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Gupta P, Wentland JA, Leal M, Ma D, Roach R, Esparza A, King L, Spilker ME, Bagi C, Winkelmann CT, Giddabasappa A. Assessment of near-infrared fluorophores to study the biodistribution and tumor targeting of an IL13 receptor α2 antibody by fluorescence molecular tomography. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57231-57245. [PMID: 28915667 PMCID: PMC5593638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging using radiolabels is a common technique used to study the biodistribution of biologics. Due to the limited shelf-life of radiolabels and the requirements of specialized labs, non-invasive optical imaging is an attractive alternative for preclinical studies. Previously, we demonstrated the utility of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) an optical imaging modality in evaluating the biodistribution of antibody-drug conjugates. As FMT is a relatively new technology, few fluorophores have been validated for in vivo imaging. The goal of this study was to characterize and determine the utility of near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores for biodistribution studies using interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 antibody (IL13Rα2-Ab). Eight fluorophores (ex/em: 630/800 nm) with an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) linker were evaluated for Ab conjugation. The resulting antibody-fluorophore (Ab-F) conjugates were evaluated in vitro for degree of conjugation, stability and target-binding, followed by in vivo/ex vivo FMT imaging to determine biodistribution in a xenograft model. The Ab-F conjugates (except Ab-DyLight800) showed good in vitro stability and antigen binding. All Ab-F conjugates (except for Ab-BOD630) resulted in a quantifiable signal in vivo and had similar biodistribution profiles, with peak tumor accumulation between 6 and 24 h post-injection. In vivo/ex vivo FMT imaging showed 17–34% ID/g Ab uptake by the tumor at 96 h. Overall, this is the first study to characterize the biodistribution of an Ab using eight NIR fluorophores. Our results show that 3-dimensional optical imaging is a valuable technology to understand biodistribution and targeting, but a careful selection of the fluorophore for each Ab is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Global Science and Technology, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Wentland
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Leal
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA.,Current affiliation: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Roach
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Lindsay King
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Cedo Bagi
- Global Science and Technology, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Anand Giddabasappa
- Global Science and Technology, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
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202
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Collins DS, Kourtis LC, Thyagarajapuram NR, Sirkar R, Kapur S, Harrison MW, Bryan DJ, Jones GB, Wright JM. Optimizing the Bioavailability of Subcutaneously Administered Biotherapeutics Through Mechanochemical Drivers. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2000-2011. [PMID: 28707164 PMCID: PMC5579144 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route offers myriad benefits for the administration of biotherapeutics in both acute and chronic diseases, including convenience, cost effectiveness and the potential for automation through closed-loop systems. Recent advances in parenteral administration devices and the use of additives which enhance drug dispersion have generated substantial additional interest in IV to SQ switching studies. Designing pre-clinical and clinical studies using SQ mediated delivery however requires deep understanding of complex inter-related physiologies and transport pathways governing the interstitial matrix, vascular system and lymphatic channels. This expert review will highlight key structural features which contribute to transport and biodistribution in the subcutaneous space and also assess the impact of drug formulations. Based on the rapidly growing interest in the SQ delivery route, a number of potential areas for future development are highlighted, which are likely to allow continued evolution and innovation in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Collins
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - L C Kourtis
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - N R Thyagarajapuram
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - R Sirkar
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - S Kapur
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - M W Harrison
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - D J Bryan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, 01805, USA
| | - G B Jones
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Tufts University Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA.
| | - J M Wright
- Eli Lilly Innovation Center, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
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203
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Dutta J, Naicker T, Ebenhan T, Kruger HG, Arvidsson PI, Govender T. Synthetic approaches to radiochemical probes for imaging of bacterial infections. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:287-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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204
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Torkashvand F, Vaziri B. Main Quality Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies and Effect of Cell Culture Components. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:131-41. [PMID: 28176518 PMCID: PMC5392216 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The culture media optimization is an inevitable part of upstream process development in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. The quality by design (QbD) approach defines the assured quality of the final product through the development stage. An important step in QbD is determination of the main quality attributes. During the media optimization, some of the main quality attributes such as glycosylation pattern, charge variants, aggregates, and low-molecular-weight species, could be significantly altered. Here, we provide an overview of how cell culture medium components affects the main quality attributes of the mAbs. Knowing the relationship between the culture media components and the main quality attributes could be successfully utilized for a rational optimization of mammalian cell culture media for industrial mAbs production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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205
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Identification of multiple sources of the acidic charge variants in an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5627-5638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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206
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207
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Yu M, Zhou C, Liu L, Zhang S, Sun S, Hankins JD, Sun X, Zheng J. Interactions of Renal-Clearable Gold Nanoparticles with Tumor Microenvironments: Vasculature and Acidity Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4314-4319. [PMID: 28295960 PMCID: PMC5560109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The success of nanomedicines in the clinic depends on our comprehensive understanding of nano-bio interactions in tumor microenvironments, which are characterized by dense leaky microvasculature and acidic extracellular pH (pHe ) values. Herein, we investigated the accumulation of ultrasmall renal-clearable gold NPs (AuNPs) with and without acidity targeting in xenograft mouse models of two prostate cancer types, PC-3 and LNCaP, with distinct microenvironments. Our results show that both sets of AuNPs could easily penetrate into the tumors but their uptake and retention were mainly dictated by the tumor microvasculature and the enhanced permeability and retention effect over the entire targeting process. On the other hand, increased tumor acidity indeed enhanced the uptake of AuNPs with acidity targeting, but only for a limited period of time. By making use of simple surface chemistry, these two effects can be synchronized in time for high tumor targeting, opening new possibilities to further improve the targeting efficiencies of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shasha Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Julia D Hankins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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Cilliers C, Nessler I, Christodolu N, Thurber GM. Tracking Antibody Distribution with Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes: Impact of Dye Structure and Degree of Labeling on Plasma Clearance. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1623-1633. [PMID: 28294622 PMCID: PMC5415873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal
antibodies labeled with near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores
have potential use in disease detection, intraoperative imaging, and
pharmacokinetic characterization of therapeutic antibodies in both
the preclinical and clinical setting. Recent work has shown conjugation
of NIR fluorophores to antibodies can potentially alter antibody disposition
at a sufficiently high degree of labeling (DoL); however, other reports
show minimal impact after labeling with NIR fluorophores. In this
work, we label two clinically approved antibodies, Herceptin (trastuzumab)
and Avastin (bevacizumab), with NIR dyes IRDye 800CW (800CW) or Alexa
Fluor 680 (AF680), at 1.2 and 0.3 dyes/antibody and examine the impact
of fluorophore conjugation on antibody plasma clearance and tissue
distribution. At 0.3 DoL, AF680 conjugates exhibited similar clearance
to unlabeled antibody over 17 days while 800CW conjugates diverged
after 4 days, suggesting AF680 is a more suitable choice for long-term
pharmacokinetic studies. At the 1.2 DoL, 800CW conjugates cleared
faster than unlabeled antibodies after several hours, in agreement
with other published reports. The tissue biodistribution for bevacizumab–800CW
and −AF680 conjugates agreed well with literature reported
biodistributions using radiolabels. However, the greater tissue autofluorescence
at 680 nm resulted in limited detection above background at low (∼2
mg/kg) doses and 0.3 DoL for AF680, indicating that 800CW is more
appropriate for short-term biodistribution measurements and intraoperative
imaging. Overall, our work shows a DoL of 0.3 or less for non-site-specifically
labeled antibodies (with a Poisson distribution) is ideal for limiting
the impact of NIR fluorophores on antibody pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Cilliers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ian Nessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nikolas Christodolu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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209
