1
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Medina L, Kaehr B, Serda RE. Cancer Cell Silicification and Surface Functionalization to Create Microbial Mimetic Cancer Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2720:209-219. [PMID: 37775668 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3469-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
As cancer progresses, tumor cells adapt to evade immune cells. To counter this, cancer cells can be silicified ex vivo, creating surface masks that can be decorated with microbial-associated molecules that are readily recognized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The transformation process renders the tumor cells nonviable and preserves the integrity of the cell and associated tumor antigens. The resulting personalized cancer vaccine, when returned to the patient, engages molecules on the surface of APC, activating signaling pathways that lead to immune cell activation, vaccine internalization, processing of tumor antigens, and major histocompatibility complex peptide presentation to T cells. The cancer-specific T cells then circulate throughout the body, killing tumor cells. This chapter presents detailed methods for the cryogenic precipitation of silica on cellular structures (cryo-silicification), creating vaccines that are potent immune activators. Further, silicified cells can be dehydrated for shelf storage, eliminating the need for costly cryogenic storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorél Medina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rita E Serda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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2
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McDougall L, Herman J, Huntley E, Leguizamon S, Cook A, White T, Kaehr B, Roach DJ. Free-Form Liquid Crystal Elastomers via Embedded 4D Printing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:58897-58904. [PMID: 38084015 PMCID: PMC10739595 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of active materials that can generate rapid, reversible mechanical actuation in response to external stimuli. Fabrication methods for LCEs have remained a topic of intense research interest in recent years. One promising approach, termed 4D printing, combines the advantages of 3D printing with responsive materials, such as LCEs, to generate smart structures that not only possess user-defined static shapes but also can change their shape over time. To date, 4D-printed LCE structures have been limited to flat objects, restricting shape complexity and associated actuation for smart structure applications. In this work, we report the development of embedded 4D printing to extrude hydrophobic LCE ink into an aqueous, thixotropic gel matrix to produce free-standing, free-form 3D architectures without sacrificing the mechanical actuation properties. The ability to 4D print complex, free-standing 3D LCE architectures opens new avenues for the design and development of functional and responsive systems, such as reconfigurable metamaterials, soft robotics, or biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke McDougall
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Jeremy Herman
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Emily Huntley
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Samuel Leguizamon
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Adam Cook
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Timothy White
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Devin J. Roach
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
- School
of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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3
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Sturniolo NE, Hirsch K, Meredith CH, Beshires BC, Khanna S, Rayes MS, Gallegos MA, McGee S, Kaehr B, Zarzar LD. Iridescence from Total Internal Reflection at 3D Microscale Interfaces: Mechanistic Insights and Spectral Analysis. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2210665. [PMID: 36808776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An experimental investigation and the optical modeling of the structural coloration produced from total internal reflection interference within 3D microstructures are described. Ray-tracing simulations coupled with color visualization and spectral analysis techniques are used to model, examine, and rationalize the iridescence generated for a range of microgeometries, including hemicylinders and truncated hemispheres, under varying illumination conditions. An approach to deconstruct the observed iridescence and complex far-field spectral features into its elementary components and systematically link them to ray trajectories that emanate from the illuminated microstructures is demonstrated. The results are compared with experiments, wherein microstructures are fabricated with methods such as chemical etching, multiphoton lithography, and grayscale lithography. Microstructure arrays patterned on surfaces with varying orientation and size lead to unique color-traveling optical effects and highlight opportunities for how total internal reflection interference can be used to create customizable reflective iridescence. The findings herein provide a robust conceptual framework for rationalizing this multibounce interference mechanism and establish approaches for characterizing and tailoring the optical and iridescent properties of microstructured surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E Sturniolo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Krista Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Caleb H Meredith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Beau C Beshires
- Department of Chemistry, Austin College, Sherman, TX, 75090, USA
| | - Shawn Khanna
- Department of Physics, Our Lady of Lourdes Regional School, Coal Township, PA, 17866, USA
| | - Malak S Rayes
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael A Gallegos
