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Comparative proteomic study reveals the molecular aspects of delayed ocular symptoms induced by sulfur mustard. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2015; 2015:659241. [PMID: 25685557 PMCID: PMC4320800 DOI: 10.1155/2015/659241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly reactive alkylating agent which produces ocular, respiratory, and skin damages. Eyes are the most sensitive organ to SM due to high intrinsic metabolic and rapid turnover rate of corneal epithelium and aqueous-mucous interfaces of the cornea and conjunctiva. Here we investigate underlying molecular mechanism of SM exposure delayed effects which is still a controversial issue after about 30 years. Materials and Methods. Following ethical approval, we have analyzed serum proteome of ten severe SM exposed male patients with delayed eye symptoms with two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The western blotting was used to confirm the proteins that have been identified. Results. We have identified thirteen proteins including albumin, haptoglobin, and keratin isoforms as well as immunoglobulin kappa chain which showed upregulation while transferrin and alpha 1 antitrypsin revealed downregulation in these patients in comparison with healthy control group. Conclusions. Our results elevated participation of free iron circulatory imbalance and local matrix-metalloproteinase activity in development of delayed ocular symptoms induced by SM. It demonstrates that SM induced systemic toxicity leads to some serum protein changes that continually and gradually exacerbate the ocular surface injuries.
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202
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Wang Y, Xiao Y, Zhong L, Ye D, Zhang J, Tu Y, Bornstein SR, Zhou Z, Lam KSL, Xu A. Increased neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 and augmented NETosis are closely associated with β-cell autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:4239-48. [PMID: 25092677 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from the self-destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Reduced neutrophil counts have been observed in patients with T1D. However, the pathological roles of neutrophils in the development of T1D remain unknown. Here we show that circulating protein levels and enzymatic activities of neutrophil elastase (NE) and proteinase 3 (PR3), both of which are neutrophil serine proteases stored in neutrophil primary granules, were markedly elevated in patients with T1D, especially those with disease duration of less than 1 year. Furthermore, circulating NE and PR3 levels increased progressively with the increase of the positive numbers and titers of the autoantibodies against β-cell antigens. An obvious elevation of NE and PR3 was detected even in those autoantibody-negative patients. Increased NE and PR3 in T1D patients are closely associated with elevated formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. By contrast, the circulating levels of α1-antitrypsin, an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases, are decreased in T1D patients. These findings support an early role of neutrophil activation and augmented neutrophil serine proteases activities in the pathogenesis of β-cell autoimmunity and also suggest that circulating NE and PR3 may serve as sensitive biomarkers for the diagnosis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiting Tu
- Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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203
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Lara B, Martínez MT, Blanco I, Hernández-Moro C, Velasco EA, Ferrarotti I, Rodriguez-Frias F, Perez L, Vazquez I, Alonso J, Posada M, Martínez-Delgado B. Severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in composite heterozygotes inheriting a new splicing mutation QOMadrid. Respir Res 2014; 15:125. [PMID: 25287719 PMCID: PMC4194419 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a hereditary condition caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene, which predisposes to lung emphysema and liver disease. It is usually related to PI*Z alleles, and less frequent to rare and null (QO) alleles. Null-AAT alleles represent the end of a continuum of variants associated with profound AAT deficiency and extremely increased risk of emphysema. METHODS A family with severe AAT deficiency was analyzed to achieve genetic diagnosis. The complete exons and introns of the SERPINA1 gene were sequenced and transcriptional analysis by RT-PCR was performed to characterize the effect of splicing variants found in the patients. In addition, a minigene MGserpa1_ex1b-1c was cloned into the pSAD vector to in vitro investigate the independent impact of variants on splicing process. RESULTS We report a new identified null allele (PI*QOMadrid) in two adult siblings with practically no detectable serum AAT. The PI*QOMadrid allele consist of a duplication of the thymine (T) in position +2 of the donor splice site of exon 1C (+2dupT). In these two subjects, PI*QOMadrid occurred in compound heterozygote combination with the previously described variant PI*QOPorto. Both QOMadrid and QOPorto variants are located very close together in a regulatory region of the SERPINA1 gene. Analysis of transcripts revealed that QOMadrid variant prevented the expression of transcripts from exon 1C, and then normally spliced RNA products are not expected in the liver of these patients. In addition, aberrant splicing patterns of both variants were clearly distinguished and quantified by functional in vitro assays lending further support to their pathogenicity. CONCLUSION Finding pathogenic mutations in non-coding regions of the SERPINA1 highlight the importance that regulatory regions might have in the disease. Regulatory regions should be seriously considered in discordant cases with severe AAT deficiency where no coding mutations were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lara
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Blanco
- Board of Directors of the Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Spanish Registry, Lung Foundation Breathe, Spanish Society of Pneumology (SEPAR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández-Moro
- Grupo de Splicing y Cáncer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eladio A Velasco
- Grupo de Splicing y Cáncer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ilaria Ferrarotti
- Center for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Pneumology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Perez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2,200, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220 Spain
