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Azad MA, Olawuni D, Kimbell G, Badruddoza AZM, Hossain MS, Sultana T. Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials-Process Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E124. [PMID: 32028732 PMCID: PMC7076526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) printing as an advanced manufacturing technology is progressing to be established in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the traditional manufacturing regime of 'one size fits for all'. Using 3D printing, it is possible to design and develop complex dosage forms that can be suitable for tuning drug release. Polymers are the key materials that are necessary for 3D printing. Among all 3D printing processes, extrusion-based (both fused deposition modeling (FDM) and pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM)) 3D printing is well researched for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is important to understand which polymers are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and how their properties, as well as the behavior of polymer-active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations, impact the printing process. Especially, understanding the rheology of the polymer and API-polymer mixtures is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms or printed structures. This review has summarized a holistic materials-process perspective for polymers on extrusion-based 3D printing. The main focus herein will be both FDM and PAM 3D printing processes. It elaborates the discussion on the comparison of 3D printing with the traditional direct compression process, the necessity of rheology, and the characterization techniques required for the printed structure, drug, and excipients. The current technological challenges, regulatory aspects, and the direction toward which the technology is moving, especially for personalized pharmaceuticals and multi-drug printing, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Azad
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (D.O.); (G.K.)
| | - Deborah Olawuni
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (D.O.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgia Kimbell
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (D.O.); (G.K.)
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Engineering Technology, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York (CUNY), Bayside, NY 11364, USA;
| | - Tasnim Sultana
- Department of Public Health, School of Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS), Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Charoenying T, Patrojanasophon P, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Akkaramongkolporn P, Opanasopit P. Fabrication of floating capsule-in- 3D-printed devices as gastro-retentive delivery systems of amoxicillin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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203
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Chang R, Chen X, Yu H, Tan G, Wen H, Huang J, Hao Z. Modified EDTA selectively recognized Cu2+ and its application in the disaggregation of β-amyloid-Cu (II)/Zn (II) aggregates. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 203:110929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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204
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Wei C, Solanki NG, Vasoya JM, Shah AV, Serajuddin ATM. Development of 3D Printed Tablets by Fused Deposition Modeling Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as Polymeric Matrix for Rapid Drug Release. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1558-1572. [PMID: 32004538 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the processability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a water-soluble polymer, into melt-extruded filaments and then into 3D printed tablets by fused deposition modeling was studied. PVA is semicrystalline with Tg and m.p. of ~45°C and ~190°C, respectively. After screening several plasticizers, sorbitol was selected to enhance melt extrudability of PVA. Carvedilol and haloperidol, 2 basic compounds with pH-dependent solubility, were used as model drugs. Miscibility of the drugs with PVA, with and without added sorbitol as plasticizer, was also tested to determine whether any amorphous solid dispersion was formed that would facilitate rapid and pH-independent dissolution. Finally, the drug release from physical mixtures, crushed extrudates, and printed tablets were determined. Owing to high m.p. and high melt viscosity of PVA, filaments containing 10% and 20% drug required 180°C-190°C for extrusion, which could be reduced to ~150°C by adding 10% sorbitol. The printing temperature of 210°C was, however, required. Miscibility of carvedilol and haloperidol with PVA were, respectively, ~20% and <10%. PVA provided complete drug release from 3D printed tablets with 10% and 20% carvedilol and 60% infill in ~45 min at both pH 2 and 6.8. However, despite relatively rapid dissolution rate, high processing temperature and limited drug-polymer miscibility could be potential development issues with PVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Nayan G Solanki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Jaydip M Vasoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Ankita V Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Abu T M Serajuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439.
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205
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Ehtezazi T, Algellay M, Hardy A. Next Steps in 3D Printing of Fast Dissolving Oral Films for Commercial Production. RECENT PATENTS ON DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION 2019; 14:5-20. [PMID: 31886755 DOI: 10.2174/1872211314666191230115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technique has been utilised to develop novel and complex drug delivery systems that are almost impossible to produce by employing conventional formulation techniques. For example, this technique may be employed to produce tablets or Fast Dissolving oral Films (FDFs) with multilayers of active ingredients, which are personalised to patient's needs. In this article, we compared the production of FDFs by 3D printing to conventional methods such as solvent casting. Then, we evaluated the need for novel methods of producing fast dissolving oral films, and why 3D printing may be able to meet the shortfalls of FDF production. The challenges of producing 3D printed FDFs are identified at commercial scale by referring to the identification of suitable materials, hardware, qualitycontrol tests and Process Analytical Technology. In this paper, we discuss that the FDF market will grow to more than $1.3 billion per annum in the next few years and 3D printing of FDFs may share part of this market. Although companies are continuing to invest in technologies, which provide alternatives to standard drug delivery systems, the market for thin-film products is already well established. Market entry for a new technology such as 3D printing of FDFs will, therefore, be hard, unless, this technology proves to be a game changer. A few approaches are suggested in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marwan Algellay
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Hardy
- Knowledge Exchange and Commercialisation, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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206
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High Content Solid Dispersions for Dose Window Extension: A Basis for Design Flexibility in Fused Deposition Modelling. Pharm Res 2019; 37:9. [PMID: 31848730 PMCID: PMC6917630 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study uses high drug content solid dispersions for dose window extension beyond current demonstrations using fused deposition modelling (FDM) to; i) accommodate pharmaceutically relevant doses of drugs of varying potencies at acceptable dosage form sizes and ii) enable enhanced dose flexibility via modular dosage form design concepts. METHODS FDM was used to generate ~0.5 mm thick discs of varying diameter (2-10 mm) from melt-extruded feedstocks based on 10% to 50% w/w felodipine in ethyl cellulose. Drug content was determined by UV spectroscopy and dispensing precision from printed disc mass. RESULTS Mean felodipine content was within ±5% of target values for all print volumes and compositions including contents as high as ~50% w/w. However, poor dispensing precision was evident at all print volumes. CONCLUSIONS In pursuit of dose flexibility, this successful demonstration of dose window extension using high content solid dispersions preserves FDM design flexibility by maintaining applicability to drugs of varying potencies. The achieved uniformity of content supports the application of varying content solid dispersions to modular dosage form concepts to enhance dose flexibility. However, poor dispensing precision impedes its utilisation until appropriate compatibility between FDM hardware and materials at varying drug contents can be attained.
