses that eradicate malignant cells while generating immunological memory to prevent disease relapse. Over the past few years, immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block co-inhibitory receptors on immune effectors cells - such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) - or their ligands - such as CD274 (best known as PD-L1) - have proven very successful in this sense. As a consequence, many of such immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have already entered the clinical practice for various oncological indications. Considerable attention is currently being attracted by a second group of immunomodulatory mAbs, which are conceived to activate co-stimulatory receptors on immune effector cells. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of action of these immunostimulatory mAbs and summarize recent progress in their preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Cabo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rienk Offringa
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Bayer Joint Immunotherapeutics Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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210
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Shinko D, Diakos CI, Clarke SJ, Charles KA. Cancer-Related Systemic Inflammation: The Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities for Personalized Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:599-610. [PMID: 28699186 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been significant progress towards the development of personalized or "precision" medicine for many patients with cancer. However, there still remain subpopulations of cancer patients that do not possess a tumor mutation profile that is successfully targeted by the newer molecular anticancer drugs and further personalized approaches are needed. The presence of cancer-related systemic inflammation represents an underappreciated subpopulation of cancer patients needing personalized therapy. For ∼25% of all advanced cancer patients, regardless of histological subtype, the patients with systemic inflammation have significantly poorer response to chemotherapy and also shorter overall survival compared to those cancer patients without inflammation. The development of cancer-related systemic inflammation involves interactions between host and tumor cells that are potential new drug targets in cancer chemotherapy. In this review we discuss the challenges and clinical opportunities to develop new therapeutic strategies for this underappreciated drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shinko
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Connie I Diakos
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Clarke
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Kellie A Charles
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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211
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Le Goux C, Vacher S, Pignot G, Sibony M, Barry Delongchamps N, Terris B, Piaggio E, Zerbib M, Damotte D, Bieche I. mRNA Expression levels of genes involved in antitumor immunity: Identification of a 3-gene signature associated with prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1358330. [PMID: 29147616 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1358330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for bladder cancer has given promising results. Here we aimed to evaluate the possible involvement and prognostic value of 33 genes involved in the immune response during bladder carcinogenesis. Expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in normal and tumor human bladder samples. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the protein expression of 2 genes and relation of the mRNA and protein levels was analyzed. Tumors were obtained from 154 patients (83 with muscle-invasive bladder cancer [MIBC] and 71 non-MIBC [NMIBC]) who underwent transurethral bladder resection or radical cystectomy between 2002 and 2006. All patients signed an informed consent. Results of molecular analyses were coupled with survival analyses. Overall, 25 genes (75.8%) were significantly overexpressed in MIBC and 15 (45.5%) were deregulated in NMIBC as compared with normal tissue. On multivariate analysis, risk of NMIBC recurrence was increased with high FOXP3/CD8 ratio and overexpression of OX40L (p = 0.016 and p = 0.0039, respectively). In MIBC, a molecular signature of 3 genes (OX40L, CD8 and TIGIT) was significantly associated with prognosis in terms of recurrence-free and overall survival (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.007). RT-PCR findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry for CD8 and FOXP3, with high association between mRNA and protein levels. Finally, risk of recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer was increased with high FOXP3/CD8 ratio and OX40L overexpression. We identified a 3 gene molecular signature associated with prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. These results confirm the useful role of immune checkpoints in bladder carcinogenesis and suggest targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Le Goux
- Department of Genetic, Institut curie, Unité de pharmacogénomique, Service de génétique, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Department of Genetic, Institut curie, Unité de pharmacogénomique, Service de génétique, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Pignot
- Department of Urology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Service d'Urologie, Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde Sibony
- Department of Pathology, Université Paris Descartes; Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoit Terris
- Department of Pathology, Université Paris Descartes; Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Department of Translational Immunotherapy, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Translational Immunotherapy Siric Team, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT , Paris, France
| | - Marc Zerbib
- Department of Urology, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Urologie, Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Department of Pathology, Université Paris Descartes; Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Cancer et Immunité anti tumorale, INSERM U1138, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Department of Genetic, Institut curie, Unité de pharmacogénomique, Service de génétique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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212
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Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4003 Animal Disease Biotechnology Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 3115 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 Vet Med 3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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213
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[What is the place of the combinations for immunotherapy with chemotherapy or with other immune checkpoint inhibitors?]. Bull Cancer 2017; 104:485-493. [PMID: 28433197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade by the use of anti-PD(L)1 or anti-CTLA4 antibodies can induce long lasting disease response and maybe cure in a lot of advanced cancer patients. This ongoing immunotherapy revolution has given new hope to cancer patients and oncologists. However, still the majority of cancer patients do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade and novel therapeutical possibilities are being tested in several clinical trials. One of the possibilities to enhance responses to immune checkpoint blockade is the combination with chemotherapy or with other immune checkpoint blockade molecules. In this review, we explore the preclinical rational for this synergism and the potential consequences for immunotherapy in oncology.
