201
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Predictors of response to BCG therapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh210928009r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) therapy represents the therapy of
choice for intermediary and high risk NMIBC after transurethral resection.
However, up to 40% of these patients do not show adequate response to the
therapy (BCG failure) and 15% of them experience the progression of the
disease to muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In such cases, radical cystectomy
is indicated. Studies suggest that early radical cystectomy in patients with
BCG failure is followed by better survival compared to delayed radical
cystectomy. The prediction of response to BCG therapy could enable early
identification of patients on which this therapy would have no effect and
who should undergo early radical cystectomy.
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202
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Kim JY, Lee DB, Song WH, Lee SS, Park SW, Nam JK. External validation of European Association of Urology NMIBC risk scores to predict progression after transurethral resection of bladder tumor in Korean patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Investig Clin Urol 2022; 63:531-538. [PMID: 36067998 PMCID: PMC9448670 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20220190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dan Bee Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Won Hoon Song
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jong Kil Nam
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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203
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Oswald D, Pallauf M, Herrmann TRW, Netsch C, Becker B, Lehrich K, Miernik A, Schöb DS, Sievert KD, Gross AJ, Westphal J, Lusuardi L, Deininger S. [Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT)]. Urologe A 2022; 61:71-82. [PMID: 34982181 PMCID: PMC8763753 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-021-01741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is the standard of care for the diagnostics and primary treatment of bladder tumors. These are removed by fragmentation using loop diathermy. The resection area is coagulated for hemostasis. An important aspect is always a complete resection with an adequate amount of detrusor muscle in the specimen. Postoperative intravesical instillation of single-shot chemotherapy has been proven to reduce recurrence rates. Methods for improved tumor visualization (particularly photodynamic diagnostics) are used to enhance tumor detection rates particularly in multifocal tumors or carcinoma in situ (CIS). Thus, recurrence and progression rates can be reduced. Depending on the histological examination of the TURBT specimen, follow-up treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder tumors are adjuvant instillation treatment using chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), second look TURBT and early cystectomy or for muscle invasive bladder tumors, radical cystectomy or (oncologically subordinate) trimodal treatment with renewed TURBT, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are indicated. Possible complications of TURBT include bleeding with bladder tamponade, extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal bladder perforation and infections of the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oswald
- Universitätsklink für Urologie und Andrologie, Paracelsus Medizinische Universität Salzburg, Universitätsklinik für Urologie und Andrologie der PMU, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich.
| | - M Pallauf
- Universitätsklink für Urologie und Andrologie, Paracelsus Medizinische Universität Salzburg, Universitätsklinik für Urologie und Andrologie der PMU, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich
| | | | - C Netsch
- Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - B Becker
- Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - K Lehrich
- Klinik für Urologie, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - A Miernik
- Medizinische Fakultät, Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - D S Schöb
- Medizinische Fakultät, Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - K D Sievert
- UKOWL, Campus Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Deutschland
| | - A J Gross
- Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - J Westphal
- Klinik für Urologie, Kinderurologie und Urogynäkologie, Krankenhaus Maria Hilf der Alexianer GmbH, Krefeld, Deutschland
| | - L Lusuardi
- Universitätsklink für Urologie und Andrologie, Paracelsus Medizinische Universität Salzburg, Universitätsklinik für Urologie und Andrologie der PMU, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich
| | - S Deininger
- Universitätsklink für Urologie und Andrologie, Paracelsus Medizinische Universität Salzburg, Universitätsklinik für Urologie und Andrologie der PMU, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich
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204
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Dreyer T, Ernst A, Jensen JB. Optimal intervals for follow-up cystoscopy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review regarding oncological safety. Scand J Urol 2021; 56:39-46. [PMID: 34913840 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2021.2014562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Improving efficiency of follow-up for non-muscle invasive bladder tumours (NMIBC) without risking disease progression through delays of recurrence diagnosis, is a highly relevant field of research. OBJECTIVE The aim of our systematic review was to investigate whether the available evidence support alternative follow-up cytoscopic schedules with respect to oncological safety, compared to those currently given in clinical guidelines for NMIBC. Evidence acquisition we included prospective studies investigating cystoscopy based follow-up schedules including, but not restricted to, comparison of two or more different follow-up schedules with respect to oncological safety measured by recurrence free survival, progression free survival, and overall survival. We allowed for supplementation of modalities such as urinary biomarkers. We screened 680 studies identified by a systematic literature search and, based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included three studies for the narrative synthesis of evidence. CONCLUSION In our systematic search of the literature, we found only low level evidence to support current or alternative cystoscopic follow-up schedules. Clinical trials directly aimed at investigating novel follow-up schedules for NMIBC are needed before substantial changes to existing clinical guidelines can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dreyer
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Bjerggaard Jensen
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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205