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207
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3D-Printed Solid Dispersion Drug Products. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120672. [PMID: 31835682 PMCID: PMC6956082 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the well-known advantages of additive manufacturing methods such as three-dimensional (3D) printing in drug delivery, it is disappointing that only one product has been successful in achieving regulatory approval in the past few years. Further research and development is required in this area to introduce more 3D printed products into the market. Our study investigates the potential of fixed dose combination solid dispersion drug products generated via 3D printing. Two model drugs-fluorescein sodium (FS) and 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA)-were impregnated onto a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filament, and the influence of solvent choice in optimal drug loading as well as other influences such as the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the resultant filaments were investigated prior to development of the resultant drug products. Key outcomes of this work included the improvement of filament drug loading by one- to threefold due to solvent choice on the basis of its polarity and the generation of a 3D-printed product confirmed to be a solid dispersion fixed dose combination with the two model drugs exhibiting favourable in vitro dissolution characteristics.
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208
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Radhakrishnan A, Kuppusamy G, Ponnusankar S, Shanmukhan NK. Pharmacogenomic phase transition from personalized medicine to patient-centric customized delivery. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 20:1-18. [PMID: 31819163 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Personalized medicine has been a booming area in clinical research for the past decade, in which the detailed information about the patient genotype and clinical conditions were collected and considered to optimize the therapy to prevent adverse reactions. However, the utility of commercially available personalized medicine has not yet been maximized due to the lack of a structured protocol for implementation. In this narrative review, we explain the role of pharmacogenetics in personalized medicine, next-generation personalized medicine, i.e., patient-centric personalized medicine, in which the patient's comfort is considered along with pharmacogenomics to be a primary factor. We extensively discuss the classifications, strategies, tools, and drug delivery systems that can support the implementation of patient-centric personalized medicine from an industrial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, India.
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, India.
| | - Sivasankaran Ponnusankar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, India
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209
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Li P, Jia H, Zhang S, Yang Y, Sun H, Wang H, Pan W, Yin F, Yang X. Thermal Extrusion 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Puerarin Immediate-Release Tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:20. [PMID: 31820224 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal extrusion (TE) 3D printing is a thermoplastic semisolid-based rapid prototyping process, which is capable of building complex structures. The aim of this study was to manufacture rapid-release puerarin tablets without solvent through TE 3D printing. Novel rapid-release tablets were fabricated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) as the carrier at appropriate puerarin/PEG 4000 ratios, assessed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility, and dissolution tests. The novel structures of 3D-printed tablets with five different values were formed by printing paths, which established a flexible way of adjusting in vitro drug release. An obvious acceleration (85% of cumulative release about 7.5 min at the soonest) was observed for the tablets with internal structural design. It was inferred that puerarin formed simple eutectic mixtures with PEG 4000 and that puerarin dispersed into the carrier based on DSC and X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD). This highlights the combined advantage of PEG as a soluble polymer with TE 3D printing and provides a suitable system for rapid puerarin release.
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210
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Dapivirine-releasing vaginal rings produced by plastic freeforming additive manufacturing. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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211
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Impact of Processing Parameters on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120633. [PMID: 31783633 PMCID: PMC6956065 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing is being increasingly explored as a direct manufacturing method to product pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Despite its many advantages as a pharmaceutical formulation tool, it remains restricted to proof-of-concept formulations. The optimization of the printing process in order to achieve adequate precision and printing quality remains to be investigated. Demonstrating a thorough understanding of the process parameters of FDM and their impact on the quality of printed dosage forms is undoubtedly necessary should FDM advance from a proof-of-concept stage to an adapted pharmaceutical manufacturing tool. This article describes the findings of an investigation into a number of critical process parameters of FDM and their impact on quantifiable, pharmaceutically-relevant measures of quality. Polycaprolactone, one of the few polymers which is both suitable for FDM and is a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) material, was used to print internally-exposed grids, allowing examination of both their macroscopic and microstructural reproducibility of FDM. Of the measured quality parameters, dimensional authenticity of the grids was found to poorly match the target dimensions. Weights of the grids were found to significantly vary upon altering printing speed. Printing temperature showed little effect on weight. Weight uniformity per batch was found to lie within acceptable pharmaceutical quality limits. Furthermore, we report observing a microstructural distortion relating to printing temperature which we dub The First Layer Effect (FLE). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to study factor interactions and revealed, among others, the existence of an interaction between weight/dosing accuracy and dimensional authenticity dictating a compromise between the two quality parameters. The Summed Standard Deviation (SSD) is proposed as a method to extract the optimum printing parameters given all the perceived quality parameters and the necessary compromises among them.
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212
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El Aita I, Ponsar H, Quodbach J. A Critical Review on 3D-printed Dosage Forms. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4957-4978. [PMID: 30520369 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666181206124206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades, 3D-printing has been investigated and used intensively in the field of tissue engineering, automotive and aerospace. With the first FDA approved printed medicinal product in 2015, the research on 3D-printing for pharmaceutical application has attracted the attention of pharmaceutical scientists. Due to its potential of fabricating complex structures and geometrics, it is a highly promising technology for manufacturing individualized dosage forms. In addition, it enables the fabrication of dosage forms with tailored drug release profiles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review article is to give a comprehensive overview of the used 3D-printing techniques for pharmaceutical applications, including information about the required material, advantages and disadvantages of the respective technique. METHODS For the literature research, relevant keywords were identified and the literature was then thoroughly researched. CONCLUSION The current status of 3D-printing as a manufacturing process for pharmaceutical dosage forms was highlighted in this review article. Moreover, this article presents a critical evaluation of 3D-printing to control the dose and drug release of printed dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias El Aita
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hanna Ponsar
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.,INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center (DDIC), Chempark Building W 32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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213
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Khan FA, Narasimhan K, Swathi CSV, Mustak S, Mustafa G, Ahmad MZ, Akhter S. 3D Printing Technology in Customized Drug Delivery System: Current State of the Art, Prospective and the Challenges. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5049-5061. [PMID: 30636582 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190110153742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D printing/Additive Manufacturing seems a pragmatic approach to realize the quest for a truly customized and personalized drug delivery. 3DP technology, with innovations in pharmaceutical development and an interdisciplinary approach to finding newer Drug Delivery Systems can usher a new era of treatments to various diseases. The true potential of this is yet to be realized, and the US-FDA is focusing on the regulatory science of 3D printed medical devices to help patients access this technology safely and effectively. The approval of the first 3D printed prescription medicine by FDA is a promising step in the translation of more research in this area. METHODS A web-search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Nature was performed with the keywords Customized 3D printing and Drug delivery, publications dealing with the aspects of drug delivery using 3D printing for personalized or customized delivery were further considered and analyzed and discussed. RESULTS We present the advantages offered by 3DP over conventional methods of formulation development and discuss the current state of 3DP in pharmaceutics and how it can be used to develop a truly customized drug delivery system, various 3DP technologies including Stereolithography (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Pressure Assisted Microsyringe (PAM) that have been used to develop pharmaceutical products have been discussed along with their limitations and also the regulatory considerations to help formulation scientists envisaging research in this area with the necessary information. CONCLUSION 3D printing has the potential to fabricate a customized drug delivery system. Presence of many drug formulation and the devices are already in the regulatory approval process indicating its success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C S V Swathi
- Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Gulam Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, AD-Dawadmi, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Akhter
- Nanomedicine Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.,LE STUDIUM® Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre-Val de Loire Region, Orleans, France.,Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM)-CNRS UPR4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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214
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Zeeshan F, Madheswaran T, Pandey M, Gorain B. Three-Dimensional (3-D) Printing Technology Exploited for the Fabrication of Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5019-5028. [PMID: 30621558 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190101111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional dosage forms cannot be administered to all patients because of interindividual variability found among people of different race coupled with different metabolism and cultural necessities. Therefore, to address this global issue there is a growing focus on the fabrication of new drug delivery systems customised to individual needs. Medicinal products printed using 3-D technology are transforming the current medicine business to a plausible alternative of conventional medicines. METHODS The PubMed database and Google scholar were browsed by keywords of 3-D printing, drug delivery, and personalised medicine. The data about techniques employed in the manufacturing of 3-D printed medicines and the application of 3-D printing technology in the fabrication of individualised medicine were collected, analysed and discussed. RESULTS Numerous techniques can fabricate 3-D printed medicines however, printing-based inkjet, nozzle-based deposition and laser-based writing systems are the most popular 3-D printing methods which have been employed successfully in the development of tablets, polypills, implants, solutions, nanoparticles, targeted and topical dug delivery. In addition, the approval of Spritam® containing levetiracetam by FDA as the primary 3-D printed drug product has boosted its importance. However, some drawbacks such as suitability of manufacturing techniques and the available excipients for 3-D printing need to be addressed to ensure simple, feasible, reliable and reproducible 3-D printed fabrication. CONCLUSION 3-D printing is a revolutionary in pharmaceutical technology to cater the present and future needs of individualised medicines. Nonetheless, more investigations are required on its manufacturing aspects in terms cost effectiveness, reproducibility and bio-equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Zeeshan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Selangor-47500, Malaysia
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215
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Kotta S, Nair A, Alsabeelah N. 3D Printing Technology in Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Application. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5039-5048. [PMID: 30520368 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666181206123828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D printing technology is a new chapter in pharmaceutical manufacturing and has gained vast interest in the recent past as it offers significant advantages over traditional pharmaceutical processes. Advances in technologies can lead to the design of suitable 3D printing device capable of producing formulations with intended drug release. METHODS This review summarizes the applications of 3D printing technology in various drug delivery systems. The applications are well arranged in different sections like uses in personalized drug dosing, complex drugrelease profiles, personalized topical treatment devices, novel dosage forms and drug delivery devices and 3D printed polypills. RESULTS This niche technology seems to be a transformative tool with more flexibility in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Typically, 3D printing is a layer-by-layer process having the ability to fabricate 3D formulations by depositing the product components by digital control. This additive manufacturing process can provide tailored and individualized dosing for treatment of patients different backgrounds with varied customs and metabolism pattern. In addition, this printing technology has the capacity for dispensing low volumes with accuracy along with accurate spatial control for customized drug delivery. After the FDA approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam, the 3D printing technology is extensively explored in the arena of drug delivery. CONCLUSION There is enormous scope for this promising technology in designing various delivery systems and provides customized patient-compatible formulations with polypills. The future of this technology will rely on its prospective to provide 3D printing systems capable of manufacturing personalized doses. In nutshell, the 3D approach is likely to revolutionize drug delivery systems to a new level, though need time to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabna Kotta
- College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop Nair
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nimer Alsabeelah
- College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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216
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Algahtani MS, Mohammed AA, Ahmad J. Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for Pharmaceuticals: Contemporary Research and Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4991-5008. [PMID: 30636584 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190110155931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has a significant impact on organ transplant, cosmetic surgery, surgical planning, prosthetics and other medical fields. Recently, 3 DP attracted the attention as a promising method for the production of small-scale drug production. The knowledge expansion about the population differences in metabolism and genetics grows the need for personalised medicine substantially. In personalised medicine, the patient receives a tailored dose and the release profile is based on his pharmacokinetics data. 3 DP is expected to be one of the leading solutions for the personalisation of the drug dispensing. This technology can fabricate a drug-device with complicated geometries and fillings to obtain the needed drug release profile. The extrusionbased 3 DP is the most explored method for investigating the feasibility of the technology to produce a novel dosage form with properties that are difficult to achieve using the conventional industrial methods. Extrusionbased 3 DP is divided into two techniques, the semi-solid extrusion (SSE) and the fused deposition modeling (FDM). This review aims to explain the extrusion principles behind the two techniques and discuss their capabilities to fabricate novel dosage forms. The advantages and limitations observed through the application of SSE and FDM for fabrication of drug dosage forms were discussed in this review. Further exploration and development are required to implement this technology in the healthcare frontline for more effective and personalised treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Algahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
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217
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Chen D, Xu XY, Li R, Zang GA, Zhang Y, Wang MR, Xiong MF, Xu JR, Wang T, Fu H, Hu Q, Wu B, Yan GR, Fan TY. Preparation and In vitro Evaluation of FDM 3D-Printed Ellipsoid-Shaped Gastric Floating Tablets with Low Infill Percentages. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:6. [PMID: 31754916 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility of fabricating FDM 3D-printed gastric floating tablets with low infill percentages and the effect of infill percentage on the properties of gastric floating tablets in vitro. Propranolol hydrochloride was selected as a model drug, and drug-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments were produced by hot melt extrusion (HME). Ellipsoid-shaped gastric floating tablets with low infill percentage of 15% and 25% (namely E-15 and E-25) were then prepared respectively by feeding the extruded filaments to FDM 3D printer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the filaments and 3D-printed tablets, and a series of evaluations were performed to the 3D-printed tablets, including the weight variation, drug content, hardness, in vitro floating behavior, and drug release of the tablets. The SEM results showed that the drug-loaded filaments and 3D-printed tablets appeared intact without defects, and the printed tablets were composed of filaments deposited uniformly layer by layer. The model drug and the excipients were thermally stable under the process temperature of extruding and printing, with a small amount of drug crystals dispersing in the drug-loaded filaments and 3D-printed tablets. Both E-15 and E-25 could float on artificial gastric fluids without any lag time and released in a sustained manner. Compared with E-15, the E-25 presented less weight variation, higher tablet hardness, shorter floating time, and longer drug release time.
