Proton Shell Gaps in N=28 Nuclei from the First Complete Spectroscopy Study with FRIB Decay Station Initiator

The first complete measurement of the β-decay strength distribution of _{17}^{45}Cl_{28} was performed at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) with the FRIB Decay Station Initiator during the second FRIB experiment. The measurement involved the detection of neutrons and γ rays in two focal planes of the FRIB Decay Station Initiator in a single experiment for the first time. This enabled an analytical consistency in extracting the β-decay strength distribution over the large range of excitation energies, including neutron unbound states. We observe a rapid increase in the β-decay strength distribution above the neutron separation energy in _{18}^{45}Ar_{27}. This was interpreted to be caused by the transitioning of neutrons into protons excited across the Z=20 shell gap. The SDPF-MU interaction with reduced shell gap best reproduced the data. The measurement demonstrates a new approach that is sensitive to the proton shell gap in neutron rich nuclei according to SDPF-MU calculations.

PP2A inhibitor SET promotes mTORC1 and Bmi1 signaling through Akt activation and maintains the colony-formation ability of cancer cells

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an essential tumor suppressor, with its activity often hindered in cancer cells by endogenous PP2A inhibitory proteins like SE translocation (SET). SET/PP2A axis plays a pivotal role in the colony-formation ability of cancer cells and the stabilization of c-Myc and E2F1 proteins implicated in this process. However, in osteosarcoma cell line HOS, SET knock-down (KD) suppresses the colony-formation ability without affecting c-Myc and E2F1. This study aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism through which SET enhances the colony-formation ability of HOS cells and determine if it is generalized to other cancer cells. Transcriptome analysis unveiled that SET KD suppressed mTORC1 signaling. SET KD inhibited Akt phosphorylation, an upstream kinase for mTORC1. PP2A inhibitor blocked SET KD-mediated decrease in phosphorylation of Akt and a mTORC1 substrate p70S6K. A constitutively active Akt restored decreased colony-formation ability by SET KD, indicating the SET/PP2A/Akt/mTORC1 axis. Additionally, enrichment analysis highlighted that Bmi-1, a polycomb group protein, is affected by SET KD. SET KD decreased Bmi-1 protein by Akt inhibition but not by mTORC1 inhibition, and exogenous Bmi-1 expression rescued the reduced colony formation by SET KD. Four out of eight cancer cell lines exhibited decreased Bmi-1 by SET KD. Further analysis of these cell lines revealed that Myc activity plays a role in SET KD-mediated Bmi-1 degradation. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of SET-regulated colony-formation ability, which involved Akt-mediated activation of mTORC1/p70S6K and Bmi-1 signaling.

N=16 Magicity Revealed at the Proton Drip Line through the Study of ^{35}Ca

The last proton bound calcium isotope ^{35}Ca has been studied for the first time, using the ^{37}Ca(p,t)^{35}Ca two neutron transfer reaction. The radioactive ^{37}Ca nuclei, produced by the LISE spectrometer at GANIL, interacted with the protons of the liquid hydrogen target CRYPTA, to produce tritons t that were detected in the MUST2 detector array, in coincidence with the heavy residues Ca or Ar. The atomic mass of ^{35}Ca and the energy of its first 3/2^{+} state are reported. A large N=16 gap of 4.61(11) MeV is deduced from the mass measurement, which together with other measured properties, makes ^{36}Ca a doubly magic nucleus. The N=16 shell gaps in ^{36}Ca and ^{24}O are of similar amplitude, at both edges of the valley of stability. This feature is discussed in terms of nuclear forces involved, within state-of-the-art shell model calculations. Even though the global agreement with data is quite convincing, the calculations underestimate the size of the N=16 gap in ^{36}Ca by 840 keV.

Microsecond Isomer at the N=20 Island of Shape Inversion Observed at FRIB

Excited-state spectroscopy from the first experiment at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is reported. A 24(2)-μs isomer was observed with the FRIB Decay Station initiator (FDSi) through a cascade of 224- and 401-keV γ rays in coincidence with ^{32}Na nuclei. This is the only known microsecond isomer (1  μs≤T_{1/2}<1  ms) in the region. This nucleus is at the heart of the N=20 island of shape inversion and is at the crossroads of the spherical shell-model, deformed shell-model, and ab initio theories. It can be represented as the coupling of a proton hole and neutron particle to ^{32}Mg, ^{32}Mg+π^{-1}+ν^{+1}. This odd-odd coupling and isomer formation provides a sensitive measure of the underlying shape degrees of freedom of ^{32}Mg, where the onset of spherical-to-deformed shape inversion begins with a low-lying deformed 2^{+} state at 885 keV and a low-lying shape-coexisting 0_{2}^{+} state at 1058 keV. We suggest two possible explanations for the 625-keV isomer in ^{32}Na: a 6^{-} spherical shape isomer that decays by E2 or a 0^{+} deformed spin isomer that decays by M2. The present results and calculations are most consistent with the latter, indicating that the low-lying states are dominated by deformation.

