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Plöger S, Stumpff F, Penner GB, Schulzke JD, Gäbel G, Martens H, Shen Z, Günzel D, Aschenbach JR. Microbial butyrate and its role for barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1258:52-9. [PMID: 22731715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate production in the large intestine and ruminant forestomach depends on bacterial butyryl-CoA/acetate-CoA transferase activity and is highest when fermentable fiber and nonstructural carbohydrates are balanced. Gastrointestinal epithelia seem to use butyrate and butyrate-induced endocrine signals to adapt proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation to the growth of the bacterial community. Butyrate has a potential clinical application in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; ulcerative colitis). Via inhibited release of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 13 and inhibition of histone deacetylase, butyrate may contribute to the restoration of the tight junction barrier in IBD by affecting the expression of claudin-2, occludin, cingulin, and zonula occludens poteins (ZO-1, ZO-2). Further evaluation of the molecular events that link butyrate to an improved tight junction structure will allow for the elucidation of the cofactors affecting the reliability of butyrate as a clinical treatment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Plöger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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202
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Pessione E. Lactic acid bacteria contribution to gut microbiota complexity: lights and shadows. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:86. [PMID: 22919677 PMCID: PMC3417654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are ancient organisms that cannot biosynthesize functional cytochromes, and cannot get ATP from respiration. Besides sugar fermentation, they evolved electrogenic decarboxylations and ATP-forming deiminations. The right balance between sugar fermentation and decarboxylation/deimination ensures buffered environments thus enabling LAB to survive in human gastric trait and colonize gut. A complex molecular cross-talk between LAB and host exists. LAB moonlight proteins are made in response to gut stimuli and promote bacterial adhesion to mucosa and stimulate immune cells. Similarly, when LAB are present, human enterocytes activate specific gene expression of specific genes only. Furthermore, LAB antagonistic relationships with other microorganisms constitute the basis for their anti-infective role. Histamine and tyramine are LAB bioactive catabolites that act on the CNS, causing hypertension and allergies. Nevertheless, some LAB biosynthesize both gamma-amino-butyrate (GABA), that has relaxing effect on gut smooth muscles, and beta-phenylethylamine, that controls satiety and mood. Since LAB have reduced amino acid biosynthetic abilities, they developed a sophisticated proteolytic system, that is also involved in antihypertensive and opiod peptide generation from milk proteins. Short-chain fatty acids are glycolytic and phosphoketolase end-products, regulating epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Nevertheless, they constitute a supplementary energy source for the host, causing weight gain. Human metabolism can also be affected by anabolic LAB products such as conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Some CLA isomers reduce cancer cell viability and ameliorate insulin resistance, while others lower the HDL/LDL ratio and modify eicosanoid production, with detrimental health effects. A further appreciated LAB feature is the ability to fix selenium into seleno-cysteine. Thus, opening interesting perspectives for their utilization as antioxidant nutraceutical vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Pessione
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi - Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy.
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203
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Zhu D, Wang AY, Jin Z. Effect of sodium butyrate on DMH-induced small intestinal and large intestinal tumors in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1184-1190. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i14.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) can induce small intestinal tumors in rats and to examine the effect of sodium butyrate on DMH-induced small intestinal and large intestinal tumors.
METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: DMH group, DMH + NaBt group, NaBt group, and control group. After 30-32 weeks, rats were euthanized with an overdose of intravenous pentobarbital (200 mg/kg). After laparotomy, the small intestine and large intestine were dissected. The location, number, shape and size of intestinal tumors were examined and recorded. All tissues were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe histological changes.
RESULTS: The mortality rate of rats was 60.00% (18/30) in the DMH group and 48.00% (12/25) in the DMH + NaBt group. The intestinal tumor incidence was 66. 67% (8/12) in the DMH group with four small intestinal tumors and twelve large intestinal tumors observed. Four rats beared a single tumor while other four rats had multiple tumors. The mean number of beared tumors was 1.33. The intestinal tumor incidence was 84.62% (11/13) in the DMH + NaBt group with three small intestinal tumors and sixty large intestinal tumors observed. Six rats beared a single tumor while other five rats had multiple tumors. The mean number of beared tumors was 1.46. There were no significant differences in tumor incidence and mean tumor number between te DMH + NaBt group and DMH group. The large intestinal tumor incidence was significantly higher than the small intestinal tumor incidence in both the DMH group and DMH + NaBt group (75.00% vs 25.00%, P < 0.05; 84.21% vs 15.79%, P < 0.01). There were significant differences in average tumor volume (37.50% vs 73.68%, P < 0.05) and tumor infiltration depth (43.75% vs 10.53%, P < 0.05) between the DMH group and DMH + NaBt group.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that small intestinal tumors can also be induced by DMH. Sodium butyrate can increase tumor malignancy by increasing tumor volume and infiltration depth.
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Raqib R, Sarker P, Mily A, Alam NH, Arifuzzaman ASM, Rekha RS, Andersson J, Gudmundsson GH, Cravioto A, Agerberth B. Efficacy of sodium butyrate adjunct therapy in shigellosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:111. [PMID: 22574737 PMCID: PMC3447723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of shigellosis in rabbits with butyrate reduces clinical severity and counteracts the downregulation of cathelicidin (CAP-18) in the large intestinal epithelia. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether butyrate can be used as an adjunct to antibiotics in the treatment of shigellosis in patients. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group designed clinical trial was conducted. Eighty adult patients with shigellosis were randomized to either the Intervention group (butyrate, n = 40) or the Placebo group (normal saline, n = 40). The Intervention group was given an enema containing sodium butyrate (80 mM), twice daily for 3 days, while the Placebo group received the same dose of normal saline. The primary endpoint of the trial was to assess the efficacy of butyrate in improving clinical, endoscopic and histological features of shigellosis. The secondary endpoint was to study the effect of butyrate on the induction of antimicrobial peptides in the rectum. Clinical outcomes were assessed and concentrations of antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, human beta defensin1 [HBD-1] and human beta defensin 3 [HBD-3]) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and interleukin-8 [IL-8]) were measured in the stool. Sigmoidoscopic and histopathological analyses, and immunostaining of LL-37 in the rectal mucosa were performed in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS Compared with placebo, butyrate therapy led to the early reduction of macrophages, pus cells, IL-8 and IL-1β in the stool and improvement in rectal histopathology. Butyrate treatment induced LL-37 expression in the rectal epithelia. Stool concentration of LL-37 remained significantly higher in the Intervention group on days 4 and 7. CONCLUSION Adjunct therapy with butyrate during shigellosis led to early reduction of inflammation and enhanced LL-37 expression in the rectal epithelia with prolonged release of LL-37 in the stool. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00800930.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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205
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Morgan XC, Tickle TL, Sokol H, Gevers D, Devaney KL, Ward DV, Reyes JA, Shah SA, LeLeiko N, Snapper SB, Bousvaros A, Korzenik J, Sands BE, Xavier RJ, Huttenhower C. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R79. [PMID: 23013615 PMCID: PMC3506950 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1919] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis result from alterations in intestinal microbes and the immune system. However, the precise dysfunctions of microbial metabolism in the gastrointestinal microbiome during IBD remain unclear. We analyzed the microbiota of intestinal biopsies and stool samples from 231 IBD and healthy subjects by 16S gene pyrosequencing and followed up a subset using shotgun metagenomics. Gene and pathway composition were assessed, based on 16S data from phylogenetically-related reference genomes, and associated using sparse multivariate linear modeling with medications, environmental factors, and IBD status. Results Firmicutes and Enterobacteriaceae abundances were associated with disease status as expected, but also with treatment and subject characteristics. Microbial function, though, was more consistently perturbed than composition, with 12% of analyzed pathways changed compared with 2% of genera. We identified major shifts in oxidative stress pathways, as well as decreased carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis in favor of nutrient transport and uptake. The microbiome of ileal Crohn's disease was notable for increases in virulence and secretion pathways. Conclusions This inferred functional metagenomic information provides the first insights into community-wide microbial processes and pathways that underpin IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl C Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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206
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Carbohydrate Elimination or Adaptation Diet for Symptoms of Intestinal Discomfort in IBD: Rationales for "Gibsons' Conundrum". Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:493717. [PMID: 22518336 PMCID: PMC3299284 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic use of carbohydrates in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is discussed from two theoretical, apparent diametrically opposite perspectives: regular ingestion of prebiotics or withdrawal of virtually all carbohydrate components. Pathogenesis of IBD is discussed connecting microbial flora, host immunity, and genetic interactions. The best studied genetic example, NOD2 in Crohn's disease, is highlighted as a model which encompasses these interactions and has been shown to depend on butyrate for normal function. The role of these opposing concepts in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is contrasted with what is known in IBD. The conclusion reached is that, while both approaches may alleviate symptoms in both IBS and IBD, there is insufficient data yet to determine whether both approaches lead to equivalent bacterial effects in mollifying the immune system. This is particularly relevant in IBD. As such, caution is urged to use long-term carbohydrate withdrawal in IBD in remission to control IBS-like symptoms.
