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Wu B, Meng K, Ji Q, Cheng M, Yu K, Zhao X, Tony H, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Chang C, Zhong Y, Zhu Z, Zhang W, Mao X, Zeng Q. Interleukin-37 ameliorates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:438-51. [PMID: 24527881 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune and inflammatory responses are involved in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Interleukin (IL)-37 is a newly identified member of the IL-1 family, and functions as a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity and inflammation. However, its role in myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. I/R or sham operations were performed on male C57BL/6J mice. I/R mice received an injection of recombinant human IL-37 or vehicle, immediately before reperfusion. Compared with vehicle treatment, mice treated with IL-37 showed an obvious amelioration of the I/R injury, as demonstrated by reduced infarct size, decreased cardiac troponin T level and improved cardiac function. This protective effect was associated with the ability of IL-37 to suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and neutrophil infiltration, which together contributed to a decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, we found that IL-37 inhibited the up-regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activation after I/R, while increasing the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level. Moreover, the administration of anti-IL-10R antibody abolished the protective effects of IL-37 in I/R injury. In-vitro experiments further demonstrated that IL-37 protected cardiomyocytes from apoptosis under I/R condition, and suppressed the migration ability of neutrophils towards the chemokine LIX. In conclusion, IL-37 plays a protective role against mouse myocardial I/R injury, offering a promising therapeutic medium for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wu
- The Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Cardioprotective effect of betulinic Acid on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:573745. [PMID: 24963326 PMCID: PMC4055472 DOI: 10.1155/2014/573745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aims to investigate the effect of betulinic acid (BA) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion/injury in an open-chest anesthetized rat model. Methods. The model was induced by 30 minutes left anterior descending occlusion followed by 2 hours reperfusion. There are six groups in our present study: sham operation group, ischemia/reperfusion group, low-dosage BA group, medium-dosage BA group, high-dosage BA group, and fosinopril sodium group. Rats in the latter four groups were administrated with BA (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.g.) or fosinopril sodium (10 mg/kg, i.g.) once a day for 7 days before operation, respectively. Rats in the former two groups were given the same volume of vehicle (0.5% CMC-Na, i.g.). During the operation, cardiac function was continuously monitored. Serum LDH and CK were measured with colorimetric assays. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were investigated with western blot and TUNEL assay, respectively. Results. Pretreatment with BA improved cardiac function and attenuated LDH and CK activities compared with IR group. Further investigation demonstrated that the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and TUNEL assay was in line with the above results. Conclusion. BA may reduce the release of LDH and CK, prevent cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and eventually alleviate the extent of the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemia and reperfusion injuries occur in multiple clinical settings and contribute to organ dysfunction/failures. Despite the innate inflammatory immune nature, T cells that are critically involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), include not only CD4+ T cells, but also CD8+ and γδT cells. This review focuses on questions of how putative Ag-specific T cells are involved, which include whether they function in an Ag-dependent manner; how they function, cytokine-mediated or costimulatory molecule-mediated mechanisms; and whether different T-cell subsets, Th1, Th17, regulatory T cell (Treg), are all involved and play distinctive roles? RECENT FINDINGS Specific T-cell populations, such as effector memory CD4 T cells, promote inflammatory immune activation by ischemia reperfusion independent of their adaptive properties, that is Ag-independently. They function by secreting cytokines and expressing costimulatory molecules to either promote or inhibit innate immune activation, or facilitate tissue repair/homeostasis, as exemplified by Th1, Th17 or Th2, Treg cells, respectively. SUMMARY T-cell-targeted therapies need to be refined with strategies to maximally eliminate the proinflammatory but spare the anti-inflammatory/immune regulatory properties of T cells, for future clinical application to ameliorate IRI.
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Shen B, Li J, Yang B. NKG2D blockade significantly attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in a cardiac transplantation model. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:2513-6. [PMID: 23953572 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NKG2D (natural killer group 2 member D), are activating or coactivating receptor on NK cells, γδ T, and CD8(+) T cells, stimulates cytokine secretion by the former two and plays a costimulatory role for the last CD8(+) T cells. METHODS Male Lewis rat hearts were flushed and stored in cold Bretschneider preservation solution for 8 hours. Anti-NKG2D monoclonal antibody (mAb) was administered before transplantation into syngeneic recipients. Expressions of Troponin-T, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (INF), (ICAM) and interleukin (IL)-17 were examined on days 1, 3, and 7 after reperfusion. RESULTS We observed that isografts from anti-NKG2D mAb-treated animals showed decreased cardiac troponin-T, low expression of MPO, TNF, and ICAM, and superior cardiac output. Furthermore, blockade of NKG2D significantly reduced the number of γδ T cells, which are the main source of IL-17 production. CONCLUSION Blockade of NKG2D significantly attenuated ischemia-reperfusion injury in a cardiac transplantation model. The effect coincided with a low expression of TNFα, ICAM and a reduced number of infiltrating IL-17-producing γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
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Hydrogen sulfide attenuates the recruitment of CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ myeloid cells and regulates Bax/Bcl-2 signaling in myocardial ischemia injury. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4774. [PMID: 24758901 PMCID: PMC3998019 DOI: 10.1038/srep04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide, an endogenous signaling molecule, plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. Using a mouse model of myocardial infarction, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of the H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). The results demonstrated that the administration of NaHS improved survival, preserved left ventricular function, limited infarct size, and improved H2S levels in cardiac tissue to attenuate the recruitment of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells and to regulate the Bax/Bcl-2 pathway. Furthermore, the cardioprotective effects of NaHS were enhanced by inhibiting the migration of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells from the spleen into the blood and by attenuating post-infarction inflammation. These observations suggest that the novel mechanism underlying the cardioprotective function of H2S is secondary to a combination of attenuation the recruitment of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells and regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic signaling.
