201
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Wiemer EAC, Berns EMJJ. microRNAs in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12:208-9. [PMID: 21345724 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A C Wiemer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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202
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has the highest mortality rate of all gynaecological cancers. One of the greatest impediments to improving outcome is an incomplete understanding of the molecular underpinnings of EOC pathogenesis and progression. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in ovarian tumorigenesis and cancer development. Several miRNA profiling studies have identified some consensus aberrantly expressed miRNAs in EOC tissues, and these EOC-related miRNAs may play critical roles in the pathogenesis and progression of EOC. Moreover, some of the miRNAs may have diagnostic or prognostic significance. In this review, recent progress to reveal the role of miRNAs in EOC will be addressed, and a model for miRNA functions in ovarian cancer initiation and progression will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Di Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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203
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Imanaka Y, Tsuchiya S, Sato F, Shimada Y, Shimizu K, Tsujimoto G. MicroRNA-141 confers resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by targeting YAP1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:270-6. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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204
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Chen J, Wang L, Matyunina LV, Hill CG, McDonald JF. Overexpression of miR-429 induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in metastatic ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:200-5. [PMID: 21277012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.12.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies primarily due to the sloughing-off of highly metastatic cells from primary tumors and their subsequent spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. Since the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of OC cells located at the periphery of primary tumors is essential to this process, molecular interventions that can block EMT are of potential clinical significance. Members of the miR200 family of microRNAs have been implicated in EMT in other cancers. Our purpose was to determine if miR200 family microRNAs may be involved in EMT in OC and of potential therapeutic value in reducing OC metastasis. METHODS Gene expression profiles of two OC cell lines with different metastatic potentials were monitored using qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). The effect of over-expression of a miR-200 family microRNA (miR-429) in metastatic OC cells was monitored on molecular (qRT-PCR and microarray) and functional (morphology, migration, invasiveness and anchorage independence assays) levels. RESULTS Molecular profiling of two OC cell lines with differing metastatic potentials identified significant differences in previously established epithelial and mesenchymal cell biomarkers including E-cadherin, ZEB1, ZEB2, miR-205 and miR-200 family microRNAs. Ectopic overexpression of miR-429, a member of the miR-200 family of microRNAs, in mesenchymal-like OC cells resulted in reversal of the mesenchymal phenotype (mesenchymal-epithelial transition, MET). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that miR-429 may not only be a useful biomarker of EMT in ovarian cancer, but also of potential therapeutic value in abating OC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biology and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
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205
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Targeting Notch signalling by the conserved miR-8/200 microRNA family in development and cancer cells. EMBO J 2011; 30:756-69. [PMID: 21224847 PMCID: PMC3041954 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic screen in Drosophila uncovers miR-8 as an inhibitor of Notch-induced overgrowth, and identifies a conserved regulatory network comprising the Notch pathway, ZEB1 and this miRNA regulating metastasis and proliferation in flies and cancer cells. See also Brabletz et al in this issue. Notch signalling is crucial for the correct development and growth of numerous organs and tissues, and when subverted it can cause cancer. Loss of miR-8/200 microRNAs (miRNAs) is commonly observed in advanced tumours and correlates with their invasion and acquisition of stem-like properties. Here, we show that this miRNA family controls Notch signalling activation in Drosophila and human cells. In an overexpression screen, we identified the Drosophila miR-8 as a potent inhibitor of Notch-induced overgrowth and tumour metastasis. Gain and loss of mir-8 provoked developmental defects reminiscent of impaired Notch signalling and we demonstrated that miR-8 directly inhibits Notch ligand Serrate. Likewise, miR-200c and miR-141 directly inhibited JAGGED1, impeding proliferation of human metastatic prostate cancer cells. It has been suggested that JAGGED1 may also be important for metastases. Although in metastatic cancer cells, JAGGED1 modestly regulated ZEB1, the miR-200c's target in invasion, studies in Drosophila revealed that only concurrent overexpression of Notch and Zfh1/ZEB1 induced tumour metastases. Together, these data define a new way to attenuate or boost Notch signalling that may have clinical interest.
