201
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Schoo LA, van Zandvoort MJE, Biessels GJ, Kappelle LJ, Postma A, de Haan EHF. The posterior parietal paradox: Why do functional magnetic resonance imaging and lesion studies on episodic memory produce conflicting results? J Neuropsychol 2011; 5:15-38. [DOI: 10.1348/174866410x504059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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202
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Lepach AC, Petermann F, Stülpnagel AV. Merk- und Lernleistungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit erworbener Hirnschädigung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gedächtnis- und Aufmerksamkeitseinbußen sind häufige Folgen nach Hirnschädigungen. Diese Studie untersuchte pilotierend, welchen Einfluss eine gleichzeitige Aufmerksamkeitsbeeinträchtigung (gemessen mit dem TAP-Untertest Alertness) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit erworbener Beeinträchtigung der Merk- und Lernfähigkeit hat (N = 22; Kriterium: BASIC-MLT). Es erfolgt eine Gruppenzuweisung anhand des TAP-Untertests Alterness in die Gruppe „Merk- und Lernstörung mit Aufmerksamkeitsbeeinträchtigung“ (MeLA, n = 8) und in die Gruppe „Merk- und Lernstörung ohne Aufmerksamkeitsbeeinträchtigung“ (MeL, n = 14). In Anlehnung an drei angenommene Typen von Merk- und Lernstörungen (unaufmerksam, stagnierend, vergesslich) wurde nach Differenzierungsmerkmalen gesucht. Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgaben trennten nicht zwischen den Gruppen. Der Einsatz von Testverfahren, die auch die Abbildung eines Lernverlaufs erlauben, erwies sich als bedeutsam. Die Gruppe MeLA zeigte erwartungsgemäß im unmittelbaren Merken auditiv wie visuell signifikant schlechtere Leistungen, profitierte jedoch von Wiederholungsdurchgängen. Dies entspricht dem unaufmerksamen Lerntyp. Für die Gruppe MeL ergeben sich vermutlich aufgrund der heterogenen Stichprobe lediglich erste Hinweise auf eine bessere unmittelbare Merkleistung bei geringerem Lernverlauf, die eine weitere Betrachtung des stagnierenden und vergesslichen Lerntyps unterstützen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Lepach
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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203
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Murty VP, Ritchey M, Adcock RA, LaBar KS. Reprint of: fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A quantitative meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:695-705. [PMID: 21414466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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204
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Atienza M, Crespo-Garcia M, Cantero JL. Semantic congruence enhances memory of episodic associations: role of theta oscillations. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:75-90. [PMID: 19925185 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that theta oscillations play a crucial role in episodic encoding. The present study evaluates whether changes in electroencephalographic theta source dynamics mediate the positive influence of semantic congruence on incidental associative learning. Here we show that memory for episodic associations (face-location) is more accurate when studied under semantically congruent contexts. However, only participants showing RT priming effect in a conceptual priming test (priming group) also gave faster responses when recollecting source information of semantically congruent faces as compared with semantically incongruent faces. This improved episodic retrieval was positively correlated with increases in theta power during the study phase mainly in the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and left lateral posterior parietal lobe. Reconstructed signals from the estimated sources showed higher theta power for congruent than incongruent faces and also for the priming than the nonpriming group. These results are in agreement with the attention to memory model. Besides directing top-down attention to goal-relevant semantic information during encoding, the dorsal parietal lobe may also be involved in redirecting attention to bottom-up-driven memories thanks to connections between the medial-temporal and the left ventral parietal lobe. The latter function can either facilitate or interfere with encoding of face-location associations depending on whether they are preceded by semantically congruent or incongruent contexts, respectively, because only in the former condition retrieved representations related to the cue and the face are both coherent with the person identity and are both associated with the same location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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205
