201
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EZH2-mediated Puma gene repression regulates non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56338-56354. [PMID: 27472460 PMCID: PMC5302918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are highly conserved epigenetic effectors that maintain the silenced state of genes. EZH2 is the catalytic core and one of the most important components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and primary lung tumors, we found that PRC2 components, including EZH2, are overexpressed. High levels of EZH2 protein were associated with worse overall survival rate in NSCLC patients. RNA interference mediated attenuation of EZH2 expression blunted the malignant phenotype in this setting, exerting inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor development in a xenograft mouse model. Unexpectedly, we discovered that, in the suppression of EZH2, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression was concomitantly induced. This is achieved through EZH2 directly binds to the Puma promoter thus epigenetic repression of PUMA expression. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced apoptosis of EZH2-knocking down NSCLC cells was elevated as a consequence of increased PUMA expression. Our work reveals a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism controlling PUMA expression and suggests that EZH2 offers a candidate molecular target for NSCLC therapy and EZH2-regulated PUMA induction would synergistically increase the sensitivity to platinum agents in non-small cell lung cancers.
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202
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Abstract
Alterations of genes regulating epigenetic processes are frequently found as cancer drivers and may cause widespread alterations of DNA methylation, histone modification patterns, or chromatin structure that disrupt normal patterns of gene expression. Because of the inherent reversibility of epigenetic changes, inhibitors targeting these processes are promising anticancer strategies. Small molecules targeting epigenetic regulators have been developed recently, and clinical trials of these agents are under way for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we describe how the writers, readers, and erasers of epigenetic marks are dysregulated in cancer and summarize the development of therapies targeting these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bennett
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, USA;
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, USA;
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203
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LICHT JONATHAND. DISORDERED HISTONE METHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES THE CASE OF UTX/KDM6A. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2018; 129:24-36. [PMID: 30166694 PMCID: PMC6116604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of epigenetic proteins that modulate the gene repressive lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me) are recurrent features in cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM). The histone demethylase UTX/KDM6A, mutated in up to 10% of cases of MM activates genes by removing the H3K27me3 repressive histone mark, counteracting EZH2. RNA-sequencing studies showed that UTX upregulated genes in association with loss of H3K27me. Treatment of MM cell lines with an EZH2 inhibitor preferentially slowed growth of UTX-null cells. EZH2 inhibitors activated many of the same genes as UTX but also induced the earlier stage B cell marker Bcl6 which, in turn, shut off the late B cell IRF4 and MYC, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- JONATHAN D. LICHT
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Jonathan D. Light, MD, Cancer/GeneticsResearch Complex,
The University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Suite 145, Gainesville, Florida 32610352-273-8143352-273-7969
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204
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Engineered Multivalent Sensors to Detect Coexisting Histone Modifications in Living Stem Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:51-56.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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205
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Pan MR, Hsu MC, Chen LT, Hung WC. Orchestration of H3K27 methylation: mechanisms and therapeutic implication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:209-223. [PMID: 28717873 PMCID: PMC5756243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins constitute the core component of the nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin. Chemical modifications of histone proteins affect their interaction with genomic DNA, the accessibility of recognized proteins, and the recruitment of enzymatic complexes to activate or diminish specific transcriptional programs to modulate cellular response to extracellular stimuli or insults. Methylation of histone proteins was demonstrated 50 years ago; however, the biological significance of each methylated residue and the integration between these histone markers are still under intensive investigation. Methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27) is frequently found in the heterochromatin and conceives a repressive marker that is linked with gene silencing. The identification of enzymes that add or erase the methyl group of H3K27 provides novel insights as to how this histone marker is dynamically controlled under different circumstances. Here we summarize the methyltransferases and demethylases involved in the methylation of H3K27 and show the new evidence by which the H3K27 methylation can be established via an alternative mechanism. Finally, the progress of drug development targeting H3K27 methylation-modifying enzymes and their potential application in cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
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206
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H3
K27M/I
mutations promote context-dependent transformation in acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1 alterations. Blood 2017; 130:2204-2214. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-774653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
First characterization of neomorphic H3K27 mutations in AML. H3 K27 mutations are associated with and collaborate with RUNX1 mutations and translocations.
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207
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Schapira M, Tyers M, Torrent M, Arrowsmith CH. WD40 repeat domain proteins: a novel target class? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:773-786. [PMID: 29026209 PMCID: PMC5975957 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antagonism of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with small molecules is becoming more feasible as a therapeutic approach. Successful PPI inhibitors tend to target proteins containing deep peptide-binding grooves or pockets rather than the more common large, flat protein interaction surfaces. Here, we review one of the most abundant PPI domains in the human proteome, the WD40 repeat (WDR) domain, which has a central peptide-binding pocket and is a member of the β-propeller domain-containing protein family. Recently, two WDR domain-containing proteins, WDR5 and EED, as well as other β-propeller domains have been successfully targeted by potent, specific, cell-active, drug-like chemical probes. Could WDR domains be a novel target class for drug discovery? Although the research is at an early stage and therefore not clinically validated, cautious optimism is justified, as WDR domain-containing proteins are involved in multiple disease-associated pathways. The druggability and structural diversity of WDR domain binding pockets suggest that understanding how to target this prevalent domain class will open up areas of disease biology that have so far resisted drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Maricel Torrent
- Discovery Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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208
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Akishina AA, Vorontsova JE, Cherezov RO, Mertsalov IB, Zatsepina OG, Slezinger MS, Panin VM, Petruk S, Enikolopov GN, Mazo A, Simonova OB, Kuzin BA. Xenobiotic-induced activation of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor target genes in Drosophila is mediated by the epigenetic chromatin modifiers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102934-102947. [PMID: 29262535 PMCID: PMC5732701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is the key transcription factor that controls animal development and various adaptive processes. The AHR’s target genes are involved in biodegradation of endogenous and exogenous toxins, regulation of immune response, organogenesis, and neurogenesis. Ligand binding is important for the activation of the AHR signaling pathway. Invertebrate AHR homologs are activated by endogenous ligands whereas vertebrate AHR can be activated by both endogenous and exogenous ligands (xenobiotics). Several studies using mammalian cultured cells have demonstrated that transcription of the AHR target genes can be activated by exogenous AHR ligands, but little is known about the effects of AHR in a living organism. Here, we examined the effects of human AHR and its ligands using transgenic Drosophila lines with an inducible human AhR gene. We found that exogenous AHR ligands can increase as well as decrease the transcription levels of the AHR target genes, including genes that control proliferation, motility, polarization, and programmed cell death. This suggests that AHR activation may affect the expression of gene networks that could be critical for cancer progression and metastasis. Importantly, we found that AHR target genes are also controlled by the enzymes that modify chromatin structure, in particular components of the epigenetic Polycomb Repressive complexes 1 and 2. Since exogenous AHR ligands (alternatively – xenobiotics) and small molecule inhibitors of epigenetic modifiers are often used as pharmaceutical anticancer drugs, our findings may have significant implications in designing new combinations of therapeutic treatments for oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina A Akishina
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia E Vorontsova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O Cherezov
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Il'ya B Mertsalov