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Avelumab for metastatic or locally advanced previously treated solid tumours (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): a phase 1a, multicohort, dose-escalation trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:587-598. [PMID: 28373007 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avelumab (MSB0010718C) is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to PD-L1, inhibiting its binding to PD-1, which inactivates T cells. We aimed to establish the safety and pharmacokinetics of avelumab in patients with solid tumours while assessing biological correlatives for future development. METHODS This open-label, single-centre, phase 1a, dose-escalation trial (part of the JAVELIN Solid Tumor trial) assessed four doses of avelumab (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg), with dose-level cohort expansions to provide additional safety, pharmacokinetics, and target occupancy data. This study used a standard 3 + 3 cohort design and assigned patients sequentially at trial entry according to the 3 + 3 dose-escalation algorithm and depending on the number of dose-limiting toxicities during the first 3-week assessment period (the primary endpoint). Patient eligibility criteria included age 18 years or older, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1, metastatic or locally advanced previously treated solid tumours, and adequate end-organ function. Avelumab was given as a 1-h intravenous infusion every 2 weeks. Patients in the dose-limiting toxicity analysis set were assessed for the primary endpoint of dose-limiting toxicity, and all patients enrolled in the dose-escalation part were assessed for the secondary endpoints of safety (treatment-emergent and treatment-related adverse events according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0), pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles (immunological effects), best overall response by Response Evaluation Criteria, and antidrug antibody formation. The population for the pharmacokinetic analysis included a subset of patients with rich pharmacokinetic samples from two selected disease-specific expansion cohorts at the same study site who had serum samples obtained at multiple early timepoints. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01772004. Patient recruitment to the dose-escalation part reported here is closed. FINDINGS Between Jan 31, 2013, and Oct 8, 2014, 53 patients were enrolled (four patients at 1 mg/kg, 13 at 3 mg/kg, 15 at 10 mg/kg, and 21 at 20 mg/kg). 18 patients were analysed in the dose-limiting toxicity analysis set: three at dose level 1 (1 mg/kg), three at dose level 2 (3 mg/kg), six at dose level 3 (10 mg/kg), and six at dose level 4 (20 mg/kg). Only one dose-limiting toxicity occurred, at the 20 mg/kg dose, and thus the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. In all 53 enrolled patients (the safety analysis set), common treatment-related adverse events (occurring in >10% of patients) included fatigue (21 patients [40%]), influenza-like symptoms (11 [21%]), fever (8 [15%]), and chills (6 [11%]). Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in nine (17%) of 53 patients, with autoimmune disorder (n=3), increased blood creatine phosphokinase (n=2), and increased aspartate aminotransferase (n=2) each occurring in more than one patient (autoimmune disorder in two patients at 10 mg/kg and one patient at 20 mg/kg, increased blood creatine phosphokinase in two patients at 20 mg/kg, and increased aspartate aminotransferase in one patient at 1 mg/kg, and one patient at 10 mg/kg). Six (11%) of 53 patients had a serious treatment-related adverse event: autoimmune disorder (two [13%]), lower abdominal pain (one [7%]), fatigue (one [7%]), and influenza-like illness (one [7%]) in three patients treated at 10 mg/kg dose level, and autoimmune disorder (one [5%]), increased amylase (one [5%]), myositis (one [5%]), and dysphonia (one [5%]) in three patients who received the 20 mg/kg dose. We recorded some evidence of clinical activity in various solid tumours, with partial confirmed or unconfirmed responses in four (8%) of 53 patients; 30 (57%) additional patients had stable disease. Pharmacokinetic analysis (n=86) showed a dose-proportional exposure between doses of 3 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg and a half-life of 95-99 h (3·9-4·1 days) at the 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses. Target occupancy was greater than 90% at doses of 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Antidrug antibodies were detected in two (4%) of 53 patients. No substantial differences were found in absolute lymphocyte count or multiple immune cell subsets, including those expressing PD-L1, after treatment with avelumab. 31 (58%) of 53 patients in the overall safety population died; no deaths were related to treatment on study. INTERPRETATION Avelumab has an acceptable toxicity profile up to 20 mg/kg and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Based on pharmacokinetics, target occupancy, and immunological analysis, we chose 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks as the dose for further development and phase 3 trials are ongoing. FUNDING National Cancer Institute and Merck KGaA.
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210
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Yu M, Zhou C, Liu L, Zhang S, Sun S, Hankins JD, Sun X, Zheng J. Interactions of Renal-Clearable Gold Nanoparticles with Tumor Microenvironments: Vasculature and Acidity Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Dallas; 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Dallas; 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology; The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center; The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Shasha Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Dallas; 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Julia D. Hankins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Dallas; 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology; The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Dallas; 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
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211
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Mitchelson FG, Mondia JP, Hughes EH. Effect of copper variation in yeast hydrolysate on C-terminal lysine levels of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:463-468. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik H. Hughes
- Biogen Inc; 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park NC 27709
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212
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Sijbrandi NJ, Merkul E, Muns JA, Waalboer DCJ, Adamzek K, Bolijn M, Montserrat V, Somsen GW, Haselberg R, Steverink PJGM, Houthoff HJ, van Dongen GAMS. A Novel Platinum(II)-Based Bifunctional ADC Linker Benchmarked Using 89Zr-Desferal and Auristatin F-Conjugated Trastuzumab. Cancer Res 2016; 77:257-267. [PMID: 27872093 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Greater control is desirable in the stochastic conjugation technology used to synthesize antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). We have shown recently that a fluorescent dye can be stably conjugated to a mAb using a bifunctional platinum(II) linker. Here, we describe the general applicability of this novel linker technology for the preparation of stable and efficacious ADCs. The ethylenediamine platinum(II) moiety, herein called Lx, was coordinated to Desferal (DFO) or auristatin F (AF) to provide storable "semifinal" products, which were directly conjugated to unmodified mAbs. Conjugation resulted in ADCs with unimpaired mAb-binding characteristics, DAR in the range of 2.5 to 2.7 and approximately 85% payload bound to the Fc region, presumably to histidine residues. To evaluate the in vivo stability of Lx and its effect on pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting of an ADC, Lx-DFO was conjugated to the HER2 mAb trastuzumab, followed by radiolabeling with 89Zr. Trastuzumab-Lx-DFO-89Zr was stable in vivo and exhibited pharmacokinetic and tumor-targeting properties similar to parental trastuzumab. In a xenograft mouse model of gastric cancer (NCI-N87) or an ado-trastuzumab emtansine-resistant breast cancer (JIMT-1), a single dose of trastuzumab-Lx-AF outperformed its maleimide benchmark trastuzumab-Mal-AF and FDA-approved ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Overall, our findings show the potential of the Lx technology as a robust conjugation platform for the preparation of anticancer ADCs. Cancer Res; 77(2); 257-67. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis C J Waalboer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Adamzek
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bolijn
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Research Group BioMolecular Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Research Group BioMolecular Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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213
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Muratore KA, Grundhofer HM, Arriaga EA. Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescent Detection of Immunolabeled Individual Autophagy Organelles Isolated from Liver Tissue. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11691-11698. [PMID: 27783895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a cellular degradation process responsible for the clearance of excess intracellular cargo. Existing methods for bulk quantification of autophagy rely on organelle markers that bind to multiple autophagy organelle types, making it difficult to tease apart the subcellular mechanisms implicated in autophagy dysfunction in liver and other pathologies. To address this issue, methods based on individual organelle measurements are needed. Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescent detection (CE-LIF) was previously used to count and determine properties of individual autophagy organelles isolated from an LC3-GFP expressing cell line, but has never been used on autophagy organelles originating from a tissue sample. Here, we used DyLight488-labeled anti-LC3 antibodies to label endogenous LC3 present on organelles isolated from murine liver tissue prior to CE-LIF analysis. We evaluated the ability of this method to detect changes in a known model system of altered autophagy, as well as confirmed the specificity and reproducibility of the antibody in the labeling of autophagy organelles from liver tissue. This is both the first demonstration of CE-LIF to analyze individual organelles labeled with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies, and the first application of individual organelle CE-LIF to measure the properties of autophagy organelles isolated from tissue. The observations described here demonstrate that CE-LIF of immunolabeled autophagy organelles is a powerful technique useful to investigate the complexity of autophagy in any tissue sample of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Muratore
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Heather M Grundhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Edgar A Arriaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Translational pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of monoclonal antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 21-22:75-83. [PMID: 27978991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important therapeutic class with complex pharmacology and interdependent pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) properties. Understanding the PK and PD of mAbs and their biological and mechanistic underpinnings are crucial in enabling their design and selection, designing appropriate efficacy and toxicity studies, translating PK/PD parameters to humans, and optimizing dose and regimen to maximize success in the clinic. Significant progress has been made in this field however many critical questions still remain. This article gives a brief overview of the PK and PD of mAbs, factors that influence them, and areas of ongoing inquiry. Current tools and translational approaches to predict the PK/PD of mAbs in humans are also discussed.
