201
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Wang B, Benitez AJ, Lossada F, Merindol R, Walther A. Bioinspired Mechanical Gradients in Cellulose Nanofibril/Polymer Nanopapers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5966-70. [PMID: 27061218 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical gradients are important as tough joints, for strain field engineering in printable electronics, for actuators, and for biological studies, yet they are difficult to prepare and quantitatively characterize. We demonstrate the additive fabrication of gradient bioinspired nanocomposites based on stiff, renewable cellulose nanofibrils that are bottom-up toughened via a tailor-made copolymer. Direct filament writing of different nanocomposite hydrogels in patterns, and subsequent healing of the filaments into continuous films while drying leads to a variety of linear, parabolic and striped bulk gradients. In situ digital image correlation under tensile deformation reveals important differences in the strain fields regarding asymmetry and step heights of the patterns. We envisage that merging top-down and bottom-up structuring of nanocellulose hybrids opens avenues for aperiodic and multiscale, bioinspired nanocomposites with optimized combinations of stiffness and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochun Wang
- DWI-, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alejandro J Benitez
- DWI-, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- DWI-, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Remi Merindol
- DWI-, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI-, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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202
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Wang B, Benitez AJ, Lossada F, Merindol R, Walther A. Bioinspired Mechanical Gradients in Cellulose Nanofibril/Polymer Nanopapers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baochun Wang
- DWI— Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Alejandro J. Benitez
- DWI— Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- DWI— Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Remi Merindol
- DWI— Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI— Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
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203
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204
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Boffito M, Gioffredi E, Chiono V, Calzone S, Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Ciardelli G. Novel polyurethane-based thermosensitive hydrogels as drug release and tissue engineering platforms: design and in vitro
characterization. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Emilia Gioffredi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Stefano Calzone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica; University of Piemonte Orientale; Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Simona Martinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica; University of Piemonte Orientale; Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
- CNR-IPCF UOS Pisa; Via Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
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205
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Mertaniemi H, Escobedo-Lucea C, Sanz-Garcia A, Gandía C, Mäkitie A, Partanen J, Ikkala O, Yliperttula M. Human stem cell decorated nanocellulose threads for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2016; 82:208-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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206
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Martínez Ávila H, Schwarz S, Rotter N, Gatenholm P. 3D bioprinting of human chondrocyte-laden nanocellulose hydrogels for patient-specific auricular cartilage regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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207
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Hua K, Rocha I, Zhang P, Gustafsson S, Ning Y, Strømme M, Mihranyan A, Ferraz N. Transition from Bioinert to Bioactive Material by Tailoring the Biological Cell Response to Carboxylated Nanocellulose. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1224-33. [PMID: 26886265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an insight into the relationship between cell response and physicochemical properties of Cladophora cellulose (CC) by investigating the effect of CC functional group density on the response of model cell lines. CC was carboxylated by electrochemical TEMPO-mediated oxidation. By varying the amount of charge passed through the electrolysis setup, CC materials with different degrees of oxidation were obtained. The effect of carboxyl group density on the material's physicochemical properties was investigated together with the response of human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and human osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) to the carboxylated CC films. The introduction of carboxyl groups resulted in CC films with decreased specific surface area and smaller total pore volume compared with the unmodified CC (u-CC). While u-CC films presented a porous network of randomly oriented fibers, a compact and aligned fiber pattern was depicted for the carboxylated-CC films. The decrease in surface area and total pore volume, and the orientation and aggregation of the fibers tended to augment parallel to the increase in the carboxyl group density. hDF and Saos-2 cells presented poor cell adhesion and spreading on u-CC, which gradually increased for the carboxylated CC as the degree of oxidation increased. It was found that a threshold value in carboxyl group density needs be reached to obtain a carboxylated-CC film with cytocompatibility comparable to commercial tissue culture material. Hence, this study demonstrates that a normally bioinert nanomaterial can be rendered bioactive by carefully tuning the density of charged groups on the material surface, a finding that not only may contribute to the fundamental understanding of biointerface phenomena, but also to the development of bioinert/bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hua
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Rocha
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Peng Zhang
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon Gustafsson
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yi Ning
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Albert Mihranyan
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
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208
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Torres-Rendon JG, Köpf M, Gehlen D, Blaeser A, Fischer H, Laporte LD, Walther A. Cellulose Nanofibril Hydrogel Tubes as Sacrificial Templates for Freestanding Tubular Cell Constructs. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:905-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Köpf
- Dental
Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - David Gehlen
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Dental
Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Dental
Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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209
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Valle-Delgado JJ, Johansson LS, Österberg M. Bioinspired lubricating films of cellulose nanofibrils and hyaluronic acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 138:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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210
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Quennouz N, Hashmi SM, Choi HS, Kim JW, Osuji CO. Rheology of cellulose nanofibrils in the presence of surfactants. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:157-164. [PMID: 26466557 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01803j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) present unique opportunities for rheology modification in complex fluids. Here we systematically consider the effect of ionic and non-ionic surfactants on the rheology of dilute CNF suspensions. Neat suspensions are transparent yield-stress fluids which display strong shear thinning and power-law dependence of modulus on concentration, G' ∼ c(2.1). Surfactant addition below a critical mass concentration cc produces an increase in the gel modulus with retention of optical clarity. Larger than critical concentrations induce significant fibril aggregation leading to the loss of suspension stability and optical clarity, and to aggregate sedimentation. The critical concentration was the lowest for a cationic surfactant (DTAB), cc ≈ 0.08%, while suspension stability was retained for non-ionic surfactants (Pluronic F68, TX100) at concentrations up to 8%. The anionic surfactant SDS led to a loss of stability at cc ≈ 1.6% whereas suspension stability was not compromised by anionic SLES up to 8%. Dynamic light scattering data are consistent with a scenario in which gel formation is driven by micelle-nanofibril bridging mediated by associative interactions of ethoxylated surfactant headgroups with the cellulose fibrils. This may explain the strong difference between the properties of SDS and SLES-modified suspensions. These results have implications for the use of CNFs as a rheology modifier in surfactant-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Quennouz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.
| | - Sara M Hashmi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.
| | - Hong Sung Choi
- Shinsegae International Co. Ltd, Seoul, 135-954, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Republic of Korea and Department of Biono Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.
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211
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Sinha A, Martin EM, Lim KT, Carrier DJ, Han H, Zharov VP, Kim JW. Cellulose Nanocrystals as Advanced "Green" Materials for Biological and Biomedical Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5307/jbe.2015.40.4.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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212
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Lou YR, Kanninen L, Kaehr B, Townson JL, Niklander J, Harjumäki R, Jeffrey Brinker C, Yliperttula M. Silica bioreplication preserves three-dimensional spheroid structures of human pluripotent stem cells and HepG2 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13635. [PMID: 26323570 PMCID: PMC4555166 DOI: 10.1038/srep13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures produce more in vivo-like multicellular structures such as spheroids that cannot be obtained in two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Thus, they are increasingly employed as models for cancer and drug research, as well as tissue engineering. It has proven challenging to stabilize spheroid architectures for detailed morphological examination. Here we overcome this issue using a silica bioreplication (SBR) process employed on spheroids formed from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells cultured in the nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel. The cells in the spheroids are more round and tightly interacting with each other than those in 2D cultures, and they develop microvilli-like structures on the cell membranes as seen in 2D cultures. Furthermore, SBR preserves extracellular matrix-like materials and cellular proteins. These findings provide the first evidence of intact hPSC spheroid architectures and similar fine structures to 2D-cultured cells, providing a pathway to enable our understanding of morphogenesis in 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Lou
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liisa Kanninen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Jason L Townson
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.,Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Johanna Niklander
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Riina Harjumäki
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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213
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Hua K, Ålander E, Lindström T, Mihranyan A, Strømme M, Ferraz N. Surface Chemistry of Nanocellulose Fibers Directs Monocyte/Macrophage Response. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2787-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hua
- Nanotechnology
and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box
534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Ålander
- Innventia AB, Drottning Kristinas
väg 55, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Lindström
- Innventia AB, Drottning Kristinas
väg 55, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Mihranyan
- Nanotechnology
and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box
534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology
and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box
534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- Nanotechnology
and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box
534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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214
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Development of chitosan-nanofiber-based hydrogels exhibiting high mechanical strength and pH-responsive controlled release. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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215
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Torres-Rendon JG, Femmer T, De Laporte L, Tigges T, Rahimi K, Gremse F, Zafarnia S, Lederle W, Ifuku S, Wessling M, Hardy JG, Walther A. Bioactive gyroid scaffolds formed by sacrificial templating of nanocellulose and nanochitin hydrogels as instructive platforms for biomimetic tissue engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2989-95. [PMID: 25833165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A sacrificial templating process using lithographically printed minimal surface structures allows complex de novo geo-metries of delicate hydrogel materials. The hydrogel scaffolds based on cellulose and chitin nanofibrils show differences in terms of attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells, and allow their differentiation into osteogenic outcomes. The approach here serves as a first example toward designer hydrogel scaffolds viable for biomimetic tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Femmer