Crossing N=28 Toward the Neutron Drip Line: First Measurement of Half-Lives at FRIB

New half-lives for exotic isotopes approaching the neutron drip-line in the vicinity of N∼28 for Z=12-15 were measured at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) with the FRIB decay station initiator. The first experimental results are compared to the latest quasiparticle random phase approximation and shell-model calculations. Overall, the measured half-lives are consistent with the available theoretical descriptions and suggest a well-developed region of deformation below ^{48}Ca in the N=28 isotones. The erosion of the Z=14 subshell closure in Si is experimentally confirmed at N=28, and a reduction in the ^{38}Mg half-life is observed as compared with its isotopic neighbors, which does not seem to be predicted well based on the decay energy and deformation trends. This highlights the need for both additional data in this very exotic region, and for more advanced theoretical efforts.

Direct observations of energy transfer from resonant electrons to whistler-mode waves in magnetosheath of Earth

Electromagnetic whistler-mode waves in space plasmas play critical roles in collisionless energy transfer between the electrons and the electromagnetic field. Although resonant interactions have been considered as the likely generation process of the waves, observational identification has been extremely difficult due to the short time scale of resonant electron dynamics. Here we show strong nongyrotropy, which rotate with the wave, of cyclotron resonant electrons as direct evidence for the locally ongoing secular energy transfer from the resonant electrons to the whistler-mode waves using ultra-high temporal resolution data obtained by NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission in the magnetosheath. The nongyrotropic electrons carry a resonant current, which is the energy source of the wave as predicted by the nonlinear wave growth theory. This result proves the nonlinear wave growth theory, and furthermore demonstrates that the degree of nongyrotropy, which cannot be predicted even by that nonlinear theory, can be studied by observations.

Excitation of whistler-mode waves by cyclotron instability is considered as the likely generation process of the waves. Here, the authors show direct observational evidence for locally ongoing secular energy transfer from the resonant electrons to the whistler-mode waves in Earth’s magnetosheath.

Structure of ^{36}Ca under the Coulomb Magnifying Glass

Detailed spectroscopy of the neutron-deficient nucleus ^{36}Ca was obtained up to 9 MeV using the ^{37}Ca(p,d)^{36}Ca and the ^{38}Ca(p,t)^{36}Ca transfer reactions. The radioactive nuclei, produced by the LISE spectrometer at GANIL, interacted with the protons of the liquid hydrogen target CRYPTA, to produce light ejectiles (the deuteron d or triton t) that were detected in the MUST2 detector array, in coincidence with the heavy residues identified by a zero-degree detection system. Our main findings are (i) a similar shift in energy for the 1_{1}^{+} and 2_{1}^{+} states by about -250  keV, as compared with the mirror nucleus ^{36}S; (ii) the discovery of an intruder 0_{2}^{+} state at 2.83(13) MeV, which appears below the first 2^{+} state, in contradiction with the situation in ^{36}S; and (iii) a tentative 0_{3}^{+} state at 4.83(17) MeV, proposed to exhibit a bubble structure with two neutron vacancies in the 2s_{1/2} orbit. The inversion between the 0_{2}^{+} and 2_{1}^{+} states is due to the large mirror energy difference (MED) of -516(130)  keV for the former. This feature is reproduced by shell model calculations, using the sd-pf valence space, predicting an almost pure intruder nature for the 0_{2}^{+} state, with two protons (neutrons) being excited across the Z=20 magic closure in ^{36}Ca (^{36}S). This mirror system has the largest MEDs ever observed, if one excludes the few cases induced by the effect of the continuum.