| | - Irene Vazquez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2,200, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220 Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Human Genetics Area, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain RDR and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2,200, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220 Spain
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204
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Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is an under-recognized hereditary disorder associated with the premature onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis in children and adults, and less frequently, relapsing panniculitis, systemic vasculitis and other inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Severe AAT deficiency mainly affects Caucasian individuals and has its highest prevalence (1 : 2000-1 : 5000 individuals) in Northern, Western and Central Europe. In the USA and Canada, the prevalence is 1: 5000-10 000. Prevalence is five times lower in Latin American countries and is rare or nonexistent in African and Asian individuals. The key to successful diagnosis is by measuring serum AAT, followed by the determination of the phenotype or genotype if low concentrations are found. Case detection allows implementation of genetic counselling and, in selected cases, the application of augmentation therapy. Over the past decade, it has been demonstrated that AAT is a broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-infective and tissue-repair molecule. These new capacities are promoting an increasing number of clinical studies, new pharmacological formulations, new patent applications and the search for alternative sources of AAT (including transgenic and recombinant AAT) to meet the expected demand for treating a large number of diseases, inside and outside the context of AAT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F de Serres
- Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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205
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Schönberg M, Reibetanz U, Rathmann S, Lessig J. Maintenance of α(1)-antitrypsin activity by means of co-application of hypochlorous acid-scavengers in vitro and in the supernatant of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: as a basis for a new drug delivery approach. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:24-36. [PMID: 23507783 DOI: 10.4161/biom.19190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue destruction, pain and loss of function in chronically inflamed tissues can result from noxious agents released from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its highly reactive product hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or proteases such as neutrophil elastase (NE). Currently there exists a high demand for medications that provide gentle treatments, free from side effects inherent in those prescribed today. One method to circumvent side effects is through the use of locally applied drug delivery. In contrast to systemic therapy, the main advantages of transport systems are the low dosages of drug with a time-controlled delivery. The aim of this study was to ascertain interactions of NE and its inhibitor α(1)-antitrypsin (AT), the influence of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as well as its scavengers, in order to define an effective mixture of drugs acting in a synergistic way which can be applied by means of drug delivery systems. These investigations determine the effective amounts of AT/HOCl-scavengers that drug mixtures need for delivery under inflammatory conditions in order to prevent tissue damage. AT was shown to inhibit NE in a dose-dependent manner, whereas a physiological concentration of 1.14 µM AT caused a significant NE inhibition (78%, pH 7.5). The concomitant existence of MPO/HOCl inactivated AT in a dose-dependent manner as well. To regain AT efficacy, HOCl-scavengers, such as L-methionine, α-aminosalicylic acid and cefoperazone were additionally applied. Finally, AT was assembled as surface layer onto layer-by-layer biopolymer-coated microcarriers and carrier phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schönberg
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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206
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Guo S, Booten SL, Watt A, Alvarado L, Freier SM, Teckman JH, McCaleb ML, Monia BP. Using antisense technology to develop a novel therapy for α-1 antitrypsin deficient (AATD) liver disease and to model AATD lung disease. Rare Dis 2014; 2:e28511. [PMID: 25054094 PMCID: PMC4091453 DOI: 10.4161/rdis.28511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a serum protease inhibitor that belongs to the serpin superfamily. Mutations in AAT are associated with α-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a rare genetic disease with two distinct manifestations: AATD lung disease and AATD liver disease. AATD lung disease is caused by loss-of-function of AAT and can be treated with plasma-derived AAT. AATD liver disease is due to the aggregation and retention of mutant AAT protein in the liver; the only treatment available for AATD liver disease is liver transplantation. Here we demonstrate that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting human AAT efficiently reduce levels of both short and long human AAT transcript in vitro and in transgenic mice, providing a novel therapy for AATD liver disease. In addition, ASO-mediated depletion of mouse AAT may offer a useful animal model for the investigation of AATD lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Guo
- Antisense Drug Discovery; Isis Pharmaceuticals; Carlsbad, CA USA
| | - Sheri L Booten
- Antisense Drug Discovery; Isis Pharmaceuticals; Carlsbad, CA USA
| | - Andrew Watt
- Antisense Drug Discovery; Isis Pharmaceuticals; Carlsbad, CA USA
| | - Luis Alvarado
- Antisense Drug Discovery; Isis Pharmaceuticals; Carlsbad, CA USA
| | - Susan M Freier
- Antisense Drug Discovery; Isis Pharmaceuticals; Carlsbad, CA USA
| | - Jeffery H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics; St. Louis University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | | | - Brett P Monia
- Antisense Drug Discovery; Isis Pharmaceuticals; Carlsbad, CA USA
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207