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Meeuwissen EB, Takashima A, Fernández G, Jensen O. Increase in posterior alpha activity during rehearsal predicts successful long-term memory formation of word sequences. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:2045-53. [PMID: 21162031 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that demanding cognitive tasks rely on an extended network engaging task-relevant areas and, importantly, disengaging task-irrelevant areas. Given that alpha activity (8-12 Hz) has been shown to reflect the disengagement of task-irrelevant regions in attention and working memory tasks, we here ask if alpha activity plays a related role for long-term memory formation. Subjects were instructed to encode and maintain the order of word sequences while the ongoing brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG). In each trial, three words were presented followed by a 3.4 s rehearsal interval. Considering the good temporal resolution of MEG this allowed us to investigate the word presentation and rehearsal interval separately. The sequences were grouped in trials where word order either could be tested immediately (working memory trials; WM) or later (LTM trials) according to instructions. Subjects were tested on their ability to retrieve the order of the three words. The data revealed that alpha power in parieto-occipital regions was lower during word presentation compared to rehearsal. Our key finding was that parieto-occipital alpha power during the rehearsal period was markedly stronger for successfully than unsuccessfully encoded LTM sequences. This subsequent memory effect demonstrates that high posterior alpha activity creates an optimal brain state for successful LTM formation possibly by actively reducing parieto-occipital activity that might interfere with sequence encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B Meeuwissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
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206
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Duarte A, Henson RN, Graham KS. Stimulus content and the neural correlates of source memory. Brain Res 2010; 1373:110-23. [PMID: 21145314 PMCID: PMC3098368 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that several regions of the brain, including subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and the posterior parietal cortex, contribute to source memory success in a material-general manner, with most models highlighting the importance of memory process rather than material type. For the MTL in particular, however, increasing evidence suggests that MTL subregions may be specialized for processing different materials, raising the possibility that source memory-related activity may be material-sensitive. Previous fMRI studies have not directly compared source memory activity for different categories of stimuli, and it remains unclear whether source memory effects, in the MTL or elsewhere, are influenced by material. To investigate this issue, young participants were scanned during study while they made semantic judgments about words, pictures of objects and scenes, and during test when they retrieved the context (source) in which these items were studied. Several regions, including the hippocampi, medial and lateral parietal cortex, exhibited source memory effects common to words, objects and scenes, at both study and test. Material-dependent source memory effects were also identified in the left posterior inferior frontal and left perirhinal cortex for words and objects, respectively, at study but not test. These results offer direct support for the hypothesis that the MTL and posterior parietal cortex make material-general contributions to recollection. These results also point to a dissociation between encoding and retrieval with regard to the influence of material on the neural correlates of source memory accuracy, supporting the idea that a relatively small proportion of the activity elicited by a stimulus during encoding is incorporated into an episodic memory representation of the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Duarte
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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207
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Radwanska A, Debowska W, Liguz-Lecznar M, Brzezicka A, Kossut M, Cybulska-Klosowicz A. Involvement of retrosplenial cortex in classical conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2010; 214:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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208
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Hippocampal brain-network coordination during volitional exploratory behavior enhances learning. Nat Neurosci 2010; 14:115-20. [PMID: 21102449 PMCID: PMC3057495 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exploratory behaviors during learning determine what is studied and when, helping to optimize subsequent memory performance. We manipulated how much control subjects had over the position of a moving window through which they studied objects and their locations, in order to elucidate the cognitive and neural determinants of exploratory behaviors. Our behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging data indicate volitional control benefits memory performance, and is linked to a brain network centered on the hippocampus. Increases in correlated activity between the hippocampus and other areas were associated with specific aspects of memory, suggesting that volitional control optimizes interactions among specialized neural systems via the hippocampus. Memory is therefore an active process intrinsically linked to behavior. Furthermore, brain structures typically seen as passive participants in memory encoding (e.g., the hippocampus) are actually part of an active network that controls behavior dynamically as it unfolds.