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214
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Kostine M, Chiche L, Lazaro E, Halfon P, Charpin C, Arniaud D, Retornaz F, Blanco P, Jourde-Chiche N, Richez C, Stavris C. Opportunistic autoimmunity secondary to cancer immunotherapy (OASI): An emerging challenge. Rev Med Interne 2017; 38:513-525. [PMID: 28214182 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With "checkpoint inhibitors" targeting PD1/PD-1-ligands or CTLA-4/CD28 pathways, immunotherapy has profoundly modified therapeutic strategies in oncology. First approved in refractory metastatic neoplasms (melanoma and lung adenocarcinoma), it is now being tested broadly in other cancers and/or as adjuvant treatment. For a significant proportion of patients, immunotherapy is responsible for "immunological" events, identified as Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs). Owing to the increasing number of prescriptions, identification and management of specific immunological side effects is crucial and requires close collaboration between oncologists and internists and/or other organ specialists. Within irAEs, we propose to individualize the induced autoimmunity by the term "Opportunistic Autoimmunity Secondary to Cancer Immunotherapy" (OASI). The aims of this article are (1) to present the different available checkpoint inhibitors and the OASIs reported with these treatments and (2) to propose practical recommendations for diagnosis, pre-therapeutic assessment and management of OASIs. The need for predictive biomarkers of OASIs occurrence will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kostine
- Département de rhumatologie, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Chiche
- Service de médecine interne, département de médecine interne et infectiologie, hôpital européen de Marseille, 6, rue Désirée-Clary, Marseille, 13003 France.
| | - E Lazaro
- Département de médecine interne, hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - P Halfon
- Service de médecine interne, département de médecine interne et infectiologie, hôpital européen de Marseille, 6, rue Désirée-Clary, Marseille, 13003 France
| | - C Charpin
- Service de médecine interne, département de médecine interne et infectiologie, hôpital européen de Marseille, 6, rue Désirée-Clary, Marseille, 13003 France; Département de rhumatologie, hôpital Saint-Joseph, Marseille, France
| | - D Arniaud
- Département de rhumatologie, hôpital Saint-Joseph, Marseille, France
| | - F Retornaz
- Service de médecine interne, département de médecine interne et infectiologie, hôpital européen de Marseille, 6, rue Désirée-Clary, Marseille, 13003 France
| | - P Blanco
- Département d'immunologie, hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Jourde-Chiche
- Département de néphrologie, hôpital de la conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - C Richez
- Département de rhumatologie, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Stavris
- Service de médecine interne, département de médecine interne et infectiologie, hôpital européen de Marseille, 6, rue Désirée-Clary, Marseille, 13003 France
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215
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Dempke WCM, Fenchel K, Uciechowski P, Dale SP. Second- and third-generation drugs for immuno-oncology treatment-The more the better? Eur J Cancer 2017; 74:55-72. [PMID: 28335888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent success in cancer immunotherapy (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1/PD-L1) has confirmed the hypothesis that the immune system can control many cancers across various histologies, in some cases producing durable responses in a way not seen with many small-molecule drugs. However, only less than 25% of all patients do respond to immuno-oncology drugs and several resistance mechanisms have been identified (e.g. T-cell exhaustion, overexpression of caspase-8 and β-catenin, PD-1/PD-L1 gene amplification, MHC-I/II mutations). To improve response rates and to overcome resistance, novel second- and third-generation immuno-oncology drugs are currently evaluated in ongoing phase I/II trials (either alone or in combination) including novel inhibitory compounds (e.g. TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, IDO, KIR) and newly developed co-stimulatory antibodies (e.g. CD40, GITR, OX40, CD137, ICOS). It is important to note that co-stimulatory agents strikingly differ in their proposed mechanism of action compared with monoclonal antibodies that accomplish immune activation by blocking negative checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-1 or others. Indeed, the prospect of combining agonistic with antagonistic agents is enticing and represents a real immunologic opportunity to 'step on the gas' while 'cutting the brakes', although this strategy as a novel cancer therapy has not been universally endorsed so far. Concerns include the prospect of triggering cytokine-release syndromes, autoimmune reactions