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga G Zatsepina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Slezinger
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav M Panin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Svetlana Petruk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grigori N Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Mazo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga B Simonova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris A Kuzin
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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209
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Alzrigat M, Párraga AA, Majumder MM, Ma A, Jin J, Österborg A, Nahi H, Nilsson K, Heckman CA, Öberg F, Kalushkova A, Jernberg-Wiklund H. The polycomb group protein BMI-1 inhibitor PTC-209 is a potent anti-myeloma agent alone or in combination with epigenetic inhibitors targeting EZH2 and the BET bromodomains. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103731-103743. [PMID: 29262596 PMCID: PMC5732762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of plasmablasts/plasma cells (PCs) characterized by the expansion of malignant PCs with complex genetic aberrations in the bone marrow (BM). Recent reports, by us and others, have highlighted the polycomb group (PcG) proteins as potential targets for therapy in MM. The PcG protein BMI-1 of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) has been reported to be overexpressed and to possess oncogenic functions in MM. Herein, we report on the anti-myeloma effects of the BMI-1 inhibitor PTC-209 and demonstrate that PTC-209 is a potent anti-myeloma agent in vitro using MM cell lines and primary MM cells. We show that PTC-209 reduces the viability of MM cells via induction of apoptosis and reveal that the anti-MM actions of PTC-209 are mediated by on-target effects i.e. downregulation of BMI-1 protein and the associated repressive histone mark H2AK119ub, leaving other PRC1 subunits such as CBX-7 and the catalytic subunit RING1B unaffected. Importantly, we demonstrate that PTC-209 exhibits synergistic and additive anti-myeloma activity when combined with other epigenetic inhibitors targeting EZH2 and BET bromodomains. Collectively, these data qualify BMI-1 as a candidate for targeted therapy in MM alone or in combinations with epigenetic inhibitors directed to PRC2/EZH2 or BET bromodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alzrigat
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alba Atienza Párraga
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muntasir Mamun Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anqi Ma
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hareth Nahi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline A Heckman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fredrik Öberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Antonia Kalushkova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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210
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CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts reveal genetic interaction between strain-transcendent erythrocyte determinants of Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9356-E9365. [PMID: 29078358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During malaria blood-stage infections, Plasmodium parasites interact with the RBC surface to enable invasion followed by intracellular proliferation. Critical factors involved in invasion have been identified using biochemical and genetic approaches including specific knockdowns of genes of interest from primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (cRBCs). Here we report the development of a robust in vitro culture system to produce RBCs that allow the generation of gene knockouts via CRISPR/Cas9 using the immortal JK-1 erythroleukemia line. JK-1 cells spontaneously differentiate, generating cells at different stages of erythropoiesis, including terminally differentiated nucleated RBCs that we term "jkRBCs." A screen of small-molecule epigenetic regulators identified several bromodomain-specific inhibitors that promote differentiation and enable production of synchronous populations of jkRBCs. Global surface proteomic profiling revealed that jkRBCs express all known Pfalciparum host receptors in a similar fashion to cRBCs and that multiple Pfalciparum strains invade jkRBCs at comparable levels to cRBCs and RBCs. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we deleted two host factors, basigin (BSG) and CD44, for which no natural nulls exist. BSG interacts with the parasite ligand Rh5, a prominent vaccine candidate. A BSG knockout was completely refractory to parasite invasion in a strain-transcendent manner, confirming the essential role for BSG during invasion. CD44 was recently identified in an RNAi screen of blood group genes as a host factor for invasion, and we show that CD44 knockout results in strain-transcendent reduction in invasion. Furthermore, we demonstrate a functional interaction between these two determinants in mediating Pfalciparum erythrocyte invasion.
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211
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Ferrai C, Torlai Triglia E, Risner-Janiczek JR, Rito T, Rackham OJ, de Santiago I, Kukalev A, Nicodemi M, Akalin A, Li M, Ungless MA, Pombo A. RNA polymerase II primes Polycomb-repressed developmental genes throughout terminal neuronal differentiation. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:946. [PMID: 29038337 PMCID: PMC5658700 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repression in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is tightly associated with promoter co‐occupancy of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) which is thought to prime genes for activation during early development. However, it is unknown whether RNAPII poising is a general feature of Polycomb repression, or is lost during differentiation. Here, we map the genome‐wide occupancy of RNAPII and Polycomb from pluripotent ESCs to non‐dividing functional dopaminergic neurons. We find that poised RNAPII complexes are ubiquitously present at Polycomb‐repressed genes at all stages of neuronal differentiation. We observe both loss and acquisition of RNAPII and Polycomb at specific groups of genes reflecting their silencing or activation. Strikingly, RNAPII remains poised at transcription factor genes which are silenced in neurons through Polycomb repression, and have major roles in specifying other, non‐neuronal lineages. We conclude that RNAPII poising is intrinsically associated with Polycomb repression throughout differentiation. Our work suggests that the tight interplay between RNAPII poising and Polycomb repression not only instructs promoter state transitions, but also may enable promoter plasticity in differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Ferrai
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany .,Genome Function, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Torlai Triglia
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica R Risner-Janiczek
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Stem Cell Neurogenesis, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK.,Neurophysiology Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK
| | - Tiago Rito
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Inês de Santiago
- Genome Function, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Kukalev
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Nicodemi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II and INFN Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Altuna Akalin
- Scientific Bioinformatics Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Stem Cell Neurogenesis, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK
| | - Mark A Ungless
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Neurophysiology Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK
| | - Ana Pombo
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany .,Genome Function, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (previously MRC Clinical Sciences Centre), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Germany
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212
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Lu R, Wang GG. Pharmacologic Targeting of Chromatin Modulators As Therapeutics of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2017; 7:241. [PMID: 29075615 PMCID: PMC5643408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a common hematological cancer of myeloid lineage cells, generally exhibits poor prognosis in the clinic and demands new treatment options. Recently, direct sequencing of samples from human AMLs and pre-leukemic diseases has unveiled their mutational landscapes and significantly advanced the molecular understanding of AML pathogenesis. The newly identified recurrent mutations frequently “hit” genes encoding epigenetic modulators, a wide range of chromatin-modifying enzymes and regulatory factors involved in gene expression regulation, supporting aberration of chromatin structure and epigenetic modification as a main oncogenic mechanism and cancer-initiating event. Increasing body of evidence demonstrates that chromatin modification aberrations underlying the formation of blood cancer can be reversed by pharmacological targeting of the responsible epigenetic modulators, thus providing new mechanism-based treatment strategies. Here, we summarize recent advances in development of small-molecule inhibitors specific to chromatin factors and their potential applications in the treatment of genetically defined AMLs. These compounds selectively inhibit various subclasses of “epigenetic writers” (such as histone methyltransferases MLL/KMT2A, G9A/KMT1C, EZH2/KMT6A, DOT1L/KMT4, and PRMT1), “epigenetic readers” (such as BRD4 and plant homeodomain finger proteins), and “epigenetic erasers” (such as histone demethylases LSD1/KDM1A and JMJD2C/KDM4C). We also discuss about the molecular mechanisms underpinning therapeutic effect of these epigenetic compounds in AML and favor their potential usage for combinational therapy and treatment of pre-leukemia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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213