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215
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Kelly RL, Yu Y, Sun T, Caffry I, Lynaugh H, Brown M, Jain T, Xu Y, Wittrup KD. Target-independent variable region mediated effects on antibody clearance can be FcRn independent. MAbs 2016; 8:1269-1275. [PMID: 27610650 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1208330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in extending the serum half-life of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is well demonstrated, and has led to the development of multiple engineering approaches designed to alter Fc interactions with FcRn. Recent reports have additionally highlighted the effect of nonspecific interactions on antibody pharmacokinetics (PK), suggesting an FcRn-independent mechanism for mAb clearance. In this report we examine a case study of 2 anti-interleukin-12/23 antibodies, ustekinumab and briakinumab, which share the same target and Fc, but differ in variable region sequences. Ustekinumab displayed near baseline signal in a wide range of early stage developability assays for undesirable protein/protein interactions, while briakinumab showed significant propensity for self- and cross-interactions. This phenotypic difference correlates with faster clearance rates for briakinumab in both human FcRn transgenic and FcRn knockout mice. These findings support a dominant contribution for FcRn-independent clearance for antibodies with high nonspecificity, and highlight a key role for early stage developability screening to eliminate clones with such high nonspecific disposition PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Kelly
- a Department of Biological Engineering , Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Yao Yu
- b Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Tingwan Sun
- b Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | | | | | | | - Tushar Jain
- c Computational Biology , Adimab , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Yingda Xu
- d Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- a Department of Biological Engineering , Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,d Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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216
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Traxlmayr MW, Kiefer JD, Srinivas RR, Lobner E, Tisdale AW, Mehta NK, Yang NJ, Tidor B, Wittrup KD. Strong Enrichment of Aromatic Residues in Binding Sites from a Charge-neutralized Hyperthermostable Sso7d Scaffold Library. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22496-22508. [PMID: 27582495 PMCID: PMC5077188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sso7d protein from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is an attractive binding scaffold because of its small size (7 kDa), high thermal stability (Tm of 98 °C), and absence of cysteines and glycosylation sites. However, as a DNA-binding protein, Sso7d is highly positively charged, introducing a strong specificity constraint for binding epitopes and leading to nonspecific interaction with mammalian cell membranes. In the present study, we report charge-neutralized variants of Sso7d that maintain high thermal stability. Yeast-displayed libraries that were based on this reduced charge Sso7d (rcSso7d) scaffold yielded binders with low nanomolar affinities against mouse serum albumin and several epitopes on human epidermal growth factor receptor. Importantly, starting from a charge-neutralized scaffold facilitated evolutionary adaptation of binders to differentially charged epitopes on mouse serum albumin and human epidermal growth factor receptor, respectively. Interestingly, the distribution of amino acids in the small and rigid binding surface of enriched rcSso7d-based binders is very different from that generally found in more flexible antibody complementarity-determining region loops but resembles the composition of antibody-binding energetic hot spots. Particularly striking was a strong enrichment of the aromatic residues Trp, Tyr, and Phe in rcSso7d-based binders. This suggests that the rigidity and small size of this scaffold determines the unusual amino acid composition of its binding sites, mimicking the energetic core of antibody paratopes. Despite the high frequency of aromatic residues, these rcSso7d-based binders are highly expressed, thermostable, and monomeric, suggesting that the hyperstability of the starting scaffold and the rigidness of the binding surface confer a high tolerance to mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Traxlmayr
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and .,Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alison W Tisdale
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and.,Departments of Biological Engineering and
| | - Naveen K Mehta
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and.,Departments of Biological Engineering and
| | - Nicole J Yang
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and.,Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | | | - K Dane Wittrup
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and .,Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and.,Departments of Biological Engineering and
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217
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Xie P, Niu H, Chen X, Zhang X, Miao S, Deng X, Liu X, Tan WS, Zhou Y, Fan L. Elucidating the effects of pH shift on IgG1 monoclonal antibody acidic charge variant levels in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10343-10353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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218
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Case BA, Hackel BJ. Synthetic and natural consensus design for engineering charge within an affibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1628-38. [PMID: 26724421 PMCID: PMC5200887 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein ligand charge can impact physiological delivery with charge reduction often benefiting performance. Yet neutralizing mutations can be detrimental to protein function. Herein, three approaches are evaluated to introduce charged-to-neutral mutations of three cations and three anions within an affibody engineered to bind epidermal growth factor receptor. These approaches-combinatorial library sorting or consensus design, based on natural homologs or library-sorted mutants-are used to identify mutations with favorable affinity, stability, and recombinant yield. Consensus design, based on 942 affibody homologs, yielded a mutant of modest function (Kd = 11 ±4 nM, Tm = 62°C, and yield = 4.0 ± 0.8 mg/L as compared to 5.3 ± 1.7 nM, 71°C, and 3.5 ± 0.3 mg/L for the parental affibody). Extension of consensus design to 10 additional mutants exhibited varied performance including a substantially improved mutant (Kd = 6.9 ± 1.4 nM, Tm = 71°C, and 12.7 ± 0.9 mg/L yield). Sorting a homolog-based combinatorial library of 7 × 10(5) mutants generated a distribution of mutants with lower stability and yield, but did identify one strongly binding variant (Kd = 1.2 ± 0.3 nM, Tm = 69°C, and 6.0 ± 0.4 mg/L yield). Synthetic consensus design, based on the amino acid distribution in functional library mutants, yielded higher affinities (P = 0.05) with comparable stabilities and yields. The best of four analyzed clones had Kd = 1.7 ± 0.5 nM, Tm = 68°C, and 7.0 ± 0.5 mg/L yield. While all three approaches were effective in creating targeted affibodies with six charged-to-neutral mutations, synthetic consensus design proved to be the most robust. Synthetic consensus design provides a valuable tool for ligand engineering, particularly in the context of charge manipulation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1628-1638. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Case
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, 356 Amundson Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, 356 Amundson Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.