and hyper immune stimulation leading to activation-induced cell death or tolerance, however, toxicity has not been a major issue in the clinical trials reported so far. Although initial phase I/II clinical trials of agonistic and novel antagonistic drugs have shown highly promising results in the absence of disabling toxicity, both in single-agent studies and in combination with chemotherapy or other immune system targeting drugs; however, numerous questions remain about dose, schedule, route of administration and formulation as well as identifying the appropriate patient populations. In our view, with such a wealth of potential mechanisms of action and with the ability to fine-tune monoclonal antibody structure and function to suit particular requirements, the second and third wave of immuno-oncology drugs are likely to provide rapid advances with new combinations of novel immunotherapy (especially co-stimulatory antibodies). Here, we will review the mechanisms of action and the clinical data of these new antibodies and discuss the major issues facing this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram C M Dempke
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Galashiels, United Kingdom; University of Munich, University Hospital of Grosshadern, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Uciechowski
- RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Germany
| | - Stephen P Dale
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Galashiels, United Kingdom
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216
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Abstract
Immuno-oncology (I/O) research has intensified significantly in recent years due to the breakthrough development and the regulatory approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors, leading to the rapid expansion of the new discovery of novel I/O therapies, new checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. However, many I/O questions remain unanswered, including why only certain subsets of patients respond to these treatments, who the responders would be, and how to expand patient response (the conversion of non-responders or maximizing response in partial responders). All of these require relevant I/O experimental systems, particularly relevant preclinical animal models. Compared to other oncology drug discovery, e.g. cytotoxic and targeted drugs, a lack of relevant animal models is a major obstacle in I/O drug discovery, and an urgent and unmet need. Despite the obvious importance, and the fact that much I/O research has been performed using many different animal models, there are few comprehensive and introductory reviews on this topic. This article attempts to review the efforts in development of a variety of such models, as well as their applications and limitations for readers new to the field, particularly those in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Li
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Gerold Feuer
- HuMurine Technologies, Inc., 2700 Stockton Blvd, Rm. 1403, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xuesong Ouyang
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Xiaoyu An
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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217
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[PD1/PD-L1 immunohistochemistry in thoracic oncology: Where are we?]. Ann Pathol 2017; 37:39-45. [PMID: 28159404 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The assays for the assessment of the PD-L1 status by immunohistochemistry are available in clinical studies in thoracic oncology to predict response to immunotherapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. With the arrival of this new class of molecules in second line and very soon in first line of treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, these tests will certainly be required in routine once these new drugs will be granted marketing authorization. The rapid introduction of these "companion" or "complementary" tests seems essential to select patients to benefit from these effective but also expensive and sometimes toxic therapies. Although challenged by some oncologists (as some patients not expressing PD-L1 may sometimes respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade), the anti-PD-L1 immunohistochemically approach seems inevitable in 2017. This new activity developed in the pathology laboratories raises several questions: which anti-PD-L1 clone should be used? On which device? What threshold of positivity should be considered? Should PD-L1 expression be assessed on tumor cells as well as on the immune cells? What controls should be used? Comparative studies are underway or have been already implemented in order to answer some of these questions. This review addresses the different evaluation criteria for immunohistochemistry using the main anti-PD-L1 antibodies used to date as well the recently published studies using these antibodies in thoracic oncology.