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206
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Farazi TA, Spitzer JI, Morozov P, Tuschl T. miRNAs in human cancer. J Pathol 2011; 223:102-15. [PMID: 21125669 PMCID: PMC3069496 DOI: 10.1002/path.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules of 20-23 nucleotide (nt) length that control gene expression in many cellular processes. These molecules typically reduce the stability of mRNAs, including those of genes that mediate processes in tumorigenesis, such as inflammation, cell cycle regulation, stress response, differentiation, apoptosis and invasion. miRNA targeting is mostly achieved through specific base-pairing interactions between the 5' end ('seed' region) of the miRNA and sites within coding and untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs; target sites in the 3' UTR lead to more effective mRNA destabilization. Since miRNAs frequently target hundreds of mRNAs, miRNA regulatory pathways are complex. To provide a critical overview of miRNA dysregulation in cancer, we first discuss the methods currently available for studying the role of miRNAs in cancer and then review miRNA genomic organization, biogenesis and mechanism of target recognition, examining how these processes are altered in tumorigenesis. Given the critical role miRNAs play in tumorigenesis processes and their disease-specific expression, they hold potential as therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia A. Farazi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica I. Spitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pavel Morozov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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207
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Hu Y, Correa AM, Hoque A, Guan B, Ye F, Huang J, Swisher SG, Wu TT, Ajani JA, Xu XC. Prognostic significance of differentially expressed miRNAs in esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:132-43. [PMID: 20309880 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altered microRNA (miRNA) expression has been found to promote carcinogenesis, but little is known about the role of miRNAs in esophageal cancer. In this study, we selected 10 miRNAs and analyzed their expression in 10 esophageal cancer cell lines and 158 tissue specimens using Northern blotting and in situ hybridization, respectively. We found that Let-7g, miR-21 and miR-195p were expressed in all 10 cell lines, miR-9 and miR-20a were not expressed in any of the cell lines, and miR-16-2, miR-30e, miR-34a, miR-126 and miR-200a were expressed in some of the cell lines but not others. In addition, transient transfection of miR-34a inhibited c-Met and cyclin D1 expression and esophageal cancer cell proliferation, whereas miR-16-2 suppressed RAR-β(2) expression and increased tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, we found that miR-126 expression was associated with tumor cell dedifferentiation and lymph node metastasis, miR-16-2 was associated with lymph node metastasis, and miR-195p was associated with higher pathologic disease stages in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that miR-16-2 expression and miR-30e expression were associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in all esophageal cancer patients. In addition, miR-16-2, miR-30e and miR-200a expression were associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma; however, miR-16-2, miR-30e and miR-200a expression were not associated with overall or disease-free survival in squamous cell carcinoma patients. Our data indicate that further evaluation of miR-30e and miR-16-2 as prognostic biomarkers is warranted in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. In addition, the role of miR-34a in esophageal cancer also warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Hu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030, USA
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208
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Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Khayat AS, Silva A, Alencar DO, Lobato J, Luz L, Pinheiro DG, Varuzza L, Assumpção M, Assumpção P, Santos S, Zanette DL, Silva WA, Burbano R, Darnet S. Ultra-deep sequencing reveals the microRNA expression pattern of the human stomach. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13205. [PMID: 20949028 PMCID: PMC2951895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tissue differentiation and in maintaining basal physiology, little is known about the miRNA expression levels in stomach tissue. Alterations in the miRNA profile can lead to cell deregulation, which can induce neoplasia. Methodology/Principal Findings A small RNA library of stomach tissue was sequenced using high-throughput SOLiD sequencing technology. We obtained 261,274 quality reads with perfect matches to the human miRnome, and 42% of known miRNAs were identified. Digital Gene Expression profiling (DGE) was performed based on read abundance and showed that fifteen miRNAs were highly expressed in gastric tissue. Subsequently, the expression of these miRNAs was validated in 10 healthy individuals by RT-PCR showed a significant correlation of 83.97% (P<0.05). Six miRNAs showed a low variable pattern of expression (miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-19b, miR-31, miR-148a, miR-451) and could be considered part of the expression pattern of the healthy gastric tissue. Conclusions/Significance This study aimed to validate normal miRNA profiles of human gastric tissue to establish a reference profile for healthy individuals. Determining the regulatory processes acting in the stomach will be important in the fight against gastric cancer, which is the second-leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.
