201
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Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes. Molecules 2014; 19:17078-106. [PMID: 25347455 PMCID: PMC6271436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators able to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets responsible for the pharmacological effects of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These bioactive lipids belong mainly to two classes of compounds: N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, being N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, their main representatives. During the last twenty years, an ever growing number of fatty acid derivatives (endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds) have been discovered and their activities biological is the subject of intense investigations. Here, the most recent advances, from a therapeutic point of view, on endocannabinoids, related compounds, and their metabolic routes will be reviewed.
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202
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Abstract
Isolation and structure elucidation of most of the major cannabinoid constituents--including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), which is the principal psychoactive molecule in Cannabis sativa--was achieved in the 1960s and 1970s. It was followed by the identification of two cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s and the early 1990s and by the identification of the endocannabinoids shortly thereafter. There have since been considerable advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system and its function in the brain, which reveal potential therapeutic targets for a wide range of brain disorders.
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203
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Wasik AM, Nygren L, Almestrand S, Zong F, Flygare J, Wennerholm SB, Saft L, Andersson P, Kimby E, Wahlin BE, Christensson B, Sander B. Perturbations of the endocannabinoid system in mantle cell lymphoma: correlations to clinical and pathological features. Oncoscience 2014; 1:550-7. [PMID: 25594062 PMCID: PMC4278325 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptors are upregulated in many types of cancers, including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and have been suggested to constitute novel therapeutic targets. The expression pattern of the key members of the endocannabinoid system was analyzed in a well-characterized MCL patient cohort and correlated to biological features. 107 tumor tissues were analyzed for the mRNA levels of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CNR1 and CNR2) and the two main enzymes regulating the endocannabinoid anandamide levels in tissue: NAPEPLD and FAAH (participating in synthesis and degradation, respectively). NAPEPLD, CNR1 and CNR2 were overexpressed while FAAH expression was reduced in MCL compared to non-malignant B-cells. Both low CNR1 and high FAAH levels correlated with lymphocytosis (p=0.016 and p=0.022, respectively) and with leukocytosis (p=0.0018 and p=0.047). Weak to moderate CNR1 levels were a feature of SOX11 negative MCL (p=0.006). Both high CNR2 and high FAAH levels correlated to anemia (p=0.0006 and p=0.038, respectively). In conclusion, the relative expression of the anandamide synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes in MCL is heavily perturbed. This finding, together with high expression of cannabinoid receptors, could favor enhanced anandamide signaling and suggest that targeting the endocannabinoid system might be considered as part of lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Wasik
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Nygren
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Almestrand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fang Zong
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Flygare
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Baumgartner Wennerholm
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonie Saft
- Clinical Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Andersson
- Department of Hematology, Stockholm South Hospital, SE 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Kimby
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Wahlin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birger Christensson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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204
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Jurczyszyn A, Czepiel J, Gdula-Argasińska J, Czapkiewicz A, Biesiada G, Dróżdż M, Perucki W, Castillo JJ. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in multiple myeloma patients. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1260-5. [PMID: 25192858 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mounting data show that fatty acids (FA) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) function could be potential targets for multiple myeloma (MM) therapy. Our study aimed at comparing the FA composition of erythrocyte membranes of MM patients and healthy controls. MM patients had higher saturated FA and n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and lower monounsaturated, n-3 PUFA and trans-FA indices than controls. The n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio was lower in MM patients and there was distinct clustering of variants of individual FA in MM patients. The FA content of erythrocyte membrane could serve as a diagnostic and/or predictive biomarker in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Czepiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasińska
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Czapkiewicz
- Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Biesiada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - William Perucki
- Students' Scientific Society, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jorge J Castillo
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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205
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Cannabidiol Exposure During Neuronal Differentiation Sensitizes Cells Against Redox-Active Neurotoxins. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:26-37. [PMID: 25108670 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most abundant Cannabis sativa-derived compounds, has been implicated with neuroprotective effect in several human pathologies. Until now, no undesired side effects have been associated with CBD. In this study, we evaluated CBD's neuroprotective effect in terminal differentiation (mature) and during neuronal differentiation (neuronal developmental toxicity model) of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. A dose-response curve was performed to establish a sublethal dose of CBD with antioxidant activity (2.5 μM). In terminally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, incubation with 2.5 μM CBD was unable to protect cells against the neurotoxic effect of glycolaldehyde, methylglyoxal, 6-hydroxydopamine, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, no difference in antioxidant potential and neurite density was observed. When SH-SY5Y cells undergoing neuronal differentiation were exposed to CBD, no differences in antioxidant potential and neurite density were observed. However, CBD potentiated the neurotoxicity induced by all redox-active drugs tested. Our data indicate that 2.5 μM of CBD, the higher dose tolerated by differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, does not provide neuroprotection for terminally differentiated cells and shows, for the first time, that exposure of CBD during neuronal differentiation could sensitize immature cells to future challenges with neurotoxins.
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206
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Díaz-Alonso J, Aguado T, de Salas-Quiroga A, Ortega Z, Guzmán M, Galve-Roperh I. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor-Dependent Activation of mTORC1/Pax6 Signaling Drives Tbr2 Expression and Basal Progenitor Expansion in the Developing Mouse Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2395-408. [PMID: 24610119 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CB1 cannabinoid receptor regulates cortical progenitor proliferation during embryonic development, but the molecular mechanism of this action remains unknown. Here, we report that CB1-deficient mouse embryos show premature cell cycle exit, decreased Pax6- and Tbr2-positive cell number, and reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation in the ventricular and subventricular cortical zones. Pharmacological stimulation of the CB1 receptor in cortical slices and progenitor cell cultures activated the mTORC1 pathway and increased the number of Pax6- and Tbr2-expressing cells. Likewise, acute CB1 knockdown in utero reduced mTORC1 activation and cannabinoid-induced Tbr2-positive cell generation. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the CB1 receptor drives Tbr2 expression downstream of Pax6 induction in an mTORC1-dependent manner. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the CB1 receptor tunes dorsal telencephalic progenitor proliferation by sustaining the transcriptional activity of the Pax6-Tbr2 axis via the mTORC1 pathway, and suggest that alterations of CB1 receptor signaling, by producing the missexpression of progenitor identity determinants may contribute to neurodevelopmental alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Díaz-Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Tania Aguado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Adán de Salas-Quiroga
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Zaira Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
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207
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Zhou Y, Falenta K, Lalli G. Endocannabinoid signalling in neuronal migration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 47:104-8. [PMID: 24361301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system consists of several endogenous lipids, their target CB1 and CB2 receptors and enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation. The most abundant eCB in the central nervous system (CNS), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), triggers a broad range of signalling events by acting on CB1, the most abundant G protein-coupled receptor in the CNS. The eCB system regulates many physiological processes including neurogenesis, axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have highlighted an additional important role for eCB signalling in neuronal migration, which is crucial to achieve the complex architecture and efficient wiring of the CNS. Indeed, eCB signalling controls migration both pre- and post-natally, regulating interneuron positioning in the developing cortex and hippocampus and the polarised motility of stem cell-derived neuroblasts. While these effects may contribute to cognitive deficits associated with cannabis consumption, they also provide potential opportunities for endogenous stem cell-based neuroregenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Katarzyna Falenta
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Giovanna Lalli
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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