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering AVT.CVT, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstr. 46, D-52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Tigges
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sara Zafarnia
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Lederle
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shinsuke Ifuku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 101-4 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8502, Japan
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering AVT.CVT, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstr. 46, D-52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - John G Hardy
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
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216
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Sukul M, Nguyen TBL, Min YK, Lee SY, Lee BT. Effect of Local Sustainable Release of BMP2-VEGF from Nano-Cellulose Loaded in Sponge Biphasic Calcium Phosphate on Bone Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1822-36. [PMID: 25808925 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a coordinated process mainly regulated by multiple growth factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates angiogenesis and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce osteogenesis during bone healing process. The aim of this study was to investigate how these growth factors released locally and sustainably from nano-cellulose (NC) simultaneously effect bone formation. A biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)-NC-BMP2-VEGF (BNBV) scaffold was fabricated for this purpose. The sponge BCP scaffold was prepared by replica method and then loaded with 0.5% NC containing BMP2-VEGF. Growth factors were released from NC in a sustainable manner from 1 to 30 days. BNBV scaffolds showed higher cell attachment and proliferation behavior than the other scaffolds loaded with single growth factors. Bare BCP scaffolds and BNBV scaffolds seeded with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were implanted ectopically and orthotopically in nude mice for 4 weeks. No typical bone formation was exhibited in BNBV scaffolds in ectopic sites. BMP2 and VEGF showed positive effects on new bone formation in BNBV scaffolds, with and without seeded stem cells, in the orthotopic defects. This study demonstrated that the BNBV scaffold could be beneficial for improved bone regeneration. Stem cell incorporation into this scaffold could further enhance the bone healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Sukul
- 1Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Ba Linh Nguyen
- 1Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Min
- 2Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,3Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- 4Division of Environmental Material Engineering, Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- 1Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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217
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Zhao J, Lu C, He X, Zhang X, Zhang W, Zhang X. Polyethylenimine-Grafted Cellulose Nanofibril Aerogels as Versatile Vehicles for Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2607-15. [PMID: 25562313 DOI: 10.1021/am507601m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xu He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ximu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital
of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital
of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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218
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Liu J, Willför S, Xu C. A review of bioactive plant polysaccharides: Biological activities, functionalization, and biomedical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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219
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Nanocellulose and Proteins: Exploiting Their Interactions for Production, Immobilization, and Synthesis of Biocompatible Materials. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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220
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Chau M, Sriskandha SE, Thérien-Aubin H, Kumacheva E. Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Polymer Hydrogels. SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMER NETWORKS AND GELS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15404-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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221
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Ruedinger F, Lavrentieva A, Blume C, Pepelanova I, Scheper T. Hydrogels for 3D mammalian cell culture: a starting guide for laboratory practice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:623-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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222
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Zander NE, Dong H, Steele J, Grant JT. Metal cation cross-linked nanocellulose hydrogels as tissue engineering substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18502-18510. [PMID: 25295848 DOI: 10.1021/am506007z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of cellulose materials for biomedical applications is attractive due to their low cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Specific processing of cellulose to yield nanofibrils further improves mechanical properties and suitability as a tissue engineering substrate due to the similarity to the fibrous structure, porosity, and size-scale of the native extracellular matrix. In order to generate the substrate, nanocellulose hydrogels were fabricated from carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils via hydrogelation using metal salts. Hydrogels cross-linked with Ca(2+) and Fe(3+) were investigated as tissue culture substrates for C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cells. Control substrates as well as those with physically adsorbed and covalently attached fibronectin protein were evaluated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Significantly more cells were attached to surfaces modified with protein, with the highest number of cells adhered to the calcium cross-linked hydrogels with covalently attached protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Zander
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
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223
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224