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206
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Hu X, Xu W, Jiang H. HMGB1/IL-17A axis: an important mechanism for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:447-8. [PMID: 24767137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weipan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Li WZ, Wang J, Long R, Su GH, Bukhory DK, Dai J, Jin N, Huang SY, Jia P, Li T, Fan C, Liu K, Wang Z. Novel antibody against a glutamic acid-rich human fibrinogen-like protein 2-derived peptide near Ser91 inhibits hfgl2 prothrombinase activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94551. [PMID: 24728278 PMCID: PMC3984148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) is highly expressed in microvascular endothelial cells in diseases associated with microcirculatory disturbances and plays a crucial role in microthrombosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Ser89 residue is a critical site for mouse fgl2 prothrombinase activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the prothrombinase inhibitory ability of antibodies against an hfgl2-derived peptide. The peptide was termed NPG-12 because it is located at the N-terminus of membrane-bound hfgl2, contains 12 amino acid residues (corresponding to residues 76 to 87), and is rich in Glu. This peptide was selected as an antigenic determinant to produce antibodies in immunized rabbits using the DNAStar and HomoloGene software program. Abundant hfgl2 expression was induced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through treatment with TNF-α. The generated anti-NPG-12 antibodies specifically recognize fgl2, as determined by ELISA, Western Blot and immunostaining. Moreover, one-stage clotting and thrombin generation tests provide evidence that the antibodies can reduce the hfgl2 prothrombinase activity without affecting the platelet-poor plasma prothrombin time (PT) or the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). In addition, the antibodies exerted undetectable influence on the proliferation or activation of bulk T cell populations. In conclusion, the selected peptide sequence NPG-12 may be a critical domain for hfgl2 prothrombinase activity, and the development of inhibitors against this sequence may be promising for research or management of hfgl2-associated microcirculatory disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Long
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guan-Hua Su
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dinesh-Kumar Bukhory
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Koyani CN, Windischhofer W, Rossmann C, Jin G, Kickmaier S, Heinzel FR, Groschner K, Alavian-Ghavanini A, Sattler W, Malle E. 15-deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-PGJ₂ promotes inflammation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via the DP2/MAPK/TNFα axis. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:472-80. [PMID: 24698234 PMCID: PMC4008937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandins (PGs), lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid, play a pivotal role during inflammation. PGD2 synthase is abundantly expressed in heart tissue and PGD2 has recently been found to induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. PGD2 is an unstable prostanoid metabolite; therefore the objective of the present study was to elucidate whether its final dehydration product, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2, present at high levels in ischemic myocardium) might cause cardiomyocyte damage. Methods and results Using specific (ant)agonists we show that 15d-PGJ2 induced formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of p38 and p42/44 MAPKs via the PGD2 receptor DP2 (but not DP1 or PPARγ) in the murine atrial cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell line. Activation of the DP2-ROS-MAPK axis by 15d-PGJ2 enhanced transcription and translation of TNFα and induced apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Silencing of TNFα significantly attenuated the extrinsic (caspase-8) and intrinsic apoptotic pathways (bax and caspase-9), caspase-3 activation and downstream PARP cleavage and γH2AX activation. The apoptotic machinery was unaffected by intracellular calcium, transcription factor NF-κB and its downstream target p53. Of note, 9,10-dihydro-15d-PGJ2 (lacking the electrophilic carbon atom in the cyclopentenone ring) did not activate cellular responses. Selected experiments performed in primary murine cardiomyocytes confirmed data obtained in HL-1 cells namely that the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cascades are activated via DP2/MAPK/TNFα signaling. Conclusions We conclude that the reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group of 15d-PGJ2 is responsible for the pronounced upregulation of TNFα promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We propose that inhibition of DP2 receptors could provide a possibility to modulate 15d-PGJ2-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Rossmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Cardiology Department, Medical University of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sandra Kickmaier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Alavian-Ghavanini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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Pang H, Han B, Yu T, Peng Z. The complex regulation of tanshinone IIA in rats with hypertension-induced left ventricular hypertrophy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92216. [PMID: 24647357 PMCID: PMC3960224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA has definite protective effects on various cardiovascular diseases. However, in hypertension-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (H-LVH), the signaling pathways of tanshinone IIA in inhibition of remodeling and cardiac dysfunction remain unclear. Two-kidney, one-clip induced hypertensive rats (n = 32) were randomized to receive tanshinone IIA (5, 10, 15 mg/kg per day) or 5% glucose injection (GS). Sham-operated rats (n = 8) received 5%GS as control. Cardiac function and dimensions were assessed by using an echocardiography system. Histological determination of the fibrosis and apoptosis was performed using hematoxylin eosin, Masson's trichrome and TUNEL staining. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases type 2 (TIMP2) protein expressions in rat myocardial tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Rat cardiomyocytes were isolated by a Langendorff perfusion method. After 48 h culture, the supernatant and cardiomyocytes were collected to determine the potential related proteins impact on cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis. Compared with the sham rats, the heart tissues of H-LVH (5%GS) group suffered severely from the oxidative damage, apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. In the H-LVH group, tanshinone IIA treated decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Tanshinone IIA inhibited cardiomyocytes apoptosis as confirmed by the reduction of TUNEL positive cardiomyocytes and the down-regulation of Caspase-3 activity and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Meanwhile, plasma apelin level increased with down-regulation of APJ receptor. Tanshinone IIA suppressed cardiac fibrosis through regulating the paracrine factors released by cardiomyocytes and the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway activity. In conclusion, our in vivo study showed that tanshinone IIA could improve heart function by enhancing myocardial contractility, inhibiting ECM deposition, and limiting apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Su SA, Ma H, Shen L, Xiang MX, Wang JA. Interleukin-17 and acute coronary syndrome. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 14:664-9. [PMID: 23897784 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.bqicc701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis, which is also crucial for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recent studies have revealed that interleukin (IL)-17, which was regarded as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has a dual function in the progress of ACS. In this review, we sum up both experimental and clinical studies on the relevance of IL-17 to atherosclerosis and its complications, and summarize the research progress on the effect of IL-17 on the atherosclerotic plaque stability and ACS onset. Although the studies are controversial and the mechanism remains unclear, we highlight the knowledge of the role of IL-17 in ACS and elucidate its potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-an Su
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are two closely related adaptive response mechanisms of the myocardium to mechanical, metabolic, and genetic stress that finally contribute to the development of heart failure (HF). This relation is based on a dynamic interplay between many cell types including cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts during disease progression. Both cell types secrete a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that influence hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth and fibrotic fibroblast activation in a paracrine and autocrine manner. It has become evident that, aside proteinous signals, microRNAs (miRNAs) and possible other RNA species such as long non-coding RNAs are potential players in such a cell-to-cell communication. By directly acting as paracrine signals or by modulating downstream intercellular signalling mediators, miRNAs can act as moderators of the intercellular crosstalk. These small regulators can potentially be secreted in a 'mircrine' fashion, so that miRNAs can be assumed as the message itself. This review will summarize the recent findings about the paracrine crosstalk between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and addresses how miRNAs may be involved in this interplay. It also highlights therapeutic strategies targeting factors of pathological communication for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Viereck
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies , IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review how autoimmunity is induced in viral myocarditis. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical and experimental myocarditis follows microbial infections, but autoimmunity to cardiac antigens leads to heart failure since infected myocytes are sparse and virus clearance is rapid. In mice, CD4+ T cells specific for cardiac alpha myosin heavy chain (αMYHC) cause myocarditis and mice tolerized to αMYHC are protected from virus challenge proving pathogenesis depends upon autoimmunity. Most importantly, multiple microbes share the same mimicking epitope with αMYHC. Serial infections with very different microbes could result in memory responses to the shared epitope leading to aggressive and severe heart failure. A similar phenomenon may explain autoimmune diseases with suspected infectious causes, where specific pathogens have not been identified. Production of the relevant cardiac epitope for antigen presentation requires more than myosin release from dead myocytes. Otherwise, myocarditis would commonly follow myocardial infarcts. The inherent nature of the innate immune response associated with viral infections in the heart is crucial to cardiac epitope expression. SUMMARY Antigenic mimicry between microbes and cardiac proteins causes autoimmunity in myocarditis. Characteristics of innate immunity associated with cardiac infection determine relevant epitope expression (cryptic epitopes).