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209
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Distinct frontoparietal networks set the stage for later perceptual identification priming and episodic recognition memory. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13272-80. [PMID: 20926653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0588-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent imaging evidence suggests that a network of brain regions including the medial temporal lobe, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal posterior parietal cortex supports the successful encoding of long-term memories. Other areas, like the ventral posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, have been associated with encoding failure rather than success. In line with the transfer-appropriate processing view, we hypothesized that distinct neural networks predict successful encoding depending on whether the later memory test draws primarily on perceptual or conceptual memory representations. Following an encoding phase, memory was assessed in a combined incidental perceptual identification and intentional recognition memory test. We found that during encoding, activation in ventral posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicted successful perceptual identification priming, whereas activation in ventrolateral prefrontal and dorsal posterior parietal cortex predicted successful recognition memory. Extending recent theories of attention to memory, the results suggest that ventral parietal regions support stimulus-driven attention to perceptual item features, forming memories accessed by later perceptual memory tests, whereas dorsal parietal regions support attention to meaningful item features, forming memories accessed by later conceptual memory tests.
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210
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Leclerc CM, Kensinger EA. Age-related valence-based reversal in recruitment of medial prefrontal cortex on a visual search task. Soc Neurosci 2010; 5:560-76. [PMID: 20981629 DOI: 10.1080/17470910903512296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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211
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Drowos DB, Berryhill M, André JM, Olson IR. True memory, false memory, and subjective recollection deficits after focal parietal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology 2010; 24:465-75. [PMID: 20604621 DOI: 10.1037/a0018902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is mounting evidence that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays an important role in episodic memory. We previously found that patients with PPC damage exhibit retrieval-related episodic memory deficits. Here we assess whether parietal lobe damage affects episodic memory on a different task: the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false-memory paradigm. METHODS Two patients with bilateral PPC damage and a group of matched controls were tested. In Experiment 1, the task was to remember words; in Experiment 2 the task was to remember pictures of common objects. Prior studies have shown that normal participants have high levels of false memory to words, low levels to pictures. RESULTS The patients exhibited significantly lower levels of false memory to words. One patient showed significantly elevated levels of false memory to pictures. The patients' false memories were accompanied by reduced levels of recollection, as tested by a Remember/Know procedure. CONCLUSIONS PPC damage causes decreased levels of false memories and an abnormal Remember/Know profile. Their false memory rate is similar to the rate exhibited by patients with medial temporal lobe damage. These results support the view that portions of the PPC play a critical role in objective and subjective aspects of recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Drowos
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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212
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Ranganath C. A unified framework for the functional organization of the medial temporal lobes and the phenomenology of episodic memory. Hippocampus 2010; 20:1263-90. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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213
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Kim H. Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: a meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2446-61. [PMID: 20869446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study performed a quantitative meta-analysis of functional MRI studies that used a subsequent memory approach. The meta-analysis considered both subsequent memory (SM; remembered>forgotten) and subsequent forgetting (SF; forgotten>remembered) effects, restricting the data used to that concerning visual information encoding in healthy young adults. The meta-analysis of SM effects indicated that they most consistently associated with five neural regions: left inferior frontal cortex (IFC), bilateral fusiform cortex, bilateral hippocampal formation, bilateral premotor cortex (PMC), and bilateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Direct comparisons of the SM effects between the studies using verbal versus pictorial material and item-memory versus associative-memory tasks yielded three main sets of findings. First, the left IFC exhibited greater SM effects during verbal material than pictorial material encoding, whereas the fusiform cortex exhibited greater SM effects during pictorial material rather than verbal material encoding. Second, bilateral hippocampal regions showed greater SM effects during pictorial material encoding compared to verbal material encoding. Furthermore, the left hippocampal region showed greater SM effects during pictorial-associative versus pictorial-item encoding. Third, bilateral PMC and PPC regions, which may support attention during encoding, exhibited greater SM effects during item encoding than during associative encoding. The meta-analysis of SF effects indicated they associated mostly with default-mode network regions, including the anterior and posterior midline cortex, the bilateral temporoparietal junction, and the bilateral superior frontal cortex. Recurrent activity oscillations between the task-positive and task-negative/default-mode networks may account for trial-to-trial variability in participants' encoding performances, which is a fundamental source of both SM and SF effects. Taken together, these findings clarify the neural activity that supports successful encoding, as well as the neural activity that leads to encoding failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkeun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.