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209
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Li J, Liang S, Yu H, Zhang J, Ma D, Lu X. An inhibitory effect of miR-22 on cell migration and invasion in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119:543-8. [PMID: 20869762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in ovarian carcinoma. However, roles of miRNAs in ovarian caner metastasis have not been comprehensively addressed. This work is aimed to identify selected miRNAs involved in ovarian cancer metastasis. METHODS We examined the distinct miRNA expression profiles between paired high-metastatic human serous ovarian cancer cell SKOV-3ip and low-metastatic human serous ovarian cell SKOV-3 using miRNA microarray. Subsequently, a validation with Real-time RT-PCR was performed for miR-22 expression level, and a functional study was carried out for miR-22. RESULTS Through a screen with microarray, we found there were a variety of miRNAs differentially expressed between paired high and low metastatic serous ovarian cancer cells. Particularly, miR-22 was identified as a potential metastasis-inhibitor in ovarian cancer. There was a negative correlation between miR-22 expression and the metastatic potential in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, both gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies displayed an inhibitory effect of miR-22 on cell migration and invasion in vitro without significantly affecting cell viability and apoptosis. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-22 might regulate multiple pro-metastatic genes, which could provide an explanation to the inhibitory effects of miR-22 on cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggested that miR-22 might be involved in inhibiting ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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210
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Xia H, Cheung WKC, Sze J, Lu G, Jiang S, Yao H, Bian XW, Poon WS, Kung HF, Lin MC. miR-200a regulates epithelial-mesenchymal to stem-like transition via ZEB2 and beta-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36995-7004. [PMID: 20826811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.133744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging concept of generating cancer stem cells from epithelial-mesenchymal transition has attracted great interest; however, the factors and molecular mechanisms that govern this putative tumor-initiating process remain largely elusive. We report here that miR-200a not only regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition but also stem-like transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. We first showed that stable knockdown of miR-200a promotes the transition of epithelium-like CNE-1 cells to the mesenchymal phenotype. More importantly, it also induced several stem cell-like traits, including CD133(+) side population, sphere formation capacity, in vivo tumorigenicity in nude mice, and stem cell marker expression. Consistently, stable overexpression of miR-200a switched mesenchyme-like C666-1 cells to the epithelial state, accompanied by a significant reduction of stem-like cell features. Furthermore, in vitro differentiation of the C666-1 tumor sphere resulted in diminished stem-like cell population and miR-200a induction. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we demonstrated that miR-200a controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB2, although it regulates the stem-like transition differentially and specifically by β-catenin signaling. Our findings reveal for the first time the function of miR-200a in shifting nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell states via a reversible process coined as epithelial-mesenchymal to stem-like transition through differential and specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Xia
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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211
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Brabletz S, Brabletz T. The ZEB/miR-200 feedback loop--a motor of cellular plasticity in development and cancer? EMBO Rep 2010; 11:670-7. [PMID: 20706219 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2010.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in development and disease. Zinc-finger enhancer binding (ZEB) transcription factors (ZEB1 and ZEB2) are crucial EMT activators, whereas members of the miR-200 family induce epithelial differentiation. They are reciprocally linked in a feedback loop, each strictly controlling the expression of the other. Now data show that EMT not only confers cellular motility, but also induces stem-cell properties and prevents apoptosis and senescence. Thus the balanced expression of ZEB factors and miR-200 controls all these processes. We therefore propose that the ZEB/miR-200 feedback loop is the molecular motor of cellular plasticity in development and disease, and in particular is a driving force for cancer progression towards metastasis by controlling the state of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brabletz
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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212