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218
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Lamichhane S, Park JB, Sohn DH, Lee S. Customized Novel Design of 3D Printed Pregabalin Tablets for Intra-Gastric Floating and Controlled Release Using Fused Deposition Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E564. [PMID: 31671686 PMCID: PMC6920939 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been recently employed in the design and formulation of various dosage forms with the aim of on-demand manufacturing and personalized medicine. In this study, we formulated a floating sustained release system using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Filaments were prepared using hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and pregabalin as the active ingredient. Cylindrical tablets with infill percentages of 25%, 50% and 75% were designed and printed with the FDM printer. An optimized formulation (F6) was designed with a closed bottom layer and a partially opened top layer. Filaments and tablets were characterized by means of fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the processing condition did not have a significant effect on the stability of the drug and the crystallinity of the drug remained even after printing. A dissolution study revealed that drug release is faster in an open system with low infill percentage compared to closed systems and open systems with a high infill ratio. The optimized formulation (F6) with partially opened top layer showed zero-order drug release. The results show that FDM printing is suitable for the formulation of floating dosage form with the desired drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrawani Lamichhane
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- College of Pharmacy, Samyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Korea.
| | - Dong Hwan Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
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219
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Qamar N, Abbas N, Irfan M, Hussain A, Arshad MS, Latif S, Mehmood F, Ghori MU. Personalized 3D printed ciprofloxacin impregnated meshes for the management of hernia. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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220
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Unidirectional drug release from 3D printed mucoadhesive buccal films using FDM technology: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:180-192. [PMID: 31550525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oromucosal delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients provides an attractive alternative route of administration, due to avoidance of the first pass effect and improved patient compliance. In the current work, fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing was investigated as an additive manufacturing approach for poly(vinyl alcohol)-based mucoadhesive films, enabling unidirectional drug release. For this purpose, chitosan was incorporated as a permeation and mucoadhesion enhancer whereas ethylcellulose and commercial wafer sheets were evaluated as backing layers. The formulated films were initially assessed for structural integrity and dose uniformity. Solid-state characterization of the films, including thermal methods (DSC, TGA), diffraction (XRPD) and Raman spectroscopy, was implemented to characterize the physicochemical properties of the produced polymeric filaments and buccal films. The mechanical properties of the products were investigated by instrumented indentation and tensile tests. Evaluation of buccal films was assessed in vitro, to study the effect of backing-layer type on hydration capacity of the films, diffusion of the drug throughout the restricting layer and release profiles in simulated saliva. The ex vivo performance of the manufactured products, associated with the presence of chitosan, was investigated by textural analysis for mucoadhesion properties, whereas permeation studies and histological studies were performed across porcine buccal epithelium. The results demonstrated that FDM printing is a timesaving and versatile approach in the context of manufacturing multi-layered mucoadhesive buccal films, providing unidirectional release properties.
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221
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Matijašić G, Gretić M, Kezerić K, Petanjek J, Vukelić E. Preparation of Filaments and the 3D Printing of Dronedarone HCl Tablets for Treating Cardiac Arrhythmias. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:310. [PMID: 31520243 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of 3D-printed dosage forms requires the preparation of high-quality filaments containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The objective of this research is to prepare filaments containing dronedarone hydrochloride, a drug used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Filaments and 3D-printed tablets were subjected to characterization methods in order to prove and ensure the stability of the API and preservation of the drug content. Blends containing different proportions of dronedarone hydrochloride (DNR), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinyl alcohol filament (PVA) were prepared in two forms: as a powder mixture and as a solid dispersion. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted, and the thermal properties of the components and polymer blends were tested using differential scanning calorimetry. Hot melt extrusion at 170 °C was used to prepare the filaments, and the fused deposition modeling technique was employed to print tablets. Drug release profiles were obtained by in vitro tests. The results indicate that the mixture containing 10 wt.% of polyethylene glycol prepared as a solid dispersion exhibits the most straightforward structure and shows only the slightest deviation from the target filament diameter. The compact structure of the tablet obtained from the filament provides a uniform in vitro drug release over a 24-h period. It also shows the smallest aberration from the expected DNR content in the tablet. The paper demonstrates that a blend containing 10 wt.% of PEG, 10 wt.% of DNR, and 80 wt.% of PVA filament is the most appropriate formula for extrusion and tablet printing.
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222
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3D Printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Tablets with Multiple Release Profiles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12487. [PMID: 31462744 PMCID: PMC6713737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using different 3D printed internal geometries as tablet formulations to obtain controlled release profiles. In order to obtain controllable release profiles, three types of tablet models (Cylinder, Horn and Reversed Horn) with controlled structures were designed. The cylinder model shows a constant release profile and can keep the drug concentration within a certain range. The horn model exhibits an increasing release profile, which is suitable for the patients who have the drug resistance in the course of medication. The reversed horn model has a decreasing release profile that would be applied to hypertension cure. Furthermore, three types of tablets were fabricated successfully by a fused deposition modeling three-dimensional (3D) printer and injected with paracetamol (APAP) -containing gels. The results of in vitro drug release demonstrate that tablets with three kinds of structures can produce constant, gradually increasing, and gradually decreasing release profiles, respectively. The release attributes can be controlled by using different 3D printed geometries as tablet formulations. More importantly, there are no residues after dissolution. The method of preparing customized tablets with distinguished release profiles presented in this study has the promising potential in the fabrication of patient-tailored medicines.
