201
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Uzawa J, Urai M, Baba T, Seki H, Taniguchi K, Ushida K. NMR study on a novel mucin from jellyfish in natural abundance, Qniumucin from Aurelia aurita. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:818-823. [PMID: 19371080 DOI: 10.1021/np800601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel mucin (qniumucin), which we recently discovered in jellyfish, was investigated by several NMR techniques. Almost all the peaks in the (13)C and proton NMR spectra were satisfactorily assigned to the amino acids in the main chain and to the bridging GalNAc, the major sugar in the saccharide branches. The amino acid sequence in the tandem repeat part (-VVETTAAP-) was reconfirmed by the cross-peaks between alpha protons and carbonyl carbons in the HMBC spectrum. A connectivity analysis around the O-glycoside bond (GalNAc-Thr) was also performed, and detailed information on the local configuration was obtained by the DPFGSE-NOE-HSD technique. The strategy and the results described in this paper can be extended to the structural analysis of general O-glycan chains, which are more complex than the present mucin. NMR analyses reveal the simple structure of qniumucin extracted by the present protocol, and the homogeneity and purity of qniumucin are probably the result of it being extracted from jellyfish, a primitive animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uzawa
- Eco-Soft Materials Research Unit, Advanced Science Institute, Riken, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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202
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Huang W, Li C, Li B, Umekawa M, Yamamoto K, Zhang X, Wang LX. Glycosynthases enable a highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-glycoproteins carrying intact natural N-glycans. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2214-23. [PMID: 19199609 DOI: 10.1021/ja8074677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous N-glycoproteins carrying defined natural N-glycans are essential for detailed structural and functional studies. The transglycosylation activity of the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) and Mucor hiemalis (Endo-M) holds great potential for glycoprotein synthesis, but the wild-type enzymes are not practical for making glycoproteins carrying native N-glycans because of their predominant activity for product hydrolysis. In this article, we report studies of two endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases, EndoM-N175A and EndoA-N171A, and their usefulness in constructing homogeneous N-glycoproteins carrying natural N-glycans. The oligosaccharide oxazoline corresponding to the biantennary complex-type N-glycan was synthesized and tested with the two glycosynthases. The EndoM-N175A mutant was able to efficiently transfer the complex-type glycan oxazoline to a GlcNAc peptide and GlcNAc-containing ribonuclease to form the corresponding homogeneous glycopeptide/glycoprotein. The EndoA-N171A mutant did not recognize the complex-type N-glycan oxazoline but could efficiently use the high-mannose-type glycan oxazoline for transglycosylation. These mutants possess the transglycosylation activity but lack the hydrolytic activity toward the product. Kinetic studies revealed that the dramatically enhanced synthetic efficiency of the EndoA-N171A mutant was due to the significantly reduced hydrolytic activity toward both the Man(9)GlcNAc oxazoline and the product as well as to its enhanced activity for transglycosylation. Thus, the two mutants described here represent the first endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases enabling a highly efficient synthesis of homogeneous natural N-glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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203
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Cho CC, Liu JN, Chien CH, Shie JJ, Chen YC, Fang JM. Direct amidation of aldoses and decarboxylative amidation of alpha-keto acids: an efficient conjugation method for unprotected carbohydrate molecules. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1549-56. [PMID: 19159243 DOI: 10.1021/jo802338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With use of iodine as an appropriate oxidant, unprotected and unmodified aldoses undergo oxidative amidation with a variety of functionalized amines, alpha-amino esters, and peptides, whereas KDO, sialic acid, and other alpha-keto acids proceed with oxidative decarboxylation followed by in situ amidation. Glycoside bond and many other functional groups are inert under such mild reaction conditions. This reaction protocol for direct ligation of carbohydrate molecules looks promising in the development of a general and efficient synthesis of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching Cho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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204
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Lin YA, Chalker JM, Davis BG. Olefin Metathesis for Site-Selective Protein Modification. Chembiochem 2009; 10:959-69. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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205
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Rich JR, Withers SG. Emerging methods for the production of homogeneous human glycoproteins. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:206-15. [PMID: 19295526 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most circulating human proteins exist as heterogeneously glycosylated variants (glycoforms) of an otherwise homogeneous polypeptide. Though glycan heterogeneity is most likely important to glycoprotein function, the preparation of homogeneous glycoforms is important both for the study of the consequences of glycosylation and for therapeutic purposes. This review details selected approaches to the production of homogeneous human N- and O-linked glycoproteins with human-type glycans. Particular emphasis is placed on recent developments in the engineering of glycosylation pathways within yeast and bacteria for in vivo production, and on the in vitro remodeling of glycoproteins by enzymatic means. The future of this field is very exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Rich