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MiR-27a modulates MDR1/P-glycoprotein expression by targeting HIPK2 in human ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119:125-30. [PMID: 20624637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, single-stranded small RNAs that regulate gene expression negatively, which is involved in fundamental cellular processes and the initiation, development and progression of human cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-27a in the development of drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS Expression of miR-27a in ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and A2780/Taxol were detected by stem-loop real-time PCR. A2780 and A2780/Taxol cells were transfected with the mimics or inhibitors of miR-27a or negative control RNA (NC) by Lipofectamine 2000. The expression levels of MDR1 mRNA, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) proteins were assessed by real-time PCR and western blot respectively. Drug sensitivity was analyzed by MTT assay while apoptosis and the fluorescence intensity of intracellular Rhodamine 123 (Rh-123) were measured by FACS. RESULTS The expression levels of miR-27a and P-gp were up-regulated in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cell line A2780/Taxol as compared with its parental line A2780. Transfection of A2780/Taxol cells with the inhibitors of miR-27a decreased the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp protein, increased HIPK2 protein expression, enhanced the sensitivity of A2780/taxol cells to paclitaxel, increased paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and the fluorescence intensity of intracellular Rh-123. Expression of MDR1 mRNA was increased while the sensitivity to paclitaxel was decreased in A2780 cells management with the mimics of miR-27a. CONCLUSIONS The deregulation of miR-27a may be involved in the development of drug resistance, regulating the expression of MDR1/P-gp, at least in part, by targeting HIPK2 in ovarian cancer cells.
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213
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Wright JA, Richer JK, Goodall GJ. microRNAs and EMT in mammary cells and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:213-23. [PMID: 20499142 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are master regulators of gene expression in many biological and pathological processes, including mammary gland development and breast cancer. The differentiation program termed the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) involves changes in a number of microRNAs. Some of these microRNAs have been shown to control cellular plasticity through the suppression of EMT-inducers or to influence cellular phenotype through the suppression of genes involved in defining the epithelial and mesenchymal cell states. This has led to the suggestion that microRNAs maybe a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss microRNAs that are involved in EMT in mammary cells and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Wright
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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214
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Vaz C, Ahmad HM, Sharma P, Gupta R, Kumar L, Kulshreshtha R, Bhattacharya A. Analysis of microRNA transcriptome by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries of peripheral blood. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:288. [PMID: 20459673 PMCID: PMC2885365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate mRNA expression at the post - transcriptional level and thereby many fundamental biological processes. A number of methods, such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction, microarrays have been developed for profiling levels of known miRNAs. These methods lack the ability to identify novel miRNAs and accurately determine expression at a range of concentrations. Deep or massively parallel sequencing methods are providing suitable platforms for genome wide transcriptome analysis and have the ability to identify novel transcripts. Results The results of analysis of small RNA sequences obtained by Solexa technology of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, tumor cell lines K562 and HL60 are presented. In general K562 cells displayed overall low level of miRNA population and also low levels of DICER. Some of the highly expressed miRNAs in the leukocytes include several members of the let-7 family, miR-21, 103, 185, 191 and 320a. Comparison of the miRNA profiles of normal versus K562 or HL60 cells revealed a specific set of differentially expressed molecules. Correlation of the miRNA with that of mRNA expression profiles, obtained by microarray, revealed a set of target genes showing inverse correlation with miRNA levels. Relative expression levels of individual miRNAs belonging to a cluster were found to be highly variable. Our computational pipeline also predicted a number of novel miRNAs. Some of the predictions were validated by Real-time RT-PCR and or RNase protection assay. Organization of some of the novel miRNAs in human genome suggests that these may also be part of existing clusters or form new clusters. Conclusions We conclude that about 904 miRNAs are expressed in human leukocytes. Out of these 370 are novel miRNAs. We have identified miRNAs that are differentially regulated in normal PBMC with respect to cancer cells, K562 and HL60. Our results suggest that post - transcriptional processes may play a significant role in regulating levels of miRNAs in tumor cells. The study also provides a customized automated computation pipeline for miRNA profiling and identification of novel miRNAs; even those that are missed out by other existing pipelines. The Computational Pipeline is available at the website: http://mirna.jnu.ac.in/deep_sequencing/deep_sequencing.html
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Vaz
- School of Information Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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215