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219
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Antibody-drug conjugate characterization by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:39-50. [PMID: 27451254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the inherent structure complexity and component heterogeneity of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), separation technologies play a critical role in their characterization. In this review, we focus on chromatographic and electrophoretic approaches used to characterize ADCs with respect to drug-to-antibody ratio, drug distribution and conjugation sites, free small molecule drugs, charge variants, aggregates and fragments, etc. Chromatographic techniques including reversed-phase, ion exchange, size exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography as well as capillary electrophoretic techniques including capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate, capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing are reviewed for their applications in the characterization of ADCs.
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220
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Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Application of a catenary PBPK model to predict the disposition of "catch and release" anti-PCSK9 antibodies. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:69-78. [PMID: 27041125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of 'catch and release', or pH-sensitive, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has become of interest to groups seeking to reduce the influence of target-mediated elimination on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this work, a catenary physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is described to predict the pharmacokinetic benefit conferred by engineering mAbs for 'catch and release' binding. Our previously published PBPK model was adapted for consideration of the production and elimination of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in mice, and the model was then applied to predict the pharmacokinetics of anti-PCSK9 mAb with pH-stable (J10) and pH-sensitive binding (J17). The model was able to generate reasonable predictions of both J10 and J17 plasma pharmacokinetics. For J10, mean (±standard deviation) predicted vs. observed areas under the plasma concentration curve (AUCinf) were: 217 (77.1) vs. 103nMday (1mg/kg), 1.14×10(3) (858) vs. 769nMday (3mg/kg), and 6.60×10(3) (5.58×10(3)) vs. 2.86×10(3)nMday (10mg/kg), and for J17 the values were: 838 (161) vs. 818nMday (1mg/kg), 2.30×10(3) (441) vs. 2.57×10(3)nMday (3mg/kg), and 8.42×10(3) (1.50×10(3)) vs. 9.17×10(3)nMday (10mg/kg). Further simulations with the model predicted that target turnover and the magnitude of change in the complex dissociation rate constant between pH 7.4 and pH 6.0 are key determinants of the improvements in pharmacokinetics associated with 'catch and release' mAbs. The model described here may be useful for prediction of the pharmacokinetics of 'catch and release' mAbs directed against other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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221
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Zhao YY, Wang N, Liu WH, Tao WJ, Liu LL, Shen ZD. Charge Variants of an Avastin Biosimilar Isolation, Characterization, In Vitro Properties and Pharmacokinetics in Rat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151874. [PMID: 26987122 PMCID: PMC4795741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarity between a proposed biosimilar product and the reference product can be affected by many factors. This study is designed to examine whether any subtle difference in the distribution of the charge variants of an Avastin biosimilar can affect its in vitro potency and in vivo PK. Here, the acidic, basic and main peak fractions of a biosimilar product were isolated using high-performance cation-exchange chromatography and were subjected to various studies to compare their in vitro properties and in vivo PK profile. A serial of analytical methods, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and cation-exchange chromatography (CEX-HPLC) were also used to characterize the isolated charge variants. The kinetics constant was measured using a Biacore X100 system. The study indicates the biosimilar product has a high similarity with avastin in physicochemical properties. The potency in vitro and PK profile in rat of charge variants and biosimilar product are consistent with avastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wen-Jie Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Duo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
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222
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Poulin P, Burczynski FJ, Haddad S. The Role of Extracellular Binding Proteins in the Cellular Uptake of Drugs: Impact on Quantitative In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolations of Toxicity and Efficacy in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Research. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:497-508. [PMID: 26173749 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A critical component in the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for estimating target organ dosimetry in pharmacology and toxicology studies is the understanding of the uptake kinetics and accumulation of drugs and chemicals at the cellular level. Therefore, predicting free drug concentrations in intracellular fluid will contribute to our understanding of concentrations at the site of action in cells in PBPK/PD research. Some investigators believe that uptake of drugs in cells is solely driven by the unbound fraction; conversely, others argue that the protein-bound fraction contributes a significant portion of the total amount delivered to cells. Accordingly, the current literature suggests the existence of a so-called albumin-mediated uptake mechanism(s) for the protein-bound fraction (i.e., extracellular protein-facilitated uptake mechanisms) at least in hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes; however, such mechanism(s) and cells from other organs deserve further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this present study was to discuss further the implication of potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) on drug distribution in cells under in vivo conditions. The interplay between the protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) and the effects of a pH gradient, metabolism, transport, and permeation limitation potentially occurring in cells was also discussed, as this should violate the basic assumption on similar free drug concentration in cells and plasma. This was made because the published equations used to calculate drug concentrations in cells in a PBPK/PD model did not consider potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s). Consequently, we corrected some published equations for calculating the free drug concentrations in cells compared with plasma in PBPK/PD modeling studies, and we proposed a refined strategy for potentially performing more accurate quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVEs) of toxicity (efficacy) at the cellular level from data generated in cell assays. Overall, this present study may help to optimize the human dose prediction in preclinical and clinical studies, while prescribing drugs with narrow therapeutic windows that are highly bound to extracellular proteins and/or highly ionized at the physiological pH. This may facilitate building a more accurate safety (efficacy) profile for such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Québec city, Québec, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Frank J Burczynski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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223
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Tibbitts J, Canter D, Graff R, Smith A, Khawli LA. Key factors influencing ADME properties of therapeutic proteins: A need for ADME characterization in drug discovery and development. MAbs 2015; 8:229-45. [PMID: 26636901 PMCID: PMC4966629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represent a diverse array of biologics including antibodies, fusion proteins, and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Since their inception, they have revolutionized the treatment of a wide range of diseases including respiratory, vascular, autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy studies are routinely carried out for protein therapeutics, studies that identify key factors governing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties have not been fully investigated. Thorough characterization and in-depth study of their ADME properties are critical in order to support drug discovery and development processes for the production of safer and more effective biotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss the main factors affecting the ADME characteristics of these large macromolecular therapies. We also give an overview of the current tools, technologies, and approaches available to investigate key factors that influence the ADME of recombinant biotherapeutic drugs, and demonstrate how ADME studies will facilitate their future development.