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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206
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Abstract
In recent decades, protein-based therapeutics have substantially expanded the field of molecular pharmacology due to their outstanding potential for the treatment of disease. Unfortunately, protein pharmaceuticals display a series of intrinsic physical and chemical instability problems during their production, purification, storage, and delivery that can adversely impact their final therapeutic efficacies. This has prompted an intense search for generalized strategies to engineer the long-term stability of proteins during their pharmaceutical employment. Due to the well known effect that glycans have in increasing the overall stability of glycoproteins, rational manipulation of the glycosylation parameters through glycoengineering could become a promising approach to improve both the in vitro and in vivo stability of protein pharmaceuticals. The intent of this review is therefore to further the field of protein glycoengineering by increasing the general understanding of the mechanisms by which glycosylation improves the molecular stability of protein pharmaceuticals. This is achieved by presenting a survey of the different instabilities displayed by protein pharmaceuticals, by addressing which of these instabilities can be improved by glycosylation, and by discussing the possible mechanisms by which glycans induce these stabilization effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Solá
- Laboratory for Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Facundo Bueso Bldg., Lab-215, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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207
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Zhang Y, Bhatt VS, Sun G, Wang PG, Palmer AF. Site-selective glycosylation of hemoglobin on Cys beta93. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2221-30. [PMID: 18925771 DOI: 10.1021/bc8003205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a novel glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) with high oxygen affinity as a potential Hb-based oxygen carrier. Site-selective glycosylation of bovine Hb was achieved by conjugating a lactose derivative to Cys 93 on the beta subunit of Hb. LC-MS analysis indicates that the reaction was quantitative, with no unmodified Hb present in the reaction product. The glycosylation site was identified by chymotrypsin digestion of the glycosylated bovine Hb followed with LC-MS/MS and from the X-ray crystal structure of the glycosylated Hb. The chemical conjugation of the lactose derivative at Cys beta93 yields an oxygen carrier with a high oxygen affinity (P(50) of 4.94 mmHg) and low cooperativity coefficient (n) of 1.20. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFFF) coupled with multiangle static light scattering (MASLS) was used to measure the absolute molecular weight of the glycosylated Hb. AFFFF-MASLS analysis indicates that glycosylation of Hb significantly altered the alpha(2)beta(2)-alphabeta equilibrium compared to native Hb. Subsequent X-ray analysis of the glycosylated Hb crystal showed that the covalently linked lactose derivative is sandwiched between the beta(1) and alpha(2) (and hence by symmetry the beta(2) and alpha(1)) subunits of the tetramer, and the interaction between the saccharide and amino acid residues located at the interface is apparently stabilized by hydrogen bonding interactions. The resultant structural analysis of the glycosylated Hb helps to explain the shift in the alpha(2)beta(2)-alphabeta equilibrium in terms of the hydrogen bonding interactions at the beta(1)alpha(2)/beta(2)alpha(1) interface. Taken together, all of these results indicate that it is feasible to site-specifically glycosylate Hb. This work has great potential in developing an oxygen carrier with defined chemistry that can target oxygen delivery to low pO(2) tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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208
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Pandey J, Sharma A, Tiwari VK, Dube D, Ramachandran R, Chaturvedi V, Sinha SK, Mishra NN, Shukla PK, Tripathi RP. Solution-Phase Synthesis of a Library of Carbapeptide Analogues Based on Glycosylamino Acid Scaffolds and Their In Silico Screening and Antimicrobial Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:422-7. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800206m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pandey
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Anindra Sharma
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Divya Dube
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ravishankar Ramachandran
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Vinita Chaturvedi
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Sudhir K. Sinha
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Nripendra N. Mishra
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Praveen K. Shukla
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Rama P. Tripathi
- Divisions of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Drug Target Discovery and Development, and Fermentation Technology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
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209
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Piontek C, Ring P, Harjes O, Heinlein C, Mezzato S, Lombana N, Pöhner C, Püttner M, Varón Silva D, Martin A, Schmid F, Unverzagt C. Semisynthesis of a Homogeneous Glycoprotein Enzyme: Ribonuclease C: Part 1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1936-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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210