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Li M, Li J, Ding X, He M, Cheng SY. microRNA and cancer. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:309-17. [PMID: 20422339 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, regulatory, non-coding RNA molecules, display aberrant expression patterns and functional abnormalities in human diseases including cancers. This review summarizes the abnormally expressed miRNAs in various types of human cancers, possible mechanisms underlying such abnormalities, and miRNA-modulated molecular pathways critical for cancer development. Practical implications of miRNAs as biomarkers, novel drug targets and therapeutic tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments of human cancers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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216
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Ali S, Ahmad A, Banerjee S, Padhye S, Dominiak K, Schaffert JM, Wang Z, Philip PA, Sarkar FH. Gemcitabine sensitivity can be induced in pancreatic cancer cells through modulation of miR-200 and miR-21 expression by curcumin or its analogue CDF. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3606-17. [PMID: 20388782 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin induces cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis in vitro, but its poor bioavailability in vivo limits its antitumor efficacy. We have previously evaluated the bioavailability of novel analogues of curcumin compared with curcumin, and we found that the analogue CDF exhibited greater systemic and pancreatic tissue bioavailability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CDF or curcumin alone or in combination with gemcitabine on cell viability and apoptosis in gemcitabine-sensitive and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines. Mechanistic investigations revealed a significant reduction in cell viability in CDF-treated cells compared with curcumin-treated cells, which were also associated with the induction of apoptosis, and these results were consistent with the downregulation of Akt, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E(2), vascular endothelial growth factor, and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. We have also documented attenuated expression of miR-200 and increased expression of miR-21 (a signature of tumor aggressiveness) in gemcitabine-resistant cells relative to gemcitabine-sensitive cells. Interestingly, CDF treatment upregulated miR-200 expression and downregulated the expression of miR-21, and the downregulation of miR-21 resulted in the induction of PTEN. These results prompt further interest in CDF as a drug modality to improve treatment outcome of patients diagnosed with PC as a result of its greater bioavailability in pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan Ali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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217
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Torres A, Torres K, Maciejewski R, Harvey WH. MicroRNAs and their role in gynecological tumors. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:895-923. [PMID: 20358579 DOI: 10.1002/med.20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There have been only few events in the history of molecular biology that could be compared to the discovery of microRNAs and their role in cell physiology and pathology. MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs composed of 19-25 nucleotides (∼22 nt), which have been proven to regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The regulatory function of microRNAs was demonstrated in normal and diseased conditions. In particular, it has been linked to cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. Altered expression profiles of microRNA have been observed in many pathologies, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and several cancers. To date, more than 700 human microRNAs have been identified and in silico-based analyses estimate at least 500 more to be identified. The purpose of this review is to present the current perspective on microRNAs structure and biogenesis as well as their contribution to the etiopathogenesis of gynecological tumors. We discuss results of the recent publications that indicate possibilities of microRNAs use as novel markers for tumors screening, early diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. The possible utilization of microRNAs as prognostic factors and specific therapy targets is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Torres
- Laboratory of Biostructure, Human Anatomy Department, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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218
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms involved in epithelial ovarian cancer initiation and progression are just beginning to be elucidated. In particular, it has become evident that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), a class of molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, play a major role in ovarian tumorigenesis. Several microRNA profiling studies have identified changes in microRNA patterns that take place during ovarian cancer development. While most deregulated microRNAs are down-regulated in cancer, and may therefore act as tumor suppressors, others are elevated and may represent novel oncogenes in this disease. A number of microRNAs identified as aberrantly expressed in ovarian carcinoma have been shown to have important functional roles in cancer development and may therefore represent targets for therapy. In addition, some of the microRNA patterns may have prognostic significance. The identification of functional targets represents a major hurdle in our understanding of microRNA function in ovarian carcinoma, but significant progress is being made. It is hoped that a better understanding of the microRNA expression and roles in ovarian cancer may provide new avenues for the detection, diagnosis, and therapy of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Dahiya