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207
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Kuratnik A, Senapati VE, Verma R, Mellone BG, Vella AT, Giardina C. Acute sensitization of colon cancer cells to inflammatory cytokines by prophase arrest. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1217-28. [PMID: 22306067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how colon cancer cells survive within the inflammatory milieu of a tumor, and developing approaches that increase their sensitivity to inflammatory cytokines, may ultimately lead to novel approaches for colon cancer therapy and prevention. Analysis of a number of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents reveal that HDAC inhibitors are particularly adept at sensitizing colon cancer cells TNF or TRAIL mediated apoptosis. In vivo data are consistent with an interaction between SAHA and TNF in inducing apoptosis, as AOM-induced colon tumors express elevated levels of TNF and are more sensitive to SAHA administration. Cell cycle analysis and time-lapse imaging indicated a close correspondence between SAHA-induced prophase arrest and TNF or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Prophase arrest induced by the Aurora kinase inhibitor VX680 likewise sensitized cells to TNF and TRAIL, with siRNA analysis pointing to Aurora kinase A (and not Aurora kinase B) as being the relevant target for this sensitization. We propose that agents that promote prophase arrest may help sensitize cancer cells to TNF and other inflammatory cytokines. We also discuss how circumvention of an early mitotic checkpoint may facilitate cancer cell survival in the inflammatory micro-environment of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 91 North Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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208
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209
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Galland L. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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210
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Creating a pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype by modulation of acetylation in models of hemorrhagic and septic shock. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 710:107-33. [PMID: 22127890 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5638-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shock, regardless of etiology, is characterized by decreased tissue perfusion resulting in cell death, organ dysfunction, and poor survival. Current therapies largely focus on restoring tissue perfusion through resuscitation but have failed to address the specific cellular dysfunction caused by shock. Acetylation is rapidly emerging as a key mechanism that regulates the expression of numerous genes (epigenetic modulation through activation of nuclear histone proteins), as well as functions of multiple cytoplasmic proteins involved in key cellular functions such as cell survival, repair/healing, signaling, and proliferation. Cellular acetylation can be increased immediately through the administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI). A series of studies have been performed using: (1) cultured cells; (2) single-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury models; (3) rodent models of lethal septic and hemorrhagic shock; (4) swine models of lethal hemorrhagic shock and multi-organ trauma; and (5) tissues from severely injured trauma patients, to fully characterize the changes in acetylation that occur following lethal insults and in response to treatment with HDACI. These data demonstrate that: (1) shock causes a decrease in acetylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins; (2) hypoacetylation can be rapidly reversed through the administration of HDACI; (3) normalization of acetylation prevents cell death, decreases inflammation, attenuates activation of pro-apoptotic pathways, and augments pro-survival pathways; (4) the effect of HDACI significantly improves survival in lethal models of septic shock, hemorrhagic shock, and complex poly-trauma without need for conventional fluid resuscitation or blood transfusion; and (5) improvement in survival is not due to better resuscitation but due to an enhanced ability of cells to tolerate lethal insults.As different models of hemorrhagic or septic shock have specific strengths and limitations, this chapter will summarize our attempts to create "pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype" in various models of hemorrhagic shock and septic shock.
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211
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Klosterbuer A, Roughead ZF, Slavin J. Benefits of Dietary Fiber in Clinical Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26:625-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533611416126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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212
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Intestinal gene expression in pigs: effects of reduced feed intake during weaning and potential impact of dietary components. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:155-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422411000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The weaning transition is characterised by morphological, histological and microbial changes, often leading to weaning-associated disorders. These intestinal changes can partly be ascribed to the lack of luminal nutrition arising from the reduced feed intake common in pigs after weaning. It is increasingly becoming clear that changes in the supply with enteral nutrients may have major impacts on intestinal gene expression. Furthermore, the major dietary constituents, i.e. carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids, participate in the regulation of intestinal gene expression. However, nutrients may also escape digestion by mammalian enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These nutrients can be used by the microflora, resulting in the production of bacterial metabolites, for example, SCFA, which may affect intestinal gene expression indirectly. The present review provides an insight on possible effects of reduced feed intake on intestinal gene expression, as it may occur post-weaning. Detailed knowledge on effects of reduced feed intake on intestinal gene expression may help to understand weaning-associated intestinal dysfunctions and diseases. Examples are given of intestinal genes which may be altered in their expression due to supply with specific nutrients. In that way, gene expression could be modulated by dietary means, thereby acting as a potential therapeutic tool. This could be achieved, for example, by influencing genes coding for digestive or absorptive proteins, thus optimising digestive function and metabolism, but also with regard to immune response, or by influencing proliferative processes, thereby enhancing mucosal repair. This would be of special interest when designing a diet to overcome weaning-associated problems.