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218
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Coy J, Caldwell A, Chow L, Guth A, Dow S. PD-1 expression by canine T cells and functional effects of PD-1 blockade. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1487-1502. [PMID: 28120417 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The co-inhibitory checkpoint molecule programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) can trigger T cell functional exhaustion upon binding to its ligand PD-L1 expressed on tumour cells or macrophages. PD-1 blocking antibodies have generated remarkable results in human cancer patients, including inducing durable responses in a number of advanced cancers. Therefore, monoclonal antibodies specific for canine PD-1 were assessed for T cell binding and induction of functional activation. A total of 5-10% of CD4 T cells and 20-25% of CD8 T cells from healthy dogs expressed PD-1, and PD-1 expression was upregulated on T cells from dogs with cancer. Functionally, PD-1 antibodies significantly enhanced T-cell activation, as assessed by proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. PD-1 antibodies also reversed T-cell suppression induced by canine soluble PD-L1 and by tumour cells and tumour explant fragments. These findings indicate that PD-1 antibodies have potential for use in cancer immunotherapy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Coy
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - A Caldwell
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - L Chow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - A Guth
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - S Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
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219
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RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals Interactions between Breast Cancer or Melanoma Cells and the Tissue Microenvironment during Brain Metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8032910. [PMID: 28210624 PMCID: PMC5292181 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8032910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of treatment failure and death in cancer patients. Metastasis of tumor cells to the brain occurs frequently in individuals with breast cancer, non–small cell lung cancer, or melanoma. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the causes and in the treatment of primary tumors, the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis of cancer cells to the brain have remained unclear. Metastasizing cancer cells interact with their microenvironment in the brain to establish metastases. We have now developed mouse models of brain metastasis based on intracardiac injection of human breast cancer or melanoma cell lines, and we have performed RNA sequencing analysis to identify genes in mouse brain tissue and the human cancer cells whose expression is associated specifically with metastasis. We found that the expressions of the mouse genes Tph2, Sspo, Ptprq, and Pole as well as those of the human genes CXCR4, PLLP, TNFSF4, VCAM1, SLC8A2, and SLC7A11 were upregulated in brain tissue harboring metastases. Further characterization of such genes that contribute to the establishment of brain metastases may provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and consequent improvement in the prognosis of cancer patients.
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220
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New Immunotherapy Strategies in Breast Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14010068. [PMID: 28085094 PMCID: PMC5295319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Therapeutic treatments for breast cancer generally include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrinotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. With the development of molecular biology, immunology and pharmacogenomics, immunotherapy becomes a promising new field in breast cancer therapies. In this review, we discussed recent progress in breast cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, bispecific antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several additional immunotherapy modalities in early stages of development are also highlighted. It is believed that these new immunotherapeutic strategies will ultimately change the current status of breast cancer therapies.