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Tekel SJ, Haynes KA. Molecular structures guide the engineering of chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:7555-7570. [PMID: 28609787 PMCID: PMC5570049 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is a system of proteins, RNA, and DNA that interact with each other to organize and regulate genetic information within eukaryotic nuclei. Chromatin proteins carry out essential functions: packing DNA during cell division, partitioning DNA into sub-regions within the nucleus, and controlling levels of gene expression. There is a growing interest in manipulating chromatin dynamics for applications in medicine and agriculture. Progress in this area requires the identification of design rules for the chromatin system. Here, we focus on the relationship between the physical structure and function of chromatin proteins. We discuss key research that has elucidated the intrinsic properties of chromatin proteins and how this information informs design rules for synthetic systems. Recent work demonstrates that chromatin-derived peptide motifs are portable and in some cases can be customized to alter their function. Finally, we present a workflow for fusion protein design and discuss best practices for engineering chromatin to assist scientists in advancing the field of synthetic epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Tekel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Karmella A Haynes
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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214
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Abstract
Alterations of genes regulating epigenetic processes are frequently found as cancer drivers and may cause widespread alterations of DNA methylation, histone modification patterns, or chromatin structure that disrupt normal patterns of gene expression. Because of the inherent reversibility of epigenetic changes, inhibitors targeting these processes are promising anticancer strategies. Small molecules targeting epigenetic regulators have been developed recently, and clinical trials of these agents are under way for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we describe how the writers, readers, and erasers of epigenetic marks are dysregulated in cancer and summarize the development of therapies targeting these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bennett
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, USA;
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, USA;
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215
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Moritz LE, Trievel RC. Structure, mechanism, and regulation of polycomb-repressive complex 2. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:13805-13814. [PMID: 28912274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.800367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) methylates lysine 27 in histone H3, a modification associated with epigenetic gene silencing. This complex plays a fundamental role in regulating cellular differentiation and development, and PRC2 overexpression and mutations have been implicated in numerous cancers. In this Minireview, we examine recent studies elucidating the first crystal structures of the PRC2 core complex, yielding seminal insights into its catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, allosteric regulation, and inhibition by a class of small molecules that are currently undergoing cancer clinical trials. We conclude by exploring unresolved questions and future directions for inquiry regarding PRC2 structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond C Trievel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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216
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217
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218
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Inhibitors of the Histone Methyltransferases EZH2/1 Induce a Potent Antiviral State and Suppress Infection by Diverse Viral Pathogens. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01141-17. [PMID: 28811345 PMCID: PMC5559635 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01141-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is based on a network of complexes that modulate the chromatin character and structure of the genome to impact gene expression, cell fate, and development. Thus, epigenetic modulators represent novel therapeutic targets used to treat a range of diseases, including malignancies. Infectious pathogens such as herpesviruses are also regulated by cellular epigenetic machinery, and epigenetic therapeutics represent a novel approach used to control infection, persistence, and the resulting recurrent disease. The histone H3K27 methyltransferases EZH2 and EZH1 (EZH2/1) are epigenetic repressors that suppress gene transcription via propagation of repressive H3K27me3-enriched chromatin domains. However, while EZH2/1 are implicated in the repression of herpesviral gene expression, inhibitors of these enzymes suppressed primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these compounds blocked lytic viral replication following induction of HSV reactivation in latently infected sensory ganglia. Suppression correlated with the induction of multiple inflammatory, stress, and antipathogen pathways, as well as enhanced recruitment of immune cells to in vivo infection sites. Importantly, EZH2/1 inhibitors induced a cellular antiviral state that also suppressed infection with DNA (human cytomegalovirus, adenovirus) and RNA (Zika virus) viruses. Thus, EZH2/1 inhibitors have considerable potential as general antivirals through the activation of cellular antiviral and immune responses. A significant proportion of the world’s population is infected with herpes simplex virus. Primary infection and subsequent recurrent reactivation can result in diseases ranging from mild lesions to severe ocular or neurological damage. Herpesviruses are subject to epigenetic regulation that modulates viral gene expression, lytic replication, and latency-reactivation cycles. Thus, epigenetic pharmaceuticals have the potential to alter the course of infection and disease. Here, while the histone methyltransferases EZH2/1 are implicated in the suppression of herpesviruses, inhibitors of these repressors unexpectedly suppress viral infection in vitro and in vivo by induction of key components of cellular innate defense pathways. These inhibitors suppress infection by multiple viral pathogens, indicating their potential as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Shahabipour F, Caraglia M, Majeed M, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Sahebkar A. Naturally occurring anti-cancer agents targeting EZH2. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:325-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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220
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Shi Y, Wang XX, Zhuang YW, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Xu HE. Structure of the PRC2 complex and application to drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:963-976. [PMID: 28414199 PMCID: PMC5519257 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The polycomb repressive complexes 2 (PRC2) complex catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27), a repressive chromatin marker associated with gene silencing. Overexpression and mutations of PRC2 are found in a wide variety of cancers, making the catalytic activity of PRC2 an important target of cancer therapy. This review highlights recent structural breakthroughs of the human PRC2 complex bound to the H3K27 peptide and a small molecule inhibitor, which provide critically needed insight into PRC2-targeted drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - You-wen Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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221
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Clancy KW, Russell AM, Subramanian V, Nguyen H, Qian Y, Campbell RM, Thompson PR. Citrullination/Methylation Crosstalk on Histone H3 Regulates ER-Target Gene Transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1691-1702. [PMID: 28485572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histone tails are a key contributor to epigenetic regulation. Histone H3 Arg26 and Lys27 are both modified by multiple enzymes, and their modifications have profound effects on gene expression. Citrullination of H3R26 by PAD2 and methylation of H3K27 by PRC2 have opposing downstream impacts on gene regulation; H3R26 citrullination activates gene expression, and H3K27 methylation represses gene expression. Both of these modifications are drivers of a variety of cancers, and their writer enzymes, PAD2 and EZH2, are the targets of drug therapies. After biochemical and cell-based analysis of these modifications, a negative crosstalk interaction is observed. Methylation of H3K27 slows citrullination of H3R26 30-fold, whereas citrullination of H3R26 slows methylation 30,000-fold. Examination of the mechanism of this crosstalk interaction uncovered a change in structure of the histone tail upon citrullination which prevents methylation by the PRC2 complex. This mechanism of crosstalk is reiterated in cell lines using knockdowns and inhibitors of both enzymes. Based our data, we propose a model in which, after H3 Cit26 formation, H3K27 demethylases are recruited to the chromatin to activate transcription. In total, our studies support the existence of crosstalk between citrullination of H3R26 and methylation of H3K27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W. Clancy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Anna-Maria Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Robert M. Campbell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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222
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EZH2 in Cancer Progression and Potential Application in Cancer Therapy: A Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061172. [PMID: 28561778 PMCID: PMC5485996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3 at Lys 27 (H3K27me3) to regulate gene expression through epigenetic machinery. EZH2 functions as a double-facet molecule in regulation of gene expression via repression or activation mechanisms, depending on the different cellular contexts. EZH2 interacts with both histone and non-histone proteins to modulate diverse physiological functions including cancer progression and malignancy. In this review article, we focused on the updated information regarding microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulation of EZH2, the oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of EZH2 in cancer progression and malignancy, as well as current pre-clinical and clinical trials of EZH2 inhibitors.