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Lobo N, Hensley PJ, Bree KK, Nogueras-Gonzalez GM, Navai N, Dinney CP, Sylvester RJ, Kamat AM. Updated European Association of Urology (EAU) Prognostic Factor Risk Groups Overestimate the Risk of Progression in Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Eur Urol Oncol 2021; 5:84-91. [PMID: 34920986 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines contain updated prognostic factor risk groups for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). These groups are based on the following predictors of progression: tumour stage, grade, number, and size; concomitant carcinoma in situ; and age. However, the groups were derived from datasets excluding patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). OBJECTIVE To determine the validity of the updated EAU prognostic factor risk groups in patients with NMIBC treated with BCG. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We reviewed patients treated with BCG at our institution between 2000 and 2018. Patients were analysed according to the receipt of "at least induction" and "adequate" BCG (as defined by the US Food and Drug Administration). Risk groups were assigned according to the 2021 EAU NMIBC risk calculator (https://nmibc.net/). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the risks of progression at 1 and 5 yr. Probabilities of progression obtained with the updated prognostic factor risk groups in our series were compared with those reported by the EAU. Discrimination was assessed using the concordance index (c-index). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 529 patients received at least induction BCG with a median follow-up of 47.3 mo (interquartile range 25.3-86.9). Of these patients, 494 received adequate BCG. We found lower progression rates at 1 yr in the very-high-risk group patients receiving at least induction (6.9%) and adequate BCG (4.0%) versus 16.0% for the EAU predicted rates. Additionally, progression rates were also lower at 5 yr in the high-risk group-7.4% for at least induction and 5.3% for adequate BCG versus 9.6% for EAU predicted rates; the rates in the very-high-risk group were as follows: 16.7% for at least induction and 14.9% for adequate BCG versus 40.0% for EAU predicted rates. The c-index in our series was lower than that reported by the EAU (0.63 vs 0.80). Of interest, our multivariable analysis identified grade, stage, and age (p < 0.02) to be the predictors of progression after BCG therapy. CONCLUSIONS While the 2021 EAU prognostic factor risk groups successfully stratified progression risks in our cohort, treatment with BCG reduced their discriminative ability. Furthermore, the groups overestimate progression risks in BCG-treated patients. These findings should be used in conjunction with the updated risk groups to counsel patients with higher-risk NMIBC about their risk of progression with and without BCG. PATIENT SUMMARY Although the updated European Association of Urology prognostic factor risk groups are able to stratify patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer according to their risk of progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer, this risk is overestimated in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Lobo
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick J Hensley
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly K Bree
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Neema Navai
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Colin P Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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206
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Lindgren MS, Lamy P, Lindskrog SV, Christensen E, Nordentoft I, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Ulhøi BP, Jensen JB, Dyrskjøt L. SPTAN1, APC, and FGFR3 Mutation Status and APOBEC Mutation Signatures are Predictive of Mitomycin C Response in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021; 34:59-67. [PMID: 34934968 PMCID: PMC8655384 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Skydt Lindgren
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Gødstrup Hospital, Gødstrup, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Department of Urology, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, C118, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. Tel.: +45 22145791; fax: +45 78452630.
| | - Philippe Lamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sia Viborg Lindskrog
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Christensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iver Nordentoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Birkenkamp-Demtröder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Bjerggaard Jensen
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Gødstrup Hospital, Gødstrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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207
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Dovey Z, Pfail J, Martini A, Steineck G, Dey L, Renström L, Hosseini A, Sfakianos JP, Wiklund P. Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) in a population-based cohort from Stockholm County with long-term follow-up; A comparative analysis of prediction models for recurrence and progression, including external validation of the updated 2021 E.A.U. model. Urol Oncol 2021; 40:106.e1-106.e10. [PMID: 34840075 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has recurrence and progression rates of approximately 55-75% and 5-45% respectively. After diagnosis, risk stratification guides management decisions regarding surveillance, intravesical therapy or surgery. This prospective cohort of patients from Stockholm County is ideal for external validation of the current risk stratification models used in clinical practice. PATIENTS & METHODS The cohort consisted of 395 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer across all the hospitals in Stockholm County between the years 1995-96, with up to 25 years follow up. All patients with pathologic Ta or T1 disease were included. Patients with muscle invasive disease (MIBC) referred for radical treatment at diagnosis were excluded. External validation of EORTC, CUETO and updated EAU Sylvester et al. (2021) models was done and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to generate hazard ratios for covariables of interest using both WHO '73 and WHO '04/16 pathological grade classifications. RESULTS Overall Harrel's C-indices (CIs) for EORTC and CUETO models for recurrence were 0.66 and 0.63 respectively. The CIs for the EORTC, CUETO and EAU Sylvester et al. (2021) WHO '73 and '04/16 models for progression were higher at 0.82, 0.84, 0.83 and 0.83 respectively. All models tended to underestimate both recurrence and progression rates at 1 and 5 yrs. A simplified model devised to include only multifocality, tumor stage, size and grade performed with similar accuracy to all models for both recurrence and progression. CONCLUSION Current risk stratification models are clinically useful but only moderately accurate across different patient populations, and the results of this study suggest a model using fewer variables is of similar accuracy to all models tested. In the future, research into the use of genomic classifiers will hopefully contribute to more accurate, modern risk stratification models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Dovey
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S.A
| | - John Pfail
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S.A
| | - Alberto Martini
- Department of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Dey
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Sweden
| | - Lotta Renström
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Sweden
| | | | - John P Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S.A..