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Moldthan HL, Hirko AC, Thinschmidt JS, Grant MB, Li Z, Peris J, Lu Y, Elshikha AS, King MA, Hughes JA, Song S. Alpha 1-antitrypsin therapy mitigated ischemic stroke damage in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:e355-63. [PMID: 24582784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to develop a new therapy for the treatment of stroke. Currently, the only effective therapy for acute ischemic stroke is the thrombolytic agent recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. α1-Antitrypsin (AAT), a serine proteinase inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antimicrobial, and cytoprotective activities, could be beneficial in stroke. The goal of this study is to test whether AAT can improve ischemic stroke outcome in an established rat model. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in male rats via intracranial (i.c.) microinjection of endothelin-1. Five to 10 minutes after stroke induction, rats received either i.c. or intravenous delivery of human AAT. Cylinder and vibrissae tests were used to evaluate sensorimotor function before and 72 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volumes were examined via either 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride assay or magnetic resonance imaging 72 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Despite equivalent initial strokes, at 72 hours, the infarct volumes of the human AAT treatment groups (local and systemic injection) were statistically significantly reduced by 83% and 63% (P < .0001 and P < .05, respectively) compared with control rats. Human AAT significantly limited sensory motor system deficits. Human AAT could be a potential novel therapeutic drug for the protection against neurodegeneration after ischemic stroke, but more studies are needed to investigate the protective mechanisms and efficacy in other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong L Moldthan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aaron C Hirko
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jeffrey S Thinschmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joanna Peris
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yuanqing Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ahmed S Elshikha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Michael A King
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Sihong Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida.
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208
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Ljunggren S, Levels JHM, Turkina MV, Sundberg S, Bochem AE, Hovingh K, Holleboom AG, Lindahl M, Kuivenhoven JA, Karlsson H. ApoA-I mutations, L202P and K131del, in HDL from heterozygotes with low HDL-C. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:241-50. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | | | - Maria V. Turkina
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Sofie Sundberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Andrea E. Bochem
- Department of Vascular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G. Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mats Lindahl
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Heart Medical Centre; Linköping Sweden
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209
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Guo S, Booten SL, Aghajan M, Hung G, Zhao C, Blomenkamp K, Gattis D, Watt A, Freier SM, Teckman JH, McCaleb ML, Monia BP. Antisense oligonucleotide treatment ameliorates alpha-1 antitrypsin-related liver disease in mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:251-61. [PMID: 24355919 DOI: 10.1172/jci67968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare genetic disease that results from mutations in the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) gene. The mutant AAT protein aggregates and accumulates in the liver leading to AATD liver disease, which is only treatable by liver transplant. The PiZ transgenic mouse strain expresses a human AAT (hAAT) transgene that contains the AATD-associated Glu342Lys mutation. PiZ mice exhibit many AATD symptoms, including AAT protein aggregates, increased hepatocyte death, and liver fibrosis. In the present study, we systemically treated PiZ mice with an antisense oligonucleotide targeted against hAAT (AAT-ASO) and found reductions in circulating levels of AAT and both soluble and aggregated AAT protein in the liver. Furthermore, AAT-ASO administration in these animals stopped liver disease progression after short-term treatment, reversed liver disease after long-term treatment, and prevented liver disease in young animals. Additionally, antisense oligonucleotide treatment markedly decreased liver fibrosis in this mouse model. Administration of AAT-ASO in nonhuman primates led to an approximately 80% reduction in levels of circulating normal AAT, demonstrating potential for this approach in higher species. Antisense oligonucleotides thus represent a promising therapy for AATD liver disease.
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210
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Targeted biomarker discovery by high throughput glycosylation profiling of human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin and immunoglobulin A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73082. [PMID: 24039863 PMCID: PMC3767703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation patterns are known to show vast genetic as well as physiological and pathological variation and represent a large pool of potential biomarkers. Large-scale studies are needed for the identification and validation of biomarkers, and the analytical techniques required have recently been developed. Such methods have up to now mainly been applied to complex mixtures of glycoproteins in biofluids (e.g. plasma). Here, we analyzed N-glycosylation profiles of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) enriched fractions by 96-well microtitration plate based high-throughput immuno-affinity capturing and N-glycan analysis using multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CGE-LIF). Human plasma samples were from the Leiden Longevity Study comprising 2415 participants of different chronological and biological ages. Glycosylation patterns of AAT enriched fractions were found to be associated with chronological (calendar) age and they differed between females and males. Moreover, several glycans in the AAT enriched fraction were associated with physiological parameters marking cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Pronounced differences were found between males and females in the glycosylation profiles of IgA enriched fractions. Our results demonstrate that large-scale immuno-affinity capturing of proteins from human plasma using a bead-based method combined with high-throughput N-glycan analysis is a powerful tool for the discovery of glycosylation-based biomarker candidates.