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221
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Leyland R, Watkins A, Mulgrew KA, Holoweckyj N, Bamber L, Tigue NJ, Offer E, Andrews J, Yan L, Mullins S, Oberst MD, Coates Ulrichsen J, Leinster DA, McGlinchey K, Young L, Morrow M, Hammond SA, Mallinder P, Herath A, Leow CC, Wilkinson RW, Stewart R. A Novel Murine GITR Ligand Fusion Protein Induces Antitumor Activity as a Monotherapy That Is Further Enhanced in Combination with an OX40 Agonist. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3416-3427. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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222
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 995:1-31. [PMID: 28321810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53156-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the cross talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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223
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Generation of T cell effectors using tumor cell-loaded dendritic cells for adoptive T cell therapy. Med Oncol 2016; 33:136. [PMID: 27812850 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer has been shown to be an effective method used to boost tumor-specific immune responses in several types of malignancies. In this study, we set out to optimize the ACT protocol for the experimental treatment of prostate cancer. The protocol includes a pre-stimulation step whereby T cells were primed with autologous dendritic cells loaded with the high hydrostatic pressure-treated prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. Primed T cells were further expanded in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 Dynabeads in the WAVE bioreactor 2/10 system and tested for cytotoxicity. Our data indicates that the combination of pre-stimulation and expansion steps resulted in the induction and enrichment of tumor-responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at clinically relevant numbers. The majority of both CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ producing cells were CD62L, CCR7 and CD57 negative but CD28 and CD27 positive, indicating an early antigen experienced phenotype in non-terminal differentiation phase. Expanded T cells showed significantly greater cytotoxicity against LNCaP cells compared to the control SKOV-3, an ovarian cancer line. In summary, our results suggest that the ACT approach together with LNCaP-loaded dendritic cells provides a viable way to generate prostate cancer reactive T cell effectors that are capable of mounting efficient and targeted antitumor responses and can be thus considered for further testing in a clinical setting.
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224
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Granier C, Karaki S, Roussel H, Badoual C, Tran T, Anson M, Fabre E, Oudard S, Tartour E. Immunothérapie des cancers : rationnel et avancées récentes. Rev Med Interne 2016; 37:694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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225
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Santegoets SJAM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring of the Immune Dysfunction in Cancer Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030029. [PMID: 27598210 PMCID: PMC5041023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shows promising clinical results in patients with different types of cancer, but its full potential is not reached due to immune dysfunction as a result of several suppressive mechanisms that play a role in cancer development and progression. Monitoring of immune dysfunction is a prerequisite for the development of strategies aiming to alleviate cancer-induced immune suppression. At this point, the level at which immune dysfunction occurs has to be established, the underlying mechanism(s) need to be known, as well as the techniques to assess this. While it is relatively easy to measure general signs of immune suppression, it turns out that accurate monitoring of the frequency and function of immune-suppressive cells is still difficult. A lack of truly specific markers, the phenotypic complexity among suppressive cells of the same lineage, but potentially with different functions and functional assays that may not cover every mechanistic aspect of immune suppression are among the reasons complicating proper assessments. Technical innovations in flow and mass cytometry will allow for more complete sets of markers to precisely determine phenotype and associated function. There is, however, a clear need for functional assays that recapitulate more of the mechanisms employed to suppress the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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226
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Rajan A, Kim C, Heery CR, Guha U, Gulley JL. Nivolumab, anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody immunotherapy: Role in advanced cancers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2219-31. [PMID: 27135835 PMCID: PMC5027703 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1175694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors has altered the landscape of treatment of advanced cancers. These drugs are well tolerated and have shown clinical activity against a wide variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The durability of response is particularly impressive when compared to other forms of systemic therapy. Nivolumab (Opdivo) is an IgG4 antibody that causes immune checkpoint blockade by diminishing inhibitory signaling through the programmed death receptor-1 pathway. It is approved for treatment of recurrent non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Efforts to identify biomarkers of response to nivolumab are ongoing. Clinical trials are also being conducted to determine the benefits of combining nivolumab with other forms of treatment including chemotherapy, molecular-targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and other forms of immune therapy. This review outlines the clinical trials that have led to the emergence of nivolumab as a treatment option for patients with advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chul Kim
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R. Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Udayan Guha