| | - Peter Wiklund
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S.A.; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Sweden
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208
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Ying T, Borrelli P, Edenbrandt L, Enqvist O, Kaboteh R, Trägårdh E, Ulén J, Kjölhede H. Automated artificial intelligence-based analysis of skeletal muscle volume predicts overall survival after cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:50. [PMID: 34796422 PMCID: PMC8602629 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-021-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer is a procedure associated with a high risk of complications, and poor overall survival (OS) due to both patient and tumour factors. Sarcopenia is one such patient factor. We have developed a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI)-based image analysis tool for segmenting skeletal muscle of the torso and calculating the muscle volume. METHODS All patients who have undergone radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer 2011-2019 at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, and who had a pre-operative computed tomography of the abdomen within 90 days of surgery were included in the study. All patients CT studies were analysed with the automated AI-based image analysis tool. Clinical data for the patients were retrieved from the Swedish National Register for Urinary Bladder Cancer. Muscle volumes dichotomised by the median for each sex were analysed with Cox regression for OS and logistic regression for 90-day high-grade complications. The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2020-03985). RESULTS Out of 445 patients who underwent surgery, 299 (67%) had CT studies available for analysis. The automated AI-based tool failed to segment the muscle volume in seven (2%) patients. Cox regression analysis showed an independent significant association with OS (HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.07-2.44; p = 0.022). Logistic regression did not show any association with high-grade complications. CONCLUSION The fully automated AI-based CT image analysis provides a low-cost and meaningful clinical measure that is an independent biomarker for OS following radical cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ying
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pablo Borrelli
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Edenbrandt
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olof Enqvist
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.,Eigenvision AB, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Reza Kaboteh
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elin Trägårdh
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Kjölhede
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. .,Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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209
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Sari Motlagh R, Rajwa P, Mori K, Laukhtina E, Aydh A, Katayama S, Yanagisawa T, König F, Grossmann NC, Pradere B, Mostafai H, Quhal F, Karakiewicz PI, Babjuk M, Shariat SF. Comparison of Clinicopathologic and Oncological Outcomes Between Transurethral En Bloc Resection and Conventional Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Network Meta-Analysis with Focus on Different Energy Sources. J Endourol 2021; 36:535-547. [PMID: 34693740 DOI: 10.1089/end.2021.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been hypothesized that transurethral en bloc (TUEB) of bladder tumor offers benefits over conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumor (cTURBT). This study aimed to compare disease outcomes of TUEB and cTURBT with focus on the different energy sources. Methods: A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Web of Science databases in June 2021. Studies that compared the pathological (detrusor muscle presence), oncological (recurrence rates) efficacy, and safety (serious adverse events [SAEs]) of TUEB and cTURBT were included. Random- and fixed-effects meta-analytic models and Bayesian approach in the network meta-analysis was used. Results: Seven randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and seven non-RCTs (NRCT), with a total of 2092 patients. The pooled 3- and 12-month recurrence risk ratios (RR) of five and four NRCTs were 0.46 (95% CI 0.29-0.73) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.33-0.96), respectively. The pooled 3- and 12-month recurrence RRs of four and seven RCTs were 0.57 (95% CI 0.25-1.27) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.69-1.15), respectively. The pooled RR for SAEs such as prolonged hematuria and bladder perforation of seven RCTs was 0.16 (95% CI 0.06-0.41) in benefit of TUEB. Seven RCTs (n = 1077) met our eligibility criteria for network meta-analysis. There was no difference in 12-month recurrence rates between hybridknife, laser, and bipolar TUEB compared with cTURBT. Contrary, laser TUEB was significantly associated with lower SAEs compared with cTURBT. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve ranking analyses showed with high certainty that laser TUEB was the best treatment option to access all endpoints. Conclusion: While NRCTs suggested a recurrence-free benefit to TUEB compared with cTURBT, RCTs failed to confirm this. Conversely, SAEs were consistently and clinically significantly better for TUEB. Network meta-analyses suggested laser TUEB has the best performance compared with other energy sources. These early findings need to be confirmed and expanded upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sari Motlagh
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pawel Rajwa
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdulmajeed Aydh
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, King Faisal Medical City, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Satoshi Katayama
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yanagisawa
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frederik König
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nico C Grossmann
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Pradere
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hadi Mostafai
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fahad Quhal
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marek Babjuk
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Motol University Hospital, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Praha, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria
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210
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Russell B, Liedberg F, Hagberg O, Ullén A, Söderkvist K, Ströck V, Aljabery F, Gårdmark T, Jerlström T, Sherif A, Holmberg L, Bryan RT, Enting D, Van Hemelrijck M. Risk of bladder cancer death in patients younger than 50 with non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Scand J Urol 2021; 56:27-33. [PMID: 34775873 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2021.2002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Bladder cancer is primarily a disease of older age and little is known about the differences between patients diagnosed with bladder cancer at a younger versus older age. Our objectives were to compare bladder cancer specific survival in patients aged <50 versus those aged 50-70 at time of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Swedish bladder cancer database provided data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics and treatments for this observational study. Cox proportional hazard regression models were adjusted for appropriate variables. All analyses were stratified by disease stage (non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Furthermore, we compared the frequency of lower urinary tract infections within 24 months prior to bladder cancer diagnosis by sex and age groups. RESULTS The study included 15,452 newly-diagnosed BC patients (1997-2014); 1,207 (8%) patients were <50 whilst 14,245 (92%) were aged 50-70. Patients aged <50 at diagnosis were at a decreased risk of bladder cancer death (HR = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.68-0.99) compared to those aged 50-70. When stratified by non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, this association remained in non-muscle-invasive patients only (<50, HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.28-0.64). The frequency of lower urinary tract infection diagnoses did not differ between younger and older patients in either men or women. CONCLUSIONS Patients diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer when aged <50 are at decreased risk of bladder cancer-specific death when compared to their older (50-70) counterparts. These observations raise relevant research questions about age-related differences in diagnostic procedures, clinical decision-making and, not least, potential differences in tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Russell
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Liedberg
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hagberg
- Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Ullén
- Department of Pelvic Cancer, Genitourinary Oncology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Söderkvist
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Viveka Ströck
- Department of Urology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Firas Aljabery
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Urology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Truls Gårdmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jerlström
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Amir Sherif
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmberg
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah Enting
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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211
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Qi A, Wang C, Ni S, Meng Y, Wang T, Yue Z, Yang K, Li Y, Cheng Z, Guo P, Zhang C. Intravesical Mucoadhesive Hydrogel Induces Chemoresistant Bladder Cancer Ferroptosis through Delivering Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Three-Tier Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52374-52384. [PMID: 34714617 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most costly solid tumor owing to its high recurrence. Relapsed cancer is known to acquire chemoresistant features after standard intravesical chemotherapy. This cancer state is vulnerable to ferroptosis, which occurs when lipid peroxides generated by iron metabolism accumulate to lethal levels. Increasing the labile iron pool (LIP) by iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) promises to inhibit chemoresistant BCa (CRBCa), but systemically administered IONPs do not sufficiently accumulate at the tumor site. Therefore, their efficacy is weakened. Here, we present a three-tier delivery strategy through a mucoadhesive hydrogel platform conveying hyaluronic acid-coated IONPs (IONP-HA). When instilled, the hydrogel platform first adhered to the interface of the tumor surface, sustainably releasing IONP-HA. Subsequently, the tumor stiffness and interstitial fluid pressure were reduced by photothermal therapy, promoting IONP-HA diffusion into the deep cancer tissue. As CRBCa expressed high levels of CD44, the last delivery tier was achieved through antibody-mediated endocytosis to increase the LIP, ultimately inducing ferroptosis. This three-tiered strategy delivered the IONPs stepwise from anatomical to cellular levels and increased the iron content by up to 50-fold from that of systematic administration, which presents a potential regimen for CRBCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Qi
- Urology Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street #37, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Urology Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street #37, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shaobin Ni
- Urology Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street #37, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Meng
- Urology Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street #37, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tengda Wang
- Urology Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street #37, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Yue
- Urology Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street #23, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road #157, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Yang
- Urology Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street #23, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road #157, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road #157, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Guo
- Urology Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street #23, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Urology Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street #37, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Urology Surgery Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangchengdadao Street #N1, Yiwu 322000, P. R. China
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212
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[Early cystectomy-patient selection and technique]. Urologe A 2021; 60:1424-1431. [PMID: 34652475 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-021-01682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early radical cystectomy (RC) is a therapeutic option for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The 15-year overall survival after early RC in NMIBC patients is about 70%. Nevertheless, RC is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and therefore requires careful patient selection. The aim of the following review is to assess the selection process for early RC in NMIBC. Especially, the new European Association of Urology (EAU) risk calculator identifying NMIBC patients with very high risk for disease progression is described in detail. Furthermore, the technical aspects of the procedure are evaluated. A review of the current literature (PubMed) and national and international guideline recommendations was also conducted.
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213
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Gakis G. [Prophylaxis of recurrence in low-to-intermediate risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)]. Urologe A 2021; 60:1391-1399. [PMID: 34652476 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-021-01680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low- and intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by a relatively high risk of recurrence and adjuvant instillation therapy is considered standard of treatment for the majority of patients. OBJECTIVES To provide a current and in-depth review on the role of adjuvant therapy in low-to-intermediate risk NMIBC. METHODS A PubMed-based search focusing on specific keywords (BCG, EORTC, early instillation, intermediate-risk, low-risk, mitomycin, NMIBC, recurrence) was conducted to identify studies published between 2000 and 2021. The corresponding publications were assessed based on their clinical relevance to the question at hand and their pro/retrospective approach. RESULTS The EORTC risk tables are most frequently used to determine the risk of recurrence. In low-risk NMIBC, transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT) followed by early instillation is considered standard of treatment. In intermediate-risk NMIBC, TUR-BT is followed by adjuvant instillations with either chemoinstillation or BCG. CONCLUSIONS Consequent use of adjuvant instillation therapy is necessary to reduce the risk of recurrence. New agents and modes of drug delivery (i.e. chemoablation) on the horizon have the potential to further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gakis
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland.
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214
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Gill E, Sandhu G, Ward DG, Perks CM, Bryan RT. The Sirenic Links between Diabetes, Obesity, and Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11150. [PMID: 34681810 PMCID: PMC8539374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence of a positive association between the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity with bladder cancer (BCa), with the link between T2DM and obesity having already been established. There also appear to be potential associations between Pleckstrin homology domain containing S1 (PLEKHS1) and the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) axis. Seven literature searches were carried out to investigate the backgrounds of these potential links. PLEKHS1 is a candidate biomarker in BCa, with mutations that are easily detectable in urine and increased expression seemingly associated with worse disease states. PLEKHS1 has also been implicated as a potential mediator for the onset of T2DM in people with obesity. The substantial evidence of the involvement of IGF in BCa, the role of the IGF axis in obesity and T2DM, and the global prevalence of T2DM and obesity suggest there is scope for investigating the links between these components. Preliminary findings on the relationship between PLEKHS1 and the IGF axis signal possible associations with BCa progression. This indicates that PLEKHS1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of BCa that may be mediated by members of the IGF axis. Further detailed research is needed to establish the relationship between PLEKHS1 and the IGF axis in BCa and determine how these phenomena overlap with T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gill
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Gurimaan Sandhu
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.); (D.G.W.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Douglas G. Ward
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.); (D.G.W.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Richard T. Bryan
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.); (D.G.W.); (R.T.B.)