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Autophagy contributes to IL-17-induced plasma cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with cardiogenic shock. Clin Res Cardiol 2013; 103:301-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-013-0656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Huang CC, Chen DY, Wei HJ, Lin KJ, Wu CT, Lee TY, Hu HY, Hwang SM, Chang Y, Sung HW. Hypoxia-induced therapeutic neovascularization in a mouse model of an ischemic limb using cell aggregates composed of HUVECs and cbMSCs. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9441-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhu H, Cui D, Liu K, Wang L, Huang L, Li J. Long pentraxin PTX3 attenuates ischemia reperfusion injury in a cardiac transplantation model. Transpl Int 2013; 27:87-95. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Dan Cui
- Public Health School; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jinjie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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C1 esterase inhibitor reduces lower extremity ischemia/reperfusion injury and associated lung damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72059. [PMID: 23991040 PMCID: PMC3753343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury of lower extremities and associated lung damage may result from thrombotic occlusion, embolism, trauma, or surgical intervention with prolonged ischemia and subsequent restoration of blood flow. This clinical entity is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Deprivation of blood supply leads to molecular and structural changes in the affected tissue. Upon reperfusion inflammatory cascades are activated causing tissue injury. We therefore tested preoperative treatment for prevention of reperfusion injury by using C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 INH). Methods and Findings Wistar rats systemically pretreated with C1 INH (n = 6), APT070 (a membrane-targeted myristoylated peptidyl construct derived from human complement receptor 1, n = 4), vehicle (n = 7), or NaCl (n = 8) were subjected to 3h hind limb ischemia and 24h reperfusion. The femoral artery was clamped and a tourniquet placed under maintenance of a venous return. C1 INH treated rats showed significantly less edema in muscle (P<0.001) and lung and improved muscle viability (P<0.001) compared to controls and APT070. C1 INH prevented up-regulation of bradykinin receptor b1 (P<0.05) and VE-cadherin (P<0.01), reduced apoptosis (P<0.001) and fibrin deposition (P<0.01) and decreased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deposition of complement components was not significantly reduced in the reperfused muscle. Conclusions C1 INH reduced edema formation locally in reperfused muscle as well as in lung, and improved muscle viability. C1 INH did not primarily act via inhibition of the complement system, but via the kinin and coagulation cascade. APT070 did not show beneficial effects in this model, despite potent inhibition of complement activation. Taken together, C1 INH might be a promising therapy to reduce peripheral ischemia/reperfusion injury and distant lung damage in complex and prolonged surgical interventions requiring tourniquet application.
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Barin JG, Čiháková D. Control of inflammatory heart disease by CD4+ T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285:80-96. [PMID: 23692566 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on autoimmune myocarditis and its sequela, inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMI), and the inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases. Several mouse models of myocarditis and DCMI have improved our knowledge of the pathogenesis of these diseases, informing more general problems of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. CD4(+) T cells are critical in driving the pathogenesis of myocarditis. We discuss in detail the role of T helper cell subtypes in the pathogenesis of myocarditis, the biology of T cell-derived effector cytokines, and the participation of other leukocytic effectors in mediating disease pathophysiology. We discuss interactions between these subsets in both suppressive and collaborative fashions. These findings indicate that cardiac inflammatory disease, and autoimmunity in general, may be more diverse in divergent effector mechanisms than has previously been appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobert G Barin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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219
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Lemaître PH, Vokaer B, Charbonnier LM, Iwakura Y, Estenne M, Goldman M, Leo O, Remmelink M, Le Moine A. IL-17A mediates early post-transplant lesions after heterotopic trachea allotransplantation in Mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70236. [PMID: 23936171 PMCID: PMC3728020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Reports from clinical and rodent models suggest the implication of IL-17A in either PGD or BO. We took advantage of the heterotopic trachea transplantation model in mice to study the direct role of IL-17A in post-transplant airway lesions. Across full MHC barrier, early lesions were controlled in IL-17A-/- or anti-IL17 treated recipients. In contrast, IL-17A deficiency did not prevent subsequent obliterative airway disease (OAD). Interestingly, this early protection occurred also in syngeneic grafts and was accompanied by a decrease in cellular stress, as attested by lower HSP70 mRNA levels, suggesting the involvement of IL-17A in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Furthermore, persistence of multipotent CK14+ epithelial stem cells underlined allograft protection afforded by IL-17A deficiency or neutralisation. Recipient-derived γδ+ and CD4+ T cells were the major source of IL-17A. However, lesions still occurred in the absence of each subset, suggesting a high redundancy between the innate and adaptive IL-17A producing cells. Notably, a double depletion significantly diminished lesions. In conclusion, this work implicated IL-17A as mediator of early post-transplant airway lesions and could be considered as a potential therapeutic target in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe H Lemaître
- Transplantation Medicine, Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
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220