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Piontek C, Ring P, Harjes O, Heinlein C, Mezzato S, Lombana N, Pöhner C, Püttner M, Varón Silva D, Martin A, Schmid F, Unverzagt C. Semisynthese eines homogenen Glycoprotein-Enzyms: Ribonuclease C (Teil 1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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211
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Piontek C, Varón Silva D, Heinlein C, Pöhner C, Mezzato S, Ring P, Martin A, Schmid F, Unverzagt C. Semisynthesis of a Homogeneous Glycoprotein Enzyme: Ribonuclease C: Part 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1941-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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212
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Piontek C, Varón Silva D, Heinlein C, Pöhner C, Mezzato S, Ring P, Martin A, Schmid F, Unverzagt C. Semisynthese eines homogenen Glycoprotein-Enzyms: Ribonuclease C (Teil 2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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213
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Skropeta D. The effect of individual N-glycans on enzyme activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2645-53. [PMID: 19285412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a series of investigations, N-glycosylation has proven to be a key determinant of enzyme secretion, activity, binding affinity and substrate specificity, enabling a protein to fine-tune its activity. In the majority of cases elimination of all putative N-glycosylation sites of an enzyme results in significantly reduced protein secretion levels, while removal of individual N-glycosylation sites often leads to the expression of active enzymes showing markedly reduced catalytic activity, with the decreased activity often commensurate with the number of glycosylation sites available, and the fully deglycosylated enzymes showing only minimal activity relative to their glycosylated counterparts. On the other hand, several cases have also recently emerged where deglycosylation of an enzyme results in significantly increased catalytic activity, binding affinity and altered substrate specificity, highlighting the very unique and diverse roles that individual N-glycans play in regulating enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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214
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Gamblin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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215
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Horvat Š, Kralj M, Perc M, Jerić I, Varga-Defterdarović L, Jakas A, Roščić M, Šuman L, Gredičak M. Novel Side-Chain Glucosylated and Adamantylated [Asp2/Glu2]Enkephalin Analogs: Synthesis andIn VitroGrowth Inhibition of Human Tumor Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:253-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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216
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Espenlaub S, Wortmann A, Engler T, Corjon S, Kochanek S, Kreppel F. Reductive amination as a strategy to reduce adenovirus vector promiscuity by chemical capsid modification with large polysaccharides. J Gene Med 2009; 10:1303-14. [PMID: 18837065 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical capsid modification of adenovirus vectors with synthetic polymers has been shown to aid in overcoming typical barriers for adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer. Carbohydrate-based polymers for covalent modification of adenovirus vectors have been largely neglected so far. We utilized a reductive amination strategy to generate a novel class of adenovirus-based glycovectors with a mannan derivative. METHODS Reductive amination to covalently couple polysaccharides to the capsid surface of adenovirus serotype 5-based vectors was investigated utilizing an oxidized derivative of mannan. After biochemical and physical characterization of mannanylated vectors, their performance was analysed in vitro in cell lines and primary human cells, and in vivo in mice after local and systemic vector injection. RESULTS We describe the successful modification of adenovirus vectors with large polysaccharides by reductive amination. The particles were efficiently modified, physically intact and, importantly, detargeted from the natural Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor/integrin pathway in vitro. In addition, they exhibited significantly decreased transduction of muscle after local delivery and of liver after systemic delivery in mice. However, despite the modification of 60% of capsid surface amino groups, mannanylated particles were unable to evade neutralizing anti-Ad5 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Mannanylated vectors are a paradigm for a novel class of glycoviruses modified with large polysaccharides. Vector promiscuity as one of the important hurdles for Ad-mediated gene transfer could be significantly decreased in vivo, whereas mannanylated vectors were unable to escape from anti-adenovirus antibodies. Our studies provide a detailed analysis of mannan-modified Ad vectors and suggest further improvements for this novel class of glycovectors.
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217
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218
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Abstract
The development of novel methodology for bond-forming processes that are compatible with biomolecules allows the assembly, alteration, or modification of proteins. Such synthetic proteins allow precise insight and investigation of function in a manner that has the potential for almost unlimited diversity.