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213
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Goffin D, Delzenne N, Blecker C, Hanon E, Deroanne C, Paquot M. Will isomalto-oligosaccharides, a well-established functional food in Asia, break through the European and American market? The status of knowledge on these prebiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:394-409. [PMID: 21491266 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003628955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This critical review article presents the current state of knowledge on isomalto-oligosaccharides, some well known functional oligosaccharides in Asia, to evaluate their potential as emergent prebiotics in the American and European functional food market. It includes first a unique inventory of the different families of compounds which have been considered as IMOs and their specific structure. A description has been given of the different production methods including the involved enzymes and their specific activities, the substrates, and the types of IMOs produced. Considering the structural complexity of IMO products, specific characterization methods are described, as well as purification methods which enable the body to get rid of digestible oligosaccharides. Finally, an extensive review of their techno-functional and nutritional properties enables placing IMOs inside the growing prebiotic market. This review is of particular interest considering that IMO commercialization in America and Europe is a topical subject due to the recent submission by Bioneutra Inc. (Canada) of a novel food file to the UK Food Standards Agency, as well as several patents for IMO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Goffin
- Department of Industrial Biological Chemistry, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des D´eport´es, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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214
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Identification of NF-κB modulation capabilities within human intestinal commensal bacteria. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:282356. [PMID: 21765633 PMCID: PMC3134244 DOI: 10.1155/2011/282356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in modulation of mucosal immune responses. To seek interactions between intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and commensal bacteria, we screened 49 commensal strains for their capacity to modulate NF-κB. We used HT-29/kb-seap-25 and Caco-2/kb-seap-7 intestinal epithelial cells and monocyte-like THP-1 blue reporter cells to measure effects of commensal bacteria on cellular expression of a reporter system for NF-κB. Bacteria conditioned media (CM) were tested alone or together with an activator of NF-κB to explore its inhibitory potentials. CM from 8 or 10 different commensal species activated NF-κB expression on HT-29 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. On THP-1, CM from all but 5 commensal strains stimulated NF-κB. Upon challenge with TNF-α or IL-1β, some CM prevented induced NF-κB activation, whereas others enhanced it. Interestingly, the enhancing effect of some CM was correlated with the presence of butyrate and propionate. Characterization of the effects of the identified bacteria and their implications in human health awaits further investigations.
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Abstract
The metabolic response to surgical trauma is mainly characterised by an increase in BMR, a negative N balance, increased gluconeogenesis and increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins. These reactions aim at ensuring the availability of endogenous substrates for healing wounds while the synthesis of acute-phase proteins enhances the scavenging process and helps repair. However, if this process is excessive or continues for too long, it leads to a progressive depletion of body compartment with a consequent adverse outcome. Obviously, the severity of such depletion is magnified if the patient is starving or is already malnourished and the consumption of lean body mass is not compensated by an exogenous supply of nutrients. The nutritional control of this metabolic reaction represents the traditional rationale for nutritional support of surgical patients. Subsequent data have shown that the negative effects of starvation are not simply due to the starvation per se but due to the starving gut, and peri-operative enteral nutrition has proven successful in blunting the metabolic response after injury and improving protein kinetics, net balance and amino acid flux across peripheral tissue and consequently in decreasing the complications. Finally, further clinical research has shown that many post-operative infections may result from immune suppression and that such state might be reversed to some degree by modulation of the immune response through specialised nutritional support in surgical patients, regardless of their nutritional status. This paper will focus on the updated evidence-based research on peri-operative nutrition (parenteral, enteral and immune-enhancing) in patients undergoing major surgery.
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216
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Inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway in human intestinal epithelial cells by commensal Streptococcus salivarius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4681-4. [PMID: 21602373 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03021-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus salivarius exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and monocytes. Strains were screened using a reporter clone, HT-29/kB-luc-E, induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Supernatant from each strain downregulated NF-κB activation. The two most efficient strains produced an active metabolite (<3 kDa) which was able to downregulate the secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8).
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217
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Xue H, Sawyer MB, Wischmeyer PE, Baracos VE. Nutrition modulation of gastrointestinal toxicity related to cancer chemotherapy: from preclinical findings to clinical strategy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35:74-90. [PMID: 21224434 DOI: 10.1177/0148607110377338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity is a major dose-limiting toxicity for many anticancer drugs. Gastrointestinal (GI) complications compromise the efficacy of chemotherapy, promote overall malnutrition, aggravate cancer cachexia, and may contribute to worsened prognosis. The GI tract is an attractive target for nutrition modulation, owing to its direct exposure to the diet, participation in uptake and metabolism of nutrients, high rate of cell turnover, and plasticity to nutrition stimuli. Glutamine, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics/prebiotics are therapeutic factors that potentially modulate GI toxicity related to cancer treatments. Preclinical and clinical evidence are reviewed to critically define plausible benefits of these factors and their potential development into adjuncts to cancer chemotherapy. Mechanisms underlying the action of these nutrients are being unraveled in the laboratory. Optimal strategies to translate these findings into clinical care still remain to be elucidated. Key questions that remain to be answered include the following: which nutrient or combination of nutrients is selected for which patient and chemotherapy regimen? What mechanisms are responsible for modulation, and how are nutrient(s) administered in a clinically optimal manner? Research exploring interactions between different nutrients in GI protection is ongoing and demands further understanding. How nutrition preparations given to chemotherapy-treated patients are formulated in terms of component selection and dose optimization should be carefully studied and justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xue
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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218
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Sangwan V, Tomar S, Singh R, Singh A, Ali B. Galactooligosaccharides: Novel Components of Designer Foods. J Food Sci 2011; 76:R103-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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219
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Canani RB, Costanzo MD, Leone L, Pedata M, Meli R, Calignano A. Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1519-28. [PMID: 21472114 PMCID: PMC3070119 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiple beneficial effects on human health of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, synthesized from non-absorbed carbohydrate by colonic microbiota, are well documented. At the intestinal level, butyrate plays a regulatory role on the transepithelial fluid transport, ameliorates mucosal inflammation and oxidative status, reinforces the epithelial defense barrier, and modulates visceral sensitivity and intestinal motility. In addition, a growing number of studies have stressed the role of butyrate in the prevention and inhibition of colorectal cancer. At the extraintestinal level, butyrate exerts potentially useful effects on many conditions, including hemoglobinopathies, genetic metabolic diseases, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and ischemic stroke. The mechanisms of action of butyrate are different; many of these are related to its potent regulatory effects on gene expression. These data suggest a wide spectrum of positive effects exerted by butyrate, with a high potential for a therapeutic use in human medicine.
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220
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Witaicenis A, Fruet AC, Salem L, Di Stasi LC. Dietary polydextrose prevents inflammatory bowel disease in trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid model of rat colitis. J Med Food 2011; 13:1391-6. [PMID: 21091252 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial intestinal disorder that involves interactions among the immune system, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors, especially the bacterial flora. Polydextrose, a polysaccharide constituted by 90% nondigestible and nonabsorbable soluble fibers, has several physiological effects consistent with those of dietary fibers, including proliferation of colon microflora. Because sulfasalazine presents serious side effects through long-term use at high doses, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the preventative effect of polydextrose on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced intestinal inflammation and its effects on the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of sulfasalazine. Results indicated that polydextrose and its association with sulfasalazine present an anti-inflammatory effect that reduces myeloperoxidase activity, counteracts glutathione content, and promotes reductions in lesion extension and colonic weight/length ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Witaicenis
- Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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221
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Faghfoori Z, Navai L, Shakerhosseini R, Somi MH, Nikniaz Z, Norouzi MF. Effects of an oral supplementation of germinated barley foodstuff on serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and -8 in patients with ulcerative colitis. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48:233-7. [PMID: 21367884 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2010.010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and -8 (IL-8) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has not yet been examined. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of administration of GBF on serum TNF-α, IL-6 and -8 levels in UC patients in remission. METHODS Forty-one patients with UC were divided into two groups, namely control and GBF group. Twenty-one patients in the control group received standard treatment while 20 patients in the GBF group received 30 g of GBF daily by oral administration during two months of the study along with standard drug therapy. RESULTS Levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and -8 all decreased in the GBF group compared with baseline during the two-month study, while in the control group all values rose. For IL-6 and -8 this effect was significant, P = 0.034 and 0.013, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that the consumption of GBF may reduce the level of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and -8 in patients with UC. This investigation was designed as a pilot study and the results may provide a basis for more future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Faghfoori
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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Modulation of acetylation: creating a pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype in lethal hemorrhagic and septic shock. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:523481. [PMID: 21403879 PMCID: PMC3051174 DOI: 10.1155/2011/523481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a key role in homeostasis of protein acetylation in histone and nonhistone proteins and in regulating fundamental cellular activities. In this paper we review and discuss intriguing recent developments in the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) to combat some critical conditions in an animal model of hemorrhagic and septic shock. HDACIs have neuroprotective, cardioprotective, renal-protective, and anti-inflammatory properties; survival improvements have been significantly shown in these models. We discuss the targets and mechanisms underlying these effects of HDACIs and comment on the potential new clinical applications for these agents in the future. This paper highlights the emerging roles of HDACIs as acetylation modulators in models of hemorrhagic and septic shock and explains some contradictions encountered in previous studies.