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215
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Bobjer J, Hagberg O, Aljabery F, Gårdmark T, Jahnson S, Jerlström T, Sherif A, Simoulis A, Ströck V, Häggström C, Holmberg L, Liedberg F. Bladder cancer recurrence in papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) compared to G1 WHO 1999: a population-based study. Scand J Urol 2021; 56:14-18. [PMID: 34623216 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2021.1987980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) and stage TaG1 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represent separate categories in current WHO 1999 grade definitions. Similarly, PUNLMP and Ta low-grade are separate entities in the WHO 2004/2016 grading system. However, this classification is currently questioned by reports showing a similar risk of recurrence and progression for both categories. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this population-based study, risk estimates were evaluated in patients diagnosed with PUNLMP (n = 135) or stage TaG1 (n = 2176) NMIBC 2004-2008 with 5-year follow-up registration in the nation-wide Bladder Cancer Data Base Sweden (BladderBaSe). The risk of recurrence was assessed using multivariable Cox regression with adjustment for multiple confounders (age, gender, marital status, comorbidity, educational level, and health care region). RESULTS At five years, 28/135 (21%) patients with PUNLMP and 922/2176 (42%) with TaG1 had local recurrence. The corresponding progression rates were 0.7% (1/135) and 4.0% (86/2176), respectively. A higher relative risk of recurrence was detected in patients with TaG1 tumours compared to PUNLMP (Hazard Ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.0) at 5-year follow-up, while progression events were too few to compare. CONCLUSIONS The difference in risk of recurrence between primary stage TaG1 and PUNLMP stands in contrast to the recently adapted notion that treatment and follow-up strategies can be merged into one low-risk group of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bobjer
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hagberg
- Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Firas Aljabery
- Division of Urology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Truls Gårdmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Jahnson
- Division of Urology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jerlström
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Amir Sherif
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Athanasious Simoulis
- Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Viveka Ströck
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christel Häggström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Northern Registre Centre, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Liedberg
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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216
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Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Compérat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL, Gontero P, Liedberg F, Masson-Lecomte A, Mostafid AH, Palou J, van Rhijn BWG, Rouprêt M, Shariat SF, Seisen T, Soukup V, Sylvester RJ. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol 2021; 81:75-94. [PMID: 34511303 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The European Association of Urology (EAU) has released an updated version of the guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). OBJECTIVE To present the 2021 EAU guidelines on NMIBC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A broad and comprehensive scoping exercise covering all areas of the NMIBC guidelines since the 2020 version was performed. Databases covered by the search included Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Libraries. Previous guidelines were updated, and the level of evidence and grade of recommendation were assigned. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Tumours staged as Ta, T1 and carcinoma in situ (CIS) are grouped under the heading of NMIBC. Diagnosis depends on cystoscopy and histological evaluation of tissue obtained via transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) for papillary tumours or via multiple bladder biopsies for CIS. For papillary lesions, a complete TURB is essential for the patient's prognosis and correct diagnosis. In cases for which the initial resection is incomplete, there is no muscle in the specimen, or a T1 tumour is detected, a second TURB should be performed within 2-6 wk. The risk of progression may be estimated for individual patients using the 2021 EAU scoring model. On the basis of their individual risk of progression, patients are stratified as having low, intermediate, high, or very high risk, which is pivotal to recommending adjuvant treatment. For patients with tumours presumed to be at low risk and for small papillary recurrences detected more than 1 yr after a previous TURB, one immediate chemotherapy instillation is recommended. Patients with an intermediate-risk tumour should receive 1 yr of full-dose intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy or instillations of chemotherapy for a maximum of 1 yr. For patients with high-risk tumours, full-dose intravesical BCG for 1-3 yr is indicated. For patients at very high risk of tumour progression, immediate radical cystectomy should be considered. Cystectomy is also recommended for BCG-unresponsive tumours. The extended version of the guidelines is available on the EAU website at https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/. CONCLUSIONS These abridged EAU guidelines present updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of NMIBC for incorporation into clinical practice. PATIENT SUMMARY The European Association of Urology has released updated guidelines on the classification, risk factors, diagnosis, prognostic factors, and treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The recommendations are based on the literature up to 2020, with emphasis on the highest level of evidence. Classification of patients as having low, intermediate, or and high risk is essential in deciding on suitable treatment. Surgical removal of the bladder should be considered for tumours that do not respond to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment and tumours with the highest risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Babjuk
- Department of Urology, Teaching Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Praha, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Otakar Capoun
- Department of Urology, General Teaching Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Praha, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Department of Urology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eva M Compérat
- Department of Pathology, Tenon Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Paolo Gontero
- Department of Urology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Torino School of Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Fredrik Liedberg
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - A Hugh Mostafid
- Department of Urology, The Stokes Centre for Urology, Royal Surrey Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Joan Palou
- Department of Urology, Fundacio Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bas W G van Rhijn
- Department of Urology, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Uro, Department of Urology, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Teaching Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Praha, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Seisen
- GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Uro, Department of Urology, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Viktor Soukup
- Department of Urology, General Teaching Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Praha, Prague, Czech Republic
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217
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Eckstein M, Kimmel C, Bruendl J, Weber F, Denzinger S, Gierth M, Burger M, Hartmann A, Otto W, Breyer J. Tumor budding correlates with tumor invasiveness and predicts worse survival in pT1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17981. [PMID: 34504238 PMCID: PMC8429693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor budding is defined as a single cell or a cluster of up to 5 tumor cells at the invasion front. Due to the difficulty of identifying patients at high risk for pT1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and the difficulties in T1 substaging, tumor budding was evaluated as a potential alternative and prognostic parameter in these patients. Tumor budding as well as growth pattern, invasion pattern and lamina propria infiltration were retrospectively evaluated in transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) specimens from 92 patients with stage pT1 NMIBC. The presence of tumor budding correlated with multifocal tumors (p = 0.003), discontinuous invasion pattern (p = 0.039), discohesive growth pattern (p < 0.001) and extensive lamina propria invasion (p < 0.001). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, tumor budding was associated with significantly worse RFS (p = 0.005), PFS (p = 0.017) and CSS (p = 0.002). In patients who received BCG instillation therapy (n = 65), the absence of tumor budding was associated with improved RFS (p = 0.012), PFS (p = 0.011) and CSS (p = 0.022), with none of the patients suffering from progression or dying from the disease. Tumor budding is associated with a more aggressive and invasive stage of pT1 NMIBC and a worse outcome. This easy-to-assess parameter could help stratify patients into BCG therapy or early cystectomy treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kimmel
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Bruendl
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Denzinger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gierth
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Breyer
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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218
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Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174341. [PMID: 34503152 PMCID: PMC8431384 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) represents a rare and aggressive malignancy arising from the renal pelvis or ureter. It can develop sporadically or have a hereditary origin, such as Lynch syndrome, caused by DNA mismatch repair deficiency, leading to microsatellite instability phenotype. According to molecular characterization studies, UTUC presents different mutational profiles as compared to urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas. In particular, it has been reported that UTUC harbored a higher level of FGFR3 alterations associated with a T-cell depleted immune microenvironment. The therapeutic landscape in urothelial carcinoma is rapidly evolving, with immune checkpoint inhibitors forming part of the standard of care. A greater understanding of the molecular alterations and immune microenvironment leads to the development of new treatment combinations and targeted therapy. This review summarizes the available evidence concerning the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the biological rationale underlying their use in high-grade UTUC.