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219
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Linclau B, Boydell AJ, Timofte RS, Brown KJ, Vinader V, Weymouth-Wilson AC. Enantioselective synthesis of tetrafluorinated ribose and fructose. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:803-14. [DOI: 10.1039/b817260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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220
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Garner J, Jolliffe KA, Harding MM, Payne RJ. Synthesis of homogeneous antifreeze glycopeptides via a ligation–desulfurisation strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6925-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b918021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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221
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222
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223
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Chen J, Wan Q, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Danishefsky SJ. Native chemical ligation at valine: a contribution to peptide and glycopeptide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8521-4. [PMID: 18833563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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224
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Hackenberger C, Schwarzer D. Chemoselektive Ligations- und Modifikationsstrategien für Peptide und Proteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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225
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Hackenberger C, Schwarzer D. Chemoselective Ligation and Modification Strategies for Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:10030-74. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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226
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Wei G, Lv X, Du Y. FeCl3-catalyzed α-glycosidation of glycosamine pentaacetates. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:3096-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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227
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Chen J, Wan Q, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Danishefsky S. Native Chemical Ligation at Valine: A Contribution to Peptide and Glycopeptide Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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228
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Ochiai H, Huang W, Wang LX. Expeditious chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogeneous N-glycoproteins carrying defined oligosaccharide ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13790-803. [PMID: 18803385 DOI: 10.1021/ja805044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient chemoenzymatic method for the construction of homogeneous N-glycoproteins was described that explores the transglycosylation activity of the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) with synthetic sugar oxazolines as the donor substrates. First, an array of large oligosaccharide oxazolines were synthesized and evaluated as substrates for the Endo-A-catalyzed transglycosylation by use of ribonuclease B as a model system. The experimental results showed that Endo-A could tolerate modifications at the outer mannose residues of the Man3GlcNAc-oxazoline core, thus allowing introduction of large oligosaccharide ligands into a protein and meanwhile preserving the natural, core N-pentasaccharide (Man3GlcNAc2) structure in the resulting glycoprotein upon transglycosylation. In addition to ligands for galectins and mannose-binding lectins, azido functionality could be readily introduced at the N-pentasaccharide (Man3GlcNAc2) core by use of azido-containing Man3GlcNAc oxazoline as the donor substrate. The introduction of azido functionality permits further site-specific modifications of the resulting glycoproteins, as demonstrated by the successful attachment of two copies of alphaGal epitopes to ribonuclease B. This study reveals a broad substrate specificity of Endo-A for transglycosylation, and the chemoenzymatic method described here points to a new avenue for quick access to various homogeneous N-glycoproteins for structure-activity relationship studies and for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ochiai
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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229
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Crich D, Yang F. Synthesis of neoglycoconjugates by the desulfurative rearrangement of allylic disulfides. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7017-27. [PMID: 18729514 PMCID: PMC2742710 DOI: 10.1021/jo8015314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of neoglycosyl donors are prepared on the basis of connection of an allylic disulfide motif to the anomeric center via a simple O-glycosyl linkage or N-glycosyl amide unit. Conjugation of both sets of donors to cysteine in peptides is demonstrated through classical disulfide exchange followed by the phosphine-mediated desulfurative allylic rearrangement resulting in neoglycopeptides characterized by a simple thioether spacer. The conjugation reaction functions in the absence of protecting groups on both the neoglycosyl donor and peptide in aqueous media at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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230
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Synthetic glycopeptide vaccines combining beta-mannan and peptide epitopes induce protection against candidiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13526-31. [PMID: 18725625 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803195105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first fully synthetic glycopeptide vaccines against a fungal disease have been used to combat disseminated candidiasis in mice. Six T cell peptides found in Candida albicans cell wall proteins were selected by algorithm peptide epitope searches; each was synthesized and conjugated to the fungal cell wall beta-mannan trisaccharide [beta-(Man)(3)] by novel saccharide-peptide linker chemistry to create glycopeptide conjugates. The six proteins were selected because of expression during human candidiasis and cell wall association and included: fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba); methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate (Met6); hyphal wall protein-1 (Hwp1); enolase (Enol); glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap1); and phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk1). By immunization protocols favoring production of protective antibody, the beta-(Man)(3)-Fba, beta-(Man)(3)-Met6 and beta-(Man)(3)-Hwp1 induced protection evidenced by survival and reduced kidney fungal burden, the beta-(Man)(3)-Eno1 and beta-(Man)(3)-Gap1 gave moderate protection, and the beta-(Man)(3)-Pgk1 slightly enhanced disease. For the beta-(Man)(3)-Fba conjugate, protection was uniquely acquired through immunity against the carbohydrate and the Fba peptide. This approach based on fully synthetic chemically defined immunogens should be generally useful in vaccine development.