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214
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Uncapher MR, Hutchinson JB, Wagner AD. A roadmap to brain mapping: toward a functional map of human parietal cortex. Neuron 2010; 67:5-8. [PMID: 20624586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Nelson and colleagues report a novel parcellation of human lateral parietal cortex based on task-induced response profiles and resting-state functional connectivity. Their findings inform current debates about the contributions of parietal cortex to cognition, including the retrieval of episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina R Uncapher
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.
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215
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fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A quantitative meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3459-69. [PMID: 20688087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, fMRI techniques have been increasingly used to interrogate the neural correlates of successful emotional memory encoding. These investigations have typically aimed to either characterize the contributions of the amygdala and medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, replicating results in animals, or delineate the neural correlates of specific behavioral phenomena. It has remained difficult, however, to synthesize these findings into a systems neuroscience account of how networks across the whole-brain support the enhancing effects of emotion on memory encoding. To this end, the present study employed a meta-analytic approach using activation likelihood estimates to assess the anatomical specificity and reliability of event-related fMRI activations related to successful memory encoding for emotional versus neutral information. The meta-analysis revealed consistent clusters within bilateral amygdala, anterior hippocampus, anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus, the ventral visual stream, left lateral prefrontal cortex and right ventral parietal cortex. The results within the amygdala and MTL support a wealth of findings from the animal literature linking these regions to arousal-mediated memory effects. The consistency of findings in cortical targets, including the visual, prefrontal, and parietal cortices, underscores the importance of generating hypotheses regarding their participation in emotional memory formation. In particular, we propose that the amygdala interacts with these structures to promote enhancements in perceptual processing, semantic elaboration, and attention, which serve to benefit subsequent memory for emotional material. These findings may motivate future research on emotional modulation of widespread neural systems and the implications of this modulation for cognition.
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216
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Hales JB, Brewer JB. Activity in the hippocampus and neocortical working memory regions predicts successful associative memory for temporally discontiguous events. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3351-9. [PMID: 20667491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Models of mnemonic function suggest that the hippocampus binds temporally discontiguous events in memory (Wallenstein, Eichenbaum, & Hasselmo, 1998), which has been supported by recent studies in humans. Less is known, however, about the involvement of working memory in bridging the temporal gap between to-be-associated events. In this study, subsequent memory for associations between temporally discontiguous stimuli was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the scanner, subjects were instructed to remember sequentially presented images. Occasionally, a plus-sign was presented during the interstimulus interval between two images, instructing subjects to associate the two images as a pair. Following the scan, subjects identified remembered images and their pairs. Images following the plus-sign were separated into trials in which items were later recognized and the pair remembered, recognized and the pair forgotten, or not recognized. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses were measured to identify regions where response amplitude predicted subsequent associative- or item memory. Distinct neocortical regions were involved in each memory condition, where activity in bilateral frontal and parietal regions predicted memory for associative information and bilateral occipital and medial frontal regions for item information. While activity in posterior regions of the medial temporal lobe showed an intermediate response predicting memory for both conditions, bilateral hippocampal activity only predicted associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hales
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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217
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Wang X, Zhong N, Lu S, Li K, Lang S. Parietal cortex contributions to information granules following memory consolidation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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218
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McCormick C, Moscovitch M, Protzner AB, Huber CG, McAndrews MP. Hippocampal-neocortical networks differ during encoding and retrieval of relational memory: functional and effective connectivity analyses. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3272-81. [PMID: 20637787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Encoding and retrieval of relational information requires interaction between the hippocampus and various neocortical regions, but it is unknown whether the connectivity of hippocampal-neocortical networks is different at input and output stages. To examine this, we conducted a network analysis of event-related fMRI data collected during a face-recognition, remember/know paradigm. Directed analyses in the medial temporal lobe identified a small region in the left hippocampus that showed differential activation for encoding and retrieval of recollected versus familiar items. Multivariate seed partial least squares (PLS) analysis was used to identify brain regions that were functionally connected to this hippocampal region at encoding and retrieval of 'remembered' items. Anatomically based structural equation modeling (SEM) was then used to test for differences in effective connectivity of network nodes between these two memory stages. The SEM analysis revealed a reversal of directionality between the left hippocampus (LHC) and left inferior parietal cortex (LIPC) at encoding and retrieval. During encoding, activation of the LHC had a positive influence on the LIPC, whereas during retrieval the reverse pattern was found, i.e., the LIPC activation positively influenced LHC activation. These findings emphasize the importance of hippocampal-parietal connections and underscore the complexity of their interactions in initial binding and retrieval/reintegration of relational memory. We also found that, during encoding, the right hippocampus had a positive influence on the right retrospenial cortex, whereas during retrieval this influence was significantly weaker. We submit that examining patterns of connectivity can be important both to elaborate and constrain models of memory involving hippocampal-neocortical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McCormick
- Krembil Neuroscience Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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219
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Top-down and bottom-up attention to memory are dissociated in posterior parietal cortex: neuroimagingand and neuropsychological evidence. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4943-56. [PMID: 20371815 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1209-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior parietal cortex is active during episodic memory retrieval, yet its role remains unclear. According to a recent proposal, dorsal parietal cortex (DPC) allocates top-down attention to memory retrieval, whereas ventral parietal cortex (VPC) mediates the bottom-up attentional capture by retrieved contents, i.e., the Attention-to-Memory (AtoM) hypothesis. Here, for the first time, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and lesion techniques were combined in a single study to test the role of parietal cortex in episodic retrieval. Participants studied word pairs and then detected studied (target) words among new words. In some conditions, a studied word cued the upcoming target word, facilitating recognition performance. In line with the AtoM hypothesis, left DPC was engaged when participants searched for/anticipated memory targets upon presentation of relevant memory cues and predicted the ensuing behavioral advantage. In contrast, left VPC predicted efficacy and speed of target detection on noncued trials and was largest for memory targets that were invalidly cued. Consistent with fMRI evidence, patients with lesions in DPC did not benefit from memory cueing, whereas patients with lesions in VPC had problems recognizing unexpected memory targets. These results support the AtoM hypothesis that DPC and VPC mediate top-down and bottom-up attention to memory retrieval, respectively.
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220
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Vannini P, O'Brien J, O'Keefe K, Pihlajamäki M, Laviolette P, Sperling RA. What goes down must come up: role of the posteromedial cortices in encoding and retrieval. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:22-34. [PMID: 20363808 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the neural network supporting successful episodic memory retrieval overlaps with the regions involved in episodic encoding has garnered much interest; however, the role of the posteromedial regions remains to be fully elucidated. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies during successful encoding typically demonstrate deactivation of posteromedial cortices, whereas successful retrieval of previously encoded information has been associated with activation of these regions. Here, we performed an event-related fMRI experiment during an associative face-name encoding and retrieval task to investigate the topography and functional relationship of the brain regions involved in successful memory processes. A conjunction analysis of novel encoding and subsequent successful retrieval of names revealed an anatomical overlap in bilateral posteromedial cortices. In this region, a significant negative correlation was found: Greater deactivation during encoding was related to greater activation during successful retrieval. In contrast, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex demonstrated positive activation during both encoding and retrieval. Our results provide further evidence that posteromedial regions constitute critical nodes in the large-scale cortical network subserving episodic memory. These results are discussed in relation to the default mode hypothesis, the involvement of posteromedial cortices in successful memory formation and retention, as well as potential implications for aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vannini
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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221
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Crespo-Garcia M, Cantero J, Pomyalov A, Boccaletti S, Atienza M. Functional neural networks underlying semantic encoding of associative memories. Neuroimage 2010; 50:1258-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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222
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Carr VA, Rissman J, Wagner AD. Imaging the human medial temporal lobe with high-resolution fMRI. Neuron 2010; 65:298-308. [PMID: 20159444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution functional MRI (hr-fMRI) affords unique leverage on the functional properties of human medial temporal lobe (MTL) substructures. We review initial hr-fMRI efforts to delineate (1) encoding and retrieval processes within the hippocampal circuit, (2) hippocampal subfield contributions to pattern separation and pattern completion, and (3) the representational capabilities of distinct MTL subregions. Extant data reveal functional heterogeneity within human MTL and highlight the promise of hr-fMRI for bridging human, animal, and computational approaches to understanding MTL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Carr