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224
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Mleczko J, Defort A, Kozioł JJ, Nguyen TT, Mirończyk A, Zapotoczny B, Nowak-Jary J, Gronczewska E, Marć M, Dudek MR. Limitation of tuning the antibody-antigen reaction by changing the value of pH and its consequence for hyperthermia. J Biochem 2015; 159:421-7. [PMID: 26634446 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution of the isoelectric point (pI) was calculated for the hypervariable regions of Fab fragments of the antibody molecules, which structure is annotated in the structural antibody database SabDab. The distribution is consistent with the universal for all organisms dividing the proteome into two sets of acidic and basic proteins. It shows the additional fine structure in a form of the narrow-sized peaks of pI values. This is an explanation why a small change of the environmental pH can have a strong effect on the antibody-antigen affinity. To show this, a typical enzyme-linked immunospecific assay experiment for testing the reaction of goat anti-human IgA antibodies with human IgA immunoglobulins of saliva as antigens was modified in such a way that Fe3O4magnetic nanoparticles were added to PBS buffer. The magnetic nanoparticles were remotely heated by the radio frequency magnetic field providing the local change of temperature and pH. It was observed that short times of the heating were significantly increasing the antibody-antigen binding strength while it was not the case for a longer time. The finding discussed in the study can be useful for biopharmaceuticals using antibodies, the immunoassay techniques as well as for control over the use of hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mleczko
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Defort
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland; and
| | - J J Kozioł
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland; and
| | - T T Nguyen
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - A Mirończyk
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland; and
| | - B Zapotoczny
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - J Nowak-Jary
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland; and
| | - E Gronczewska
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland; and
| | - M Marć
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - M R Dudek
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
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225
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Rathi C, Meibohm B. Clinical pharmacology of bispecific antibody constructs. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55 Suppl 3:S21-8. [PMID: 25707960 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The confluence of rapid scientific advancements especially in protein engineering and recombinant technology, unmet medical needs, and commercial incentives have led to the development of the next generation of therapeutic proteins. Bispecific antibody constructs are one of the novel strategies that is being pursued, combining the ability to bind simultaneously to two distinct targets and the advantages of purpose-designed and optimized antibody-based scaffolds. Their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, including their immunogenic potential, are closely related to their structural features and ability to interact with disposition mechanisms of immunoglobulin molecules. Catumaxomab and blinatumomab are bispecific constructs that are approved for clinical use and have provided clinical pharmacology data for this novel class of therapeutics. This knowledgebase on the clinical behavior of bispecific therapeutic proteins is poised to rapidly evolve over the next few years with many development programs having entered the clinical development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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226
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Bumbaca Yadav D, Sharma VK, Boswell CA, Hotzel I, Tesar D, Shang Y, Ying Y, Fischer SK, Grogan JL, Chiang EY, Urban K, Ulufatu S, Khawli LA, Prabhu S, Joseph S, Kelley RF. Evaluating the Use of Antibody Variable Region (Fv) Charge as a Risk Assessment Tool for Predicting Typical Cynomolgus Monkey Pharmacokinetics. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29732-41. [PMID: 26491012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.692434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of monoclonal antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) is generally translatable to that in humans. Unfortunately, about 39% of the antibodies evaluated for PKs in cynos have fast nonspecific (or non-target-mediated) clearance (in-house data). An empirical model relating variable region (Fv) charge and hydrophobicity to cyno nonspecific clearance was developed to gauge the risk an antibody would have for fast nonspecific clearance in the monkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictability of this empirical model on cyno nonspecific clearance with antibodies specifically engineered to have either high or low Fv charge. These amino acid changes were made in the Fv region of two test antibodies, humAb4D5-8 and anti-lymphotoxin α. The humAb4D5-8 has a typical nonspecific clearance in cynos, and by making it more positively charged, the antibody acquires fast nonspecific clearance, and making it less positively charged did not impact its clearance. Anti-lymphotoxin α has fast nonspecific clearance in cynos, and making it more positively charged caused it to clear even faster, whereas making it less positively charged caused it to clear slower and within the typical range. These trends in clearance were also observed in two other preclinical species, mice and rats. The effect of modifying Fv charge on subcutaneous bioavailability was also examined, and in general bioavailability was inversely related to the direction of the Fv charge change. Thus, modifying Fv charge appears to impact antibody PKs, and the changes tended to correlate with those predicted by the empirical model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Devin Tesar
- Drug Delivery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leslie A Khawli
- From the Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- From the Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics
| | - Sean Joseph
- From the Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics
| | - Robert F Kelley
- Drug Delivery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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227
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Shah DK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the next generation protein therapeutics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:553-71. [PMID: 26373957 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated protein engineering efforts have been undertaken lately to generate protein therapeutics with desired properties. This has resulted in the discovery of the next generation of protein therapeutics, which include: engineered antibodies, immunoconjugates, bi/multi-specific proteins, antibody mimetic novel scaffolds, and engineered ligands/receptors. These novel protein therapeutics possess unique physicochemical properties and act via a unique mechanism-of-action, which collectively makes their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) different than other established biological molecules. Consequently, in order to support the discovery and development of these next generation molecules, it becomes important to understand the determinants controlling their PK/PD. This review discusses the determinants that a PK/PD scientist should consider during the design and development of next generation protein therapeutics. In addition, the role of systems PK/PD models in enabling rational development of the next generation protein therapeutics is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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228
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Fan L, Campagnoli S, Wu H, Grandi A, Parri M, De Camilli E, Grandi G, Viale G, Pileri P, Grifantini R, Song C, Jin B. Negatively charged AuNP modified with monoclonal antibody against novel tumor antigen FAT1 for tumor targeting. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:103. [PMID: 26373379 PMCID: PMC4570718 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herein, we demonstrated the use of a newly generated anti FAT1 antibody (clone mAB198.3) for intracellular delivery of anionic gold NPs, to form active targeting Au nanoparticles with high payload characteristics. METHODS In vitro characterizations were determined by DLS, confocal microscopy, TEM, western blot, MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis, MTT, ICP-MS and flow cytometry analysis. In vivo targeting efficacy was investigated by in vivo bio-imaging study and ICP-MS. RESULTS The specificity of the FAT1 recognition in colon cancer was confirmed by pre-adsorbing mAb198.3, adsorption dramatically abolished the antibody reactivity on colon cancer, thus confirming the binding specificity. The DLS size distribution profile of the AuCOOH, AuCOOH(Cy5)_ mAb198.3, AuCOOH(Cy5)_isotype has showed that the modified gold nanoparticles are well dispersed in water, PBS buffer and cell culture medium with 10 % FBS. By TEM measurement, the size of Au nanoparticles with spherical morphology is about 10-20 nm. AuCOOH_198.3 NPs were stable in an acidic environment, as well as in PBS buffer, cell culture media and media with 10 % serum. MTT results revealed that Au nanoparticles have well biocompatibility. TEM results indicated that conjugation of mAb198.3 on Au nanoparticles can be an effective delivery vehicle for negatively charged gold nanoparticles and increased its intracellular transport. It was also demonstrated by confocal microscopy that AuCOOH(Cy5)_mAb198.3 could attach to the cell membrane in very short time, then gradually delivered into cells. After 4 h incubation, almost all AuCOOH(Cy5)_mAb198.3 have been uptaken into or surrounding the cytoplasm and nucleus. In vivo results showed that only about 20 % of AuCOOH accumulated in tumor site due to EPR effect, while nearly 90 % of AuCOOH_mAb198.3 was found in tumor, providing sufficient evidence for receptor-specific targeting by mAb198.3. CONCLUSION According to in vitro and in vivo research results, the intracellular uptake of negatively charged AuCOOH_mAB198.3 particles is enhanced to a greater extent. Thus, AuCOOH_mAb198.3 holds significant potential to improve the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. .,Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | | | - Hong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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229