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219
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Cormio A, Busetto GM, Musicco C, Sanguedolce F, Calò B, Chirico M, Falagario UG, Carrieri G, Piccoli C, Cormio L. Mitofusin-2 Down-Regulation Predicts Progression of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081500. [PMID: 34441434 PMCID: PMC8394056 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of markers predicting disease outcome is a major clinical issue for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The present study aimed to determine the role of the mitochondrial proteins Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) and caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) in predicting the outcome of NMIBC. The study population consisted of patients scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumor upon the clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC). Samples of the main bladder tumor and healthy-looking bladder wall from patients classified as NMIBC were tested for Mfn2 and ClpP. The expression levels of these proteins were correlated to disease recurrence, progression. Mfn2 and ClpP expression levels were significantly higher in lesional than in non-lesional tissue. Low-risk NMIBC had significantly higher Mfn2 expression levels and significantly lower ClpP expression levels than high-risk NMIBC; there were no differences in non-lesional levels of the two proteins. Lesional Mfn2 expression levels were significantly lower in patients who progressed whereas ClpP levels had no impact on any survival outcome. Multivariable analysis adjusting for the EORTC scores showed that Mfn2 downregulation was significantly associated with disease progression. In conclusion, Mfn2 and ClpP proteins were found to be overexpressed in BC as compared to non-lesional bladder tissue and Mfn2 expression predicted disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cormio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biofarmaceutical, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.); (U.G.F.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Clara Musicco
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Beppe Calò
- Department of Urology, Bonomo Hospital, 76123 Andria, Italy;
| | - Marco Chirico
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.); (U.G.F.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Ugo Giovanni Falagario
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.); (U.G.F.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.); (U.G.F.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.); (U.G.F.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
- Department of Urology, Bonomo Hospital, 76123 Andria, Italy;
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Galesloot TE, Grotenhuis AJ, Kolev D, Aben KK, Bryan RT, Catto JWF, Cheng KK, Conroy S, Dyrskjøt L, Fleshner NE, James ND, Lamy P, Lindskrog SV, Malats N, Mengual L, Verhaegh G, Zeegers MP, Kiemeney LALM, Vermeulen SH. Genome-wide Meta-analysis Identifies Novel Genes Associated with Recurrence and Progression in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2021; 5:70-83. [PMID: 34353775 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by frequent recurrences and a risk of progression in stage and grade. Increased knowledge of underlying biological mechanisms is needed. OBJECTIVE To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with recurrence-free (RFS) and progression-free (PFS) survival in NMIBC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We analyzed outcome data from 3400 newly diagnosed NMIBC patients from the Netherlands, the UK, Canada, and Spain. We generated genome-wide germline SNP data using Illumina OmniExpress and Infinium Global Screening Array in combination with genotype imputation. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Cohort-specific genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for RFS and PFS were performed using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results were combined in a fixed-effect inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. Candidate genes for the identified SNP associations were prioritized using functional annotation, gene-based analysis, expression quantitative trait locus analysis, and transcription factor binding site databases. Tumor expression levels of prioritized genes were tested for association with RFS and PFS in an independent NMIBC cohort. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS This meta-analysis revealed a genome-wide significant locus for RFS on chromosome 14 (lead SNP rs12885353, hazard ratio [HR] C vs T allele 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-1.82, p = 4.0 × 10-8), containing genes G2E3 and SCFD1. Higher expression of SCFD1 was associated with increased RFS (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.84, pFDR = 0.003). Twelve other loci were suggestively associated with RFS (p < 10-5), pointing toward 18 additional candidate genes. For PFS, ten loci showed suggestive evidence of association, indicating 36 candidate genes. Expression levels of ten of these genes were statistically significantly associated with PFS, of which four (IFT140, UBE2I, FAHD1, and NME3) showed directional consistency with our meta-analysis results and published literature. CONCLUSIONS In this first prognostic GWAS in NMIBC, we identified several novel candidate loci and five genes that showed convincing associations with recurrence or progression. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we searched for inherited DNA changes that affect the outcome of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). We identified several genes that are associated with disease recurrence and progression. The roles and mechanisms of these genes in NMIBC prognosis should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessel E Galesloot
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne J Grotenhuis
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitar Kolev
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja K Aben
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kar K Cheng
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha Conroy
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas D James
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philippe Lamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sia Viborg Lindskrog
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mengual