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Shannon McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Lauren D Zarzar
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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4
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Tafoya RR, Gallegos MA, Downing JR, Gamba L, Kaehr B, Coker EN, Hersam MC, Secor EB. Morphology and electrical properties of high-speed flexography-printed graphene. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:123. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Van Winkle M, Wallace HOW, Smith N, Pomerene AT, Wood MG, Kaehr B, Reczek JJ. Direct-write orientation of charge-transfer liquid crystals enables polarization-based coding and encryption. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15352. [PMID: 32948782 PMCID: PMC7501303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical polarizers encompass a class of anisotropic materials that pass-through discrete orientations of light and are found in wide-ranging technologies, from windows and glasses to cameras, digital displays and photonic devices. The wire-grids, ordered surfaces, and aligned nanomaterials used to make polarized films cannot be easily reconfigured once aligned, limiting their use to stationary cross-polarizers in, for example, liquid crystal displays. Here we describe a supramolecular material set and patterning approach where the polarization angle in stand-alone films can be precisely defined at the single pixel level and reconfigured following initial alignment. This capability enables new routes for non-binary information storage, retrieval, and intrinsic encryption, and it suggests future technologies such as photonic chips that can be reconfigured using non-contact patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niquana Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | | | - Michael G Wood
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA. .,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA.
| | - Joseph J Reczek
- Department of Chemistry, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA.
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6
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Meyer KC, Labriola NR, Darling EM, Kaehr B. Shape-Preserved Transformation of Biological Cells into Synthetic Hydrogel Microparticles. Adv Biosyst 2019; 3:e1800285. [PMID: 32627427 PMCID: PMC7747388 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of materials that can mimic the mechanical, and ultimately functional, properties of biological cells can broadly impact the development of biomimetic materials, as well as engineered tissues and therapeutics. Yet, it is challenging to synthesize, for example, microparticles that share both the anisotropic shapes and the elastic properties of living cells. Here, a cell-directed route to replicate cellular structures into synthetic hydrogels such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) is described. First, the internal and external surfaces of chemically fixed cells are replicated in a conformal layer of silica using a sol-gel process. The template is subsequently removed to render shape-preserved, mesoporous silica replicas. Infiltration and cross-linking of PEG precursors and dissolution of the silica result in a soft hydrogel replica of the cellular template as demonstrated using erythrocytes, HeLa, and neuronal cultured cells. The elastic modulus can be tuned over an order of magnitude (≈10-100 kPa) though with a high degree of variability. Furthermore, synthesis without removing the biotemplate results in stimuli-responsive particles that swell/deswell in response to environmental cues. Overall, this work provides a foundation to develop soft particles with nearly limitless architectural complexity derived from dynamic biological templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Meyer
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Nicholas R Labriola
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
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7
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Olden BR, Perez CR, Wilson AL, Cardle II, Lin YS, Kaehr B, Gustafson JA, Jensen MC, Pun SH. Cell-Templated Silica Microparticles with Supported Lipid Bilayers as Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for T Cell Activation. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801188. [PMID: 30549244 PMCID: PMC6394850 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial properties that modulate T cell activation, growth, and differentiation are of significant interest in the field of cellular immunotherapy manufacturing. In this work, a new platform technology that allows for the modulation of various activation particle design parameters important for polyclonal T cell activation is presented. Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are successfully created using supported lipid bilayers on various cell-templated silica microparticles with defined membrane fluidity and stimulating antibody density. This panel of aAPCs is used to probe the importance of activation particle shape, size, membrane fluidity, and stimulation antibody density on T cell outgrowth and differentiation. All aAPC formulations are able to stimulate T cell growth, and preferentially promote CD8+ T cell growth over CD4+ T cell growth when compared to commercially available pendant antibody-conjugated particles. T cells cultured with HeLa- and red blood cell-templated aAPCs have a less-differentiated and less-exhausted phenotype than those cultured with spherical aAPCs with matched membrane coatings when cultured for 14 days. These results support continued exploration of silica-supported lipid bilayers as an aAPC platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn R. Olden
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
| | - Caleb R. Perez
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