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Glassman PM, Chen Y, Balthasar JP. Scale-up of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to predict the disposition of monoclonal antibodies in monkeys. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:527-40. [PMID: 26364301 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical assessment of monoclonal antibody (mAb) disposition during drug development often includes investigations in non-human primate models. In many cases, mAb exhibit non-linear disposition that relates to mAb-target binding [i.e., target-mediated disposition (TMD)]. The goal of this work was to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict non-linear mAb disposition in plasma and in tissues in monkeys. Physiological parameters for monkeys were collected from several sources, and plasma data for several mAbs associated with linear pharmacokinetics were digitized from prior literature reports. The digitized data displayed great variability; therefore, parameters describing inter-antibody variability in the rates of pinocytosis and convection were estimated. For prediction of the disposition of individual antibodies, we incorporated tissue concentrations of target proteins, where concentrations were estimated based on categorical immunohistochemistry scores, and with assumed localization of target within the interstitial space of each organ. Kinetics of target-mAb binding and target turnover, in the presence or absence of mAb, were implemented. The model was then employed to predict concentration versus time data, via Monte Carlo simulation, for two mAb that have been shown to exhibit TMD (2F8 and tocilizumab). Model predictions, performed a priori with no parameter fitting, were found to provide good prediction of dose-dependencies in plasma clearance, the areas under plasma concentration versu time curves, and the time-course of plasma concentration data. This PBPK model may find utility in predicting plasma and tissue concentration versus time data and, potentially, the time-course of receptor occupancy (i.e., mAb-target binding) to support the design and interpretation of preclinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic investigations in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 452 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 452 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 452 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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230
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Leal M, Wentland J, Han X, Zhang Y, Rago B, Duriga N, Spriggs F, Kadar E, Song W, McNally J, Shakey Q, Lorello L, Lucas J, Sapra P. Preclinical Development of an anti-5T4 Antibody-Drug Conjugate: Pharmacokinetics in Mice, Rats, and NHP and Tumor/Tissue Distribution in Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2223-32. [PMID: 26180901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of an antibody (huA1)-drug (auristatin microtubule disrupting MMAF) conjugate, targeting 5T4-expressing cells, were characterized during the discovery and development phases in female nu/nu mice and cynomolgus monkeys after a single dose and in S-D rats and cynomolgus monkeys from multidose toxicity studies. Plasma/serum samples were analyzed using an ELISA-based method for antibody and conjugate (ADC) as well as for the released payload using an LC-MS/MS method. In addition, the distribution of the Ab, ADC, and released payload (cys-mcMMAF) was determined in a number of tissues (tumor, lung, liver, kidney, and heart) in two tumor mouse models (H1975 and MDA-MB-361-DYT2 models) using similar LBA and LC-MS/MS methods. Tissue distribution studies revealed preferential tumor distribution of cys-mcMMAF and its relative specificity to the 5T4 target containing tissue (tumor). Single dose studies suggests lower CL values at the higher doses in mice, although a linear relationship was seen in cynomolgus monkeys at doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg with no evidence of TMDD. Evaluation of DAR (drug-antibody ratio) in cynomolgus monkeys (at 3 mg/kg) indicated that at least half of the payload was still on the ADC 1 to 2 weeks after IV dosing. After multiple doses, the huA1 and conjugate data in rats and monkeys indicate that exposure (AUC) increases with increasing dose in a linear fashion. Systemic exposure (as assessed by Cmax and AUC) of the released payload increased with increasing dose, although exposure was very low and its pharmacokinetics appeared to be formation rate limited. The incidence of ADA was generally low in rats and monkeys. We will discuss cross species comparison, relationships between the Ab, ADC, and released payload exposure after multiple dosing, and insights into the distribution of this ADC with a focus on experimental design as a way to address or bypass apparent obstacles and its integration into predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Leal
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - JoAnn Wentland
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xiaogang Han
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian Rago
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole Duriga
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Franklin Spriggs
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Eugene Kadar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wei Song
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James McNally
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Quazi Shakey
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Leslie Lorello
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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231
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Rijpkema M, Bos DL, Cornelissen AS, Franssen GM, Goldenberg DM, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC. Optimization of Dual-Labeled Antibodies for Targeted Intraoperative Imaging of Tumors. Mol Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rijpkema
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
| | - Desirée L. Bos
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
| | - Alex S. Cornelissen
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
| | - Gerben M. Franssen
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
| | - Wim J. Oyen
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ; and Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ
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232
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Bioanalytical approaches for characterizing catabolism of antibody–drug conjugates. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1583-604. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo stability and catabolism of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) directly impact their PK, efficacy and safety, and metabolites of the cytotoxic or small molecule drug component of an ADC can further complicate these factors. This perspective highlights the importance of understanding ADC catabolism and the associated bioanalytical challenges. We evaluated different bioanalytical approaches to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize ADC catabolites. Here we review and discuss the rationale and experimental strategies used to design bioanalytical assays for characterization of ADC catabolism and supporting ADME studies during ADC clinical development. This review covers both large and small molecule approaches, and uses examples from Kadcyla® (T-DM1) and a THIOMAB™ antibody–drug conjugate to illustrate the process.
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233
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Chahibi Y, Akyildiz IF, Balasubramaniam S, Koucheryavy Y. Molecular Communication Modeling of Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:1683-95. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2400631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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234
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Zhao J, Cao Y, Jusko WJ. Across-Species Scaling of Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics Using a Minimal PBPK Model. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3269-81. [PMID: 25939552 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the across-species scalability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmacokinetics (PK) and assess similarities in tissue distribution across species using a recently developed minimal PBPK (mPBPK) model. METHODS Twelve sets of antibody PK data from various species were obtained from the literature, which were jointly and individually analyzed. In joint analysis, vascular reflection coefficients for tissues with either tight (σ 1 ) or leaky endothelium (σ 2 ) were assumed consistent across species with systemic clearance allometrically scaled (CL = a∙BW (b) ). Four parameters (σ 1 , σ 2 , a, and b) were estimated in the joint analysis. In addition, the PK from each species was individually analyzed to assess species similarities in tissue distribution. RESULTS Twelve mAb PK profiles were well-captured by the mPBPK model in the joint analysis. The estimated σ 1 ranged 0.690 to 0.999 with an average of 0.908; and σ 2 ranged 0.258 to 0.841 with an average of 0.579. Clearance was reasonably scaled and b ranged 0.695 to 1.27 averaging 0.91. Predictions of plasma concentrations for erlizumab and canakinumab in humans using parameters obtained from fitting animal data were consistent with actual measurements. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic mAbs given IV usually exhibit biexponential kinetics with their distribution properties best captured using physiological concepts. The mPBPK modeling approach may facilitate efforts in translating antibody distribution and overall PK across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA.
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235
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Brühlmann D, Jordan M, Hemberger J, Sauer M, Stettler M, Broly H. Tailoring recombinant protein quality by rational media design. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:615-29. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Inst. for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Wiesenstrasse 14, DE-35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
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236
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Charge-mediated influence of the antibody variable domain on FcRn-dependent pharmacokinetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5997-6002. [PMID: 25918417 PMCID: PMC4434771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408766112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the influence of the variable fragment (Fv) of IgG antibodies on the binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) as well as on FcRn-dependent pharmacokinetics (PK). FcRn plays a key role in IgG homeostasis, and specific manipulation in the crystallizable fragment (Fc) is known to affect FcRn-dependent PK. Although the influence of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) on FcRn interactions has been reported, the underlying mechanism is hitherto only poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed the two IgG1 antibodies, briakinumab and ustekinumab, that have similar Fc parts but different terminal half-lives in human and systematically engineered variants of them with cross-over exchanges and varied charge distribution. Using FcRn affinity chromatography, molecular dynamics simulation, and in vivo PK studies in human FcRn transgenic mice, we provide evidence that the charge distribution on the Fv domain is involved in excessive FcRn binding. This excessive binding prevents efficient FcRn-IgG dissociation at physiological pH, thereby reducing FcRn-dependent terminal half-lives. Furthermore, we observed a linear correlation between FcRn column retention times of the antibody variants and the terminal half-lives in vivo. Taken together, our study contributes to a better understanding of the FcRn-IgG interaction, and it could also provide profound potential in FcRn-dependent antibody engineering of the variable Fab region.