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223
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Kjar A, Huang Y. Application of Micro-Scale 3D Printing in Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E390. [PMID: 31382565 PMCID: PMC6723578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing, as one of the most rapidly-evolving fabrication technologies, has released a cascade of innovation in the last two decades. In the pharmaceutical field, the integration of 3D printing technology has offered unique advantages, especially at the micro-scale. When printed at a micro-scale, materials and devices can provide nuanced solutions to controlled release, minimally invasive delivery, high-precision targeting, biomimetic models for drug discovery and development, and future opportunities for personalized medicine. This review aims to cover the recent advances in this area. First, the 3D printing techniques are introduced with respect to the technical parameters and features that are uniquely related to each stage of pharmaceutical development. Then specific micro-sized pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing are summarized and grouped according to the provided benefits. Both advantages and challenges are discussed for each application. We believe that these technologies provide compelling future solutions for modern medicine, while challenges remain for scale-up and regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kjar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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224
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Trenfield SJ, Xian Tan H, Awad A, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Basit AW, Goyanes A. Track-and-trace: Novel anti-counterfeit measures for 3D printed personalized drug products using smart material inks. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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225
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Zawaski CE, Wilts EM, Chatham CA, Stevenson AT, Pekkanen AM, Li C, Tian Z, Whittington AR, Long TE, Williams CB. Tuning the material properties of a water-soluble ionic polymer using different counterions for material extrusion additive manufacturing. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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226
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Ilyés K, Balogh A, Casian T, Igricz T, Borbás E, Démuth B, Vass P, Menyhárt L, Kovács NK, Marosi G, Tomuță I, Nagy ZK. 3D floating tablets: Appropriate 3D design from the perspective of different in vitro dissolution testing methodologies. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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227
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The advent of a novel manufacturing technology in pharmaceutics: superiority of fused deposition modeling 3D printer. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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228
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Chandekar A, Mishra DK, Sharma S, Saraogi GK, Gupta U, Gupta G. 3D Printing Technology: A New Milestone in the Development of Pharmaceuticals. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:937-945. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190507115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The global market of pharmaceuticals has witnessed a new revolution recently in the form of threedimensional
printing (3D) technology. 3D printing has its existence since the 1980s that uses a 3D printer to
manufacture the different dosage forms through computer-aided drug design technology. The need for 3D printing
is due to numerous advantages like personalized medicine, tailored doses, rapid disintegration in case of SLS
technique, incorporation of high doses and taste masking capacity. The different techniques used in 3D printing
are Powder based (PB), Semi-solid extrusion (EXT), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Stereolithographic
(SLA) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing. However, from the latest reports of association of pharmaceutical
3D printing technology, it is evidenced that this technology is still in its infancy and its potential is yet to
be fully explored. The present review includes sections for introduction and scope of 3D printing, personalized
medicines and their approaches, historical aspects, research milestones, and various 3D printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Chandekar
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Dinesh K. Mishra
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Gaurav K. Saraogi
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
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229
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Kadry H, Wadnap S, Xu C, Ahsan F. Digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing technology and photoreactive polymers in fabrication of modified-release tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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230
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Khizer Z, Akram MR, Sarfraz RM, Nirwan JS, Farhaj S, Yousaf M, Hussain T, Lou S, Timmins P, Conway BR, Ghori MU. Plasticiser-Free 3D Printed Hydrophilic Matrices: Quantitative 3D Surface Texture, Mechanical, Swelling, Erosion, Drug Release and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1095. [PMID: 31261678 PMCID: PMC6680934 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, HPMC, a hydrophilic polymer, is widely used for the development of extended release hydrophilic matrices and it is also considered as a good contender for the fabrication of 3D printing of matrix tablets. It is often combined with plasticisers to enable extrusion. The aim of the current project was to develop plasticizer-free 3D printed hydrophilic matrices using drug loaded filaments prepared via HME to achieve an in vitro (swelling, erosion and drug release) and in vivo (drug absorption) performance which is analogous to hydrophilic matrix tablets developed through conventional approaches. Additionally, the morphology of the printed tablets was studied using quantitative 3D surface texture studies and the porosity calculated. Filaments were produced successfully and used to produce matrix tablets with acceptable drug loading (95-105%), mechanical and surface texture properties regardless of the employed HPMC grade. The viscosity of HPMC had a discernible impact on the swelling, erosion, HPMC dissolution, drug release and pharmacokinetic findings. The highest viscosity grade (K100M) results in higher degree of swelling, decreased HPMC dissolution, low matrix erosion, decreased drug release and extended drug absorption profile. Overall, this study demonstrated that the drug loaded (glipizide) filaments and matrix tablets of medium to high viscosity grades of HPMC, without the aid of plasticisers, can be successfully prepared. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the successful fabrication of extended release matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Khizer
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Muhammad R Akram
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Rai M Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Jorabar Singh Nirwan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Samia Farhaj
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Maria Yousaf
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Tariq Hussain
- System Engineering Department, Military Technological College, Muscat 111, Oman
- The Wolfson Centre for Bulk Solid Handling Technology, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Shan Lou
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Peter Timmins
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Barbara R Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghori
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
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231
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An Effective Technology for the Development of Immediate Release Solid Dosage Forms Containing Low-Dose Drug: Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing. Pharm Res 2019; 36:128. [PMID: 31250313 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fabrication of immediate release (IR) tablet formulations with rapid release profile via fused deposition modeling 3D printing (FDM 3DP) is a challenge. The aims of this study were to prepare IR tablets with different dissolution profiles and to increase their in vitro dissolution rates by making physical modifications on them. Pramipexole was used as the model low-dose drug. METHODS Polymeric filaments were prepared with six different combinations of Eudragit EPO and poly(ethylene) oxide by hot melt extrusion and 3D tablets were produced using an FDM printer. Characterization studies for the filaments and tablets were carried out. The printability of the filaments was also evaluated using a novel mechanical characterization method. Tablet formulation with optimum dissolution profile was chosen and physical modifications (infill %, shape change and thickness) on this formulation were made. RESULTS Low-dose pramipexole loading filaments and 3D tablets were homogenously prepared. The printability of the filaments was related to their flexibility. With the physical modifications, the drug release completion time of the tablets reduced to 5 min. CONCLUSIONS The same rapid release profiles with conventional IR tablets can be reached by making only physical changes on 3D tablets without using any filling or disintegrating agents.
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232
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Goyanes A, Allahham N, Trenfield SJ, Stoyanov E, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Direct powder extrusion 3D printing: Fabrication of drug products using a novel single-step process. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118471. [PMID: 31252147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is revolutionising how we envision manufacturing in the pharmaceutical field. Here, we report for the first time the use of direct powder extrusion 3D printing: a novel single-step printing process for the production of printlets (3D printed tablets) directly from powdered materials. This new 3D printing technology was used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions of itraconazole using four different grades of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC - UL, SSL, SL and L). All of the printlets showed good mechanical and physical characteristics and no drug degradation. The printlets showed sustained drug release characteristics, with drug concentrations higher than the solubility of the drug itself. The printlets prepared with the ultra-low molecular grade (HPC - UL) showed faster drug release compared with the other HPC grades, attributed to the fact that itraconazole was found in a higher percentage as an amorphous solid dispersion. This work demonstrates the potential of this innovate technology to overcome one of the major disadvantages of fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing by avoiding the need for preparation of filaments by hot melt extrusion (HME). This novel single-step technology could revolutionise the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions as final formulations and it may be especially suited for preclinical studies, where the quantity of drugs is limited and without the need of using traditional HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Goyanes
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Nour Allahham
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Sarah J Trenfield
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH, Berliner Allee 42, 40212 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Gaisford
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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233
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Souto EB, Campos JC, Filho SC, Teixeira MC, Martins-Gomes C, Zielinska A, Carbone C, Silva AM. 3D printing in the design of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:1044-1053. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1630426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - J. C. Campos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S. C. Filho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. C. Teixeira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. Martins-Gomes
- School of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A. Zielinska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. Carbone
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A. M. Silva
- School of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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234
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Li P, Zhang S, Sun W, Cui M, Wen H, Li Q, Pan W, Yang X. Flexibility of 3D Extruded Printing for a Novel Controlled-Release Puerarin Gastric Floating Tablet: Design of Internal Structure. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:236. [PMID: 31236762 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the development of a novel puerarin gastric floating system with a concentric annular internal pattern by a 3D extrusion-based printing technique and to explore the flexibility of turning the release behavior through the design of the internal structure. The composition consisted of the conventional sustained-release pharmaceutical excipients without addition of foaming agent or light materials. First, the proper alcohol/water proportion was selected for the binding agent. The desired drug release behaviors and good floating properties were obtained either through modification of the formulation composition or adjustment of the internal structure. In vitro, the printed tablets were evaluated for drug release, mechanical properties, lag time, and floating duration time. The in vivo behaviors of the formulations were noted at certain time intervals through assessment of the radiographic pictures of healthy volunteers. The gastric retention time in the 3D-printed tablet was approximately 6 h in vivo. Results indicated these puerarin gastric floating 3D-printed tablets had great potential to achieve good gastric residence time and controlled release. Therefore, 3D extrusion-based printing appears to be appropriate for the production of oral administration systems, owing to its flexibility and the great floating ability and controlled-release capacity of its products.