| | - Ashley L. Wilson
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ian I. Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yu-Shen Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Joshua A. Gustafson
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael C. Jensen
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
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8
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Van Winkle M, Scrymgeour DA, Kaehr B, Reczek JJ. Laser Rewritable Dichroics through Reconfigurable Organic Charge-Transfer Liquid Crystals. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1706787. [PMID: 29602188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge-transfer materials based on the self-assembly of aromatic donor-acceptor complexes enable a modular organic-synthetic approach to develop and fine-tune electronic and optical properties, and thus these material systems stand to impact a wide range of technologies. Through laser-induction of temperature gradients, in this study, user-defined patterning of strongly dichroic and piezoelectric organic thin films composed of donor-acceptor columnar liquid crystals is shown. Fine, reversible control over isotropic versus anisotropic regions in thin films is demonstrated, enabling noncontact writing/rewriting of micropolarizers, bar codes, and charge-transfer based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Van Winkle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | - David A Scrymgeour
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM New Mexico, 87185, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM New Mexico, 87185, USA
| | - Joseph J Reczek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
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9
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Chen YC, Lu AY, Lu P, Yang X, Jiang CM, Mariano M, Kaehr B, Lin O, Taylor A, Sharp ID, Li LJ, Chou SS, Tung V. Structurally Deformed MoS 2 for Electrochemically Stable, Thermally Resistant, and Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1703863. [PMID: 29024072 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The emerging molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) offers intriguing possibilities for realizing a transformative new catalyst for driving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the trade-off between catalytic activity and long-term stability represents a formidable challenge and has not been extensively addressed. This study reports that metastable and temperature-sensitive chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2 ) can be made into electrochemically stable (5000 cycles), and thermally robust (300 °C) while maintaining synthetic scalability and excellent catalytic activity through physical-transformation into 3D structurally deformed nanostructures. The dimensional transition enabled by a high throughput electrohydrodynamic process provides highly accessible, and electrochemically active surface area and facilitates efficient transport across various interfaces. Meanwhile, the hierarchically strained morphology is found to improve electronic coupling between active sites and current collecting substrates without the need for selective engineering the electronically heterogeneous interfaces. Specifically, the synergistic combination of high strain load stemmed from capillarity-induced-self-crumpling and sulfur (S) vacancies intrinsic to chemical exfoliation enables simultaneous modulation of active site density and intrinsic HER activity regardless of continuous operation or elevated temperature. These results provide new insights into how catalytic activity, electrochemical-, and thermal stability can be concurrently enhanced through the physical transformation that is reminiscent of nature, in which properties of biological materials emerge from evolved dimensional transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chang Chen
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ang-Yu Lu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley, National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marina Mariano
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Oliver Lin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - André Taylor
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley, National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stanley S Chou
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Vincent Tung
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
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10
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Szwejkowski CJ, Giri A, Warzoha R, Donovan BF, Kaehr B, Hopkins PE. Molecular Tuning of the Vibrational Thermal Transport Mechanisms in Fullerene Derivative Solutions. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1389-1396. [PMID: 28112951 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Control over the thermal conductance from excited molecules into an external environment is essential for the development of customized photothermal therapies and chemical processes. This control could be achieved through molecule tuning of the chemical moieties in fullerene derivatives. For example, the thermal transport properties in the fullerene derivatives indene-C60 monoadduct (ICMA), indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA), [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid butyl ester (PCBB), and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid octyl ester (PCBO) could be tuned by choosing a functional group such that its intrinsic vibrational density of states bridge that of the parent molecule and a liquid. However, this effect has never been experimentally realized for molecular interfaces in liquid suspensions. Using the pump-probe technique time domain thermotransmittance, we measure the vibrational relaxation times of photoexcited fullerene derivatives in solutions and calculate an effective