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237
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Glassman PM, Abuqayyas L, Balthasar JP. Assessments of antibody biodistribution. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55 Suppl 3:S29-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Buffalo NY 14214 USA
| | | | - Joseph P. Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Buffalo NY 14214 USA
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238
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Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN, Petrovskaya LE, Dolgikh DA, Gabibov AG, Kirpichnikov MP. Man-made antibodies and immunoconjugates with desired properties: function optimization using structural engineering. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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239
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Lam K, Chan C, Done SJ, Levine MN, Reilly RM. Preclinical pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, radiation dosimetry and acute toxicity studies required for regulatory approval of a Clinical Trial Application for a Phase I/II clinical trial of 111In-BzDTPA-pertuzumab. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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240
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McCombs JR, Owen SC. Antibody drug conjugates: design and selection of linker, payload and conjugation chemistry. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:339-51. [PMID: 25604608 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important pharmaceutical class of drugs designed to harness the specificity of antibodies with the potency of small molecule therapeutics. The three main components of ADCs are the antibody, the linker, and the payload; the majority of early work focused intensely on improving the functionality of these pieces. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on developing methods to control the site and number of linker/drug conjugated to the antibody, with the aim of producing more homogenous ADCs. In this article, we review popular conjugation methods and highlight recent approaches including "click" conjugation and enzymatic ligation. We discuss current linker technology, contrasting the characteristics of cleavable and non-cleavable linkers, and summarize the essential properties of ADC payload, centering on chemotherapeutics. In addition, we report on the progress in characterizing to determine physicochemical properties and on advances in purifying to obtain homogenous products. Establishing a set of selection and analytical criteria will facilitate the translation of novel ADCs and ensure the production of effective biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R McCombs
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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241
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Moorthy BS, Xie B, Moussa EM, Iyer LK, Chandrasekhar S, Panchal JP, Topp EM. Effect of Hydrolytic Degradation on the In Vivo Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOBETTERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2543-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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242
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Morris GC, Wiggins RC, Woodhall SC, Bland JM, Taylor CR, Jespers V, Vcelar BA, Lacey CJ. MABGEL 1: first phase 1 trial of the anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 as a vaginal microbicide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116153. [PMID: 25546420 PMCID: PMC4278856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which potently neutralize a broad range of HIV isolates are potential microbicide candidates. To date, topical application of mAbs in humans and their stability in vaginal secretions has not been studied. OBJECTIVES To assess the pharmacokinetics and safety of the mAbs 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 when applied vaginally in women. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy, sexually abstinent women administered 2.5 g of gel daily for 12 days containing either 10 or 20 mg/g of each mAb (MABGEL) or placebo. Main clinical evaluations and sampling occurred at baseline, 1, 8, and 24 hours post-1st dose and 12 and 36 hours post-12th dose. RESULTS After adjustment for dilution factors, median levels of 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 in vaginal secretions at 1 hour post high-dose MABGEL were 7.74, 5.28 and 7.48 mg/ml respectively. Levels of 2F5 and 4E10 declined exponentially thereafter with similar estimated half-lives (4.6 and 4.3 hours). In contrast, 2G12 levels declined more rapidly in the first 8 hours, with an estimated half-life of 1.4 hours during this period. There was no evidence of systemic absorption. There were no significant differences in local or systemic adverse event rates or vaginal flora changes (by qPCR) between active and placebo gel arms. Whilst at least 1 adverse event was recorded in 96% of participants, 95% were mild and none were serious. CONCLUSIONS Vaginal application of 50 mg of each mAb daily was safe over a 12 day period. Median mAb concentrations detected at 8 hours post dose were potentially sufficient to block HIV transmission.2G12 exhibited more rapid elimination from the human vagina than 4E10 and 2F5, likely due to poor stability of 2G12 in acidic human vaginal secretions. Further research is needed to develop mAb-based vaginal microbicides and delivery systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN 64808733 UK CRN Portfolio 6470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina C. Morris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Wiggins
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Woodhall
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - J. Martin Bland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Carol R. Taylor
- Hull York Medical School Experimental Medicine Unit, York Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Charles J. Lacey
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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243
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Conner KP, Rock BM, Kwon GK, Balthasar JP, Abuqayyas L, Wienkers LC, Rock DA. Evaluation of near infrared fluorescent labeling of monoclonal antibodies as a tool for tissue distribution. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1906-13. [PMID: 25209366 PMCID: PMC11024893 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is influenced by target-mediated drug disposition, off-target effects, antidrug antibody-mediated clearance, and interaction with fragment-crystallizable domain (Fc) receptors such as neonatal Fc receptor. All of these interactions hold the potential to impact mAb biodistribution. Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes offer an approach complementary to radionuclides to characterize drug disposition. Notably, the use of FDA-approved IRDye800 (IR800; LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) as a protein-labeling agent in preclinical work holds the potential for quantitative tissue analysis. Here, we tested the utility of the IR800 dye as a quantitative mAb tracer during pharmacokinetic analysis in both plasma and tissues using a model mouse monoclonal IgG1 (8C2) labeled with ≤1.5 molecules of IR800. The plasma PK parameters derived from a mixture of IR800-8C2 and 8C2 dosed intravenously to C57BL/6 mice at 8 mg/kg exhibited a large discrepancy in exposure depending on the method of quantitation [CLplasma = 8.4 ml/d per kilogram (NIR fluorescence detection) versus 2.5 ml/d per kilogram (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)]. The disagreement between measurements suggests that the PK of 8C2 is altered by addition of the IR800 dye. Additionally, direct fluorescence analysis of homogenized tissues revealed several large differences in IR800-8C2 tissue uptake when compared with a previously published study using [(125)I]8C2, most notably an over 4-fold increase in liver concentration. Finally, the utility of IR800 in combination with whole body imaging was examined by comparison of IR800-8C2 levels observed in animal sagittal cross-sections to those measured in homogenized tissues. Our results represent the first PK analysis in both mouse plasma and tissues of an IR800-mAb conjugate and suggest that mAb disposition is significantly altered by IR800 conjugation to 8C2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
| | - Brooke M Rock
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
| | - Gayle K Kwon
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
| | - Lubna Abuqayyas
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
| | - Larry C Wienkers
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
| | - Dan A Rock
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington (K.P.C., B.M.R., G.K.K., L.C.W., D.A.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (J.P.B.); and Quantitative Pharmacology Group in Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (L.A.)
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Survey of monoclonal antibody disposition in man utilizing a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:571-80. [PMID: 25146360 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models provide a simple and sensible approach that incorporates physiological elements into pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis when only plasma data are available. With this modeling concept, a second-generation mPBPK model was further developed with specific accommodations for the unique PK properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). This study applied this model to extensively survey mAb PK in man in order to seek general perspectives on mAb distributional and elimination features. Profiles for 72 antibodies were successfully analyzed with this model. The model results provide assessment regarding: (1) predominant clearance site, in plasma or interstitial fluid (ISF); (2) mAb ISF concentrations in two groups of lumped tissues with continuous (V(tight)) or fenestrated (V(leaky)) vascular endothelium; (3) Transcapillary escape rate (TER), an indicator of systemic vascular permeability. For 93% of surveyed mAbs, the model assuming clearance from plasma (CL) produced better or at least equivalent model performance than the model with clearance from ISF and yielded most consistent values of vascular reflection coefficients (σ1 and σ2) among all antibodies. The average mAb ISF concentration in V(tight) and V(leaky) at equilibrium was predicted to be about 6.8 and 37.9% of that in plasma. A positive correlation was detected between plasma clearance and TER among most mAbs, which could be interpreted as both parameters having common determinants related to ISF tissue distribution in this model context. The mAbs with relative higher plasma clearance (>0.035 L/h/70 kg) did not reveal such positive correlation between clearance and TER, implying that the factors contributing to high clearance may not necessarily increase tissue distribution and penetration. In conclusion, this mPBPK model offers a more mechanistic approach for analyzing plasma mAb PK than compartment models and generates parameters providing useful intrinsic distributional and elimination insights for a large number of mAbs that were examined in man.