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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223
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Khader PH, Jost K, Ranganath C, Rösler F. Theta and alpha oscillations during working-memory maintenance predict successful long-term memory encoding. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:339-43. [PMID: 19922772 PMCID: PMC3951969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, much is known about the neural mechanisms underlying working-memory (WM) maintenance and long-term-memory (LTM) encoding. However, these topics have typically been examined in isolation, and little is known about how these processes might interact. Here, we investigated whether EEG oscillations arising specifically during the delay of a delayed matching-to-sample task reflect successful LTM encoding. Given previous findings of increased alpha and theta power with increasing WM load, together with the assumption that successful memory encoding involves processes that are similar to those that are invoked by increasing WM load, alpha and theta power should be higher for subsequently remembered stimuli. Consistent with this assumption, we found stronger alpha power for subsequently remembered stimuli over occipital-to-parietal scalp sites. Furthermore, stronger theta power was found for subsequently remembered stimuli over parietal-to-central electrodes. These results support the idea that alpha and theta oscillations modulate successful LTM encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Khader
- Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
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224
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Rasch B, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DF. Imaging genetics of cognitive functions: Focus on episodic memory. Neuroimage 2010; 53:870-7. [PMID: 20060913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cognitive functions are highly variable across individuals and are both genetically and environmentally influenced. Recent behavioral genetics studies have identified several common genetic polymorphisms, which are related to individual differences in memory performance. In addition, imaging genetics studies are starting to explore the neural correlates of genetic differences in memory functions on the level of brain circuits. In this review we will describe how functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to validate and extend findings of behavioral genetics studies of episodic memory and give examples of recent advances in this new and exciting research field. In addition, we will present advantages and problems related to the different sensitivity of behavioral- vs. imaging genetics studies and discuss possible methodological approaches for an appropriate evaluation and integration of the results. Although the field of imaging genetics of episodic memory is still young, it already became clear that imaging methods have a large potential to enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie genetic differences in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rasch
- University of Basel, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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225
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Activation of right parietal cortex during memory retrieval of nonlinguistic auditory stimuli. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009; 9:242-8. [PMID: 19679760 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.9.3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In neuroimaging studies, the left ventral posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is particularly active during memory retrieval. However, most studies have used verbal or verbalizable stimuli. We investigated neural activations associated with the retrieval of short, agrammatical music stimuli (Blackwood, 2004), which have been largely associated with right hemisphere processing. At study, participants listened to music stimuli and rated them on pleasantness. At test, participants made old/new recognition judgments with high/low confidence ratings. Right, but not left, ventral PPC activity was observed during the retrieval of these music stimuli. Thus, rather than indicating a special status of left PPC in retrieval, both right and left ventral PPC participate in memory retrieval, depending on the type of information that is to be remembered.
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226
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HTR1B as a risk profile maker in psychiatric disorders: a review through motivation and memory. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 66:5-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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227
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Encoding the future: successful processing of intentions engages predictive brain networks. Neuroimage 2009; 49:905-13. [PMID: 19732835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from cognitive, patient and neuroimaging research indicates that "remembering to remember" intentions, i.e., prospective memory (PM) retrieval, requires both general memory systems involving the medial temporal lobes and an executive system involving rostral PFC (BA 10). However, it is not known how prospective memories are initially formed. Using fMRI, we investigated whether brain activity during encoding of future intentions and present actions differentially predicted later memory for those same intentions (PM) and actions (retrospective memory). We identified two significant patterns of neural activity: a network linked to overall memory and another linked specifically to PM. While overall memory success was predicted by temporal lobe activations that included the hippocampus, PM success was also uniquely predicted by activations in additional regions, including left rostrolateral PFC and the right parahippocampal gyrus. This finding extends the role of these structures to the formation of individual intentions. It also provides the first evidence that PM encoding, like PM retrieval, is supported by both a common episodic memory network and an executive network specifically recruited by future-oriented processing.