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3D Printing of a Multi-Layered Polypill Containing Six Drugs Using a Novel Stereolithographic Method. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060274. [PMID: 31212649 PMCID: PMC6630370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has demonstrated great potential for multi-material fabrication because of its capability for printing bespoke and spatially separated material conformations. Such a concept could revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of personalised, multi-layered drug products on demand. Here, we developed a novel stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing method that, for the first time, can be used to fabricate multi-layer constructs (polypills) with variable drug content and/or shape. Using this technique, six drugs, including paracetamol, caffeine, naproxen, chloramphenicol, prednisolone and aspirin, were printed with different geometries and material compositions. Drug distribution was visualised using Raman microscopy, which showed that whilst separate layers were successfully printed, several of the drugs diffused across the layers depending on their amorphous or crystalline phase. The printed constructs demonstrated excellent physical properties and the different material inclusions enabled distinct drug release profiles of the six actives within dissolution tests. For the first time, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of SLA printing as an innovative platform for multi-drug therapy production, facilitating a new era of personalised polypills.
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236
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Sjöholm E, Sandler N. Additive manufacturing of personalized orodispersible warfarin films. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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237
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3D printed oral theophylline doses with innovative ‘radiator-like’ design: Impact of polyethylene oxide (PEO) molecular weight. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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238
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Ibrahim M, Barnes M, McMillin R, Cook DW, Smith S, Halquist M, Wijesinghe D, Roper TD. 3D Printing of Metformin HCl PVA Tablets by Fused Deposition Modeling: Drug Loading, Tablet Design, and Dissolution Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:195. [PMID: 31119403 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this work was to 3D print metformin HCl-loaded PVA (ML-PVA) tablets by fused deposition modeling. A modified solvent diffusion approach was used to improve drug loading. PVA filaments were placed in metformin HCl solution in ethanol containing low water content (10%(v/v)) to enhance the drug's solubility. The physicochemical properties of ML-PVA filaments were characterized before and after printing. Lastly, ML-PVA filaments were printed into channeled tablet designs to increase their surface area available for dissolution. The loading of metformin HCl onto PVA filament has significantly increased from 0.08 ± 0.02% in metformin HCl solution in absolute ethanol to 1.40 ± 0.02% in ethanol-water (9:1). The IR spectra of PVA filament soaked in ethanol-water depicted higher peak intensity at 1138 cm-1, indicating higher degree of crystallinity. Thermal analysis of the soaked PVA filaments showed higher melting enthalpies yet lower melting temperature (Tm) compared to unprocessed PVA. ML-PVA filaments were successfully printed into round-channeled tablets (10% infill) with higher surface area and area/volume ratios compared with the solid ones. The inclusion of channels in the tablet design modified their printing pattern causing an unexpected increase in their mass. The dissolution profiles of ML-PVA tablets were mainly dependent on their area/mass ratios. Our results show a simple approach to increase metformin HCl loading onto PVA and reveal the significance of tablet design, infill percentage, and printing pattern as they dictate the area, volume, and the mass of the tablet which impact its dissolution rate.
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239
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Farto-Vaamonde X, Auriemma G, Aquino RP, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Post-manufacture loading of filaments and 3D printed PLA scaffolds with prednisolone and dexamethasone for tissue regeneration applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:100-110. [PMID: 31112767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to load prednisolone or dexamethasone in preformed poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) filaments and 3D printed scaffolds were explored as a way of personalizing the drug, the dose and the release profile for regenerative medicine purposes. Instead of starting from a PLA filament preloaded with a given content of drug, we explored two more versatile strategies. The first one involved the soaking of PLA filaments into a drug solution prepared in a solvent that reversibly swelled PLA; during 3D printing the melting of PLA contributed to the efficient integration (encapsulation) of the drug inside the printed strand. The second strategy consisted in first printing the 3D PLA scaffolds followed by soaking in a suitable drug solution in order to exploit the higher specific surface of the printed strands compared to the filament. Sustained release profiles were recorded when either prednisolone or dexamethasone were loaded in preformed PLA filaments, while rapid release was recorded for 3D PLA scaffolds loaded after printing. The combination of the two proposed methods reported here opened the possibility of creating concentration gradients of different drugs in the same scaffold exhibiting distinct release patterns. Namely, the strand core contained an active ingredient to be slowly released, while the surface was covered with other active ingredient that could be rapidly delivered. The feasibility of this approach was confirmed through dual loading of dexamethasone in the filament and of prednisolone on the preformed scaffold. Drug-loaded scaffolds were characterized in terms of printability, structural characteristics (DSC, XRD), mechanical properties, biodegradation, and ability to promote cell attachment and proliferation. Finally, anti-inflammatory response and osteoinductive properties were verified in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xián Farto-Vaamonde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Giulia Auriemma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Rita Patrizia Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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240
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Vithani K, Goyanes A, Jannin V, Basit AW, Gaisford S, Boyd BJ. A Proof of Concept for 3D Printing of Solid Lipid-Based Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs to Control Formulation Dispersion Kinetics. Pharm Res 2019; 36:102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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241
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Shin S, Kim TH, Jeong SW, Chung SE, Lee DY, Kim DH, Shin BS. Development of a gastroretentive delivery system for acyclovir by 3D printing technology and its in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in Beagle dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216875. [PMID: 31091273 PMCID: PMC6519832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroretentive (GR) systems are designed to prolong gastric residence time to allow sustained absorption and improve the oral bioavailability of drugs with a narrow absorption window in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study aimed to develop a GR system for acyclovir using 3D printing technology and evaluate its in vivo pharmacokinetics after oral administration in Beagle dogs. The system consisted of a gastro-floating device, which can float in the gastric fluid, prepared by a fused deposition modeling 3D printer and conventional acyclovir sustained-release (SR) tablet. The acyclovir SR tablet was inserted to the floating device to allow sustained release of the drug in the stomach. The buoyancy and sustained-release property of the developed GR system were determined using an in vitro dissolution test, in vivo pharmacokinetic study, and abdominal X-ray imaging in Beagle dogs. The in vivo dissolution profiles of the GR system were also predicted based on the in vivo pharmacokinetic data using a population pharmacokinetic (POP-PK) model. In the dissolution test, the sustained-release characteristic of the GR system was identified with a time corresponding to 80% dissolution (T80) of 2.52 h. Following oral administration of the GR system, the time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax) of acyclovir was significantly prolonged, whereas the maximum concentration (Cmax) decreased and the area under the curve increased compared with those obtained after the administration of immediate-release and SR tablets, indicating prolonged absorption. By X-ray imaging, we showed that the developed GR system stayed in the stomach for more than 12 h. The POP-PK model successfully described the observed plasma concentration-time data and predicted the in vivo biphasic dissolution profiles of the GR system, which was significantly different from the in vitro dissolution. The developed GR system could be applied to various drugs and had great prospects in the design and development of novel controlled-release formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seok Won Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Da Young Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- KNOTUS Co., Ltd. Research center, Guri, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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242