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223
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Rizq O, Mimura N, Oshima M, Saraya A, Koide S, Kato Y, Aoyama K, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Wang C, Chiba T, Ma A, Jin J, Iseki T, Nakaseko C, Iwama A. Dual Inhibition of EZH2 and EZH1 Sensitizes PRC2-Dependent Tumors to Proteasome Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4817-4830. [PMID: 28490465 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: EZH2 and EZH1, the catalytic components of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), trigger trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) to repress the transcription of target genes and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers including multiple myeloma and prostate cancer. Here, we investigated the preclinical effects of UNC1999, a dual inhibitor of EZH2 and EZH1, in combination with proteasome inhibitors on multiple myeloma and prostate cancer.Experimental Design:In vitro and in vivo efficacy of UNC1999 and the combination with proteasome inhibitors was evaluated in multiple myeloma cell lines, primary patient cells, and in a xenograft model. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq were performed to uncover the targets of UNC1999 in multiple myeloma. The efficacy of the combination therapy was validated in prostate cancer cell lines.Results: Proteasome inhibitors repressed EZH2 transcription via abrogation of the RB-E2F pathway, thereby sensitizing EZH2-dependent multiple myeloma cells to EZH1 inhibition by UNC1999. Correspondingly, combination of proteasome inhibitors with UNC1999, but not with an EZH2-specific inhibitor, induced synergistic antimyeloma activity in vitro Bortezomib combined with UNC1999 remarkably inhibited the growth of myeloma cells in vivo Comprehensive analyses revealed several direct targets of UNC1999 including the tumor suppressor gene NR4A1 Derepression of NR4A1 by UNC1999 resulted in suppression of MYC, which was enhanced by the combination with bortezomib, suggesting the cooperative blockade of PRC2 function. Notably, this combination also exhibited strong synergy in prostate cancer cells.Conclusions: Our results identify dual inhibition of EZH2 and EZH1 together with proteasome inhibition as a promising epigenetics-based therapy for PRC2-dependent cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4817-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Rizq
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsunori Saraya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koide
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Kato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Aoyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Changshan Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Anqi Ma
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tohru Iseki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakaseko
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Dudakovic A, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic Control of Osteoblast Differentiation by Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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225
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Kobayashi Y, Gélinas C, Dougherty JP. Histone deacetylase inhibitors containing a benzamide functional group and a pyridyl cap are preferentially effective human immunodeficiency virus-1 latency-reversing agents in primary resting CD4+ T cells. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:799-809. [PMID: 28113052 PMCID: PMC5657027 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can control human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication in infected individuals. Unfortunately, patients remain persistently infected owing to the establishment of latent infection requiring that ART be maintained indefinitely. One strategy being pursued involves the development of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to eliminate the latent arm of the infection. One class of molecules that has been tested for LRA activity is the epigenetic modulating compounds histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis). Previously, initial screening of these molecules typically commenced using established cell models of viral latency, and although certain drugs such as the HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid demonstrated strong activity in these models, it did not translate to comparable activity with patient samples. Here we developed a primary cell model of viral latency using primary resting CD4+ T cells infected with Vpx-complemented HIV-1 and found that the activation profile using previously described LRAs mimicked that obtained with patient samples. This primary cell model was used to evaluate 94 epigenetic compounds. Not surprisingly, HDACis were found to be the strongest activators. However, within the HDACi class, the most active LRAs with the least pronounced toxicity contained a benzamide functional moiety with a pyridyl cap group, as exemplified by the HDACi chidamide. The results indicate that HDACis with a benzamide moiety and pyridyl cap group should be considered for further drug development in the pursuit of a successful viral clearance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Céline Gélinas
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph P Dougherty
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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226
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The histone methyltransferase EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex involved in H3K27 trimethylation. Aberrant PRC2 activity has been reported in several cancers and EZH2 overexpression has been associated with poor outcome in different tumors. EZH2 somatic mutations and deletions was found in lymphomas, myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders and associated with higher H3K27me3 levels. Numerous chemical entities have been studied as EZH2 inhibitors in the recent years and some of them entered the cancer clinical arena. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent efforts in the drug development of EZH2 inhibitors reported in the patent literature covering the 2014-2016 period, and their potential use as therapeutics mainly in cancerous diseases. Expert opinion: Despite the number of compounds described, only a few of them entered the clinical arena. Moreover, most of the compounds developed share a common 2-pyridone ring pharmacophore. Recently, secondary mutants have been described to be resistant to the standard EZH2 inhibitors treatment. Based on these data a lot of effort is still required to find new chemical entities that inhibit EZH2 directly, or indirectly (via PRC2 disruption). Several issues are still to be settled, such as drug resistance and the importance of selectivity over EZH1 or somatic EZH2 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Stazi
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy.,b Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy.,b Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
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227
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Alzrigat M, Jernberg-Wiklund H. The miR-125a and miR-320c are potential tumor suppressor microRNAs epigenetically silenced by the polycomb repressive complex 2 in multiple myeloma. RNA & DISEASE 2017; 4. [PMID: 28664185 PMCID: PMC5485917 DOI: 10.14800/rd.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously presented the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) as a potential therapeutic target in Multiple Myeloma (MM). In a recent article in Oncotarget by Alzrigat. et al. 2017, we have reported on the novel finding that EZH2 inhibition using the highly selective inhibitor of EZH2 enzymatic activity, UNC1999, reactivated the expression of microRNA genes previously reported to be underexpressed in MM. Among these, we have identified miR-125a-3p and miR-320c as potential tumor suppressor microRNAs as they were predicted to target MM-associated oncogenes; IRF-4, XBP-1 and BLIMP-1. We also found EZH2 inhibition to reactivate the expression of miR-494, a previously reported regulator of the c-MYC oncogene. In addition, we could report that EZH2 inhibition downregulated the expression of a few well described oncogenic microRNAs in MM. The data from our recent article are here highlighted as it shed a new light onto the oncogenic function of the PRC2 in MM. These data further strengthen the notion that the PRC2 complex may be of potential therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alzrigat
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
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228