thermal boundary conductance from the opto-thermally excited molecule into the liquid. We relate the thermal boundary conductance to the vibrational modes of the functional groups using density of states calculations from molecular dynamics. Our findings indicate that the attachment of an ester group to a C60 molecule, such as in PCBM, PCBB, and PCBO, provides low-frequency modes which facilitate thermal coupling with the liquid. This offers a channel for heat flow in addition to direct coupling between the buckyball and the liquid. In contrast, the attachment of indene rings to C60 does not supply the same low-frequency modes and, thus, does not generate the same enhancement in thermal boundary conductance. Understanding how chemical functionalization of C60 affects the vibrational thermal transport in molecule/liquid systems allows the thermal boundary conductance to be manipulated and adapted for medical and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald Warzoha
- Mechanical Engineering Department, United States Naval Academy , Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | | | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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11
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Chou SS, Swartzentruber BS, Janish MT, Meyer KC, Biedermann LB, Okur S, Burckel DB, Carter CB, Kaehr B. Laser Direct Write Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3736-3741. [PMID: 27593712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites are increasingly considered for applications beyond photovoltaics, for example, light emission and detection, where an ability to pattern and prototype microscale geometries can facilitate the incorporation of this class of materials into devices. Here we demonstrate laser direct write of lead halide perovskites, a remarkably simple procedure that takes advantage of the inverse dependence between perovskite solubility and temperature by using a laser to induce localized heating of an absorbing substrate. We demonstrate arbitrary pattern formation of crystalline CH3NH3PbBr3 on a range of substrates and fabricate and characterize a microscale photodetector using this approach. This direct write methodology provides a path forward for the prototyping and production of perovskite-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Chou
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Brian S Swartzentruber
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Matthew T Janish
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kristin C Meyer
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Laura B Biedermann
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Serdal Okur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - D Bruce Burckel
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - C Barry Carter
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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12
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Zarzar LD, Swartzentruber BS, Donovan BF, Hopkins PE, Kaehr B. Using Laser-Induced Thermal Voxels to Pattern Diverse Materials at the Solid-Liquid Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:21134-9. [PMID: 27491598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a high-resolution patterning approach that combines the spatial control inherent to laser direct writing with the versatility of benchtop chemical synthesis. By taking advantage of the steep thermal gradient that occurs while laser heating a metal edge in contact with solution, diverse materials comprising transition metals are patterned with feature size resolution nearing 1 μm. We demonstrate fabrication of reduced metallic nickel in one step and examine electrical properties and air stability through direct-write integration onto a device platform. This strategy expands the chemistries and materials that can be used in combination with laser direct writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Zarzar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - B S Swartzentruber
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brian F Donovan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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13
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Lou YR, Kanninen L, Kaehr B, Townson JL, Niklander J, Harjumäki R, Jeffrey Brinker C, Yliperttula M. Silica bioreplication preserves three-dimensional spheroid structures of human pluripotent stem cells and HepG2 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13635. [PMID: 26323570 PMCID: PMC4555166 DOI: 10.1038/srep13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures produce more in vivo-like multicellular structures such as spheroids that cannot be obtained in two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Thus, they are increasingly employed as models for cancer and drug research, as well as tissue engineering. It has proven challenging to stabilize spheroid architectures for detailed morphological examination. Here we overcome this issue using a silica bioreplication (SBR) process employed on spheroids formed from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells cultured in the nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel. The cells in the spheroids are more round and tightly interacting with each other than those in 2D cultures, and they develop microvilli-like structures on the cell membranes as seen in 2D cultures. Furthermore, SBR preserves extracellular matrix-like materials and cellular proteins. These findings provide the first evidence of intact hPSC spheroid architectures and similar fine structures to 2D-cultured cells, providing a pathway to enable our understanding of morphogenesis in 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Lou
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liisa Kanninen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Jason L Townson