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223
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Chandrakesan P, Ahmed I, Anwar T, Wang Y, Sarkar S, Singh P, Peleg S, Umar S. Novel changes in NF-{kappa}B activity during progression and regression phases of hyperplasia: role of MEK, ERK, and p38. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33485-33498. [PMID: 20710027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing the Citrobacter rodentium-induced transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH) model, we measured hyperplasia and NF-κB activation during progression (days 6 and 12 post-infection) and regression (days 20-34 post-infection) phases of TMCH. NF-κB activity increased at progression in conjunction with bacterial attachment and translocation to the colonic crypts and decreased 40% by day 20. NF-κB activity at days 27 and 34, however, remained 2-3-fold higher than uninfected control. Expression of the downstream target gene CXCL-1/KC in the crypts correlated with NF-κB activation kinetics. Phosphorylation of cellular IκBα kinase (IKK)α/β (Ser(176/180)) was elevated during progression and regression of TMCH. Phosphorylation (Ser(32/36)) and degradation of IκBα, however, contributed to NF-κB activation only from days 6 to 20 but not at later time points. Phosphorylation of MEK1/2 (Ser(217/221)), ERK1/2 (Thr(202)/Tyr(204)), and p38 (Thr(180)/Tyr(182)) paralleled IKKα/β kinetics at days 6 and 12 without declining with regressing hyperplasia. siRNAs to MEK, ERK, and p38 significantly blocked NF-κB activity in vitro, whereas MEK1/2-inhibitor (PD98059) also blocked increases in MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and IKKα/β thereby inhibiting NF-κB activity in vivo. Cellular and nuclear levels of Ser(536)-phosphorylated (p65(536)) and Lys(310)-acetylated p65 subunit accompanied functional NF-κB activation during TMCH. RSK-1 phosphorylation at Thr(359)/Ser(363) in cellular/nuclear extracts and co-immunoprecipitation with cellular p65-NF-κB overlapped with p65(536) kinetics. Dietary pectin (6%) blocked NF-κB activity by blocking increases in p65 abundance and nuclear translocation thereby down-regulating CXCL-1/KC expression in the crypts. Thus, NF-κB activation persisted despite the lack of bacterial attachment to colonic mucosa beyond peak hyperplasia. The MEK/ERK/p38 pathway therefore seems to modulate sustained activation of NF-κB in colonic crypts in response to C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Ishfaq Ahmed
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Tariq Anwar
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Shubhashish Sarkar
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Pomila Singh
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Sara Peleg
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormone Disorder Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Shahid Umar
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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Kobori A, Bamba S, Imaeda H, Ban H, Tsujikawa T, Saito Y, Fujiyama Y, Andoh A. Butyrate stimulates IL-32α expression in human intestinal epithelial cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2355-61. [PMID: 20480520 PMCID: PMC2874139 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i19.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of butyrate on interleukin (IL)-32α expression in epithelial cell lines.
METHODS: The human intestinal epithelial cell lines HT-29, SW480, and T84 were used. Intracellular IL-32α was determined by Western blotting analyses. IL-32α mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: Acetate and propionate had no effects on IL-32α mRNA expression. Butyrate significantly enhanced IL-32α expression in all cell lines. Butyrate also up-regulated IL-1β-induced IL-32α mRNA expression. Butyrate did not modulate the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a mediator of IL-32α expression. Like butyrate, trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, also enhanced IL-1β-induced IL-32α mRNA expression.
CONCLUSION: Butyrate stimulated IL-32α expression in epithelial cell lines. An epigenetic mechanism, such as histone hyperacetylation, might be involved in the action of butyrate on IL-32α expression.
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Soret R, Chevalier J, De Coppet P, Poupeau G, Derkinderen P, Segain JP, Neunlist M. Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motility in rats. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1772-82. [PMID: 20152836 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the environmental and nutritional regulation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls gastrointestinal motility. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate regulate colonic mucosa homeostasis and can modulate neuronal excitability. We investigated their effects on the ENS and colonic motility. METHODS Effects of butyrate on the ENS were studied in colons of rats given a resistant starch diet (RSD) or intracecal perfusion of SCFAs. Effects of butyrate were also studied in primary cultures of ENS. The neurochemical phenotype of the ENS was analyzed with antibodies against Hu, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Signaling pathways involved were analyzed by pharmacologic and molecular biology methods. Colonic motility was assessed in vivo and ex vivo. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro, RSD and butyrate significantly increased the proportion of ChAT- but not nNOS-immunoreactive myenteric neurons. Acetate and propionate did not reproduce the effects of butyrate. Enteric neurons expressed monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2). Small interfering RNAs silenced MCT2 and prevented the increase in the proportion of ChAT- immunoreactive neurons induced by butyrate. Butyrate and trichostatin A increased histone H3 acetylation in enteric neurons. Effects of butyrate were prevented by inhibitors of the Src signaling pathway. RSD increased colonic transit, and butyrate increased the cholinergic-mediated colonic circular muscle contractile response ex vivo. CONCLUSION Butyrate or histone deacetylase inhibitors might be used, along with nutritional approaches, to treat various gastrointestinal motility disorders associated with inhibition of colonic transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Soret
- Institut National de Sante et de Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U913, Nantes, France
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Wang QH, Nishiyama C, Nakano N, Kanada S, Hara M, Kitamura N, Shimokawa N, Lu CL, Ogawa H, Okumura K. Opposite effects of Trichostatin A on activation of mast cells by different stimulants. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2315-20. [PMID: 20371366 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are activated upon stimulation via TLRs or FcepsilonRI, contributing to immune protection and/or leading to allergic diseases. In the present study, the effects of Trichostatin A (TSA) on the activation of MCs were analyzed with bone marrow-derived (BM) MCs. TSA increased the transcription and protein secretion of IL-6 in case of LPS-stimulation, in contrast to the suppressive effect on IgE-mediated activation of BMMCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed IgE-mediated signaling-specific suppression of transcription factors recruitment to the IL-6 promoter. TSA-treatment inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB following IgE-mediated, but not LPS-induced activation in MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-hui Wang
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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227
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Thibault R, Blachier F, Darcy-Vrillon B, de Coppet P, Bourreille A, Segain JP. Butyrate utilization by the colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel diseases: a transport deficiency. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:684-95. [PMID: 19774643 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid butyrate, which is mainly produced in the lumen of the large intestine by the fermentation of dietary fibers, plays a major role in the physiology of the colonic mucosa. It is also the major energy source for the colonocyte. Numerous studies have reported that butyrate metabolism is impaired in intestinal inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The data of butyrate oxidation in normal and inflamed colonic tissues depend on several factors, such as the methodology or the models used or the intensity of inflammation. The putative mechanisms involved in butyrate oxidation impairment may include a defect in beta oxidation, luminal compounds interfering with butyrate metabolism, changes in luminal butyrate concentrations or pH, and a defect in butyrate transport. Recent data show that butyrate deficiency results from the reduction of butyrate uptake by the inflamed mucosa through downregulation of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1. The concomitant induction of the glucose transporter GLUT1 suggests that inflammation could induce a metabolic switch from butyrate to glucose oxidation. Butyrate transport deficiency is expected to have clinical consequences. Particularly, the reduction of the intracellular availability of butyrate in colonocytes may decrease its protective effects toward cancer in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibault
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Leung CH, Lam W, Ma DL, Gullen EA, Cheng YC. Butyrate mediates nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2-dependent mucosal immune responses against peptidoglycan. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3529-37. [PMID: 19830732 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between digestive tract microbiological flora and food has an important influence on human health. Butyrate is produced during the fermentation of dietary fibres by intestinal bacteria and plays an important role in the regulation of mucosal immunity. In this report, we studied the impact of butyrate on the defence mechanism against the bacterial membrane component peptidoglycan (PGN). Butyrate was found to enhance PGN-mediated IL-8 and GRO-alpha production. The expression of these chemokines required the activation of NF-kappaB and was dependent on the concentrations of butyrate and PGN. Butyrate was found to up-regulate nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2, but not NOD1 or TLR2. NOD2 up-regulation was mediated by an increase in histone acetylation in the Nod2 promoter region, leading to enhanced PGN-induced IL-8 and GRO-alpha secretion. Knockdown of NOD2 and TLR2 by siRNA significantly reduced PGN-mediated chemokine production, suggesting that both NOD2 and TLR2 are required for maximal response. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism by which butyrate regulates mucosal immunity for normal intestinal function. Based on the results of this study, we infer that dietary fibres can impact inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hang Leung