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211
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A methodological and functional proteomic approach of human follicular fluid en route for oocyte quality evaluation. J Proteomics 2013; 90:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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212
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Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of α1-antitrypsin without inhibition of elastase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15007-12. [PMID: 23975926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309648110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) augmentation therapy to treat progressive emphysema in AAT-deficient patients is based on inhibition of neutrophil elastase; however, the benefit of this treatment remains unclear. Here we show that clinical grade AAT (with elastase inhibitory activity) and a recombinant form of AAT (rAAT) without anti-elastase activity reduces lung inflammatory responses to LPS in elastase-deficient mice. WT and elastase-deficient mice treated with either native AAT or rAAT exhibited significant reductions in infiltrating neutrophils (23% and 68%), lavage fluid levels of TNF-α (70% and 80%), and the neutrophil chemokine KC (CXCL1) (64% and 90%), respectively. Lung parenchyma TNF-α, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 and X-box binding protein-1 mRNA levels were reduced in both mouse strains treated with AAT; significantly lower levels of these genes, as well as IL-1β gene expression, were observed in lungs of AAT-deficient patients treated with AAT therapy compared with untreated patients. In vitro, LPS-induced cytokines from WT and elastase-deficient mouse neutrophils, as well as neutrophils of healthy humans, were similarly reduced by AAT or rAAT; human neutrophils adhering to endothelial cells were decreased by 60-80% (P < 0.001) with either AAT or rAAT. In mouse pancreatic islet macrophages, LPS-induced surface expression of MHC II, Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 were markedly lower (80%, P < 0.001) when exposed to either AAT or rAAT. Consistently, in vivo and in vitro, rAAT reduced inflammatory responses at concentrations 40- to 100-fold lower than native plasma-derived AAT. These data provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of AAT can be independent of elastase inhibition.
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213
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Zhao Z, Miao Y, Pan P, Cheng B, Bai G, Wu H. Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan alleviates asthma through multi-target network regulation. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:206. [PMID: 23919426 PMCID: PMC3765495 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan (QFXY), a traditional Chinese formula, is widely used for relieving cough, asthma, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, and etc. in clinic. Comparing with other anti-asthma drugs, it is characterised with moderate and persistent efficacy as well as few side effects, however, the underlying action mechanism still remains elusive. This study aimed to identify QFXY multi-target network regulation as an asthma controller. METHODS This study established asthma model induced by histamine phosphate and acetylcholine chloride (His&Ach) in guinea pigs, which then were administered orally with QFXY. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining sections were applied for evaluating QFXY effect. In both Model and QFXY groups, customized microarrays and 2D electrophoresis were adopted to detect differentially expressed genes (diff genes) and proteins (diff proteins) respectively, and some diff proteins were identified with MALDI-TOF/MS. The checked diff genes and proteins underwent Cluster, GO and KEGG analysis. Based on GAD and HPRD databases, QFXY-asthma target regulation network was constructed. RESULTS His&Ach-induced asthma model of guinea pigs was established. HE sections presented anti-inflammation and anti-remodelling effects of QFXY. Comparing with the Model group, 55 diff genes and 6 diff proteins were identified in QFXY group. Validation by qPCR and Western blot showed the microarray and 2D data reliable. Furthermore, QFXY-asthma target regulation network was achieved. CONCLUSIONS A primarily combined genomic and proteomic screening of QFXY targets displayed a series of candidate genes and proteins, which indicated that the effect of QFXY relied on the combined mechanism, anti-inflammation and anti-remodelling, as well as influencing signal transduction in vivo.
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214
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Prévilon M, Le Gall M, Chafey P, Federeci C, Pezet M, Clary G, Broussard C, François G, Mercadier JJ, Rouet-Benzineb P. Comparative differential proteomic profiles of nonfailing and failing hearts after in vivo thoracic aortic constriction in mice overexpressing FKBP12.6. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00039. [PMID: 24303125 PMCID: PMC3834996 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pressure overload (PO) induces pathological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) leading to congestive heart failure (HF). Overexpression of FKBP12.6 (FK506-binding protein [K]) in mice should prevent Ca2+-leak during diastole and may improve overall cardiac function. In order to decipher molecular mechanisms involved in thoracic aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac remodeling and the influence of gender and genotype, we performed a proteomic analysis using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics techniques to identify alterations in characteristic biological networks. Wild-type (W) and K mice of both genders underwent TAC. Thirty days post-TAC, the altered cardiac remodeling was accompanied with systolic and diastolic dysfunction in all experimental groups. A gender difference in inflammatory protein expression (fibrinogen, α-1-antitrypsin isoforms) and in calreticulin occurred (males > females). Detoxification enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins were noticeably increased in K mice. Both non- and congestive failing mouse heart exhibited down- and upregulation of proteins related to mitochondrial function and purine metabolism, respectively. HF was characterized by a decrease in enzymes related to iron homeostasis, and altered mitochondrial protein expression related to fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, and redox balance. Moreover, two distinct differential protein profiles characterized TAC-induced pathological LVH and congestive HF in all TAC mice. FKBP12.6 overexpression did not influence TAC-induced deleterious effects. Huntingtin was revealed as a potential mediator for HF. A broad dysregulation of signaling proteins associated with congestive HF suggested that different sets of proteins could be selected as useful biomarkers for HF progression and might predict outcome in PO-induced pathological LVH.