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| | - Patrice J. Morin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- corresponding author: Patrice J. Morin, Ph.D., Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Room 6C228, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; 410-558-8386;
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Castro FO, Sharbati S, Rodríguez-Alvarez LL, Cox JF, Hultschig C, Einspanier R. MicroRNA expression profiling of elongated cloned and in vitro-fertilized bovine embryos. Theriogenology 2010; 73:71-85. [PMID: 19836069 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in bovine (Bos Taurus) cloned embryos at Day 17 of development (Day 0=day of nucleus transfer or in vitro fertilization) during elongation. Day 7 bovine expanded blastocysts produced by hand made cloning (HMC) or in vitro fertilization were bulk-transferred to synchronized recipient cattle (48 HMC embryos to 10 recipients and 28 in vitro-produced embryos to four recipients). Elongated embryos were retrieved at Day 17; miRNAs were isolated and subjected to microarray screening using custom composite slides spotted with human, mouse, and rat and in silico-predicted miRNAs. An initial profile of expressed miRNAs was determined in cloned embryos and somatic donor cells; this profile changed after somatic cell nucleus transfer, identifying differentially expressed miRNAs between cloned and in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Furthermore, microarray data were validated using a miRNA-specific quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) approach (miR-Q). There was an 83% correlation (P=0.01) between microarray and qPCR data. Based on qRT-PCR, correct reprogramming of some miRNAs from the donor cells was confirmed in cloned bovine embryos, whereas other somatic miRNAs were not appropriately reprogrammed. Some of the miRNAs that were equally reprogrammed clustered on the same chromosomal location in the bovine genome. In conclusion, reprogramming of miRNAs seemed to occur in cloned bovine embryos. This could have profound implications for elucidating nuclear reprogramming in somatic cloning, as well as for the role of miRNAs in preimplantation mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán 537, Chile.
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220
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van Jaarsveld MTM, Helleman J, Berns EMJJ, Wiemer EAC. MicroRNAs in ovarian cancer biology and therapy resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1282-90. [PMID: 20083225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death from gynecological malignancies in the Western world. The overall 5-year survival is only 30% due to late diagnosis and development of resistance to chemotherapy. There is, therefore, a strong need for prognostic and predictive markers to help optimize and personalize treatment hence ameliorating the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. Since 2006, an increasing number of studies have indicated an essential role for microRNAs in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the microRNAs that have been associated with different aspects of ovarian cancer, such as tumor subtype, stage, histological grade, germline mutations in BRCA genes, prognosis and therapy resistance. We highlight the role of the let-7 and miR-200 families, two major microRNA families that are frequently dysregulated in ovarian cancer and have been associated with poor prognosis. Interestingly, both have been implicated in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a cellular transition associated with tumor aggressiveness, tumor invasion and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we discuss several other microRNAs that have been associated with chemotherapy resistance, such as miR-214, miR-130a, miR-27a and miR-451. In the final section, we speculate on the possibilities of microRNA-based therapies and the use of microRNAs as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn T M van Jaarsveld
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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221
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Role of microRNAs in ovarian cancer pathogenesis and potential clinical implications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:1262-72. [PMID: 20035894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite important improvements over the past two decades, the overall cure rate of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains only approximately 30%. Although much has been learned about the proteins and pathways involved in early events of malignant transformation and drug resistance, a major challenge still remaining is the identification of markers for early diagnosis and prediction of response to chemotherapy. Recently, it has become clear that alterations in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of several human malignancies. In this review we discuss current data concerning the accumulating evidence of the role of miRNAs in EOC pathogenesis and tumor characterization; their dysregulated expression in EOC; and their still undefined role in diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of response to therapy. The most frequently deregulated miRNAs are members of the let-7 and miR-200 families, the latter involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is part of normal ovarian surface epithelium physiology, being the key regulator of the post-ovulatory repair process, and failure to undergo EMT may be one of the events leading to transformation. A general down-modulation of miRNA expression is observed in EOC compared to normal tissue. However, a clear consensus on the miRNA signatures associated with prognosis or prediction of response to therapy has not yet been reached.