- Department and Laboratory of Urology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Urology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pinar U, Pradere B, Roupret M. Artificial intelligence in bladder cancer prognosis: a pathway for personalized medicine. Curr Opin Urol 2021; 31:404-408. [PMID: 33882561 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an update of the results of studies published in the last 2 years involving the use of artificial intelligence in bladder cancer (BCa) prognosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, many studies evaluated various artificial intelligence models to predict BCa evolution using either deep learning or machine learning. Many trials evidenced a better prediction of recurrence-free survival and overall survival for muscle invasive BCa (MIBC) for deep learning-based models compared with clinical stages. Improvements in imaging associated with the development of deep learning neural networks and radiomics seem to improve post neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response. One study showed that digitalized histology could predict nonmuscle invasive BCa recurrence. SUMMARY BCa prognosis could be better assessed using artificial intelligence models not only in the case of MIBC but also NMIBC. Many studies evaluated its role for the prediction of overall survival and recurrence-free survival but there is still little data in the case of NMIBC. Recent findings showed that artificial intelligence could lead to a better assessment of BCa prognosis before treatment and to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pinar
- Sorbonne University, GRC 5, Predictive Onco-Urology, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hôpital, Urology, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Pradere
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Urology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Morgan Roupret
- Sorbonne University, GRC 5, Predictive Onco-Urology, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hôpital, Urology, Paris, France
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High Androgen Receptor mRNA Expression Is Associated with Improved Outcome in Patients with High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070642. [PMID: 34209360 PMCID: PMC8306811 DOI: 10.3390/life11070642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the androgen receptor (AR) in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) remains controversial. We retrospectively analyzed the mRNA expression of AR using RT-qPCR in 95 patients with high-risk NMIBC treated with a bladder-sparing approach and correlated AR with clinical data and recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). The mRNA expression of AR and KRT5, i.e., the basal-like subtype, was strongly correlated (rs = 0.456; p < 0.001). AR (p = 0.053) and KRT5 (p = 0.029) mRNA expression was negatively correlated with tumor grade. Kaplan–Meier analyses indicated significantly prolonged CSS (p = 0.020) and OS (p = 0.015) and a trend towards longer RFS (p = 0.051) in patients with high AR expression. High KRT5 expression was associated with significantly longer RFS (p = 0.033), CSS (p = 0.029) and OS (p = 0.030), while high KRT20 expression was associated with reduced RFS (p = 0.042). In multivariable analysis, none of the molecular markers was an independent prognostic factor. When performing a substratification with regard to molecular markers and clinicopathological parameters, high AR expression showed improved OS in patients with high KRT20 mRNA expression (p = 0.041). Women showed significantly longer OS in cases with high AR expression (p = 0.011). High AR was associated with significantly improved CSS in males (p = 0.044) and patients with instillation therapy (p = 0.040), while OS was improved regardless of instillation therapy. Younger patients with high AR expression had significantly improved RFS (p = 0.021), CSS (p = 0.014) and OS (p = 0.007). RFS was also improved in patients with high AR and low expression of either KRT5 (p = 0.003) or KRT20 (p = 0.014), but not in patients with high expression of KRT5 or KRT20. In conclusion, high AR mRNA expression is correlated with KRT5 mRNA expression and is associated with an improved outcome in high-risk NMIBC.
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Katayama S, Mori K, Pradere B, Laukhtina E, Schuettfort VM, Quhal F, Motlagh RS, Mostafaei H, Grossmann NC, Rajwa P, Moschini M, Mathieu R, Abufaraj M, D'Andrea D, Compérat E, Haydter M, Egawa S, Nasu Y, Shariat SF. Prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol 2021; 39:4355-4361. [PMID: 34143284 PMCID: PMC8602174 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We assessed the prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) to refine risk stratification of the heterogeneous spectrum of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) Methods In this multi-institutional cohort, preoperative blood-based SII was retrospectively assessed in 1117 patients with NMIBC who underwent transurethral resection of bladder (TURB) between 1996 and 2007. The optimal cut-off value of SII was determined as 580 using the best Youden index. Cox regression analyses were performed. The concordance index (C-index) and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to assess the discrimination of the predictive models. Results Overall, 309 (28%) patients had high SII. On multivariable analyses, high SII was significantly associated with worse PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–2.77; P = 0.003) and CSS (HR 2.53; 95% CI 1.42–4.48; P = 0.001). Subgroup analyses, according to the European Association of Urology guidelines, demonstrated the main prognostic impact of high SII, with regards to PFS (HR 3.39; 95%CI 1.57–7.31; P = 0.002) and CSS (HR 4.93; 95% CI 1.70–14.3; P = 0.005), in patients with intermediate-risk group; addition of SII to the standard predictive model improved its discrimination ability both on C-index (6% and 12%, respectively) and DCA. In exploratory intergroup analyses of patients with intermediate-risk, the improved discrimination ability was retained the prediction of PFS and CSS. Conclusion Preoperative SII seems to identify NMIBC patients who have a worse disease and prognosis. Such easily available and cheap standard biomarkers may help refine the decision-making process regarding adjuvant treatment in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00345-021-03740-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Katayama
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benjamin Pradere
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor M Schuettfort
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fahad Quhal
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reza Sari Motlagh
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Mostafaei
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nico C Grossmann
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Rajwa
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, 2 Rue Henri le Guilloux, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Mohammad Abufaraj
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - David D'Andrea
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Compérat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Haydter
- Department of Urology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shin Egawa
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Department of Urology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. .,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria.