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.,Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Johanna Niklander
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Riina Harjumäki
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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14
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Chou SS, Huang YK, Kim J, Kaehr B, Foley BM, Lu P, Dykstra C, Hopkins PE, Brinker CJ, Huang J, Dravid VP. Controlling the Metal to Semiconductor Transition of MoS2 and WS2 in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1742-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S. Chou
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yi-Kai Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jaemyung Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Brian M. Foley
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ping Lu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Conner Dykstra
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Center for Micro-engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Patrick E. Hopkins
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Center for Micro-engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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15
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Townson JL, Lin YS, Chou SS, Awad YH, Coker EN, Brinker CJ, Kaehr B. Synthetic fossilization of soft biological tissues and their shape-preserving transformation into silica or electron-conductive replicas. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5665. [PMID: 25482611 PMCID: PMC4268709 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural preservation of complex biological systems from the subcellular to whole organism level in robust forms, enabling dissection and imaging while preserving 3D context, represents an enduring grand challenge in biology. Here we report a simple immersion method for structurally preserving intact organisms via conformal stabilization within silica. This self-limiting process, which we refer to as silica bioreplication, occurs by condensation of water-soluble silicic acid proximally to biomolecular interfaces throughout the organism. Conformal nanoscopic silicification of all biomolecular features imparts structural rigidity enabling the preservation of shape and nano-to-macroscale dimensional features upon drying to form a biocomposite and further high temperature oxidative calcination to form silica replicas or reductive pyrolysis to form electrically conductive carbon replicas of complete organisms. The simplicity and generalizability of this approach should facilitate efforts in biological preservation and analysis and could enable the development of new classes of biomimetic composite materials. Imaging biological tissues has long been an issue, particularly with regard to manipulation and dissection for SEM. Here, the authors present a simple technique for the stabilization of biological tissues via a synthetic fossilization process, requiring minimal expertise or equipment and involving few steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Townson
- 1] Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA [2] Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Yu-Shen Lin
- 1] Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA [2] Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Stanley S Chou
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Yasmine H Awad
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Eric N Coker
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- 1] Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA [2] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- 1] Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA [2] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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16
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Meyer KC, Coker EN, Bolintineanu DS, Kaehr B. Mechanically Encoded Cellular Shapes for Synthesis of Anisotropic Mesoporous Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13138-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506718z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bryan Kaehr
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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17
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Foley BM, Gorham CS, Duda JC, Cheaito R, Szwejkowski CJ, Constantin C, Kaehr B, Hopkins PE. Protein Thermal Conductivity Measured in the Solid State Reveals Anharmonic Interactions of Vibrations in a Fractal Structure. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1077-1082. [PMID: 26274452 DOI: 10.1021/jz500174x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy processes and vibrations in biological macromolecules such as proteins ultimately dictate biological, chemical, and physical functions in living materials. These energetic vibrations in the ribbon-like motifs of proteins interact on self-similar structures and fractal-like objects over a range of length scales of the protein (a few angstroms to the size of the protein itself, a few nanometers). In fact, the fractal geometries of protein molecules create a complex network of vibrations; therefore, proteins represent an ideal material system to study the underlying mechanisms driving vibrational thermal transport in a dense, fractal network. However, experimental studies of thermal energy transport in proteins have been limited to dispersive protein suspensions, which limits the knowledge that can be extracted about how vibrational energy is transferred in a pure protein solid. We overcome this by synthesizing solid, water-insoluble protein films for thermal conductivity measurements via time-domain thermoreflectance. We measure the thermal conductivity of bovine serum albumin and myoglobin solid films over a range of temperatures from 77 to 296 K. These temperature trends indicate that anharmonic coupling of vibrations in the protein is contributing to thermal conductivity. This first-ever observation of anharmonic-like trends in the thermal conductivity of a fully dense protein forms the basis of validation of seminal theories of vibrational energy-transfer processes in fractal objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Foley