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245
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Cohen R, Vugts DJ, Visser GWM, Stigter-van Walsum M, Bolijn M, Spiga M, Lazzari P, Shankar S, Sani M, Zanda M, van Dongen GAMS. Development of novel ADCs: conjugation of tubulysin analogues to trastuzumab monitored by dual radiolabeling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5700-10. [PMID: 25145670 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tubulysins are highly toxic tubulin-targeting agents with a narrow therapeutic window that are interesting for application in antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). For full control over drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and the effect thereof on pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting, a dual-labeling approach was developed, wherein the drug, tubulysin variants, and the antibody, the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab, are radiolabeled. (131)I-radioiodination of two synthetic tubulysin A analogues, the less potent TUB-OH (IC50 > 100 nmol/L) and the potent TUB-OMOM (IC50, ~1 nmol/L), and their direct covalent conjugation to (89)Zr-trastuzumab were established. Radioiodination of tubulysins was 92% to 98% efficient and conversion to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters more than 99%; esters were isolated in an overall yield of 68% ± 5% with radiochemical purity of more than 99.5%. Conjugation of (131)I-tubulysin-NHS esters to (89)Zr-trastuzumab was 45% to 55% efficient, resulting in ADCs with 96% to 98% radiochemical purity after size-exclusion chromatography. ADCs were evaluated for their tumor-targeting potential and antitumor effects in nude mice with tumors that were sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab, using ado-trastuzumab emtansine as a reference. ADCs appeared stable in vivo. An average DAR of 2 and 4 conferred pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting behavior similar to parental trastuzumab. Efficacy studies using single-dose TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (DAR 4) showed dose-dependent antitumor effects, including complete tumor eradications in trastuzumab-sensitive tumors in vivo. TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (60 mg/kg) displayed efficacy similar to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (15 mg/kg) yet more effective than trastuzumab. Our findings illustrate the potential of synthetic tubulysins in ADCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard W M Visser
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Stigter-van Walsum
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bolijn
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sreejith Shankar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monica Sani
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy. Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy. Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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246
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Johnson DH, Via LE, Kim P, Laddy D, Lau CY, Weinstein EA, Jain S. Nuclear imaging: a powerful novel approach for tuberculosis. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:777-84. [PMID: 25195017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 20 years after the World Health Organization declared tuberculosis (TB) a global public health emergency, TB still remains a major global threat with 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis adapts to a quiescent physiological state, and is notable for complex interaction with the host, producing poorly-understood disease states ranging from latent infection to fully active disease. Of the approximately 2.5 billion people latently infected with M. tuberculosis, many will develop reactivation disease (relapse), years after the initial infection. While progress has been made on some fronts, the alarming spread of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and more recently totally-drug resistant strains is of grave concern. New tools are urgently needed for rapidly diagnosing TB, monitoring TB treatments and to allow unique insights into disease pathogenesis. Nuclear bioimaging is a powerful, noninvasive tool that can rapidly provide three-dimensional views of disease processes deep within the body and conduct noninvasive longitudinal assessments of the same patient. In this review, we discuss the application of nuclear bioimaging to TB, including the current state of the field, considerations for radioprobe development, study of TB drug pharmacokinetics in infected tissues, and areas of research and clinical needs that could be addressed by nuclear bioimaging. These technologies are an emerging field of research, overcome several fundamental limitations of current tools, and will have a broad impact on both basic research and patient care. Beyond diagnosis and monitoring disease, these technologies will also allow unique insights into understanding disease pathogenesis; and expedite bench-to-bedside translation of new therapeutics. Finally, since molecular imaging is readily available for humans, validated tracers will become valuable tools for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sanjay Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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247
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Cao Y, Jusko WJ. Incorporating target-mediated drug disposition in a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for monoclonal antibodies. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:375-87. [PMID: 25077917 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) usually accounts for nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs whose distribution and/or clearance are affected by their targets owing to high affinity and limited capacity. TMDD is frequently reported for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for such reason. Minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models (mPBPK), which accommodate the unique PK behaviors of mAb, provide a general approach for analyzing mAbs PK and predicting mAb interstitial concentrations in two groups of tissues. This study assessed the feasibility of incorporating TMDD into mPBPK models to consider target-binding in either plasma (cTMDD) or interstitial fluid (ISF) (pTMDD). The dose-related signature profiles of the pTMDD model reveal a parallel early decay phase, in contrast with the cTMDD model that exhibits a faster initial decline for low doses. The parallel early phase in the pTMDD model is associated with the slow perivascular extravasation of mAb, which restricts the initial decline regardless of interstitial target-mediated elimination. The cTMDD and pTMDD models both preserve the long terminal phase that is typically perceived in conventional two-compartment (2CM) and TMDD models. Having TMDD in ISF impacts the typical relationships between plasma concentrations and receptor occupancy, and between saturation of apparent nonlinear clearance and saturation of receptors. The vascular reflection coefficient (σ v ) was found to affect receptor occupancy in ISF. In the cTMDD model, saturation of nonlinear clearance is equivalent to saturation of receptors. However, in the pTMDD model, they are no longer equal and all parameters pertaining to receptors or receptor binding (R total , K D , K ss , k int ) shifts such relationships. Different TMDD models were utilized in analyzing PK for seven mAbs from digitized literature data. When the target is in plasma, the cTMDD model performed similarly to the 2CM and TMDD models, but with one less system parameter. When the target exists in ISF, the pTMDD functioned well in analyzing only plasma data to reflect interstitial target binding properties. Assigning TMDD consistent with target-expressing tissues is important to obtain reliable characterizations of receptors and receptor binding. The mPBPK model exhibits excellent feasibility in integrating TMDD not only in plasma but also in ISF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguang Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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248
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Han TH, Zhao B. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion considerations for the development of antibody-drug conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1914-20. [PMID: 25048520 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of therapeutics that are designed to deliver potent small-molecule drugs selectively to cells that express a specific target antigen while limiting systemic exposure to the drug. This is accomplished by conjugating a potent drug onto an antibody-based therapeutic with a linker that is exquisitely stable in plasma. The development of an effective ADC requires optimizing a number of design elements and an extensive understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism/catabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes for the ADC construct. Furthermore, as ADCs are a combination of an antibody and small-molecule drug, understanding key aspects of the ADME of each individual component is needed. This review aims to provide considerations for the development of ADCs from an ADME point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae H Han
- Stem CentRx, Inc. (T.H.H.), South San Francisco, California; Seattle Genetics, Inc. (B.Z.), Bothell, Washington
| | - Baiteng Zhao
- Stem CentRx, Inc. (T.H.H.), South San Francisco, California; Seattle Genetics, Inc. (B.Z.), Bothell, Washington
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249
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Rouiller Y, Périlleux A, Vesin MN, Stettler M, Jordan M, Broly H. Modulation of mAb quality attributes using microliter scale fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:571-83. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Rouiller
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Périlleux
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Marie-Noëlle Vesin
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
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250
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Fundamental characteristics of the expressed immunoglobulin VH and VL repertoire in different canine breeds in comparison with those of humans and mice. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:71-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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