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Uziel A, Shpigel T, Goldin N, Lewitus DY. Three-dimensional printing for drug delivery devices: a state-of-the-art survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, 3D printing technology, which encompasses many different fabrication techniques, had emerged as a promising tool in many fields of production, including the pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, 3D printing may be advantageous for drug delivery systems, systems aiming to improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs. These advantages include the ease of designing complex shapes, printing of drugs on demand, tailoring dosage to the specific needs of the patient and enhancing the bioavailability of drugs. This paper reviews the most recent advancements in this field, presenting both the abilities and limitations of several promising 3D printing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Uziel
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
| | - Tal Shpigel
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
| | - Nir Goldin
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
| | - Dan Y Lewitus
- Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Shenkar – Engineering. Design. Art, 12 Anne Frank St, Ramat Gan, 5252626, Israel
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243
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Tidau M, Kwade A, Finke JH. Influence of High, Disperse API Load on Properties along the Fused-Layer Modeling Process Chain of Solid Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040194. [PMID: 31013578 PMCID: PMC6523638 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to cope with the increasing number of multimorbid patients due to demographic changes, individualized polypill solutions must be developed. One promising tool is fused layer modeling (FLM) of dosage forms with patient-specific dose combinations and release individualization. As there are few approaches reported that systematically investigate the influence of high disperse active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) loads in filaments needed for FLM, this was the focus for the present study. Different filaments based on polyethylene oxide and hypromellose (HPMC) with different loads of theophylline as model API (up to 50 wt.%) were extruded with a twin-screw extruder and printed to dosage forms. Along the process chain, the following parameters were investigated: particle size and shape of theophylline; mechanical properties, microstructure, mass and content uniformity of filaments as well as dosage forms and the theophylline release from selected dosage forms. Especially for HPMC, increasing theophylline load enhanced the flexural strength of filaments whilst the FLM accuracy decreased inducing defects in microstructure. Theophylline load had no significant effect on the dissolution profile of HPMC-based dosage forms. Therefore, a thorough analysis of particle-induced effects is necessary to correlate mechanical properties of filaments, printability, and the dosage-and-release profile adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Tidau
- Institute for Particle Technology, TU Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Arno Kwade
- Institute for Particle Technology, TU Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jan Henrik Finke
- Institute for Particle Technology, TU Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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244
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Rahim TNAT, Abdullah AM, Md Akil H. Recent Developments in Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing of Polymers and Their Composites. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1597883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Noraihan Azila Tuan Rahim
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Abdullah
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hazizan Md Akil
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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245
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Afsana, Jain V, Haider N, Jain K. 3D Printing in Personalized Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5062-5071. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190215122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Personalized medicines are becoming more popular as they enable the use of patient’s
genomics and hence help in better drug design with fewer side effects. In fact, several doses can be combined into
one dosage form which suits the patient’s demography. 3 Dimensional (3D) printing technology for personalized
medicine is a modern day treatment method based on genomics of patient.
Methods:
3D printing technology uses digitally controlled devices for formulating API and excipients in a layer
by layer pattern for developing a suitable personalized drug delivery system as per the need of patient. It includes
various techniques like inkjet printing, fused deposition modelling which can further be classified into continuous
inkjet system and drop on demand. In order to formulate such dosage forms, scientists have used various polymers
to enhance their acceptance as well as therapeutic efficacy. Polymers like polyvinyl alcohol, poly (lactic
acid) (PLA), poly (caprolactone) (PCL) etc can be used during manufacturing.
Results:
Varying number of dosage forms can be produced using 3D printing technology including immediate
release tablets, pulsatile release tablets, and transdermal dosage forms etc. The 3D printing technology can be
explored successfully to develop personalized medicines which could play a vital role in the treatment of lifethreatening
diseases. Particularly, for patients taking multiple medicines, 3D printing method could be explored to
design a single dosage in which various drugs can be incorporated. Further 3D printing based personalized drug
delivery system could also be investigated in chemotherapy of cancer patients with the added advantage of the
reduction in adverse effects.
Conclusion:
In this article, we have reviewed 3D printing technology and its uses in personalized medicine.
Further, we also discussed the different techniques and materials used in drug delivery based on 3D printing along
with various applications of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana
- Centre of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Jain
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keerti Jain
- Centre of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
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246
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Ameeduzzafar, Alruwaili NK, Rizwanullah M, Abbas Bukhari SN, Amir M, Ahmed MM, Fazil M. 3D Printing Technology in Design of Pharmaceutical Products. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5009-5018. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190116104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a novel technology for fabrication of personalized
medicine. As of late, FDA affirmed 3D printed tranquilize item in August 2015, which is characteristic of another
section of Pharmaceutical assembling. 3DP incorporates a wide range of assembling procedures, which are altogether
founded on computer-aided design (CAD), and controlled deposition of materials (layer-by-layer) to make
freestyle geometries. Conventionally, many pharmaceutical processes like compressed tablet have been used from
many years for the development of tablet with established regulatory pathways. But this simple process is outdated
in terms of process competence and manufacturing flexibility (design space). 3DP is a new technology for the creation
of plan, proving to be superior for complex products, customized items and items made on-request. It creates
new opportunities for improving efficacy, safety, and convenience of medicines.