- †Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 122 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Caroline S Gorham
- †Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 122 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - John C Duda
- †Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 122 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ramez Cheaito
- †Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 122 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Chester J Szwejkowski
- ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - Costel Constantin
- ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- §Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Dr. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
- ∥Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, 209 Farris Engineering, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- †Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 122 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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18
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Chou SS, Kaehr B, Kim J, Foley BM, De M, Hopkins PE, Huang J, Brinker CJ, Dravid VP. Chemically Exfoliated MoS2as Near-Infrared Photothermal Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Chou SS, Kaehr B, Kim J, Foley BM, De M, Hopkins PE, Huang J, Brinker CJ, Dravid VP. Chemically exfoliated MoS2 as near-infrared photothermal agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4160-4. [PMID: 23471666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Chou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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20
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Harper JC, Brozik SM, Brinker CJ, Kaehr B. Biocompatible microfabrication of 3D isolation chambers for targeted confinement of individual cells and their progeny. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8985-9. [PMID: 23072333 DOI: 10.1021/ac301816c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe a technique to physically isolate single/individual cells from their surrounding environment by fabricating three-dimensional microchambers around selected cells under biocompatible conditions. Isolation of targeted cells is achieved via rapid fabrication of protein hydrogels from a biocompatible precursor solution using multiphoton lithography, an intrinsically 3D laser direct write microfabrication technique. Cells remain chemically accessible to environmental cues enabling their propagation into well-defined, high density populations. We demonstrate this methodology on gram negative (E. coli), gram positive (S. aureus), and eukaryotic (S. cerevisiae) cells. The opportunities to confine viable, single/individual-cells and small populations within user-defined microenvironments afforded by this approach should facilitate the study of cell behaviors across multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Harper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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21
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Zarzar LD, Swartzentruber BS, Harper JC, Dunphy DR, Brinker CJ, Aizenberg J, Kaehr B. Multiphoton Lithography of Nanocrystalline Platinum and Palladium for Site-Specific Catalysis in 3D Microenvironments. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4007-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211602t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Zarzar
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,
United States
| | - B. S. Swartzentruber
- Center for
Integrated Nanotechnologies,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United
States
| | - Jason C. Harper
- Department of Chemical
and Nuclear
Engineering and Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87206, United States
- Advanced Materials Laboratory,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United
States
| | - Darren R. Dunphy
- Department of Chemical
and Nuclear
Engineering and Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87206, United States
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Department of Chemical
and Nuclear
Engineering and Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87206, United States
- Advanced Materials Laboratory,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United
States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,
United States
- School of Engineering
and Applied
Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United
States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically
Inspired
Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United
States
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Chemical
and Nuclear
Engineering and Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87206, United States
- Advanced Materials Laboratory,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United
States
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22