First Application of Mass Measurements with the Rare-RI Ring Reveals the Solar r-Process Abundance Trend at A=122 and A=123

The Rare-RI Ring (R3) is a recently commissioned cyclotronlike storage ring mass spectrometer dedicated to mass measurements of exotic nuclei far from stability at Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) in RIKEN. The first application of mass measurement using the R3 mass spectrometer at RIBF is reported. Rare isotopes produced at RIBF-^{127}Sn, ^{126}In, ^{125}Cd, ^{124}Ag, ^{123}Pd-were injected in R3. Masses of ^{126}In, ^{125}Cd, and ^{123}Pd were measured whereby the mass uncertainty of ^{123}Pd was improved. This is the first reported measurement with a new storage ring mass spectrometry technique realized at a heavy-ion cyclotron and employing individual injection of the preidentified rare nuclei. The latter is essential for the future mass measurements of the rarest isotopes produced at RIBF. The impact of the new ^{123}Pd result on the solar r-process abundances in a neutron star merger event is investigated by performing reaction network calculations of 20 trajectories with varying electron fraction Y_{e}. It is found that the neutron capture cross section on ^{123}Pd increases by a factor of 2.2 and β-delayed neutron emission probability, P_{1  n}, of ^{123}Rh increases by 14%. The neutron capture cross section on ^{122}Pd decreases by a factor of 2.6 leading to pileup of material at A=122, thus reproducing the trend of the solar r-process abundances. The trend of the two-neutron separation energies (S_{2n}) was investigated for the Pd isotopic chain. The new mass measurement with improved uncertainty excludes large changes of the S_{2n} value at N=77. Such large increase of the S_{2n} values before N=82 was proposed as an alternative to the quenching of the N=82 shell gap to reproduce r-process abundances in the mass region of A=112-124.

The protein level of the tumor-promoting factor SET is regulated by cell density

SET/I2PP2A is a multifunctional protein that acts as an intrinsic inhibitor of the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A and as a histone chaperone. Increased SET levels have been observed in various cancers; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that SET protein accumulates with the increasing density of cultured cells. This phenomenon was observed not only in cancer cell lines but also in non-cancer cell lines. The mRNA levels of SET were not affected by the cell density. Proteasome inhibition decreased SET levels, whereas autophagy inhibition led to SET accumulation, indicating the involvement of autophagy. The mRNA and protein expression of SETBP1, which stabilizes the SET protein, increased with cell density. The decrease in SET level due to the loss of SETBP1 was more pronounced in wild-type cells than that in autophagy-deficient cells. These results have revealed a mechanism underlying the regulation of SET level, wherein increased cell density induces SETBP1 expression and protects SET from autophagy.

Protein phosphatase 6 promotes neurite outgrowth by promoting mTORC2 activity in N2a cells

Understanding the molecular mechanism of neuronal differentiation is important to overcome the incurable diseases caused by nervous system damage. Neurite outgrowth is prerequisite for neuronal differentiation and regeneration, and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the major transcriptional factors positively regulating this process. Neuronal differentiation stimuli activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2)/Akt signaling to phosphorylate CREB, however, the precise molecular mechanism of this event has not been fully understood. In this manuscript, we show that neuronal differentiation stimuli increased a protein level of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), a member of type 2A Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. PP6 knockdown suppressed mTORC2/Akt/CREB signaling and results in failure of neurite outgrowth. SIN1 is a unique component of mTORC2 that enhances mTORC2 activity toward Akt when it is in dephosphorylated form. We found PP6 knockdown increased SIN1 phosphorylation. These data suggest that PP6 may positively regulate neurite outgrowth by dephosphorylating SIN1 to activate mTORC2/Akt/CREB signaling.

Observational Evidence for Stochastic Shock Drift Acceleration of Electrons at the Earth's Bow Shock

The first-order Fermi acceleration of electrons requires an injection of electrons into a mildly relativistic energy range. However, the mechanism of injection has remained a puzzle both in theory and observation. We present direct evidence for a novel stochastic shock drift acceleration theory for the injection obtained with Magnetospheric Multiscale observations at the Earth's bow shock. The theoretical model can explain electron acceleration to mildly relativistic energies at high-speed astrophysical shocks, which may provide a solution to the long-standing issue of electron injection.