- The Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Starch-entrapped microspheres show a beneficial fermentation profile and decrease in potentially harmful bacteria duringin vitrofermentation in faecal microbiota obtained from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:1514-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that starch-entrapped microspheres would produce favourable fermentation profiles and microbial shifts duringin vitrofermentation with the faecal microbiota from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).In vitrofermentation was carried out using a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled model of the human colon (Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek gastro-intestinal model-2) after inoculation with pooled faeces from healthy individuals, patients with inactive IBD (Crohn's disease (CD)) or patients with active IBD (ulcerative colitis (UC)). Starch-entrapped microspheres fermented more slowly and produced more butyrate than fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) when fermented with the faecal microbiota from patients with active UC. When fermented with the microbiota from patients with inactive CD, starch-entrapped microspheres also fermented more slowly but produced similar amounts of butyrate compared with FOS. Starch-entrapped microspheres showed a greater ability to maintain a low pH during simulated-distal colon conditions compared with FOS. After fermentation with the microbiota from inactive CD patients, starch-entrapped microspheres resulted in lower concentrations of some potentially harmful gut bacteria, included inBacteroides,Enterococcus,FusobacteriumandVeillonella, compared with FOS. These findings suggest that slow fermenting starch-entrapped microspheres may induce a favourable colonic environment in patients with IBD through high butyrate production, maintenance of low pH in the distal colon and inhibition of the growth of potentially harmful bacteria.
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231
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Sina C, Gavrilova O, Förster M, Till A, Derer S, Hildebrand F, Raabe B, Chalaris A, Scheller J, Rehmann A, Franke A, Ott S, Häsler R, Nikolaus S, Fölsch UR, Rose-John S, Jiang HP, Li J, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. G protein-coupled receptor 43 is essential for neutrophil recruitment during intestinal inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7514-22. [PMID: 19917676 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular danger signals attract neutrophilic granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)) to sites of infection. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 recognizes propionate and butyrate and is abundantly expressed on PMNs. The functional role of GPR43 activation for in vivo orchestration of immune response is unclear. We examined dextrane sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute and chronic intestinal inflammatory response in wild-type and Gpr43-deficient mice. The severity of colonic inflammation was assessed by clinical signs, histological scoring, and cytokine production. Chemotaxis of wild-type and Gpr43-deficient PMNs was assessed through transwell cell chemotactic assay. A reduced invasion of PMNs and increased mortality due to septic complications were observed in acute DSS colitis. In chronic DSS colitis, Gpr43(-/-) animals showed diminished PMN intestinal migration, but protection against inflammatory tissue destruction. No significant difference in PMN migration and cytokine secretion was detected in a sterile inflammatory model. Ex vivo experiments show that GPR43-induced migration is dependent on activation of the protein kinase p38alpha, and that this signal acts in cooperation with the chemotactic cytokine keratinocyte chemoattractant. Interestingly, shedding of L-selectin in response to propionate and butyrate was compromised in Gpr43(-/-) mice. These results indicate a critical role for GPR43-mediated recruitment of PMNs in containing intestinal bacterial translocation, yet also emphasize the bipotential role of PMNs in mediating tissue destruction in chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sina
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Saksena S, Theegala S, Bansal N, Gill RK, Tyagi S, Alrefai WA, Ramaswamy K, Dudeja PK. Mechanisms underlying modulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) by somatostatin in human intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G878-85. [PMID: 20501436 PMCID: PMC2777453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00283.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST), an important neuropeptide of the gastrointestinal tract has been shown to stimulate sodium chloride absorption and inhibit chloride secretion in the intestine. However, the effects of SST on luminal butyrate absorption in the human intestine have not been investigated. Earlier studies from our group and others have shown that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) plays an important role in the transport of butyrate in the human intestine. The present studies were undertaken to examine the effects of SST on butyrate uptake utilizing postconfluent human intestinal epithelial Caco2 cells. Apical SST treatment of Caco-2 cells for 30-60 min significantly increased butyrate uptake in a dose-dependent manner with maximal increase at 50 nM ( approximately 60%, P < 0.05). SST receptor 2 agonist, seglitide, mimicked the effects of SST on butyrate uptake. SST-mediated stimulation of butyrate uptake involved the p38 MAP kinase-dependent pathway. Kinetic studies demonstrated that SST increased the maximal velocity (V(max)) of the transporter by approximately twofold without any change in apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)). The higher butyrate uptake in response to SST was associated with an increase in the apical membrane levels of MCT1 protein parallel to a decrease in the intracellular MCT1 pool. MCT1 has been shown to interact specifically with CD147 glycoprotein/chaperone to facilitate proper expression and function of MCT1 at the cell surface. SST significantly enhanced the membrane levels of CD147 as well as its association with MCT1. This association was completely abolished by the specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580. Our findings demonstrate that increased MCT1 association with CD147 at the apical membrane in response to SST is p38 MAP kinase dependent and underlies the stimulatory effects of SST on butyrate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Saksena
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Petrof EO, Claud EC, Sun J, Abramova T, Guo Y, Waypa TS, He SM, Nakagawa Y, Chang EB. Bacteria-free solution derived from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits multiple NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits proteasome function. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1537-47. [PMID: 19373789 PMCID: PMC2748164 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria play a role in inflammatory bowel disease and other forms of intestinal inflammation. Although much attention has focused on the search for a pathogen or inciting inflammatory bacteria, another possibility is a lack of beneficial bacteria that normally confer anti-inflammatory properties in the gut. The purpose of this study was to determine whether normal commensal bacteria could inhibit inflammatory pathways important in intestinal inflammation. METHODS Conditioned media from Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp-CM) and other gut bacteria was used to treat intestinal epithelial cell (YAMC) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) or primary culture murine dendritic cells. NF-kappaB was activated through TNF-Receptor, MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways and effects of Lp-CM on the NF-kappaB pathway were assessed. NF-kappaB binding activity was measured using ELISA and EMSA. 1kappaB expression was assessed by Western blot analysis, and proteasome activity determined using fluorescence-based proteasome assays. MCP-1 release was determined by ELISA. RESULTS Lp-CM inhibited NF-kappaB binding activity, degradation of IkappaBalpha and the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome. Moreover, Lp-CM directly inhibited the activity of purified mouse proteasomes. This effect was specific, since conditioned media from other bacteria had no inhibitory effect. Unlike other proteasome inhibitors, Lp-CM was not toxic in cell death assays. Lp-CM inhibited MCP-1 release in all cell types tested. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm, and provide a mechanism for, the anti-inflammatory effects of the probiotic and commensal bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum. The use of bacteria-free Lp-CM provides a novel strategy for treatment of intestinal inflammation which would eliminate the risk of bacteremia reported with conventional probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O. Petrof
- Department of Medicine, GIDRU and Division of Infectious Diseases, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Erika C. Claud
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Tatiana Abramova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuee Guo
- Department of Medicine, Martin Boyer Laboratories and IBD Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tonya S. Waypa
- Department of Medicine, Martin Boyer Laboratories and IBD Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shu-Mei He
- Department of Medicine, GIDRU and Division of Infectious Diseases, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Martin Boyer Laboratories and IBD Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, Martin Boyer Laboratories and IBD Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Stapleton JR, McClave SA. Controversial results with use of probiotics in critical illness: early single-center positive results. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2009; 11:255-256. [PMID: 19615298 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-009-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Stapleton