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Valente AJ, Yoshida T, Clark RA, Delafontaine P, Siebenlist U, Chandrasekar B. Advanced oxidation protein products induce cardiomyocyte death via Nox2/Rac1/superoxide-dependent TRAF3IP2/JNK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:125-35. [PMID: 23453926 PMCID: PMC3714806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are formed during chronic oxidative stress as a result of reactions between plasma proteins and chlorinated oxidants. Their levels are elevated during various cardiovascular diseases. Because elevated AOPPs serve as independent risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyocyte death is a hallmark of ischemic heart disease, we hypothesized that AOPPs will induce cardiomyocyte death. AOPP-modified mouse serum albumin (AOPP-MSA) induced significant death of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes that was attenuated by knockdown of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, but not CD36. Notably, TRAF3-interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2; also known as CIKS or Act1) knockdown blunted AOPP-induced apoptosis. AOPP-MSA stimulated Nox2/Rac1-dependent superoxide generation, TRAF3IP2 expression, and TRAF3IP2-dependent JNK activation. The superoxide anion generating xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and hydrogen peroxide both induced TRAF3IP2 expression. Further, AOPP-MSA induced mitochondrial Bax translocation and release of cytochrome c into cytoplasm. Moreover, AOPP-MSA suppressed antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. These effects were reversed by TRAF3IP2 knockdown or forced expression of mutant JNK. Similar to its effects in neonatal cardiomyocytes, AOPP-MSA induced adult cardiomyocyte death in part via TRAF3IP2. These results demonstrate for the first time that AOPPs induce cardiomyocyte death via Nox2/Rac1/superoxide-dependent TRAF3IP2/JNK activation in vitro and suggest that AOPPs may contribute to myocardial injury in vivo. Thus TRAF3IP2 may represent a potential therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Valente
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | | | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Research Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70161
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221
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Hmgb1-TLR4-IL-23-IL-17A Axis Promote Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Cardiac Transplantation Model. Transplantation 2013; 95:1448-54. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318293b7e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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222
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Mazereeuw G, Herrmann N, Bennett SAL, Swardfager W, Xu H, Valenzuela N, Fai S, Lanctôt KL. Platelet activating factors in depression and coronary artery disease: a potential biomarker related to inflammatory mechanisms and neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1611-21. [PMID: 23800745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of a depressive episode in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients not only heightens the risk of acute ischemic events, but it is also associated with accelerated cognitive decline. Antidepressant interventions for depression in CAD have only modest effects and novel approaches are limited by a poor understanding of etiological mechanisms. This review proposes that the platelet activating factor (PAF) family of lipids might be associated with the persistence of a depressive episode and related neurodegenerative pathology in CAD due to their association with leading etiological mechanisms for depression in CAD such as inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and platelet reactivity. The evidence implicating PAFs in CAD, vascular pathology, and neurodegenerative processes is also presented. We also propose future directions for the investigation of PAFs as mediators of persistent depression. In summary, PAFs are implicated in leading mechanisms associated with depression in CAD. PAFs may therefore be associated with the persistence of depression in CAD and related to neurodegenerative and cognitive sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Mazereeuw
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; CIHR Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics, Canada
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223
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Carbone F, Nencioni A, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Pathophysiological role of neutrophils in acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:501-14. [PMID: 23740239 DOI: 10.1160/th13-03-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction is known to be mediated by systemic, intraplaque and myocardial inflammatory processes. Among different immune cell subsets, compelling evidence now indicates a pivotal role for neutrophils in acute coronary syndromes. Neutrophils infiltrate coronary plaques and the infarcted myocardium and mediate tissue damage by releasing matrix-degrading enzymes and reactive oxygen species. In addition, neutrophils are also involved in post-infarction adverse cardiac remodelling and neointima formation after angioplasty. The promising results obtained in preclinical modelswith pharmacological approaches interfering with neutrophil recruitment or function have confirmed the pathophysiological relevance of these immune cells in acute coronary syndromes and prompted further studies of these therapeutic interventions. This narrative review will provide an update on the role of neutrophils in acute myocardial infarction and on the pharmacological means that were devised to prevent neutrophil-mediated tissue damage and to reduce post-ischaemic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carbone
- Fabrizio Montecucco, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, 64 Avenue Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 223827238, Fax: +41 223827245, E-mail:
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224
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Fujiu K, Nagai R. Contributions of cardiomyocyte–cardiac fibroblast–immune cell interactions in heart failure development. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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225
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Eggenhofer E, Rovira J, Sabet-Baktach M, Groell A, Scherer MN, Dahlke MH, Farkas SA, Loss M, Koehl GE, Lang SA, Melter M, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Kroemer A. Unconventional RORγt+ T Cells Drive Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:480-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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226