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228
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Selecting for memory? The influence of selective attention on the mnemonic binding of contextual information. J Neurosci 2009; 29:8270-9. [PMID: 19553466 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1043-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all of what is experienced is remembered later. Behavioral evidence suggests that the manner in which an event is processed influences which aspects of the event will later be remembered. The present experiment investigated the neural correlates of "selective encoding," or the mechanisms that support the encoding of some elements of an event in preference to others. Event-related MRI data were acquired while volunteers selectively attended to one of two different contextual features of study items (color or location). A surprise memory test for the items and both contextual features was subsequently administered to determine the influence of selective attention on the neural correlates of contextual encoding. Activity in several cortical regions indexed later memory success selectively for color or location information, and this encoding-related activity was enhanced by selective attention to the relevant feature. Critically, a region in the hippocampus responded selectively to attended source information (whether color or location), demonstrating encoding-related activity for attended but not for nonattended source features. Together, the findings suggest that selective attention modulates the magnitude of activity in cortical regions engaged by different aspects of an event, and hippocampal encoding mechanisms seem to be sensitive to this modulation. Thus, the information that is encoded into a memory representation is biased by selective attention, and this bias is mediated by cortical-hippocampal interactions.
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229
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Overlapping brain activity between episodic memory encoding and retrieval: roles of the task-positive and task-negative networks. Neuroimage 2009; 49:1045-54. [PMID: 19647800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that the brain is organized into two complementary networks, one that is task-positive and supports externally-oriented processing, and the other that is task-negative and supports internally-oriented processing, has recently attracted increasing attention. The goal of the present study was to investigate involvement of the task-positive and task-negative networks in overlapping activity between episodic memory encoding and retrieval. To this end, we performed a functional MRI study that included both encoding and retrieval tasks. We hypothesized that during the study phase, encoding success activity (remembered > forgotten) involves mainly the task-positive network, whereas encoding failure activity (forgotten > remembered) involves mainly the task-negative network. We also hypothesized that during the test phase, retrieval success activity (old > new) involves mainly the task-negative network, whereas novelty detection activity (new > old) involves mainly the task-positive network. Based on these hypotheses, we made 3 predictions regarding study-test overlap. First, there would be relatively high level of overlap between encoding success and novelty detection activity involving the task-positive network. Second, there would be relatively high level of overlap between encoding failure and retrieval success activity involving the task-negative network. Third, there would be relatively low level of overlap between encoding success and retrieval success activity as well as between encoding failure and novelty detection activity. The results fully confirmed our 3 predictions. Taken together, the present findings clarify roles of the task-positive and task-negative networks in encoding and retrieval and the function of overlapping brain activity between encoding and retrieval.
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230
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Hutchinson JB, Uncapher MR, Wagner AD. Posterior parietal cortex and episodic retrieval: convergent and divergent effects of attention and memory. Learn Mem 2009; 16:343-56. [PMID: 19470649 PMCID: PMC2704099 DOI: 10.1101/lm.919109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies of humans engaged in retrieval from episodic memory have revealed a surprisingly consistent pattern of retrieval-related activity in lateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Given the well-established role of lateral PPC in subserving goal-directed and reflexive attention, it has been hypothesized that PPC activation during retrieval reflects the recruitment of parietal attention mechanisms during remembering. Here, we evaluate this hypothesis by considering the anatomical overlap of retrieval and attention effects in lateral PPC. We begin by briefly reviewing the literature implicating dorsal PPC in goal-directed attention and ventral PPC in reflexive attention. We then discuss the pattern of dorsal and ventral PPC activation during episodic retrieval, and conclude with consideration of the degree of anatomical convergence across the two domains. This assessment revealed that predominantly divergent subregions of lateral PPC are engaged during acts of episodic retrieval and during goal-directed and reflexive attention, suggesting that PPC retrieval effects reflect functionally distinct mechanisms from these forms of attention. Although attention must play a role in aspects of retrieval, the data reviewed here suggest that further investigation into the relationship between processes of attention and memory, as well as alternative accounts of PPC contributions to retrieval, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benjamin Hutchinson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2130, USA.
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