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Jobczyk M, Stawiski K, Kaszkowiak M, Rajwa P, Różański W, Soria F, Shariat SF, Fendler W. Deep Learning-based Recalibration of the CUETO and EORTC Prediction Tools for Recurrence and Progression of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2021; 5:109-112. [PMID: 34092528 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite being standard tools for decision-making, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), European Association of Urology (EAU), and Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico (CUETO) risk groups provide moderate performance in predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). In this retrospective combined-cohort data-mining study, the training group consisted of 3570 patients with de novo diagnosed NMIBC. Predictors included gender, age, T stage, histopathological grading, tumor burden and diameter, EORTC and CUETO scores, and type of intravesical treatment. The models developed were externally validated using an independent cohort of 322 patients. Models were trained using Cox proportional-hazards deep neural networks (deep learning; DeepSurv) with a proprietary grid search of hyperparameters. For patients treated with surgery and bacillus Calmette-Guérin-treated patients, the models achieved a c index of 0.650 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.649-0.650) for RFS and 0.878 (95% CI 0.873-0.874) for PFS in the training group. In the validation group, the c index was 0.651 (95% CI 0.648-0.654) for RFS and 0.881 (95% CI 0.878-0.885) for PFS. After inclusion of patients treated with mitomycin C, the c index for RFS models was 0.6415 (95% CI 0.6412-0.6417) for the training group and 0.660 (95% CI 0.657-0.664) for the validation group. Models for PFS achieved a c index of 0.885 (95% CI 0.885-0.885) for the training set and 0.876 (95% CI 0.873-0.880) for the validation set. Our tool outperformed standard-of-care risk stratification tools and showed no evidence of overfitting. The application is open source and available at https://biostat.umed.pl/deepNMIBC/. PATIENT SUMMARY: We created and validated a new tool to predict recurrence and progression of early-stage bladder cancer. The application uses advanced artificial intelligence to combine state-of-the-art scales, outperforms these scales for prediction, and is freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Jobczyk
- Department of Urology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Urology, The Hospital Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Stawiski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kaszkowiak
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Rajwa
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland; Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waldemar Różański
- Department of Urology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Francesco Soria
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wu YS, Ho JY, Yu CP, Cho CJ, Wu CL, Huang CS, Gao HW, Yu DS. Ellagic Acid Resensitizes Gemcitabine-Resistant Bladder Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Gemcitabine Transporters. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092032. [PMID: 33922395 PMCID: PMC8122772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemoresistance of bladder cancer has become a major obstacle to clinical treatment, especially in first-line treatments involving gemcitabine (GCB). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is highly correlated with GCB resistance but less correlated with GCB metabolism and less reported as a novel therapeutic strategy. Our findings indicated that EMT-related GCB resistance occurs through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and involves repressed expression of the GCB transporters hCNT1 and hENT1. Ellagic acid (EA) combined with GCB intensified the chemosensitivity of GCB in resistant cells by repressing Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 expression and rescuing hCNT1 and hENT transcription. These data suggest that EA is a good adjuvant agent for blocking TGF-β/Smad signaling-related GCB resistance in bladder cancer. Abstract Gemcitabine (GCB) resistance is a major issue in bladder cancer chemoresistance, but its underlying mechanism has not been determined. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be comprehensively involved in GCB resistance in several other cancer types, but the direct connection between EMT and GCB remains unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of EMT-related GCB resistance in bladder cancer and identify a potential phytochemical to modulate drug sensitivity. The biological effects of ellagic acid (EA) or its combined effects with GCB were compared in GCB-resistant cells and the GCB-sensitive line in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, motility, and in vivo tumorigenicity. The molecular regulation of EMT-related GCB resistance was evaluated at both the mRNA and protein expression levels. Our results indicated that TGF-β/Smad induced the overactivation of EMT in GCB-resistant cells and reduced the expression of GCB influx transporters (hCNT1 and hENT1). Moreover, ellagic acid (EA) inhibited the TGF-β signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo by reducing Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 expression and thereby resensitized GCB sensitivity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TGF-β/Smad-induced EMT contributes to GCB resistance in bladder cancer by reducing GCB influx and also elucidate the novel mechanisms of EA-mediated inhibition of TGF-β/Smad-induced EMT to overcome GCB resistance. Our study warrants further investigation of EA as an effective therapeutic adjuvant agent for overcoming GCB resistance in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Si Wu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jar-Yi Ho
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Cho
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Chia-Lun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shuo Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-S.W.); (J.-Y.H.); (C.-P.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (C.-L.W.); (C.-S.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-W.G.); (D.-S.Y.)
| | - Dah-Shyong Yu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-W.G.); (D.-S.Y.)
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226
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Bryan RT, Arnold R, Khanim FL, Shepherd DE, Patel P, Ward DG. Establishing the Bladder Cancer Research Centre at the University of Birmingham. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:318-320. [PMID: 33712734 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Bryan
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Roland Arnold
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Duncan E Shepherd
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Prashant Patel
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Urology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Douglas G Ward
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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227
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Jones TD, Cheng L. Histologic Grading of Bladder Tumors: Using Both the 1973 and 2004/2016 World Health Organization Systems in Combination Provides Valuable Information for Establishing Prognostic Risk Groups. Eur Urol 2021; 79:489-491. [PMID: 33478775 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Jones
- Department of Pathology, Norton Healthcare/CPA Lab, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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