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Ding HS, Yang J, Chen P, Yang J, Bo SQ, Ding JW, Yu QQ. The HMGB1-TLR4 axis contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Gene 2013; 527:389-93. [PMID: 23727604 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), are known for playing central roles in ischemia-reperfusion injury in myocardium. However, the detailed mechanisms of TLR4 and HMGB1 are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of the HMGB1-TLR4 axis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis on myocardial ischemic damage. Artificial oxygen ventilated anesthetized C3H/HeN mice and C3H/HeJ mice were subjected to 30 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 6h of reperfusion. The myocardial infarct size, HMGB1 levels, apoptosis index, Bax, Bcl-2 and TNF-α mRNA levels were assessed. The results showed that a lowered amount of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and infarct size in the myocardium of TLR4-mutant mice after myocardial I/R and that TLR4 deficiency notably inhibited the expression of HMGB1 and TNF-a, both of which were up-regulated by ischemia/reperfusion. These findings suggest that the HMGB1-TLR4 axis plays a pathogenic role in triggering cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial I/R injury and that the possible mechanism for this process is the result of released cytokines and inflammatory response involved in the HMGB1/TLR4-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Sheng Ding
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, 443000 Yichang, Hubei Province, China
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227
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Li X, Zhang J, Chen Z, Yang L, Xing X, Ma X, Yang Z. Both PI3K- and mTOR-signaling pathways take part in CVB3-induced apoptosis of Hela cells. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:359-70. [PMID: 23705975 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work illustrated the mechanism contributing to the process of Phosphatidylinostiol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which has been demonstrated to play an important role in virus-induced apoptosis, which contributes to the Viral Myocarditis (VMC) pathogeneses. We examined the expression of Bax, Bim, caspase-3, caspase-9, and viral replication after Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection using the mTOR inhibitor and PI3K inhibitor pretreated HeLa cells, respectively. Apoptosis in different groups was determined by flow cytometry. Bax, Bim, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were examined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis. The expression of CVB3 mRNA and viral capsid protein VP1 were analyzed by semiquantitative PCR and Western blot analysis distinctively. We found that rapamycin and LY294002 promote CVB3-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and apoptosis. CVB3 replication in host cells is mediated in mRNA and protein expression by rapamycin and LY294002. Moreover, comparing with controls, at 12 and 24 h of postinfection (p.i.), Bim and Bax expression increased in cells after treated with rapamycin or LY294002, which also stimulates the activation of procaspase-9, and the CVB3-induced caspase-3 self-cleavage. However, in the meantime, the mRNA expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 did not have an obvious change. In summary, our results demonstrated that the mTOR-signaling pathway plays an important role in CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis, which is indispensable in VMC, via regulating Bim, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3, and viral replication. Our findings may provide a new perspective and a deeper understanding of the mechanism of CVB3-induced apoptosis which, in turn, may help with the development of new therapy for the CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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228
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Van Zandt MC, Whitehouse DL, Golebiowski A, Ji MK, Zhang M, Beckett RP, Jagdmann GE, Ryder TR, Sheeler R, Andreoli M, Conway B, Mahboubi K, D’Angelo G, Mitschler A, Cousido-Siah A, Ruiz FX, Howard EI, Podjarny AD, Schroeter H. Discovery of (R)-2-Amino-6-borono-2-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)hexanoic Acid and Congeners As Highly Potent Inhibitors of Human Arginases I and II for Treatment of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2568-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Van Zandt
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Darren L. Whitehouse
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Min Koo Ji
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Mingbao Zhang
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - R. Paul Beckett
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - G. Erik Jagdmann
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Todd R. Ryder
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Ryan Sheeler
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Monica Andreoli
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Bruce Conway
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Keyvan Mahboubi
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Gerard D’Angelo
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Andre Mitschler
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Francesc X. Ruiz
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Eduardo I. Howard
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- IFLYSIB, Conicet, UNLP, Calle 59 N° 789, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alberto D. Podjarny
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hagen Schroeter
- Mars, Incorporated, 6885
Elm Street, McLean,Virginia 22101, United States
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229
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Yan X, Shichita T, Katsumata Y, Matsuhashi T, Ito H, Ito K, Anzai A, Endo J, Tamura Y, Kimura K, Fujita J, Shinmura K, Shen W, Yoshimura A, Fukuda K, Sano M. Deleterious effect of the IL-23/IL-17A axis and γδT cells on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e004408. [PMID: 23316306 PMCID: PMC3541626 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) remodeling leads to chronic heart failure and is a main determinant of morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). At the present time, therapeutic options to prevent LV remodeling are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We created a large MI by permanent ligation of the coronary artery and identified a potential link between the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17A axis and γδT cells that affects late-stage LV remodeling after MI. Despite the finsinf that infarct size 24 hours after surgery was similar to that in wild-type mice, a deficiency in IL-23, IL-17A, or γδT cells improved survival after 7 days, limiting infarct expansion and fibrosis in noninfarcted myocardium and alleviating LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction on day 28 post-MI. M(1) macrophages and neutrophils were the major cellular source of IL-23, whereas >90% of IL-17A-producing T cells in infarcted heart were CD4(-) TCRγδ(+) (γδT) cells. Toll-like receptor signaling and IL-1β worked in concert with IL-23 to drive expansion and IL-17A production in cardiac γδT cells, whereas the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and CCL20/CCR6 signaling pathways mediated γδT cell recruitment into infarcted heart. IL-17A was not involved in the acute inflammatory response, but it functioned specifically in the late remodeling stages by promoting sustained infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, stimulating macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, aggravating cardiomyocyte death, and enhancing fibroblast proliferation and profibrotic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The IL-23/IL-17A immune axis and γδT cells are potentially promising therapeutic targets after MI to prevent progression to end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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230