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Louisville, KY, USA
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235
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McClave SA, Heyland DK. The physiologic response and associated clinical benefits from provision of early enteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 24:305-15. [PMID: 19483060 DOI: 10.1177/0884533609335176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Provision of enteral nutrition (EN) to critically ill patients early upon admission to the intensive care unit exerts a beneficial physiologic effect that downregulates systemic immune responses, reduces oxidative stress, and improves patient outcome. Adding specific pharmaconutrient agents to EN in certain patient populations has a synergistic effect, magnifying the degree of this favorable physiologic response. In contrast, failure to provide enteral nutrients creates a physiologic profile that exacerbates oxidative stress and increases the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Unfortunately, parenteral nutrition (PN) in the form and manner currently provided in North America does not appear to mimic the same physiologic response seen with EN. In the future, use of alternative fuel sources, steps to promote better tolerance of EN, and innovative strategies for delivery of both EN and PN may serve to further enhance the physiologic effect of nutrition therapy and to achieve even greater improvement in patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A McClave
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibition of Flagellin-activated NF-kappaB and interleukin-8 by human airway epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2857-65. [PMID: 19451246 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01355-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced activation of NF-kappaB and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by airway epithelial cells require that the bacteria express flagellin. We tested whether P. aeruginosa and human airway epithelial cells secrete factors that modulated this response. Experiments were performed with both the Calu-3 cell line and primary cultures of tracheal epithelial cells. P. aeruginosa strain PAK DeltafliC (flagellin knockout) did not activate NF-kappaB or interleukin-8 (IL-8) but inhibited flagellin-activated NF-kappaB by 40 to 50% and IL-8 secretion by 20 to 25%. PAK DeltafliC also inhibited NF-kappaB induced by IL-1beta and Toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3CSK4. Similar inhibitions were observed with strains PAK, PAO1, and PA14. The inhibitory factor was present in conditioned medium isolated from PAK DeltafliC or Calu-3 plus PAK DeltafliC, but it was not present in conditioned medium isolated from Calu-3 cells alone or from PAK DeltafliC that had been heat treated. Inhibition by PAK DeltafliC-conditioned medium was exerted from either the apical or the basolateral side of the epithelium, was enhanced in simple Ringer's solution over that in tissue culture medium, and did not result from altered pH or depletion of glucose. The inhibitory effect of conditioned medium was abolished by boiling and appeared from filtration studies to result from effects of a factor with a molecular mass of <3 kDa. These and further studies with isogenic mutants led to the conclusion that the NF-kappaB and IL-8 response of airway epithelial cells to P. aeruginosa results from a balance of proinflammatory effects of flagellin and antiinflammatory effects of a small (<3-kDa), heat-sensitive factor(s) that is not lipopolysaccharide, C12 homoserine lactone, alginate, CIF, or exotoxin A, S, T, U, or Y.
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Saksena S, Dwivedi A, Gill RK, Singla A, Alrefai WA, Malakooti J, Ramaswamy K, Dudeja PK. PKC-dependent stimulation of the human MCT1 promoter involves transcription factor AP2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G275-83. [PMID: 19033536 PMCID: PMC2643915 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90503.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) plays an important role in the absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyrate in the human colon. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that phorbol ester, PMA (1 microM, 24 h), upregulates butyrate transport and MCT1 protein expression in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of MCT1 gene expression by PMA in the intestine are not known. In the present study, we showed that PMA (0.1 microM, 24 h) increased the MCT1 promoter activity (-871/+91) by approximately fourfold. A corresponding increase in MCT1 mRNA abundance in response to PMA was also observed. PMA-induced stimulation of MCT1 promoter activity was observed as early as 1 h and persisted until 24 h, suggesting that the effects of PMA are attributable to initial PKC activation. Kinase inhibitor and phosphorylation studies indicated that these effects may be mediated through activation of the atypical PKC-zeta isoform. 5'-deletion studies demonstrated that the MCT1 core promoter region (-229/+91) is the PMA-responsive region. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed the predominant involvement of potential activator protein 2 (AP2) binding site in the activation of MCT1 promoter activity by PMA. In addition, overexpression of AP2 in Caco-2 cells significantly increased MCT1 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. These findings showing the regulation of MCT1 promoter by PKC and AP2 are of significant importance for an understanding of the molecular regulation of SCFA absorption in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Saksena
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amika Singla
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jaleh Malakooti
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Krishnamurthy Ramaswamy
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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238
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Xu WL, Liu JR, Liu HK, Qi GY, Sun XR, Sun WG, Chen BQ. Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by gamma-tocotrienol in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Nutrition 2009; 25:555-66. [PMID: 19121919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE gamma-Tocotrienol is a major component of the tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil, but there is limited evidence that it has antitumor activity. In particular, the effects of gamma-tocotrienol on human colon carcinoma cells have not been reported. To investigate the chemopreventive effects of gamma-tocotrienol on colon cancer, we examined its capacity to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in HT-29 cells and explored the mechanism underlying these effects. METHODS We cultured HT-29 cells in the presence of gamma-tocotrienol. The effect of gamma-tocotrienol on cell proliferation was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, mitotic index, and colony formation. The cell-cycle distribution was investigated by flow cytometry. We measured apoptosis by nuclear staining, transmission electron microscopy, and DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis-related proteins and the nuclear factor-kappaB p65 protein were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS gamma-Tocotrienol inhibited cell growth and arrested HT-29 cells in G(0)/G(1) phase. The 50% inhibitory concentration was 31.7 micromol/L (48 h). gamma-Tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells was accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, we found that gamma-tocotrienol reduced the expression level of total nuclear factor-kappaB p65 protein and inhibited its nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION The results indicated that gamma-tocotrienol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and that this process is accompanied by cell-cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1), an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and activation of caspase-3. Our data also indicated that nuclear factor-kappaB p65 protein may be involved in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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239
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Andriamihaja M, Chaumontet C, Tome D, Blachier F. Butyrate metabolism in human colon carcinoma cells: implications concerning its growth-inhibitory effect. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:58-65. [PMID: 18767040 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate and acetate are bacterial metabolites present in the large intestine lumen. Although butyrate is well known to inhibit the in vitro proliferation of human colon carcinoma cells in a process involving the hyperacetylation of specific nuclear histones, little is known about the possible link between butyrate metabolism and its growth-inhibitory effect. In a previous study (Leschelle et al., 2000, Eur J Biochem 267: 6435-6442), we showed that butyrate accumulates and is metabolized in HT-29 Glc(-/+) cells without increasing oxygen consumption. In the present study, using the same cell line incubated with (14)C-labeled butyrate, we determined that a minor part of (14)C from butyrate was recovered in nuclear histones. Unlike butyrate, acetate exerted no effect on cell growth but was a precursor for overall net histone acetylation. Although butyrate was able to increase the cellular AMP/ADP ratio, it did not affect the ATP cell content or the adenylate charge or the oxidation of endogenous L-glutamine. Butyrate oxidation was found to be markedly sensitive to the presence of other substrates with D-glucose decreasing this oxidation and L-malate stimulating it. Furthermore, in the presence of L-malate, the growth-inhibitory effect of butyrate was significantly weaker than in its absence. From these data, we conclude that the metabolism of butyrate downstream acetyl-CoA synthesis is not involved in the butyrate antiproliferative effect. The suggestion that butyrate metabolism in mitochondria is not used in these cells as a fuel but acts as a regulator of butyrate free concentrations (thus limiting its action upon cellular targets), is discussed.