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222
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Wang Z, Li Y, Kong D, Ahmad A, Banerjee S, Sarkar FH. Cross-talk between miRNA and Notch signaling pathways in tumor development and progression. Cancer Lett 2009; 292:141-8. [PMID: 20022691 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling pathways are known to regulate many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, and is one of the most important signaling pathway during normal development. Recently, emerging evidences suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) can function as key regulators of various biological and pathologic processes during tumor development and progression. Notch signaling has also been reported to be regulated through cross-talk with many pathways and factors where miRNAs appears to play a major role. This article will provide a brief overview of the published evidences for the cross-talks between Notch and miRNAs. Further, we summarize how targeting miRNAs by natural agents could become a novel and safer approach for the prevention of tumor progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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223
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Gallagher MF, Flavin RJ, Elbaruni SA, McInerney JK, Smyth PC, Salley YM, Vencken SF, O'Toole SA, Laios A, Lee MYC, Denning K, Li J, Aherne ST, Lao KQ, Martin CM, Sheils OM, O'Leary JJ. Regulation of microRNA biosynthesis and expression in 2102Ep embryonal carcinoma stem cells is mirrored in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma patients. J Ovarian Res 2009; 2:19. [PMID: 20015364 PMCID: PMC2805659 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumours with high proportions of differentiated cells are considered to be of a lower grade to those containing high proportions of undifferentiated cells. This property may be linked to the differentiation properties of stem cell-like populations within malignancies. We aim to identify molecular mechanism associated with the generation of tumours with differing grades from malignant stem cell populations with different differentiation potentials. In this study we assessed microRNA (miRNA) regulation in two populations of malignant Embryonal Carcinoma (EC) stem cell, which differentiate (NTera2) or remain undifferentiated (2102Ep) during tumourigenesis, and compared this to miRNA regulation in ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) patient samples. METHODS miRNA expression was assessed in NTera2 and 2102Ep cells in the undifferentiated and differentiated states and compared to that of OSC samples using miRNA qPCR. RESULTS Our analysis reveals a substantial overlap between miRNA regulation in 2102Ep cells and OSC samples in terms of miRNA biosynthesis and expression of mature miRNAs, particularly those of the miR-17/92 family and clustering to chromosomes 14 and 19. In the undifferentiated state 2102Ep cells expressed mature miRNAs at up to 15,000 fold increased levels despite decreased expression of miRNA biosynthesis genes Drosha and Dicer. 2102Ep cells avoid differentiation, which we show is associated with consistent levels of expression of miRNA biosynthesis genes and mature miRNAs while expression of miRNAs clustering to chromosomes 14 and 19 is deemphasised. OSC patient samples displayed decreased expression of miRNA biosynthesis genes, decreased expression of mature miRNAs and prominent clustering to chromosome 14 but not 19. This indicates that miRNA biosynthesis and levels of miRNA expression, particularly from chromosome 14, are tightly regulated both in progenitor cells and in tumour samples. CONCLUSION miRNA biosynthesis and expression of mature miRNAs, particularly the miR-17/92 family and those clustering to chromosomes 14 and 19, are highly regulated in both progenitor cells and tumour samples. Strikingly, 2102Ep cells are not simply malfunctioning but respond to differentiation specifically, a mechanism that is highly relevant to OSC samples. Our identification and future manipulation of these miRNAs may facilitate generation of lower grade malignancies from these high-grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Gallagher
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Richard J Flavin
- The Centre for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, The Dana Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Salah A Elbaruni
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jamie K McInerney
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Paul C Smyth
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Salley
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sebastian F Vencken
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sharon A O'Toole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Alexandros Laios
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mathia YC Lee
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Karen Denning
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jinghuan Li
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sinead T Aherne
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Kai Q Lao
- Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Cara M Martin
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Orla M Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Abstract
A genomic era of cancer studies is developing rapidly, fueled by the emergence of next-generation sequencing technologies that provide exquisite sensitivity and resolution. This article discusses several areas within cancer genomics that are being transformed by the application of new technology, and in the process are dramatically expanding our understanding of this disease. Although, we anticipate that there will be many exciting discoveries in the near future, the ultimate success of these endeavors rests on our ability to translate what is learned into better diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Mardis
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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