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Yu X, Deng L, Wang D, Li N, Chen X, Cheng X, Yuan J, Gao X, Liao M, Wang M, Liao Y. Mechanism of TNF-α autocrine effects in hypoxic cardiomyocytes: initiated by hypoxia inducible factor 1α, presented by exosomes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:848-57. [PMID: 23085511 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression is increasingly thought to be detrimental to cardiomyocytes in acute myocardial infarction. During myocardial ischemia, TNF-α is mainly released from macrophages, but with persistent ischemia, it can originate from cardiomyocytes and contribute to cardiac remodeling. The initiating factor and exact molecular mechanism of TNF-α release from cardiomyocytes is presently unclear. In this study, we investigated direct effects of hypoxia on TNF-α expression of cardiomyocytes, the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in TNF-α regulation and potential secretory pathway of TNF-α. Elevated TNF-α expression and HIF-1α activation in primary cultured cardiomyocytes under hypoxia were detected by real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. TNF-α mRNA elevation and protein secretion were obviously inhibited by nucleofection of HIF-1α small interfering RNA (siRNA) and treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol (inhibitor of HIF-1α protein). Similar results were observed in HEK293 and HepG2 cells. Putative hypoxia response elements were identified in the human TNF-α gene promoter. Deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that HIF consensus binding sites spanning bp-1295 to bp-1292 relative to the transcription start site were functional for activation of the TNF-α promoter which was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. Exosomes (vesicles mediating a non-classical route of protein secretion) in supernatants from hypoxic cardiomyocytes were identified by an anti-CD63 antibody in Western blot and observed by electron microscopy. The presence of TNF-α within exosomes precipitated from supernatants of hypoxic cardiomyocytes was verified by immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting. Results of this study indicate that under hypoxia, HIF-1α initiates expression of TNF-α, mediated by exosomes in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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231
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Communication in the heart: the role of the innate immune system in coordinating cellular responses to ischemic injury. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:827-36. [PMID: 23054658 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiac injury is the leading cause of heart failure and mortality in the USA and is a major expense to health-care systems. Once the heart is injured, a highly dynamic and coordinated immune response is initiated, which is dependent on both resident and recruited leukocytes. The goal of the inflammatory response is to remove ischemic and necrotic material and to promote infarct healing. If this system is perturbed, the myocardium heals poorly, leading to significant left ventricular dysfunction. Understanding how inflammatory cells coordinate and interact with each other is required prior to designing therapeutic interventions that target pathological processes at play and leave untouched those processes that are protective. This review will discuss the intercellular cross talk between cells of the innate immune system following myocardial ischemic injury and how that response is coordinated over time.
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232
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Cardiac intercellular communication: are myocytes and fibroblasts fair-weather friends? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:768-82. [PMID: 23015462 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast (CF) has historically been thought of as a quiescent cell of the heart, passively maintaining the extracellular environment for the cardiomyocytes (CM), the functional cardiac cell type. The increasingly appreciated role of the CF, however, extends well beyond matrix production, governing many aspects of cardiac function including cardiac electrophysiology and contractility. Importantly, its contributions to cardiac pathophysiology and pathologic remodeling have created a shift in the field's focus from the CM to the CF as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiac diseases. In response to cardiac injury, the CF undergoes a pathologic phenotypic transition into a myofibroblast, characterized by contractile smooth muscle proteins and upregulation of collagens, matrix proteins, and adhesion molecules. Further, the myofibroblast upregulates expression and secretion of a variety of pro-inflammatory, profibrotic mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These mediators act in both an autocrine fashion to further activate CFs, as well as in a paracrine manner on both CMs and circulating inflammatory cells to induce myocyte dysfunction and chronic inflammation, respectively. Together, cell-specific cytokine-induced effects exacerbate pathologic remodeling and progression to HF. A better understanding of this dynamic intercellular communication will lead to novel targets for the attenuation of cardiac remodeling. Current strategies aimed at targeting cytokines have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials, lending insights into ways that such intercellular cross talk can be more effectively attenuated. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding CF functions in the heart and will discuss the regulation and signaling behind CF-mediated cytokine production and function. We will then highlight clinical trials that have exploited cytokine cross talk in the treatment of heart failure and provide novel strategies currently under investigation that may more effectively target pathologic CF-CM communication for the treatment of cardiac disease. This review explores novel mechanisms to directly attenuate heart failure progression through inhibition of signaling downstream of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are elevated after cardiac injury.