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240
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Abstract
1. The monocarboxylate transporter (MCT, SLC16) family comprises 14 members, of which to date only MCT1-4 have been shown to carry monocarboxylates, transporting important metabolic compounds such as lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies in a proton-coupled manner. The transport of such compounds is fundamental for metabolism, and the tissue locations, properties and regulation of these isoforms is discussed. 2. Of the other members of the MCT family, MCT8 (a thyroid hormone transporter) and TAT1 (an aromatic amino acid transporter) have been characterized more recently, and their physiological roles are reviewed herein. The endogenous substrates and functions of the remaining members of the MCT family await elucidation. 3. The MCT proteins have the typical twelve transmembrane-spanning domain (TMD) topology of membrane transporter proteins, and their structure-function relationship is discussed, especially in relation to the future impact of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases and, given their ability to transport pharmacologically relevant compounds, the potential impact for pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meredith
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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241
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Hýžd’alová M, Hofmanová J, Pacherník J, Vaculová A, Kozubík A. The interaction of butyrate with TNF-α during differentiation and apoptosis of colon epithelial cells: Role of NF-κB activation. Cytokine 2008; 44:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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242
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Schwab M, Reynders V, Steinhilber D, Stein J. Combined treatment of Caco-2 cells with butyrate and mesalazine inhibits cell proliferation and reduces Survivin protein level. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:98-106. [PMID: 18774638 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is epidemiological evidence, that mesalazine can inhibit colon cancer development by affecting proliferation and apoptosis. Several studies suggest that supplementary intake of butyrate may yield to improved efficacy of mesalazine. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of such interaction remain unknown. This study addressed the combinatory effect of both substances on the growth of Caco-2 cells. Challenging of cells with mesalazine and butyrate provoked a time-dependent decrease in both cell counts and proliferation. Co-treatment with the substances could further intensify these effects. The growth-inhibitory action of mesalazine and butyrate was accompanied by a significant increase in caspase-3 activity, cleavage of PARP and caspase-8, while decreasing the expression of Xiap and Survivin simultaneously. Co-incubation of both substances exaggerated effects on all examined apoptosis-regulatory proteins except for Xiap. Our data demonstrate that co-treatment of mesalazine and butyrate evoked additive effects on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwab
- First Department of Medicine-ZAFES, Division of Gastroenterology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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243
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Spange S, Wagner T, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Acetylation of non-histone proteins modulates cellular signalling at multiple levels. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:185-98. [PMID: 18804549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the posttranslational acetylation of non-histone proteins, which determines vital regulatory processes. The recruitment of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases to the transcriptional machinery is a key element in the dynamic regulation of genes controlling cellular proliferation and differentiation. A steadily growing number of identified acetylated non-histone proteins demonstrate that reversible lysine acetylation affects mRNA stability, and the localisation, interaction, degradation and function of proteins. Interestingly, most non-histone proteins targeted by acetylation are relevant for tumourigenesis, cancer cell proliferation and immune functions. Therefore inhibitors of histone deacetylases are considered as candidate drugs for cancer therapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors alter histone acetylation and chromatin structure, which modulates gene expression, as well as promoting the acetylation of non-histone proteins. Here, we summarise the complex effects of dynamic alterations in the cellular acetylome on physiologically relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spange
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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244
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Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Ramaswamy K, Dudeja PK. Regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) promoter by butyrate in human intestinal epithelial cells: involvement of NF-kappaB pathway. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1452-63. [PMID: 17786924 PMCID: PMC2673490 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the colon, constitutes the major fuel for colonocytes. We have earlier shown the role of apically localized monocarboxylate transporter isoform 1 (MCT1) in transport of butyrate into human colonic Caco-2 cells. In an effort to study the regulation of MCT1 gene, we and others have cloned the promoter region of the MCT1 gene and identified cis elements for key transcription factors. A previous study has shown up-regulation of MCT1 expression, and activity by butyrate in AA/C1 human colonic epithelial cells, however, the detailed mechanisms of this up-regulation are not known. In this study, we demonstrate that butyrate, a substrate for MCT1, stimulates MCT1 promoter activity in Caco-2 cells. This effect was dose dependent and specific to butyrate as other predominant SCFAs, acetate, and propionate, were ineffective. Utilizing progressive deletion constructs of the MCT1 promoter, we showed that the putative butyrate responsive elements are in the -229/+91 region of the promoter. Butyrate stimulation of the MCT1 promoter was found to be independent of PKC, PKA, and tyrosine kinases. However, specific inhibitors of the NF-kappaB pathway, lactacystein (LC), and caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) significantly reduced the MCT1 promoter stimulation by butyrate. Also, butyrate directly stimulated NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase reporter activity. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) also stimulated MCT1 promoter activity, however, unlike butyrate, this stimulation was unaltered by the NF-kappaB inhibitors. Further, the combined effect of butyrate, and TSA on MCT1 promoter activity was additive, indicating that their mechanisms of action were independent. Our results demonstrate the involvement of NF-kappaB pathway in the regulation of MCT1 promoter activity by butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Correspondence to: Pradeep K. Dudeja, PhD, Professor of Physiology in Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Medical Research Service [600/151], Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail:
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245
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Chinnappan D, Qu X, Xiao D, Ratnasari A, Weber HC. Human gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene regulation requires transcription factor binding at two distinct CRE sites. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G153-G162. [PMID: 18483184 PMCID: PMC2494719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (GRP-R) occurs frequently in human malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Owing to paracrine and autocrine interaction with its specific high-affinity ligand GRP, tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion might ensue. Here we provide the first insights regarding molecular mechanisms of GRP-R regulation in gastrointestinal cancer cells. We identified by EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays two cAMP response element (CRE) binding sites that recruited transcription factor CRE binding protein (CREB) to the human GRP-R promoter. Transfection studies with a wild-type human GRP-R promoter reporter and corresponding CRE mutants showed that both CRE sites are critical for basal transcriptional activation in gastrointestinal cancer cells. Forced expression of cAMP-dependent effectors CREB and PKA resulted in robust upregulation of human GRP-R transcriptional activity, and this overexpression strictly required intact wild-type CRE sites. Direct cAMP stimulation with forskolin resulted in enhanced human GRP-R promoter activity only in HuTu-80 cells, but not in Caco-2 cells, coinciding with forskolin-induced CREB phosphorylation occurring only in HuTu-80 but not Caco-2 cells. In summary, CREB is a critical regulator of human GRP-R expression in gastrointestinal cancer and might be activated through different upstream intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmaraj Chinnappan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dongmei Xiao
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anita Ratnasari
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - H. Christian Weber
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
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246