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Overexpression of EZH2 in multiple myeloma is associated with poor prognosis and dysregulation of cell cycle control. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e549. [PMID: 28362441 PMCID: PMC5380911 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloma is heterogeneous at the molecular level with subgroups of patients characterised by features of epigenetic dysregulation. Outcomes for myeloma patients have improved over the past few decades except for molecularly defined high-risk patients who continue to do badly. Novel therapeutic approaches are, therefore, required. A growing number of epigenetic inhibitors are now available including EZH2 inhibitors that are in early-stage clinical trials for treatment of haematological and other cancers with EZH2 mutations or in which overexpression has been correlated with poor outcomes. For the first time, we have identified and validated a robust and independent deleterious effect of high EZH2 expression on outcomes in myeloma patients. Using two chemically distinct small-molecule inhibitors, we demonstrate a reduction in myeloma cell proliferation with EZH2 inhibition, which leads to cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. This is mediated via upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors associated with removal of the inhibitory H3K27me3 mark at their gene loci. Our results suggest that EZH2 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of myeloma and should be investigated in clinical studies.
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229
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Abstract
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Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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230
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Barnash KD, The J, Norris-Drouin JL, Cholensky SH, Worley BM, Li F, Stuckey JI, Brown PJ, Vedadi M, Arrowsmith CH, Frye SV, James LI. Discovery of Peptidomimetic Ligands of EED as Allosteric Inhibitors of PRC2. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:161-172. [PMID: 28165227 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The function of EED within polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is mediated by a complex network of protein-protein interactions. Allosteric activation of PRC2 by binding of methylated proteins to the embryonic ectoderm development (EED) aromatic cage is essential for full catalytic activity, but details of this regulation are not fully understood. EED's recognition of the product of PRC2 activity, histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), stimulates PRC2 methyltransferase activity at adjacent nucleosomes leading to H3K27me3 propagation and, ultimately, gene repression. By coupling combinatorial chemistry and structure-based design, we optimized a low-affinity methylated jumonji, AT-rich interactive domain 2 (Jarid2) peptide to a smaller, more potent peptidomimetic ligand (Kd = 1.14 ± 0.14 μM) of the aromatic cage of EED. Our strategy illustrates the effectiveness of applying combinatorial chemistry to achieve both ligand potency and property optimization. Furthermore, the resulting ligands, UNC5114 and UNC5115, demonstrate that targeted disruption of EED's reader function can lead to allosteric inhibition of PRC2 catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Barnash
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Juliana The
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L. Norris-Drouin
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephanie H. Cholensky
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Beau M. Worley
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jacob I. Stuckey
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lindsey I. James
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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231
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Feist PE, Sidoli S, Liu X, Schroll MM, Rahmy S, Fujiwara R, Garcia BA, Hummon AB. Multicellular Tumor Spheroids Combined with Mass Spectrometric Histone Analysis To Evaluate Epigenetic Drugs. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2773-2781. [PMID: 28194967 PMCID: PMC5371507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are valuable in vitro tumor models frequently used to evaluate the penetration and efficacy of therapeutics. In this study, we evaluated potential differences in epigenetic markers, i.e., histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), in the layers of the HCT116 colon carcinoma MCTS. Cells were grown in agarose-coated 96 well plates, forming reproducible 1-mm-diameter MCTS. The MCTS were fractionated into three radially concentric portions, generating samples containing cells from the core, the mid and the external layers. Using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and EpiProfile, we quantified hundreds of histone peptides in different modified forms; by combining the results of all experiments, we quantified the abundance of 258 differently modified peptides, finding significant differences in their relative abundance across layers. Among these differences, we detected higher amounts of the repressive mark H3K27me3 in the external layers, compared to the core. We then evaluated the epigenetic response of MCTS following UNC1999 treatment, a drug targeting the enzymes that catalyze H3K27me3, namely, the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) subunits enhancer of zeste 1 (EZH1) and enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2). UNC1999 treatment resulted in significant differences in MCTS diameter under drug treatment of varying duration. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging, we determined that the drug penetrates the entire MCTS. Proteomic analysis revealed a decrease in abundance of H3K27me3, compared to the untreated sample, as expected. Interestingly, we observed a comparable growth curve for MCTS under constant drug treatment over 13 days with those treated for only 4 days at the beginning of their growth. We thus demonstrate that MS-based proteomics can define significant differences in histone PTM patterns in submillimetric layers of three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Moreover, we show that our model is suitable for monitoring drug localization and regulation of histone PTMs after drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Feist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656
| | - Monica M. Schroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656
| | - Sharif Rahmy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656
| | - Rina Fujiwara
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda B. Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656
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Hsp90 inhibition destabilizes Ezh2 protein in alloreactive T cells and reduces graft-versus-host disease in mice. Blood 2017; 129:2737-2748. [PMID: 28246193 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-735886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating T-cell alloreactivity has been a main strategy to reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). Genetic deletion of T-cell Ezh2, which catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), inhibits GVHD. Therefore, reducing Ezh2-mediated H3K27me3 is thought to be essential for inhibiting GVHD. We tested this hypothesis in mouse GVHD models. Unexpectedly, administration of the Ezh2 inhibitor GSK126, which specifically decreases H3K27me3 without affecting Ezh2 protein, failed to prevent the disease. In contrast, destabilizing T-cell Ezh2 protein by inhibiting Hsp90 using its specific inhibitor AUY922 reduced GVHD in mice undergoing allogeneic HSCT. In vivo administration of AUY922 selectively induced apoptosis of activated T cells and decreased the production of effector cells producing interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α, similar to genetic deletion of Ezh2. Introduction of Ezh2 into alloreactive T cells restored their expansion and production of effector cytokines upon AUY922 treatment, suggesting that impaired T-cell alloreactivity by inhibiting Hsp90 is achieved mainly through depleting Ezh2. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the enzymatic SET domain of Ezh2 directly interacted with Hsp90 to prevent Ezh2 from rapid degradation in activated T cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 preserved antileukemia activity of donor T cells, leading to improved overall survival of recipient mice after allogeneic HSCT. Our findings identify the Ezh2-Hsp90 interaction as a previously unrecognized mechanism essential for T-cell responses and an effective target for controlling GVHD.