Direct measurements of two-way wave-particle energy transfer in a collisionless space plasma

Particle acceleration by plasma waves and spontaneous wave generation are fundamental energy and momentum exchange processes in collisionless plasmas. Such wave-particle interactions occur ubiquitously in space. We present ultrafast measurements in Earth's magnetosphere by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft that enabled quantitative evaluation of energy transfer in interactions associated with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. The observed ion distributions are not symmetric around the magnetic field direction but are in phase with the plasma wave fields. The wave-ion phase relations demonstrate that a cyclotron resonance transferred energy from hot protons to waves, which in turn nonresonantly accelerated cold He⁺ to energies up to ~2 kilo-electron volts. These observations provide direct quantitative evidence for collisionless energy transfer in plasmas between distinct particle populations via wave-particle interactions.

Unilateral necrosis of the tongue caused by embolisation of cholesterol crystals

Cholesterol crystals embolise when an aortic atherosclerotic lesion ruptures and cholesterol crystals are scattered and obstruct small peripheral arterioles. Risk factors include both iatrogenic factors such as intravascular catheterisation, and spontaneous factors for atherosclerosis such as aging, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and smoking. We describe the case of an 83-year-old Japanese man who developed unilateral, superficial necrosis of the tongue as a result of spontaneous embolisation of cholesterol crystals.

The hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is critical for expression of CD11c

PU.1 is a hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor belonging to the Ets family, which plays an important role in the development of dendritic cells (DCs). CD11c (encoded by Itgax) is well established as a characteristic marker of hematopoietic lineages including DCs. In the present study, we analyzed the role of PU.1 (encoded by Spi-1) in the expression of CD11c. When small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Spi-1 was introduced into bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), the mRNA level and cell surface expression of CD11c were dramatically reduced. Using reporter assays, the TTCC sequence at -56/-53 was identified to be critical for PU.1-mediated activation of the promoter. An EMSA showed that PU.1 directly bound to this region. ChIP assays demonstrated that a significant amount of PU.1 bound to this region on chromosomal DNA in BMDCs, which was decreased in LPS-stimulated BMDCs in accordance with the reduced levels of mRNAs of Itgax and Spi-1, and the histone acetylation degree. Enforced expression of exogenous PU.1 induced the expression of the CD11c protein on the cell surface of mast cells, whereas control transfectants rarely expressed CD11c. Quantitative RT-PCR also showed that the expression of a transcription factor Irf4, which is a partner molecule of PU.1, was reduced in PU.1-knocked down BMDCs. IRF4 transactivated the Itgax gene in a synergistic manner with PU.1. Taken together, these results indicate that PU.1 functions as a positive regulator of CD11c gene expression by directly binding to the Itgax promoter and through transactivation of the Irf4 gene.

Higher refractive index and lower wavelength dispersion of SiO2 glass by structural ordering evolution via densification at a higher temperature

Silica glasses permanently densified at high temperatures show unexpected increase of both the refractive index and the Abbe number. Glasses densified at a higher temperature underwent homogeneous evolution of their intermediate structural ordering.

Genes associated with the progression of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease

The spreading of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), intraneuronal aggregates of highly phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, across the human brain is correlated with the cognitive severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To identify genes relevant to NFT expansion defined by the Braak stage, we conducted whole-genome exon array analysis with an exploratory sample set consisting of 213 human post-mortem brain tissue specimens from the entorinal, temporal and frontal cortices of 71 brain-donor subjects: Braak NFT stages 0 (N=13), I-II (N=20), III-IV (N=19) and V-VI (N=19). We identified eight genes, RELN, PTGS2, MYO5C, TRIL, DCHS2, GRB14, NPAS4 and PHYHD1, associated with the Braak stage. The expression levels of three genes, PHYHD1, MYO5C and GRB14, exhibited reproducible association on real-time quantitative PCR analysis. In another sample set, including control subjects (N=30), and in patients with late-onset AD (N=37), dementia with Lewy bodies (N=17) and Parkinson disease (N=36), the expression levels of two genes, PHYHD1 and MYO5C, were obviously associated with late-onset AD. Protein-protein interaction network analysis with a public database revealed that PHYHD1 interacts with MYO5C via POT1, and PHYHD1 directly interacts with amyloid beta-peptide 42. It is thus likely that functional failure of PHYHD1 and MYO5C could lead to AD development.

A highly emissive inorganic hexamolybdenum cluster complex as a handy precursor for the preparation of new luminescent materials

The synthesis of a new octahedral molybdenum cluster and a cluster–polymer hybrid is described, both materials possess excellent photoluminescent properties.