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Talens S, Malfliet JJMC, van Hal PTW, Leebeek FWG, Rijken DC. Identification and characterization of α1 -antitrypsin in fibrin clots. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1319-28. [PMID: 23648095 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Preliminary studies indicated that α1 -antitrypsin (A1AT) is the most abundant protein that is non-covalently bound to fibrin clots prepared from plasma. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize fibrin(ogen)-bound A1AT. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma clots were prepared and extensively washed with saline. Clot-bound A1AT could only be extracted using denaturing agents such as urea, thiourea or SDS, pointing to an apparently strong association. Purified fibrinogen, but still containing A1AT as a contaminant, was gel filtered, which showed that the A1AT was bound to fibrinogen. A specific ELISA detected the presence of A1AT-fibrinogen complexes in both purified fibrinogen and pooled normal plasma. Finally, fibrin(ogen)-Sepharose chromatography indicated that A1AT purified from plasma contained a small fraction of fibrin(ogen)-binding A1AT. To study the inhibitory activity of fibrin(ogen)-bound A1AT, both fibrinogen containing A1AT and washed plasma clots were incubated with increasing amounts of elastase. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting showed under both conditions the generation of the A1AT-elastase complex as well as cleaved A1AT. The inhibitory activity of fibrin(ogen)-bound A1AT was also demonstrated by measuring elastase-induced lysis of fibrin clots. CONCLUSION Fibrin clots contain strongly bound A1AT, which is functionally active as a serine protease inhibitor (serpin). This A1AT might play a role in the local regulation of proteases involved in coagulation or fibrinolysis and represent a novel link between the inflammatory and hemostatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Talens
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Pott GB, Beard KS, Bryan CL, Merrick DT, Shapiro L. Alpha-1 antitrypsin reduces severity of pseudomonas pneumonia in mice and inhibits epithelial barrier disruption and pseudomonas invasion of respiratory epithelial cells. Front Public Health 2013; 1:19. [PMID: 24350188 PMCID: PMC3854847 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is the third most common hospital-acquired infection and the leading cause of death due to hospital-acquired infection in the US. During pneumonia and non-pneumonia severe illness, respiratory tract secretions become enriched with the serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE). Several NE activities promote onset and severity of NP. NE in the airways causes proteolytic tissue damage, augments inflammation, may promote invasion of respiratory epithelium by bacteria, and disrupts respiratory epithelial barrier function. These NE activities culminate in enhanced bacterial replication, impaired gas exchange, fluid intrusion into the airways, and loss of bacterial containment that can result in bacteremia. Therefore, neutralizing NE activity may reduce the frequency and severity of NP. We evaluated human alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), the prototype endogenous NE inhibitor, as a suppressor of bacterial pneumonia and pneumonia-related pathogenesis. In AAT+/+ transgenic mice that express human AAT in lungs, mortality due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aer) pneumonia was reduced 90% compared to non-transgenic control animals. Exogenous human AAT given to non-transgenic mice also significantly reduced P.aer pneumonia mortality. P.aer-infected AAT+/+ mice demonstrated reduced lung tissue damage, decreased bacterial concentrations in lungs and blood, and diminished circulating cytokine concentrations compared to infected non-transgenic mice. In vitro, AAT suppressed P.aer internalization into respiratory epithelial cells and inhibited NE or P.aer-induced disruption of epithelial cell barrier function. The beneficial effects of human AAT in murine P.aer pneumonia raise the possibility of AAT use as a prophylactic treatment for NP in humans, and suggest a role for AAT as an innate immune mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Pott
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - K Scott Beard
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Courtney L Bryan
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | | | - Leland Shapiro
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
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Association between the plasma proteome and serum ascorbic acid concentrations in humans. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:842-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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218
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Goldstein S, Reddy P. Tolerance without toxicity? α1-antitrypsin as a novel alternative to immunosuppression. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:397-9. [PMID: 22882212 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Blanco I, de Serres FJ, Cárcaba V, Lara B, Fernández-Bustillo E. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency PI*Z and PI*S Gene Frequency Distribution Using on Maps of the World by an Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Multivariate Interpolation Method. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7434. [PMID: 23166537 PMCID: PMC3500828 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a remarkable lack of genetic epidemiological studies on alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency in about half of the 193 countries of the World. This fact impedes the establishment of a true prevalence pattern of this deleterious hereditary disorder in extensive regions of human population. 2. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to generate detailed maps of the frequency distribution of the two most frequent AAT deficiency alleles (i.e., PI*S and PI*Z) in all areas of the World. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Available data provided by epidemiological studies performed in 94 of 193 countries worldwide was used to develop detailed maps of these two alleles, We employed an informatics mathematical approach, namely: the ArcMap [a component of ESRI's ArcGIS Geographical Information System (GIS), for Microsoft Windows], based on the inverse distance weighting (IDW) multivariate interpolation method, which creates new numerical points from known data, using a simple logarithm based in the distance existing between them 4. RESULTS In this method, PI*S and PI*Z frequencies were represented by colored scales, where qualitative colors were converted into quantitative data, providing information on their distribution in all parts of the world. This approach not only confirmed our previous data, but also provided digital images of the remaining regions of all continents. 5. CONCLUSIONS By using this approach, striking differences were found among regions, and unsuspected significant values of the PI*S and PI*Z alleles frequencies were obtained for several geographic regions where have not been studied yet. In fact, some of these regions might be considered as priority targets for further screening studies on AAT deficiency, in order to identify, and properly manage, individuals at risk for the diverse adverse health effects associated with AAT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Blanco
- The Principality of Asturias Biomedical Research Office (OIB-FICYT), Oviedo, Spain
- Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Spanish Registry, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author: Ignacio Blanco, The Principality of Asturias Biomedical Research Office (OIB-FICYT), Oviedo, Spain and Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Spanish Registry, Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: +34-985252481, E-mail:
| | | | - Victoriano Cárcaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Valle del Nalón Hospital, Principado de Asturias, Spain
| | - Beatríz Lara
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Avda, Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida (IRB), CIBERES Instituto Salud Carlos III, Pneumology Service, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Schmid ST, Koepke J, Dresel M, Hattesohl A, Frenzel E, Perez J, Lomas DA, Miranda E, Greulich T, Noeske S, Wencker M, Teschler H, Vogelmeier C, Janciauskiene S, Koczulla AR. The effects of weekly augmentation therapy in patients with PiZZ α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012; 7:687-96. [PMID: 23055718 PMCID: PMC3468059 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s34560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The major concept behind augmentation therapy with human α1-antitrypsin (AAT) is to raise the levels of AAT in patients with protease inhibitor phenotype ZZ (Glu342Lys)-inherited AAT deficiency and to protect lung tissues from proteolysis and progression of emphysema. Objective To evaluate the short-term effects of augmentation therapy (Prolastin®) on plasma levels of AAT, C-reactive protein, and chemokines/cytokines. Materials and methods Serum and exhaled breath condensate were collected from individuals with protease inhibitor phenotype ZZ AAT deficiency-related emphysema (n = 12) on the first, third, and seventh day after the infusion of intravenous Prolastin. Concentrations of total and polymeric AAT, interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and C-reactive protein were determined. Blood neutrophils and primary epithelial cells were also exposed to Prolastin (1 mg/mL). Results There were significant fluctuations in serum (but not in exhaled breath condensate) levels of AAT polymers, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor within a week of augmentation therapy. In general, augmented individuals had higher AAT and lower serum levels of IL-8 than nonaugmented subjects. Prolastin added for 3 hours to neutrophils from protease inhibitor phenotype ZZ individuals in vitro reduced IL-8 release but showed no effect on cytokine/chemokine release from human bronchial epithelial cells. Conclusion Within a week, augmentation with Prolastin induced fluctuations in serum levels of AAT polymers and cytokine/chemokines but specifically lowered IL-8 levels. It remains to be determined whether these effects are related to the Prolastin preparation per se or to the therapeutic efficacy of augmentation with AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Patton SM, Coe CL, Lubach GR, Connor JR. Quantitative proteomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid using iTRAQ in a primate model of iron deficiency anemia. Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:354-65. [PMID: 23018452 DOI: 10.1159/000341919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency affects nearly 2 billion people worldwide, with pregnant women and young children being most severely impacted. Sustained anemia during the first year of life can cause cognitive, attention and motor deficits, which may persist despite iron supplementation. We conducted iTRAQ analyses on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from infant monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to identify differential protein expression associated with early iron deficiency. CSF was collected from 5 iron-sufficient and 8 iron-deficient anemic monkeys at weaning age (6-7 months) and again at 12-14 months. Despite consumption of iron-fortified food after weaning, which restored hematological indices into the normal range, expression of 5 proteins in the CSF remained altered. Most of the proteins identified are involved in neurite outgrowth, migration or synapse formation. The results reveal novel ways in which iron deficiency undermines brain growth and results in aberrant neuronal migration and connections. Taken together with gene expression data from rodent models of iron deficiency, we conclude that significant alterations in neuroconnectivity occur in the iron-deficient brain, which may persist even after resolution of the hematological anemia. The compromised brain infrastructure could account for observations of behavioral deficits in children during and after the period of anemia.