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233
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Mohammad F, Weissmann S, Leblanc B, Pandey DP, Højfeldt JW, Comet I, Zheng C, Johansen JV, Rapin N, Porse BT, Tvardovskiy A, Jensen ON, Olaciregui NG, Lavarino C, Suñol M, de Torres C, Mora J, Carcaboso AM, Helin K. EZH2 is a potential therapeutic target for H3K27M-mutant pediatric gliomas. Nat Med 2017; 23:483-492. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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234
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Abstract
Cancer cell hallmarks are underpinned by transcriptional programmes operating in the context of a dynamic and complicit epigenomic environment. Somatic alterations of chromatin modifiers are among the most prevalent cancer perturbations. There is a pressing need for targeted chemical probes to dissect these complex, interconnected gene regulatory circuits. Validated chemical probes empower mechanistic research while providing the pharmacological proof of concept that is required to translate drug-like derivatives into therapy for cancer patients. In this Review, we describe chemical probe development for epigenomic effector proteins that are linked to cancer pathogenesis. By annotating these reagents, we aim to share our perspectives on an informative 'epigenomic toolbox' of broad utility to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Shortt
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Huang Y, Zhang J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Lingel A, Qi W, Gu J, Zhao K, Shultz MD, Wang L, Fu X, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zhang J, Zhang C, Li L, Zeng J, Feng L, Zhang C, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhao M, Gao Z, Liu X, Fang D, Guo H, Mi Y, Gabriel T, Dillon MP, Atadja P, Oyang C. Discovery of First-in-Class, Potent, and Orally Bioavailable Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED) Inhibitor with Robust Anticancer Efficacy. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2215-2226. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jeff Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtian Yu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youzhen Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Justin Gu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kehao Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Michael D. Shultz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Long Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingnian Fu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongfeng Sun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangqing Jiang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Li
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jue Zeng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijian Feng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengxi Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenting Gao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Douglas Fang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haibing Guo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Mi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tobias Gabriel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Michael P. Dillon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Peter Atadja
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Counde Oyang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4218 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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236
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An allosteric PRC2 inhibitor targeting the H3K27me3 binding pocket of EED. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:381-388. [PMID: 28135235 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) consists of three core subunits, EZH2, EED and SUZ12, and plays pivotal roles in transcriptional regulation. The catalytic subunit EZH2 methylates histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27), and its activity is further enhanced by the binding of EED to trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3). Small-molecule inhibitors that compete with the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) have been reported. Here we report the discovery of EED226, a potent and selective PRC2 inhibitor that directly binds to the H3K27me3 binding pocket of EED. EED226 induces a conformational change upon binding EED, leading to loss of PRC2 activity. EED226 shows similar activity to SAM-competitive inhibitors in blocking H3K27 methylation of PRC2 target genes and inducing regression of human lymphoma xenograft tumors. Interestingly, EED226 also effectively inhibits PRC2 containing a mutant EZH2 protein resistant to SAM-competitive inhibitors. Together, we show that EED226 inhibits PRC2 activity via an allosteric mechanism and offers an opportunity for treatment of PRC2-dependent cancers.
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237
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The EED protein-protein interaction inhibitor A-395 inactivates the PRC2 complex. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:389-395. [PMID: 28135237 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a regulator of epigenetic states required for development and homeostasis. PRC2 trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), which leads to gene silencing, and is dysregulated in many cancers. The embryonic ectoderm development (EED) protein is an essential subunit of PRC2 that has both a scaffolding function and an H3K27me3-binding function. Here we report the identification of A-395, a potent antagonist of the H3K27me3 binding functions of EED. Structural studies demonstrate that A-395 binds to EED in the H3K27me3-binding pocket, thereby preventing allosteric activation of the catalytic activity of PRC2. Phenotypic effects observed in vitro and in vivo are similar to those of known PRC2 enzymatic inhibitors; however, A-395 retains potent activity against cell lines resistant to the catalytic inhibitors. A-395 represents a first-in-class antagonist of PRC2 protein-protein interactions (PPI) for use as a chemical probe to investigate the roles of EED-containing protein complexes.