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233
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Simon T, Taleb S, Danchin N, Laurans L, Rousseau B, Cattan S, Montely JM, Dubourg O, Tedgui A, Kotti S, Mallat Z. Circulating levels of interleukin-17 and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:570-7. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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234
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Matusik P, Guzik B, Weber C, Guzik TJ. Do we know enough about the immune pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes to improve clinical practice? Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:443-56. [PMID: 22872109 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Morbidities related to atherosclerosis, such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS) including unstable angina and myocardial infarction, remain leading causes of mortality. Unstable plaques are inflamed and infiltrated with macrophages and T lymphocytes. Activated dendritic cells interact with T cells, yielding predominantly Th1 responses involving interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while the role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) is questionable. The expansion of CD28nullCD4 or CD8 T cells as well as pattern recognition receptors activation (especially Toll-like receptors; TLR2 and TLR4) is characteristic for unstable plaque. Inflammation modifies platelet and fibrin clot characteristics, which are critical for ACS. Understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms of atherothrombosis, bridging inflammation, oxidative stress and immune regulation, will allow for the detection of subjects at risk, through the use of novel biomarkers and imaging techniques including intravascular ultrasound, molecular targeting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Moreover, understanding the specific inflammatory pathways of plaque rupture and atherothrombosis may allow for immunomodulation of ACS. Statins and anti-platelet drugs are anti-inflammatory, but importance of immune events in ACS warrants the introduction of novel, specific treatments directed either on cytokines, TLRs or inflammasomes. While the prime time for the introduction of immunologically inspired diagnostic tests and treatments for atherosclerosis have not come yet, we are closer than ever before to finally being able to benefit from this vast body of experimental and clinical evidence. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the role of the immune system and inflammation in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Matusik
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kracow, Poland
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Zhu ZF, Li JJ, Liu J, Tang TT, Ding YJ, Liao YH, Cheng X, Wang X. Circulating Th17 cells are not elevated in patients with chronic heart failure. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2012; 46:295-300. [PMID: 22655909 DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2012.699096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidences have been obtained that immune activation and inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF). T helper (Th) 17 cells are a newly found pro-inflammatory T cell subtype. We therefore assessed the hypothesis that circulating Th17 cells increased in patients with CHF. Hypothesis. Th17 cells and its cytokine might be elevated in patients with CHF. METHODS A total of 92 patients with CHF and 59 healthy donors were enrolled in the study. The frequencies of circulating Th17 cells were determined by flow cytometry. The interleukin (IL)-17 protein levels in the serum and supernatant of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated periphery blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected using ELISA and the mRNA expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt, which is the key transcription factor of Th17 cells was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the frequency of circulating Th17 cells, serum level of IL-17, and expression of RORγt in PBMCs between CHF patients and healthy controls. IL-17 protein level in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated PBMCs was also comparable between CHF patients and health donors. CONCLUSIONS Circulating Th17 cells are not elevated in patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhu
- The Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liu HX, Fei SJ, Ye HH, Zhang JL, Zhang YM. Effect of propofol on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric mucosal cells in gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1495-1501. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i17.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the changes in proliferation and apoptosis of gastric mucosal cells in gastric ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to clarify whether propofol has a gastric protection effect and the possible mechanisms involved.
METHODS: Seventy-two Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group, I/R injury group, fat emulsion group, and propofol group. Except the sham operation group, I/R injury was induced in other groups by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min and allowing reperfusion for 1h. The mice were finally sacrificed to observe morphological changes and investigate gastric mucosal damage index (GMDI). The histological changes of the stomach were observed using light microscopy. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutas (SOD) in gastric mucosal cells were measured by colorimetry analysis. Immunohistochemistry and TdT-mediated d-UTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to observe PCNA expression and apoptosis in gastric mucosa, and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins was determined by Western blot.
RESULTS: Severe mucosal lesions induced by gastric I/R were considerably reduced following administration of propofol (25 mg/kg); mucosal and submueosal hyperemia, edema, and deep erosion were improved significantly. Compared to the I/R group, treatment with propofol significantly reduced gastric mucosal MDA content and cell apoptosis (33.9% ± 1.3% vs 60.8% ± 6.9%, P < 0.01), enhanced SOD activity, promoted cell proliferation (16.0% ± 1.8% vs 6.4% ± 1.2%, P < 0.01), and regulated Bax (0.453 ± 0.025 vs 0.268 ± 0.023, P < 0.01) and Bcl-2 (0.513 ± 0.014 vs 0.752 ± 0.015, P < 0.01) protein expression.
CONCLUSION: Propofol protects against gastric gastric I/R injury possibly by promoting gastric mucosal cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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