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Kataoka K, Ogasa S, Kuwahara T, Bando Y, Hagiwara M, Arimochi H, Nakanishi S, Iwasaki T, Ohnishi Y. Inhibitory effects of fermented brown rice on induction of acute colitis by dextran sulfate sodium in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1601-8. [PMID: 17957470 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathogenic mechanisms of inflammatory bowel diseases are not fully understood, colonic microbiota may affect the induction of colonic inflammation, and some probiotics and prebiotics have been reported to suppress colitis. The inhibitory effects of brown rice fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA), a fiber-rich food, on the induction of acute colitis by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were examined. Feeding a 5% and 10% FBRA-containing diet significantly decreased the ulcer and erosion area in the rat colon stained with Alcian blue. In another experiment, 10% FBRA feeding decreased the ulcer index (percentage of the total length of ulcers in the full length of the colon) and colitis score, which were determined by macroscopic observation. It also decreased myeloperoxidase activity in the colonic mucosa. Viable cell numbers of Lactobacillus in the feces decreased after DSS administration and was reversely correlated with severity of colitis, while the cell number of Enterobacteriaceae increased after DSS treatment and was positively correlated with colitis severity. These results indicate that FBRA has a suppressive effect on the induction of colitis by DSS and suggest FBRA-mediated modification of colonic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kataoka
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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247
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Macfarlane GT, Steed H, Macfarlane S. Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:305-44. [PMID: 18215222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most studies involving prebiotic oligosaccharides have been carried out using inulin and its fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) derivatives, together with various forms of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). Although many intestinal bacteria are able to grow on these carbohydrates, most investigations have demonstrated that the growth of bifidobacteria, and to a lesser degree lactobacilli, is particularly favoured. Because of their safety, stability, organoleptic properties, resistance to digestion in the upper bowel and fermentability in the colon, as well as their abilities to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, these prebiotics are being increasingly incorporated into the Western diet. Inulin-derived oligosaccharides and GOS are mildly laxative, but can result in flatulence and osmotic diarrhoea if taken in large amounts. However, their effects on large bowel habit are relatively minor. Although the literature dealing with the health significance of prebiotics is not as extensive as that concerning probiotics, considerable evidence has accrued showing that consumption of GOS and FOS can have significant health benefits, particularly in relation to their putative anti-cancer properties, influence on mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, and anti-inflammatory and other immune effects such as atopic disease. In many instances, prebiotics seem to be more effective when used as part of a synbiotic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Macfarlane
- Dundee University Gut Group, Ninewells Hospital Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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248
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Spurling CC, Godman CA, Noonan EJ, Rasmussen TP, Rosenberg DW, Giardina C. HDAC3 overexpression and colon cancer cell proliferation and differentiation. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:137-47. [PMID: 17849419 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An immunohistochemical analysis of human colorectal adenocarcinomas showed that cancer cells express widely varying levels of HDAC3. The SW480 colon cancer cell line was found to express high levels of HDAC3 compared to other colon cancer cell lines. p21 was poorly induced in SW480 cells relative to the lower HDAC3-expressing HT-29 cells. RNAi-induced reduction of HDAC3 in SW480 cells increased their constitutive, butyrate-, TSA-, and TNF-alpha-induced expression of p21, but did not cause all the gene expression changes induced upon general histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition. SW480 cells with lower HDAC3 expression appeared to be poised for gene expression responses with increased histone H4-K12 acetylation, but not K5, K8, or K16 acetylation. Even though p21 was readily activated in HT29 cells, HDAC3 siRNA nonetheless stimulated p21 expression in these cells to a greater degree than HDAC1 and HDAC2 siRNA. SW480 cells with lower HDAC3 levels displayed an enhanced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition by butyrate, but without changes in apoptosis or sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. As reported for other colon cancer cell lines, butyrate induced the rapid downregulation of the secretory cell differentiation markers mucin 2 and intestinal trefoil factor in SW480 cells. Interestingly, selective HDAC3 inhibition was sufficient to downregulate these genes. Our data support a central role for HDAC3 in regulating the cell proliferation and differentiation of colon cancer cells and suggest a potential mechanism by which colon cancers may become resistant to luminal butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen C Spurling
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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249
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Kaler P, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. HDAC2 deficiency sensitizes colon cancer cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis through inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1507-18. [PMID: 18314102 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors exert potent anti-tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory activity. Their effects are selective for transformed cells, and we recently demonstrated that transformation of epithelial cells with k-Ras sensitizes cells to HDACi induced apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ability of HDACi to modulate signaling by a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFalpha, is also restricted to cells that harbor mutant k-Ras. We used the system of two isogenic cell lines that differ by the presence of mutant k-Ras, HCT116 and Hke3 cells. Treatment of cells with TNFalpha alone did not induce apoptosis; however HDACi potentiated TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in both HCT116 and Hke3 cells. Thus, the ability of HDACi to sensitize cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis appears to be k-Ras independent. We demonstrated that HDACi inhibited TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional and DNA binding activity in both cell lines, underlying the increased apoptosis in cells treated with both agents. We showed that overexpression of HDAC2 enhanced TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activity and that silencing of HDAC2 decreased NF-kappaB activity. Finally, silencing of HDAC2 expression was sufficient to sensitize colon cancer cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. The ability of HDACi to interfere with NF-kappaB activity is likely to contribute to their potent anti-tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kaler
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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250
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Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost FJ, Brummer RJ. Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:104-19. [PMID: 17973645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1715] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, is a main end-product of intestinal microbial fermentation of mainly dietary fibre. Butyrate is an important energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and plays a role in the maintenance of colonic homeostasis. AIM To provide an overview on the present knowledge of the bioactivity of butyrate, emphasizing effects and possible mechanisms of action in relation to human colonic function. METHODS A PubMed search was performed to select relevant publications using the search terms: 'butyrate, short-chain fatty acid, fibre, colon, inflammation, carcinogenesis, barrier, oxidative stress, permeability and satiety'. RESULTS Butyrate exerts potent effects on a variety of colonic mucosal functions such as inhibition of inflammation and carcinogenesis, reinforcing various components of the colonic defence barrier and decreasing oxidative stress. In addition, butyrate may promote satiety. Two important mechanisms include the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation and histone deacetylation. However, the observed effects of butyrate largely depend on concentrations and models used and human data are still limited. CONCLUSION Although most studies point towards beneficial effects of butyrate, more human in vivo studies are needed to contribute to our current understanding of butyrate-mediated effects on colonic function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Hamer
- TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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