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223
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Karnaukhova E, Krupnikova SS, Rajabi M, Alayash AI. Heme binding to human alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:2020-9. [PMID: 23000493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme is a unique prosthetic group of various hemoproteins that perform diverse biological functions; however, in its free form heme is intrinsically toxic in vivo. Due to its potential toxicity, heme binding to plasma proteins is an important safety issue in regard to protein therapeutics derived from human blood. While heme binding by hemopexin, albumin and α(1)-microglobulin has been extensively studied, the role of other plasma proteins remains largely unknown. METHODS We examined two acute-phase plasma proteins, haptoglobin (Hp) and alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (α(1)-PI) for possible interactions with heme and bilirubin (BR), the final product of heme degradation, using various techniques: UV/Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). RESULTS According to our data, Hp exhibits a very weak association with both heme and BR; α(1)-PI's affinity to BR is also very low. However, α(1)-PI's affinity to heme (K(D) 2.0×10(-8)M) is of the same order of magnitude as that of albumin (1.26×10(-8)M). The data for α(1)-PI binding with protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) suggest that the elimination of the iron atom from the porphyrin structure results in almost 350-fold lower affinity (K(D) 6.93×10(-6)M), thus indicating that iron is essential for the heme coordination with the α(1)-PI. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates for the first time that human α(1)-PI is a heme binding protein with an affinity to heme comparable to that of albumin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our data may have important implications for safety and efficacy of plasma protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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224
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Lewis EC. Expanding the clinical indications for α(1)-antitrypsin therapy. Mol Med 2012; 18:957-70. [PMID: 22634722 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α(1)-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a 52-kDa circulating serine protease inhibitor. Production of AAT by the liver maintains 0.9-1.75 mg/mL circulating levels. During acute-phase responses, circulating AAT levels increase more than fourfold. In individuals with one of several inherited mutations in AAT, low circulating levels increase the risk for lung, liver and pancreatic destructive diseases, particularly emphysema. These individuals are treated with lifelong weekly infusions of human plasma-derived AAT. An increasing amount of evidence appears to suggest that AAT possesses not only the ability to inhibit serine proteases, such as elastase and proteinase-3 (PR-3), but also to exert antiinflammatory and tissue-protective effects independent of protease inhibition. AAT modifies dendritic cell maturation and promotes T regulatory cell differentiation, induces interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10 release, protects various cell types from cell death, inhibits caspases-1 and -3 activity and inhibits IL-1 production and activity. Importantly, unlike classic immunosuppressants, AAT allows undeterred isolated T-lymphocyte responses. On the basis of preclinical and clinical studies, AAT therapy for nondeficient individuals may interfere with disease progression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection, graft versus host disease and multiple sclerosis. AAT also appears to be antibacterial and an inhibitor of viral infections, such as influenza and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and is currently evaluated in clinical trials for type 1 diabetes, cystic fibrosis and graft versus host disease. Thus, AAT therapy appears to have advanced from replacement therapy, to a safe and potential treatment for a broad spectrum of inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli C Lewis
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Linja-aho A, Mazur W, Toljamo T, Nieminen P, Ohlmeier S, Rönty M, Kinnula VL. Distribution and levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the lung and plasma in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. APMIS 2012; 121:11-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linja-aho
- Pulmonary Division; Department of Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Witold Mazur
- Pulmonary Division; Department of Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Tuula Toljamo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Lapland Central Hospital; Rovaniemi; Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics Group; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - Steffen Ohlmeier
- Department of Biochemistry; Proteomics Core Facility Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - Mikko Rönty
- Department of Pathology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Vuokko L. Kinnula
- Pulmonary Division; Department of Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki; Finland
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Koczulla AR, Jonigk D, Wolf T, Herr C, Noeske S, Klepetko W, Vogelmeier C, von Neuhoff N, Rische J, Wrenger S, Golpon H, Voswinckel R, Luisetti M, Ferrarotti I, Welte T, Janciauskiene S. Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins in end-stage COPD lungs with and without severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:29. [PMID: 22621770 PMCID: PMC3517304 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. An important fraction of COPD cases harbor a major genetic determinant, inherited ZZ (Glu342Lys) α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). A study was undertaken to investigate gene expression patterns in end-stage COPD lungs from patients with and without AATD. Methods Explanted lungs of end-stage ZZ AATD-related (treated and non-treated with AAT augmentation therapy) and “normal” MM COPD, and liver biopsies from patients suffering from liver cirrhosis with and without ZZ AATD were used for gene expression analysis by Affymetrix microarrays or RT-PCR. Results A total of 162 genes were found to be differentially expressed (p-value ≤ 0.05 and |FC| ≥ 2) between MM and ZZ COPD patients. Of those, 134 gene sets were up-regulated and 28 were down-regulated in ZZ relative to MM lung tissue. A subgroup of genes, zinc finger protein 165, snail homolog 1 (Drosophila) (SNAI1), and Krüppel-like transcription factors (KLFs) 4 (gut), 9 and 10, perfectly segregated ZZ and MM COPD patients. The higher expression of KLF 9 and KLF10 has been verified in the replication cohort with AATD-related end-stage lung emphysema and liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, higher expression of KLF9, SNAI1 and DEFA1 was found in ZZ COPD lungs without augmentation therapy relative to MM COPD or ZZ COPD with augmentation therapy. Conclusions These results reveal the involvement of transcriptional regulators of the zinc-finger family in COPD pathogenesis and provide deeper insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of COPD with and without AATD.