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Laurén P, Lou YR, Raki M, Urtti A, Bergström K, Yliperttula M. Technetium-99m-labeled nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel for in vivo drug release. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 65:79-88. [PMID: 25245005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale celluloses have recently gained an increasing interest in modern medicine. In this study, we investigated the properties of plant derived nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) as an injectable drug releasing hydrogel in vivo. We demonstrated a reliable and efficient method of technetium-99m-NFC labeling, which enables us to trace the in vivo localization of the hydrogel. The release and distribution of study compounds from the NFC hydrogel after subcutaneous injection in the pelvic region of BALB/c mice were examined with a multimodality imaging device SPECT/CT. The drug release profiles were simulated by 1-compartmental models of Phoenix® WinNonlin®. The NFC hydrogel remained intact at the injection site during the study. The study compounds are more concentrated at the injection site when administered with the NFC hydrogel compared with saline solutions. In addition, the NFC hydrogel reduced the elimination rate of a large compound, technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin by 2 folds, but did not alter the release rate of a small compound (123)I-β-CIT (a cocaine analogue). In conclusion, the NFC hydrogels is easily prepared and readily injected, and it has potential use as a matrix for controlled release or local delivery of large compounds. The interactions between NFC and specific therapeutic compounds are possible and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Laurén
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Raki
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim Bergström
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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225
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Vellonen KS, Malinen M, Mannermaa E, Subrizi A, Toropainen E, Lou YR, Kidron H, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. A critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:94-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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226
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Abstract
The development of hydrogel-based biomaterials represents a promising approach to generating new strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In order to develop more sophisticated cell-seeded hydrogel constructs, it is important to understand how cells mechanically interact with hydrogels. In this paper, we review the mechanisms by which cells remodel hydrogels, the influence that the hydrogel mechanical and structural properties have on cell behaviour and the role of mechanical stimulation in cell-seeded hydrogels. Cell-mediated remodelling of hydrogels is directed by several cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, contraction, degradation and extracellular matrix deposition. Variations in hydrogel stiffness, density, composition, orientation and viscoelastic characteristics all affect cell activity and phenotype. The application of mechanical force on cells encapsulated in hydrogels can also instigate changes in cell behaviour. By improving our understanding of cell-material mechano-interactions in hydrogels, this should enable a new generation of regenerative medical therapies to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ahearne
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering , Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland ; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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227
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Cai H, Sharma S, Liu W, Mu W, Liu W, Zhang X, Deng Y. Aerogel microspheres from natural cellulose nanofibrils and their application as cell culture scaffold. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2540-7. [PMID: 24894125 DOI: 10.1021/bm5003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that ultralight pure natural aerogel microspheres can be fabricated using cellulose nanofibrials (CNF) directly. Experimentally, the CNF aqueous gel droplets, produced by spraying and atomizing through a steel nozzle, were collected into liquid nitrogen for instant freezing followed by freeze-drying. The aerogel microspheres are highly porous with bulk density as low as 0.0018 g cm(-3). The pore size of the cellulose aeogel microspheres ranges from nano- to macrometers. The unique ultralight and high porous structure ensured high moisture (~90 g g(-1)) and water uptake capacity (~100 g g(-1)) of the aerogel microspheres. Covalent cross-linking between the native nanofibrils and cross-linkers made the aerogel microspheres very stable even in a harsh environment. The present study also confirmed this kind of aerogel microspheres from native cellulose fibers can be used as cell culture scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cai
- College of Quartermaster Technology, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
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228
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Malinen MM, Kanninen LK, Corlu A, Isoniemi HM, Lou YR, Yliperttula ML, Urtti AO. Differentiation of liver progenitor cell line to functional organotypic cultures in 3D nanofibrillar cellulose and hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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229
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Vu LT, Less RR, Rajagopalan P. The promise of organotypic hepatic and gastrointestinal models. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:406-13. [PMID: 24845962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the design and assembly of in vitro organotypic liver and gastrointestinal (GI) models can accelerate our understanding of metabolism, nutrient absorption, and the effect of microbial flora. Such models can provide comprehensive information on how of environmental toxins, drugs, and pharmaceuticals interact with and within these organs. Information obtained from such models could elucidate the complicated cascades of signaling mechanisms that occur in vivo. Because experiments on large-scale animal models are expensive and resource intensive, the design of organotypic models has renewed significance. The challenges and approaches to designing liver and GI models are similar. Because these organs are in close proximity and interact continually, we have described recent design considerations to guide future tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rebekah R Less
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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230