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Zarzar LD, Kim P, Kolle M, Brinker CJ, Aizenberg J, Kaehr B. Direct Writing and Actuation of Three-Dimensionally Patterned Hydrogel Pads on Micropillar Supports. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9356-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Zarzar LD, Kim P, Kolle M, Brinker CJ, Aizenberg J, Kaehr B. Direct Writing and Actuation of Three-Dimensionally Patterned Hydrogel Pads on Micropillar Supports. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Dunphy DR, Garcia FL, Kaehr B, Khripin CY, Collord AD, Baca HK, Tate MP, Hillhouse HW, Strzalka JW, Jiang Z, Wang J, Brinker CJ. Tricontinuous Cubic Nanostructure and Pore Size Patterning in Mesostructured Silica Films Templated with Glycerol Monooleate. Chem Mater 2011; 23:2107-2112. [PMID: 21572556 PMCID: PMC3091003 DOI: 10.1021/cm1033723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructured films possessing tricontinuous minimal surface mesophases with well-defined framework and pore connectivity remains a difficult task. As a new route to these structures, we introduce glycerol monooleate (GMO) as a template for evaporation-induced self-assembly. As deposited, a nanostructured double gyroid phase is formed, as indicated by analysis of grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering data. Removal of GMO by UV/O(3) treatment or acid extraction induces a phase change to a nanoporous body-centered structure which we tentatively identify as based on the IW-P surface. To improve film quality, we add a co-surfactant to the GMO in a mass ratio of 1:10; when this co-surfactant is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, we find an unusually large pore size (8-12 nm) in acid extracted films, while UV/O(3) treated films yield pores of only ca. 4 nm. Using this pore size dependence on film processing procedure, we create a simple method for patterning pore size in nanoporous films, demonstrating spatially-defined size-selective molecular adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Dunphy
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Fred L. Garcia
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | | | - Andrew D. Collord
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Helen K. Baca
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | - Hugh W. Hillhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Jin Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106
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25
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Khripin CY, Pristinski D, Dunphy DR, Brinker CJ, Kaehr B. Protein-directed assembly of arbitrary three-dimensional nanoporous silica architectures. ACS Nano 2011; 5:1401-1409. [PMID: 21218791 DOI: 10.1021/nn1031774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Through precise control of nanoscale building blocks, such as proteins and polyamines, silica condensing microorganisms are able to create intricate mineral structures displaying hierarchical features from nano- to millimeter-length scales. The creation of artificial structures of similar characteristics is facilitated through biomimetic approaches, for instance, by first creating a bioscaffold comprised of silica condensing moieties which, in turn, govern silica deposition into three-dimensional (3D) structures. In this work, we demonstrate a protein-directed approach to template silica into true arbitrary 3D architectures by employing cross-linked protein hydrogels to controllably direct silica condensation. Protein hydrogels are fabricated using multiphoton lithography, which enables user-defined control over template features in three dimensions. Silica deposition, under acidic conditions, proceeds throughout protein hydrogel templates via flocculation of silica nanoparticles by protein molecules, as indicated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and time-dependent measurements of elastic modulus. Following silica deposition, the protein template can be removed using mild thermal processing yielding high surface area (625 m(2)/g) porous silica replicas that do not undergo significant volume change compared to the starting template. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach to create bioinspired silica microstructures displaying hierarchical features over broad length scales and the infiltration/functionalization capabilities of the nanoporous silica matrix by laser printing a 3D gold image within a 3D silica matrix. This work provides a foundation to potentially understand and mimic biogenic silica condensation under the constraints of user-defined biotemplates and further should enable a wide range of complex inorganic architectures to be explored using silica transformational chemistries, for instance silica to silicon, as demonstrated herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Y Khripin
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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26
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Harper JC, Khripin CY, Carnes EC, Ashley CE, Lopez DM, Savage T, Jones HDT, Davis RW, Nunez DE, Brinker LM, Kaehr B, Brozik SM, Brinker CJ. Cell-directed integration into three-dimensional lipid-silica nanostructured matrices. ACS Nano 2010; 4:5539-5550. [PMID: 20849120 DOI: 10.1021/nn101793u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a unique approach in which living cells direct their integration into 3D solid-state nanostructures. Yeast cells deposited on a weakly condensed lipid/silica thin film mesophase actively reconstruct the surface to create a fully 3D bio/nano interface, composed of localized lipid bilayers enveloped by a lipid/silica mesophase, through a self-catalyzed silica condensation process. Remarkably, this integration process selects exclusively for living cells over the corresponding apoptotic cells (those undergoing programmed cell death), via the development of a pH gradient, which catalyzes silica deposition and the formation of a coherent interface between the cell and surrounding silica matrix. Added long-chain lipids or auxiliary nanocomponents are localized within the pH gradient, allowing the development of complex active and accessible bio/nano interfaces not achievable by other synthetic methods. Overall, this approach provides the first demonstration of active cell-directed integration into a nominally solid-state three-dimensional architecture. It promises a new means to integrate "bio" with "nano" into platforms useful to study and manipulate cellular behavior at the individual cell level and to interface living organisms with electronics, photonics, and fluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Harper