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Cao JJ, Gregoire BR, Sun L, Song S. Alpha-1 antitrypsin reduces ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1240:E31-5. [PMID: 22360827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are primary mediators of bone loss in estrogen deficiency. This study determined whether alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a multifunctional protein with proteinase inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activities, mitigates bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency. Mice were either sham-operated or ovariectomized and injected with either AAT or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Ovariectomy resulted in decreased wet uterus weight, significant bone loss, increased serum leptin concentrations, and higher body weight compared to sham. AAT injection increased tibial trabecular bone volume/total volume and trabecular thickness compared to PBS injection in ovariectomized mice. Ovariectomized mice with AAT treatment had higher uterus weight, lower serum osteocalcin levels, fewer bone marrow tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts, and less expression of calcitonin receptor in bone than that in PBS-injected mice. These data demonstrate that AAT mitigates ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice possibly through inhibiting osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9034, USA.
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Hagiwara K, Morino H, Shiihara J, Tanaka T, Miyazawa H, Suzuki T, Kohda M, Okazaki Y, Seyama K, Kawakami H. Homozygosity mapping on homozygosity haplotype analysis to detect recessive disease-causing genes from a small number of unrelated, outbred patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25059. [PMID: 21949849 PMCID: PMC3176806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in disease that are not common are often difficult to identify; a method that pinpoints them from a small number of unrelated patients will be of great help. In order to establish such a method that detects recessive genes identical-by-descent, we modified homozygosity mapping (HM) so that it is constructed on the basis of homozygosity haplotype (HM on HH) analysis. An analysis using 6 unrelated patients with Siiyama-type α1-antitrypsin deficiency, a disease caused by a founder gene, the correct gene locus was pinpointed from data of any 2 patients (length: 1.2–21.8 centimorgans, median: 1.6 centimorgans). For a test population in which these 6 patients and 54 healthy subjects were scrambled, the approach accurately identified these 6 patients and pinpointed the locus to a 1.4-centimorgan fragment. Analyses using synthetic data revealed that the analysis works well for IBD fragment derived from a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) who existed less than 60 generations ago. The analysis is unsuitable for the genes with a frequency in general population more than 0.1. Thus, HM on HH analysis is a powerful technique, applicable to a small number of patients not known to be related, and will accelerate the identification of disease-causing genes for recessive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hagiwara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan.
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Al-Omari M, Korenbaum E, Ballmaier M, Lehmann U, Jonigk D, Manstein DJ, Welte T, Mahadeva R, Janciauskiene S. Acute-phase protein α1-antitrypsin inhibits neutrophil calpain I and induces random migration. Mol Med 2011; 17:865-74. [PMID: 21494752 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid recruitment of neutrophils to sites of injury or infection is a hallmark of the inflammatory response and is required for effective host defense against pathogenic stimuli. However, neutrophil-mediated inflammation can also lead to chronic tissue destruction; therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying neutrophil influx and activation is of critical importance. We have previously shown that the acute phase protein α1-antitrypsin (AAT) inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis. In this study, we examine mechanisms related to the effect of AAT on neutrophil responses. We report a previously unknown function of AAT to inactivate calpain I (μ-calpain) and to induce a rapid cell polarization and random migration. These effects of AAT coincided with a transient rise in intracellular calcium, increase in intracellular lipids, activation of the Rho GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42, and extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Furthermore, AAT caused a significant inhibition of nonstimulated as well as formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP)-stimulated neutrophil adhesion to fibronectin, strongly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 release and slightly delayed neutrophil apoptosis. The results presented here broaden our understanding of the regulation of calpain-related neutrophil functional activities, and provide the impetus for new studies to define the role of AAT and other acute phase proteins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al-Omari
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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