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BAČÁKOVÁ L, NOVOTNÁ K, PAŘÍZEK M. Polysaccharides as Cell Carriers for Tissue Engineering: the Use of Cellulose in Vascular Wall Reconstruction. Physiol Res 2014; 63:S29-47. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. These biological polymers have emerged as promising materials for tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, mostly good availability and tailorable properties. This complex group of biomolecules can be classified using several criteria, such as chemical composition (homo- and heteropolysaccharides), structure (linear and branched), function in the organism (structural, storage and secreted polysaccharides), or source (animals, plants, microorganisms). Polysaccharides most widely used in tissue engineering include starch, cellulose, chitosan, pectins, alginate, agar, dextran, pullulan, gellan, xanthan and glycosaminoglycans. Polysaccharides have been applied for engineering and regeneration of practically all tissues, though mostly at the experimental level. Polysaccharides have been tested for engineering of blood vessels, myocardium, heart valves, bone, articular and tracheal cartilage, intervertebral discs, menisci, skin, liver, skeletal muscle, neural tissue, urinary bladder, and also for encapsulation and delivery of pancreatic islets and ovarian follicles. For these purposes, polysaccharides have been applied in various forms, such as injectable hydrogels or porous and fibrous scaffolds, and often in combination with other natural or synthetic polymers or inorganic nanoparticles. The immune response evoked by polysaccharides is usually mild, and can be reduced by purifying the material or by choosing appropriate crosslinking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. BAČÁKOVÁ
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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231
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Liu Y, Ling S, Wang S, Chen X, Shao Z. Thixotropic silk nanofibril-based hydrogel with extracellular matrix-like structure. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1338-1342. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an injectable hydrogel based on silk fibroin (SF) nanofibrils which may offer benefits for cell encapsulation and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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232
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Hua K, Carlsson DO, Ålander E, Lindström T, Strømme M, Mihranyan A, Ferraz N. Translational study between structure and biological response of nanocellulose from wood and green algae. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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233
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Lou YR, Kanninen L, Kuisma T, Niklander J, Noon LA, Burks D, Urtti A, Yliperttula M. The use of nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel as a flexible three-dimensional model to culture human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:380-92. [PMID: 24188453 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have great potential in research and therapies. The current in vitro culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) do not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) in vivo stem cell niche that transiently supports stem cell proliferation and is subject to changes which facilitate subsequent differentiation during development. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that a novel plant-derived nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel creates a flexible 3D environment for hPSC culture. The pluripotency of hPSCs cultured in the NFC hydrogel was maintained for 26 days as evidenced by the expression of OCT4, NANOG, and SSEA-4, in vitro embryoid body formation and in vivo teratoma formation. The use of a cellulose enzyme, cellulase, enables easy cell propagation in 3D culture as well as a shift between 3D and two-dimensional cultures. More importantly, the removal of the NFC hydrogel facilitates differentiation while retaining 3D cell organization. Thus, the NFC hydrogel represents a flexible, xeno-free 3D culture system that supports pluripotency and will be useful in hPSC-based drug research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Lou
- 1 Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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234
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Zhang Y, Carbonell RG, Rojas OJ. Bioactive Cellulose Nanofibrils for Specific Human IgG Binding. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4161-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4007979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orlando J. Rojas
- School
of Science and Technology, Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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235
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Evaluation of drug interactions with nanofibrillar cellulose. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:1238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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236
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Chen YM, Liu ZQ, Feng ZH, Xu F, Liu JK. Adhesive protein-free synthetic hydrogels for retinal pigment epithelium cell culture with low ROS level. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2258-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mei Chen
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qi Liu
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Hui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
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237
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Elmowafy M, Viitala T, Ibrahim HM, Abu-Elyazid SK, Samy A, Kassem A, Yliperttula M. Silymarin loaded liposomes for hepatic targeting: in vitro evaluation and HepG2 drug uptake. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:161-71. [PMID: 23851081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin has hepatoprotective properties and is used in treatment of various liver diseases, but its bioavailability from oral products is very poor. In order to overcome its poor oral bioavailability we have prepared silymarin loaded hepatic targeting liposomes suitable for parenteral administration. The liposomal formulations were composed of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol with or without distearoylphosphoethanolamine-(polyethyleneglycol)-2000 and various amounts of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside (Sito-G) as the hepatic targeting moiety. Increasing the amount of Sito-G in the liposomes gradually decreased drug encapsulation efficiencies from ∼70% to ∼60%; still showing promising drug encapsulation efficiencies. Addition of Sito-G to non-PEGylated liposomes clearly affected their drug release profiles and plasma protein interactions, whereas no effect on these was seen for the PEGylated liposomes. Non-PEGylated liposomes with 0.17 M ratio of Sito-G exhibited the highest cellular drug uptake of 37.5% for all of the studied liposome formulations. The highest cellular drug uptake in the case of PEGylated liposomes was 18%, which was achieved with 0.17 and 0.33 M ratio of added Sito-G. The liposome formulations with the highest drug delivery efficacy in this study showed hemolytic activities around 12.7% and were stable for at least 2 months upon storage in 20 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1.5% Polysorbate 80 at 4 °C and room temperature. These results suggest that the Sito-G containing liposomes prepared in this work have hepatic targeting capability and that they are promising candidates for delivering silymarin to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elmowafy
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 000014 Helsinki, Finland
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