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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27
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28
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Abstract
Use of motile cells as sensors and actuators in microfabricated devices requires precise design of interfaces between living and non-living components, a process that has relied on slow revision of device architectures as prototypes are sequentially evaluated and re-designed. In this report, we describe a microdesign and fabrication approach capable of iteratively refining three-dimensional bacterial interfaces in periods as short as 10 minutes, and demonstrate its use to drive fluid transport by harnessing flagellar motion. In this approach, multiphoton excitation is used to promote protein photocrosslinking in a direct-write procedure mediated by static and dynamic masking, with the resultant microstructures serving to capture motile bacteria from the surrounding fluidic environment. Reproducible steering and patterning of flagellated E. coli cells drive microfluidic currents capable of guiding micro-objects on predictable trajectories with velocities reaching 150 microm s(-1) and achieving bulk flow through microchannels. We show that bacteria can be dynamically immobilized at specified positions, an approach that frees such devices from limitations imposed by the functional lifetime of cells. These results provide a foundation for the development of sophisticated microfluidic devices powered by cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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29
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Abstract
A strategy for rapidly printing three-dimensional (3D) microscopic replicas using multiphoton lithography directed by a dynamic electronic mask is reported. Morphological descriptions of 3D structures are encoded as stacks of 2D slices created from tomographic and computer-designed instruction sets. In this manner, digital images serve as input for a sequence of reflective photomasks on a digital micromirror device to direct replication of a structure. By scanning a laser focus across the face of the intrinsically aligned masks, tomographic and computed data can be translated into protein-based 3D reproductions with submicrometer feature sizes within 1 min. This straightforward and highly versatile approach may provide improved routes for the development of 3D cellular scaffolds, rapid prototyping of microanalytical devices, and production of custom tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Nielson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 1 University Station A5300, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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31
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Kaehr B, Ertas N, Nielson R, Allen R, Hill RT, Plenert M, Shear JB. Direct-Write Fabrication of Functional Protein Matrixes Using a Low-Cost Q-Switched Laser. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3198-202. [PMID: 16643014 DOI: 10.1021/ac052267s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of an inexpensive, small, and "turn-key" Q-switched 532-nm Nd:YAG laser as a source for nonlinear, direct-write protein microfabrication. In this approach, microJoule pulses (pulse widths, approximately 600 ps) are focused using high numerical aperture optics to submicrometer focal spots, creating instantaneous intensities great enough to promote multiphoton excitation of a photosensitizer and subsequent intermolecular cross-linking of protein molecules. By scanning the femtoliter focal volume through reagent solution, extended protein-based structures can be fabricated with precise, three-dimensional topographies. As with earlier studies using a femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser costing more than 100K, physically robust and chemically responsive microstructures can be fashioned rapidly with feature sizes smaller than 0.5 microm, and cross-linking can be achieved using both biologically benign sensitizers (e.g., flavins) and by using the proteins themselves to sensitize cross-linking. We demonstrate in situ fabrication to corral neurite outgrowth and show the ability to functionalize avidin structures with biotinylated reagents, an approach that enables chemical sensing to be performed in specified microenvironments. Characterization of this inexpensive, low-power source will greatly broaden access to direct-write protein microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, 1 University Station A5300, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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32
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Abstract
We report the ability to modify microscopic 3D topographies within dissociated cultures, providing a means to alter the development of neurons as they extend neurites and establish interconnections. In this approach, multiphoton excitation is used to focally excite noncytotoxic photosensitizers that promote protein crosslinking, such as BSA, into matrices having feature sizes >/=250 nm. Barriers, growth lanes, and pinning structures comprised of crosslinked proteins are fabricated under conditions that do not compromise the viability of neurons both on short time scales and over periods of days. In addition, the ability to fabricate functional microstructures from crosslinked avidin enables submicrometer localization of controllable quantities of biotinylated ligands, such as indicators and biological effectors. Feasibility is demonstrated for using in situ microfabrication to guide the contact position of cortical neurons with micrometer accuracy, opening the possibility for engineering well defined sets of synaptic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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