Morphological features of the stomach of Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica

The morphology of the stomach of Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica was studied at macroscopic, light microscopic, and scanning electron microscopic levels. The stomach of M. javanica was C-shaped with short lesser curvature. At the oesophageal junction, the inner smooth muscle was thickened in the greater curvature side. The entire stomach was lined by a thick cornified stratified squamous epithelium, except at the duct orifices of glands and in the pyloric gland region. The wall of the fundus was thin and devoid of glands. The gastric glands consisted of mucous, oxyntic, and pyloric glands. The mucous glands were observed in the lesser curvature (Mg-L), in the greater curvature (Mg-G), and in the pyloric canal (Mg-C) respectively. The oxyntic glands were organized into gland mass, making an oval mound elevated to the gastric lumen, in the middle of the greater curvature. The oxyntic gland mass has a single common duct with opening directed to the pyloric side. This duct was surrounded by mucus gland (Mg-G). The pyloric glands were located caudal to the pylorus. There was no sphincter at the pyloric-duodenal junction. Large mucosal protuberance, the torus pyloricus was observed in the side of the lesser curvature of the pyloric canal. In the lumen of pyloric canal region, numerous spines and small pebbles were observed. The muscle layers in the wall of this region were considerably thickened. The present results on the stomach of M. javanica are thought to be closely related to the toothless and eating habits of this animal species.

Role of PU.1 in MHC class II expression through transcriptional regulation of class II transactivator pI in dendritic cells

BACKGROUND

PU.1 is a hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor belonging to the Ets family. We hypothesized that PU.1 is involved in MHC class II expression in dendritic cells (DCs).

OBJECTIVE

The role of PU.1 in MHC class II expression in DCs was analyzed.

METHODS

Transcriptional regulation of the DC-specific pI promoter of the class II transactivator (CIITA) gene and subsequent MHC class II expression was investigated by using PU.1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays.

RESULTS

PU.1 siRNA introduction suppressed MHC class II expression, allogeneic and syngeneic T-cell activation activities of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) with reduction of CIITA mRNA driven by the DC-specific promoter pI, and MHC class II mRNA. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed constitutive binding of PU.1 to the pI region in BMDCs, whereas acetylation of histone H3 on pI was suppressed by LPS stimulation in parallel with shutdown of CIITA transcription. PU.1 transactivated the pI promoter through cis-elements at -47/-44 and -30/-27 in a reporter assay and to which PU.1 directly bound in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Acetylation of histones H3 and H4 on pI was reduced in PU.1 siRNA-introduced BMDCs. Knockdown of interferon regulatory factor 4 or 8, which is a heterodimer partner of PU.1, by siRNA did not affect pI-driven CIITA transcription or MHC class II expression.

CONCLUSION

PU.1 basally transactivates the CIITA pI promoter in DCs by functioning as a monomeric transcription factor and by affecting histone modification, resulting in the subsequent expression and function of MHC class II.

Selective down-regulation of Th2 cell-mediated airway inflammation in mice by pharmacological intervention of CCR4

BACKGROUND

The chemokine receptor CCR4 has been implicated in Th2 cell-mediated immune responses. However, other T cell subsets are also known to participate in allergic inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

The role of CCR4 in Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation was investigated.

METHOD

We generated an allergic airway inflammation model by adoptive transfer of in vitro-polarized ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. The effect of a low-molecular weight CCR4 antagonist, Compound 22, on this model was examined.

RESULTS

Upon in vitro polarization of DO11.10 naïve T cells, Th1- and Th2-polarized cells dominantly expressed CXCR3 and CCR4, respectively, while Th17-polarized cells expressed CCR6 and CCR4. Intranasal OVA-challenge of mice transferred with each T cell subset induced accumulation of T cells in the lungs. Eosinophils were also massively accumulated in Th2-transferred mice, whereas neutrophils were preferentially recruited in Th1- and Th17-transferred mice. Compound 22, as well as anti-CCL17 or anti-CCL22 antibody selectively suppressed accumulation of Th2 cells and eosinophils in the lungs of Th2-transferred and OVA-challenged mice. Compound 22 also inhibited bronchial hyperresponsiveness but had little effect on goblet cell hyperplasia in Th2-transferred and OVA-challenged mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

There were notable differences in allergic lung inflammation mediated by different T cell subsets. CCR4 blockage was selectively effective for suppression of Th2-mediated allergic inflammation by blocking infiltration of Th2 cells.