Method:
There are many of the 3D printing technology used for the development of personalized medicine on demand
for better treatment like 3D powder direct printing technology, fused-filament 3D printing, 3D extrusion
printer, piezoelectric inkjet printer, fused deposition 3D printing, 3D printer, ink-jet printer, micro-drop inkjet 3DP,
thermal inkjet printer, multi-nozzle 3D printer, stereolithographic 3D printer.
Result:
This review highlights features how item and process comprehension can encourage the improvement of a
control technique for various 3D printing strategies.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that the 3D printing technology is a novel potential for manufacturing of personalized
dose medicines, due to better patient compliance which can be prepared when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameeduzzafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil K. Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Rizwanullah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Amir
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Masood Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Fazil
- Formulation Research and Development Unit, Kusum Healthcare Private Limited, Bhiwadi, Rajasthan, India
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247
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Jain A, Bansal KK, Tiwari A, Rosling A, Rosenholm JM. Role of Polymers in 3D Printing Technology for Drug Delivery - An Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4979-4990. [PMID: 30585543 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666181226160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
3D printing (3DP) is an emerging technique for fabrication of a variety of structures and
complex geometries using 3D model data. In 1986, Charles Hull introduced stereolithography technique that took
advances to beget new methods of 3D printing such as powder bed fusion, fused deposition modeling (FDM),
inkjet printing, and contour crafting (CC). Being advantageous in terms of less waste, freedom of design and
automation, 3DP has been evolved to minimize incurred cost for bulk production of customized products at the
industrial outset. Due to these reasons, 3DP technology has acquired a significant position in pharmaceutical
industries. Numerous polymers have been explored for manufacturing of 3DP based drug delivery systems for
patient-customized medication with miniaturized dosage forms.
Method:
Published research articles on 3D printed based drug delivery have been thoroughly studied and the
polymers used in those studies are summarized in this article.
Results:
We have discussed the polymers utilized to fabricate 3DP systems including their processing considerations,
and challenges in fabrication of high throughput 3DP based drug delivery systems.
Conclusion:
Despite several advantages of 3DP in drug delivery, there are still a few issues that need to be addressed
such as lower mechanical properties and anisotropic behavior, which are obstacles to scale up the technology.
Polymers as a building material certainly plays crucial role in the final property of the dosage form. It is
an effort to bring an assemblage of critical aspects for scientists engaged in 3DP technology to create flexible,
complex and personalized dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura (U.P.), India
| | - Kuldeep K. Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ari Rosling
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological Interfaces, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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248
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Alam MS, Akhtar A, Ahsan I, Shafiq-un-Nabi S. Pharmaceutical Product Development Exploiting 3D Printing Technology: Conventional to Novel Drug Delivery System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5029-5038. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:
3D printed pharmaceutical products are revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry as a
prospective mean to achieve a personalized method of treatments acquired to the specially designed need of each
patient. It will depend upon age, weight, concomitants, pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetic profile of the
patient and thus transforming the current pharmaceutical market as a potential alternative to conventional medicine.
3D printing technology is getting more consideration in new medicine formulation development as a modern
and better alternative to control many challenges associated with conventional medicinal products. There are
many advantages of 3D printed medicines which create tremendous opportunities for improving the acceptance,
accuracy and effectiveness of these medicines. In 2015, United State Food and Drug Administration has approved
the first 3D printed tablet (Spritam®) and had shown the emerging importance of this technology.
Methods:
This review article summarizes as how in-depth knowledge of drugs and their manufacturing processes
can assist to manage different strategies for various 3D printing methods. The principal goal of this review is to
provide a brief introduction about the present techniques employed in tech -medicine evolution from conventional
to a novel drug delivery system.
Results:
It is evidenced that through its unparalleled advantages of high-throughput, versatility, automation, precise
spatial control and fabrication of hierarchical structures, the implementation of 3D printing for the expansion
and delivery of controlled drugs acts as a pivotal role.
Conclusion:
3D printing technology has an extraordinary ability to provide elasticity in the manufacturing
and designing of composite products that can be utilized in programmable and personalized medicine. Personalized
medicine helps in improving drug safety and minimizes side effects such as toxicity to individual human
being which is associated with unsuitable drug dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shoaib Alam
- Research and Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Akhtar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Iftikhar Ahsan
- Research and Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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249
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Araújo MRP, Sa-Barreto LL, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M. The Digital Pharmacies Era: How 3D Printing Technology Using Fused Deposition Modeling Can Become a Reality. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030128. [PMID: 30893842 PMCID: PMC6471727 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is set to join the fourth industrial revolution with the 3D printing of medicines. The application of 3D printers in compounding pharmacies will turn them into digital pharmacies, wrapping up the telemedicine care cycle and definitively modifying the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of patients. Fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology melts extruded drug-loaded filaments into any dosage form; and allows the obtainment of flexible dosages with different shapes, multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients and modulated drug release kinetics—in other words, offering customized medicine. This work aimed to present an update on this technology, discussing its challenges. The co-participation of the pharmaceutical industry and compounding pharmacies seems to be the best way to turn this technology into reality. The pharmaceutical industry can produce drug-loaded filaments on a large scale with the necessary quality and safety guarantees; while digital pharmacies can transform the filaments into personalized medicine according to specific prescriptions. For this to occur, adaptations in commercial 3D printers will need to meet health requirements for drug products preparation, and it will be necessary to make advances in regulatory gaps and discussions on patent protection. Thus, despite the conservatism of the sector, 3D drug printing has the potential to become the biggest technological leap ever seen in the pharmaceutical segment, and according to the most optimistic prognostics, it will soon be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa R P Araújo
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Livia L Sa-Barreto
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
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Nukala PK, Palekar S, Solanki N, Fu Y, Patki M, Shohatee AA, Trombetta L, Patel K. Investigating the application of FDM 3D printing pattern in preparation of patient-tailored dosage forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of printing pattern on physical attributes and dissolution of fused deposition modeling 3D printed caplets. Methods: Hydrochlorothiazide-loaded polyvinyl alcohol filaments were prepared by hot melt extrusion. Caplets printed in hexagonal (HexCap), diamond infill (DiaCap) in three different sizes using fused deposition modeling 3D printer and evaluated for hardness, disintegration and dissolution. Results: DiaCaps exhibited higher hardness than HexCaps. Disintegration time for HexCaps was <20 mins. while DiaCaps took 25–40 mins. DiaCaps showed 20–30% lower release at all time points compared with HexCaps. Conclusion: Although composition, processing parameters were same, mere change in printing pattern alters disintegration and dissolution. Findings of this study can be invaluable in developing patient-tailored medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Nukala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Siddhant Palekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nayan Solanki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yige Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Manali Patki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Ali A Shohatee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Louis Trombetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Albert's Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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