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238
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Agarwal P, Alzrigat M, Párraga AA, Enroth S, Singh U, Ungerstedt J, Österborg A, Brown PJ, Ma A, Jin J, Nilsson K, Öberg F, Kalushkova A, Jernberg-Wiklund H. Genome-wide profiling of histone H3 lysine 27 and lysine 4 trimethylation in multiple myeloma reveals the importance of Polycomb gene targeting and highlights EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2017; 7:6809-23. [PMID: 26755663 PMCID: PMC4872750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of the antibody-producing plasma cells. MM is a highly heterogeneous disease, which has hampered the identification of a common underlying mechanism for disease establishment as well as the development of targeted therapy. Here we present the first genome-wide profiling of histone H3 lysine 27 and lysine 4 trimethylation in MM patient samples, defining a common set of active H3K4me3-enriched genes and silent genes marked by H3K27me3 (H3K27me3 alone or bivalent) unique to primary MM cells, when compared to normal bone marrow plasma cells. Using this epigenome profile, we found increased silencing of H3K27me3 targets in MM patients at advanced stages of the disease, and the expression pattern of H3K27me3-marked genes correlated with poor patient survival. We also demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 had anti-myeloma effects in both MM cell lines and CD138+ MM patient cells. In addition, EZH2 inhibition decreased the global H3K27 methylation and induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest an important role for the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in MM, and highlights the PRC2 component EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Agarwal
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Alzrigat
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alba Atienza Párraga
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Umashankar Singh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Johanna Ungerstedt
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institute Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anqi Ma
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Öberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Antonia Kalushkova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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239
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Lingel A, Sendzik M, Huang Y, Shultz MD, Cantwell J, Dillon MP, Fu X, Fuller J, Gabriel T, Gu J, Jiang X, Li L, Liang F, McKenna M, Qi W, Rao W, Sheng X, Shu W, Sutton J, Taft B, Wang L, Zeng J, Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhao K, Lindvall M, Bussiere DE. Structure-Guided Design of EED Binders Allosterically Inhibiting the Epigenetic Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:415-427. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Martin Sendzik
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Michael D. Shultz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - John Cantwell
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Michael P. Dillon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Xingnian Fu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - John Fuller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Tobias Gabriel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Justin Gu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangqing Jiang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Li
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fang Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Maureen McKenna
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weijun Rao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xijun Sheng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Shu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - James Sutton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Benjamin Taft
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Long Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jue Zeng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Maya Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kehao Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2418 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mika Lindvall
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Dirksen E. Bussiere
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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He D, Wang J, Lu Y, Deng Y, Zhao C, Xu L, Chen Y, Hu YC, Zhou W, Lu QR. lncRNA Functional Networks in Oligodendrocytes Reveal Stage-Specific Myelination Control by an lncOL1/Suz12 Complex in the CNS. Neuron 2016; 93:362-378. [PMID: 28041882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of cellular functions, but their roles in oligodendrocyte myelination remain undefined. Through de novo transcriptome reconstruction, we establish dynamic expression profiles of lncRNAs at different stages of oligodendrocyte development and uncover a cohort of stage-specific oligodendrocyte-restricted lncRNAs, including a conserved chromatin-associated lncOL1. Co-expression network analyses further define the association of distinct oligodendrocyte-expressing lncRNA clusters with protein-coding genes and predict lncRNA functions in oligodendrocyte myelination. Overexpression of lncOL1 promotes precocious oligodendrocyte differentiation in the developing brain, whereas genetic inactivation of lncOL1 causes defects in CNS myelination and remyelination following injury. Functional analyses illustrate that lncOL1 interacts with Suz12, a component of polycomb repressive complex 2, to promote oligodendrocyte maturation, in part, through Suz12-mediated repression of a differentiation inhibitory network that maintains the precursor state. Together, our findings reveal a key lncRNA epigenetic circuitry through interaction with chromatin-modifying complexes in control of CNS myelination and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang He
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Integrative Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqi Deng
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lingli Xu
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhuai Chen
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Integrative Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China.
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242
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Comet I, Riising EM, Leblanc B, Helin K. Maintaining cell identity: PRC2-mediated regulation of transcription and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:803-810. [PMID: 27658528 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), has attracted broad research attention in the past few years because of its involvement in the development and maintenance of many types of cancer and the use of specific EZH2 inhibitors in clinical trials. Several observations show that PRC2 can have both oncogenic and tumour-suppressive functions. We propose that these apparently opposing roles of PRC2 in cancer are a consequence of the molecular function of the complex in maintaining, rather than specifying, the transcriptional repression state of its several thousand target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itys Comet
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and the Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva M Riising
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Benjamin Leblanc
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and the Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Helin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and the Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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243
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Chen K, Xiao H, Zeng J, Yu G, Zhou H, Huang C, Yao W, Xiao W, Hu J, Guan W, Wu L, Huang J, Huang Q, Xu H, Ye Z. Alternative Splicing of EZH2 pre-mRNA by SF3B3 Contributes to the Tumorigenic Potential of Renal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3428-3441. [PMID: 27879367 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Deregulation or mutation of the EZH2 gene causes various tumors, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Although several splice variants of EZH2 have been identified, little is known about how EZH2 splicing is regulated or the contribution of alternative splicing to its protumorigenic functions.Experimental Design: We conducted RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and IHC techniques to examine EZH2 and its alternative splicing transcript expression in renal cancer tissue and renal cancer cell lines. Proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity of renal cancer cells either exhibiting knockdown of EZH2 or its splicing factor SF3B3 were assessed by CCK8, Transwell assay, and murine xenograft experiments.Results: We found that the inclusion of alternative EZH2 exon 14 was significantly increased in ccRCC samples and renal cancer cell lines. In ccRCC lines, enforced expression of EZH2Δ14 inhibited, and EZH2 promoted, cell growth, migration, proliferation, and tumorigenicity in a xenograft model. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that EZH2Δ14 isoform functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor of full-length EZH2. Coexpression of EZH2Δ14 variant with full-length EZH2 not only abrogated DAB2IP and HOXA9 suppression but also inhibited EZH2-driven tumorigenesis. Strikingly, the splicing factor SF3B3 stimulates inclusion of exon14 and has pro-proliferative activity. Importantly, the upregulation of SF3B3 expression observed in clinical ccRCC samples parallels the increased inclusion of EZH2 exon14, and the SF3B3 level is associated with higher tumor stage and poor overall survival.Conclusions: These results suggest SF3B3 as a key regulator of EZH2 pre-mRNA splicing and SF3B3 may represent a novel prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target in ccRCC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3428-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haibing Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Gan Yu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1 HUANGJIAHU Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Yao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Junhui Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qihong Huang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China. .,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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244
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An Alternative Approach to ChIP-Seq Normalization Enables Detection of Genome-Wide Changes in Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation upon EZH2 Inhibition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166438. [PMID: 27875550 PMCID: PMC5119738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) has been instrumental in inferring the roles of histone post-translational modifications in the regulation of transcription, chromatin compaction and other cellular processes that require modulation of chromatin structure. However, analysis of ChIP-seq data is challenging when the manipulation of a chromatin-modifying enzyme significantly affects global levels of histone post-translational modifications. For example, small molecule inhibition of the methyltransferase EZH2 reduces global levels of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). However, standard ChIP-seq normalization and analysis methods fail to detect a decrease upon EZH2 inhibitor treatment. We overcome this challenge by employing an alternative normalization approach that is based on the addition of Drosophila melanogaster chromatin and a D. melanogaster-specific antibody into standard ChIP reactions. Specifically, the use of an antibody that exclusively recognizes the D. melanogaster histone variant H2Av enables precipitation of D. melanogaster chromatin as a minor fraction of the total ChIP DNA. The D. melanogaster ChIP-seq tags are used to normalize the human ChIP-seq data from DMSO and EZH2 inhibitor-treated samples. Employing this strategy, a substantial reduction in H3K27me3 signal is now observed in ChIP-seq data from EZH2 inhibitor treated samples.