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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227
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Knee DA, Hewes B, Brogdon JL. Rationale for anti-GITR cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2016; 67:1-10. [PMID: 27591414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of cancer immunotherapy has evolved from assessing peripheral responses in the blood to monitoring changes in the tumour microenvironment. Both preclinical and clinical experience has taught us that modulation of the tumour microenvironment has significant implications to generating robust antitumour immunity. Clinical benefit has been well documented to correlate with a tumour microenvironment that contains a dense infiltration of CD8+CD45RO+ T effectors and a high ratio of CD8+ T cells to FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In preclinical tumour models, modulation of the Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor (GITR)/GITR ligand (GITRL) axis suggests this pathway may provide the desired biological outcome of inhibiting Treg function while activating CD8+ T effector cells. This review will focus on the scientific rationale and considerations for the therapeutic targeting of GITR for cancer immunotherapy and will discuss possible combination strategies to enhance clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Knee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Becker Hewes
- Department of Translational & Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Brogdon
- Department of Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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228
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Vilgelm AE, Johnson DB, Richmond A. Combinatorial approach to cancer immunotherapy: strength in numbers. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:275-90. [PMID: 27256570 PMCID: PMC6608090 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ri0116-013rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockade therapy with antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 has revolutionized melanoma treatment by eliciting responses that can be remarkably durable and is now advancing to other malignancies. However, not all patients respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Extensive preclinical evidence suggests that combining immune-checkpoint inhibitors with other anti-cancer treatments can greatly improve the therapeutic benefit. The first clinical success of the combinatorial approach to cancer immunotherapy was demonstrated using a dual-checkpoint blockade with CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors, which resulted in accelerated FDA approval of this therapeutic regimen. In this review, we discuss the combinations of current and emerging immunotherapeutic agents in clinical and preclinical development and summarize the insights into potential mechanisms of synergistic anti-tumor activity gained from animal studies. These promising combinatorial partners for the immune-checkpoint blockade include therapeutics targeting additional inhibitory receptors of T cells, such as TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, and BTLA, and agonists of T cell costimulatory receptors 4-1BB, OX40, and GITR, as well as agents that promote cancer cell recognition by the immune system, such as tumor vaccines, IDO inhibitors, and agonists of the CD40 receptor of APCs. We also review the therapeutic potential of regimens combining the immune-checkpoint blockade with therapeutic interventions that have been shown to enhance immunogenicity of cancer cells, including oncolytic viruses, RT, epigenetic therapy, and senescence-inducing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Vilgelm
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
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229
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Bender C, Hassel JC, Enk A. Immunotherapy of Melanoma. Oncol Res Treat 2016; 39:369-76. [PMID: 27259558 DOI: 10.1159/000446716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arising from melanocytes in skin, mucosal membranes, eye, and meninges, melanoma is a tumor that has been associated with poor prognosis in advanced disease stages. Given the poor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, new treatment approaches with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and adoptive T-cell therapy have revolutionized the standard of care for patients with advanced melanoma. This review provides a short overview of past, present, and future immunotherapeutic approaches and their limitations, with a focus on new combination agents in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bender
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Moehler M, Delic M, Goepfert K, Aust D, Grabsch HI, Halama N, Heinrich B, Julie C, Lordick F, Lutz MP, Mauer M, Alsina Maqueda M, Schild H, Schimanski CC, Wagner AD, Roth A, Ducreux M. Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: Recent results, current studies and future perspectives. Eur J Cancer 2016; 59:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
A few years ago therapeutic options in advanced melanoma were very limited and the prognosis was somber. Although recent progresses are far from providing a cure for advanced melanoma, yet these have kindled new hopes and searching for a cure does not seem unreasonable. Seven new medicines have been authorized in various regions of the world in the recent past in the therapy of advanced melanoma, over half of them acting by mechanisms involving the immune system of the host. The anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4) ipilimumab has been followed by anti-PD1 (programmed death1) inhibitors, more effective and safer. Very recently, the first oncolytic immunotherapy, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) has been authorized for placing on the market and a variety of combinations of the new therapies are currently being evaluated or considered. Besides, a plethora of other molecules and approaches, especially monoclonal antibodies, are in the preliminary phases of clinical investigation and are likely to bring new benefits for the treatment of this potentially fatal form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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