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245
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Vaswani RG, Gehling VS, Dakin LA, Cook AS, Nasveschuk CG, Duplessis M, Iyer P, Balasubramanian S, Zhao F, Good AC, Campbell R, Lee C, Cantone N, Cummings RT, Normant E, Bellon SF, Albrecht BK, Harmange JC, Trojer P, Audia JE, Zhang Y, Justin N, Chen S, Wilson JR, Gamblin SJ. Identification of (R)-N-((4-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-1-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)ethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (CPI-1205), a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Histone Methyltransferase EZH2, Suitable for Phase I Clinical Trials for B-Cell Lymphomas. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9928-9941. [PMID: 27739677 PMCID: PMC5451150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polycomb
repressive complex 2 (PRC2) has been shown to play a major
role in transcriptional silencing in part by installing methylation
marks on lysine 27 of histone 3. Dysregulation of PRC2 function correlates
with certain malignancies and poor prognosis. EZH2 is the catalytic
engine of the PRC2 complex and thus represents a key candidate oncology
target for pharmacological intervention. Here we report the optimization
of our indole-based EZH2 inhibitor series that led to the identification
of CPI-1205, a highly potent (biochemical IC50 = 0.002
μM, cellular EC50 = 0.032 μM) and selective
inhibitor of EZH2. This compound demonstrates robust antitumor effects
in a Karpas-422 xenograft model when dosed at 160 mg/kg BID and is
currently in Phase I clinical trials. Additionally, we disclose the
co-crystal structure of our inhibitor series bound to the human PRC2
complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi G Vaswani
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Victor S Gehling
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Les A Dakin
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew S Cook
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher G Nasveschuk
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin Duplessis
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Iyer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Srividya Balasubramanian
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew C Good
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert Campbell
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christina Lee
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nico Cantone
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard T Cummings
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Emmanuel Normant
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven F Bellon
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian K Albrecht
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmange
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James E Audia
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Neil Justin
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shuyang Chen
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jon R Wilson
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven J Gamblin
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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246
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Lawrence CL, Baldwin AS. Non-Canonical EZH2 Transcriptionally Activates RelB in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165005. [PMID: 27764181 PMCID: PMC5072726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2) is the methyltransferase component of the polycomb repressive complex (PRC2) which represses gene transcription via histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 23 (H3K27me3). EZH2 activity has been linked with oncogenesis where it is thought to block expression of certain tumor suppressors. Relative to a role in cancer, EZH2 functions to promote self-renewal and has been shown to be important for the tumor-initiating cell (TIC) phenotype in breast cancer. Recently a non-canonical role for EZH2 has been identified where it promotes transcriptional activation of certain genes. Here we show that EZH2, through a methyltransferase-independent mechanism, promotes the transcriptional activation of the non-canonical NF-κB subunit RelB to drive self-renewal and the TIC phenotype of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney L. Lawrence
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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247
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Aier I, Varadwaj PK, Raj U. Structural insights into conformational stability of both wild-type and mutant EZH2 receptor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34984. [PMID: 27713574 PMCID: PMC5054529 DOI: 10.1038/srep34984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins have been observed to maintain the pattern of histone by methylation of the histone tail responsible for the gene expression in various cellular processes, of which enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) acts as tumor suppressor. Overexpression of EZH2 results in hyper activation found in a variety of cancer. Point mutation on two important residues were induced and the results were compared between the wild type and mutant EZH2. The mutation of Y641 and A677 present in the active region of the protein alters the interaction of the top ranked compound with the newly modeled binding groove of the SET domain, giving a GLIDE score of -12.26 kcal/mol, better than that of the wild type at -11.664 kcal/mol. In depth analysis were carried out for understanding the underlying molecular mechanism using techniques viz. molecular dynamics, principal component analysis, residue interaction network and free energy landscape analysis, which showed that the mutated residues changed the overall conformation of the system along with the residue-residue interaction network. The insight from this study could be of great relevance while designing new compounds for EZH2 enzyme inhibition and the effect of mutation on the overall binding mechanism of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imlimaong Aier
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Utkarsh Raj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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248
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Xie H, Peng C, Huang J, Li BE, Kim W, Smith EC, Fujiwara Y, Qi J, Cheloni G, Das PP, Nguyen M, Li S, Bradner JE, Orkin SH. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia- Initiating Cells Require Polycomb Group Protein EZH2. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:1237-1247. [PMID: 27630126 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have revolutionized chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) management. Disease eradication, however, is hampered by innate resistance of leukemia-initiating cells (LIC) to TKI-induced killing, which also provides the basis for subsequent emergence of TKI-resistant mutants. We report that EZH2, the catalytic subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), is overexpressed in CML LICs and required for colony formation and survival and cell-cycle progression of CML cell lines. A critical role for EZH2 is supported by genetic studies in a mouse CML model. Inactivation of Ezh2 in conventional conditional mice and through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing prevents initiation and maintenance of disease and survival of LICs, irrespective of BCR-ABL1 mutational status, and extends survival. Expression of the EZH2 homolog EZH1 is reduced in EZH2-deficient CML LICs, creating a scenario resembling complete loss of PRC2. EZH2 dependence of CML LICs raises prospects for improved therapy of TKI-resistant CML and/or eradication of disease by addition of EZH2 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE This work defines EZH2 as a selective vulnerability for CML cells and their LICs, regardless of BCR-ABL1 mutational status. Our findings provide an experimental rationale for improving disease eradication through judicious use of EZH2 inhibitors within the context of standard-of-care TKI therapy. Cancer Discov; 6(11); 1237-47. ©2016 AACR.See related article by Scott et al., p. 1248This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Xie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cong Peng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jialiang Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bin E Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Woojin Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elenoe C Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giulia Cheloni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio," University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Partha P Das
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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249
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Kung PP, Rui E, Bergqvist S, Bingham P, Braganza J, Collins M, Cui M, Diehl W, Dinh D, Fan C, Fantin VR, Gukasyan HJ, Hu W, Huang B, Kephart S, Krivacic C, Kumpf RA, Li G, Maegley KA, McAlpine I, Nguyen L, Ninkovic S, Ornelas M, Ryskin M, Scales S, Sutton S, Tatlock J, Verhelle D, Wang F, Wells P, Wythes M, Yamazaki S, Yip B, Yu X, Zehnder L, Zhang WG, Rollins RA, Edwards M. Design and Synthesis of Pyridone-Containing 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-1(2H)-ones as a Novel Class of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8306-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Ryskin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Robert A. Rollins
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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250
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Liu Q, Wang MW. Histone lysine methyltransferases as anti-cancer targets for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1273-1280. [PMID: 27397541 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational epigenetic modification of histones is controlled by a number of histone-modifying enzymes. Such modification regulates the accessibility of DNA and the subsequent expression or silencing of a gene. Human histone methyltransferases (HMTs)constitute a large family that includes histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) and histone/protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There is increasing evidence showing a correlation between HKMTs and cancer pathogenesis. Here, we present an overview of representative HKMTs, including their biological and biochemical properties as well as the profiles of small molecule inhibitors for a comprehensive understanding of HKMTs in drug discovery.
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