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231
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Bennett CS, Dean SM, Payne RJ, Ficht S, Brik A, Wong CH. Sugar-assisted glycopeptide ligation with complex oligosaccharides: scope and limitations. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11945-52. [PMID: 18698778 DOI: 10.1021/ja8010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown sugar-assisted ligation (SAL) to be a useful method for the convergent construction of glycopeptides. However to date SAL has only been carried out on systems where the thiol auxiliary is attached to a monosaccharide. For SAL to be truly applicable to the construction of fully elaborated glycopeptides and glycoproteins, it must be possible to carry out the reaction when the thiol auxiliary is attached to more elaborate sugars, as these are frequently what are observed in nature. Here we examine the effects of glycosylation at C-3, C-4, and C-6 of the C-2 auxiliary-containing glycan. Model glycopeptides where synthesized chemoenzymatically and reacted with peptide thioesters used in our previous work. These studies reveal that SAL is sensitive to extended glycosylation on the auxiliary-containing sugar. While it is possible to carry out SAL with extended glycosylation at C-4 and C-6, the presence of glycosylation at C-3 prevents the ligation from occurring. Additionally, with glycosylation at C-4 the ligation efficiency is affected by the identity of the N-terminal AA, while the nature of the C-terminal residue of the peptide thioester does not appear to affect ligation efficiency. These studies provide useful guidelines in deciding when it is appropriate to use SAL in the synthesis of complex glycopeptides and glycoproteins and how to choose ligation junctions for optimal yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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232
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Niederhafner P, Reinis M, Sebestík J, Jezek J. Glycopeptide dendrimers, part III: a review. Use of glycopeptide dendrimers in immunotherapy and diagnosis of cancer and viral diseases. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:556-87. [PMID: 18275089 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycopeptide dendrimers containing different types of tumor associated-carbohydrate antigens (T(N), TF, sialyl-T(N), sialyl-TF, sialyl-Le(x), sialyl-Le(a) etc.) were used in diagnosis and therapy of different sorts of cancer. These dendrimeric structures with incorporated T-cell epitopes and adjuvants can be used as antitumor vaccines. Best results were obtained with multiantigenic vaccines, containing, e.g. five or six different TAAs. The topic of TAAs and their dendrimeric forms at molecular level are reviewed, including structure, syntheses, and biological activities. Use of glycopeptide dendrimers as antiviral vaccines against HIV and influenza is also described. Their syntheses, physico-chemical properties, and biological activities are given with many examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Niederhafner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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233
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Timofte RS, Linclau B. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrafluorinated Glucose and Galactose. Org Lett 2008; 10:3673-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana S. Timofte
- University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ
| | - Bruno Linclau
- University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ
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234
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Wrodnigg TM, Kartusch C, Illaszewicz C. The Amadori rearrangement as key reaction for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2057-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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235
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Wang LX. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins through endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1509-22. [PMID: 18405887 PMCID: PMC2519876 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins are indispensable for detailed structural and functional studies of glycoproteins. It is also fundamentally important to correct glycosylation patterns for developing effective glycoprotein-based therapeutics. This review discusses a useful chemoenzymatic method that takes advantage of the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation to attach an intact oligosaccharide to a polypeptide in a single step, without the need for any protecting groups. The exploration of sugar oxazolines (enzymatic reaction intermediates) as donor substrates has not only expanded substrate availability, but also has significantly enhanced the enzymatic transglycosylation efficiency. Moreover, the discovery of a novel mutant with glycosynthase-like activity has made it possible to synthesize homogeneous glycoproteins with full-size natural N-glycans. Recent advances in this highly convergent chemoenzymatic approach and its application for glycopeptide and glycoprotein synthesis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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236
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Ficht S, Payne RJ, Guy RT, Wong CH. Solid-phase synthesis of peptide and glycopeptide thioesters through side-chain-anchoring strategies. Chemistry 2008; 14:3620-9. [PMID: 18278777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An efficient new strategy for the synthesis of peptide and glycopeptide thioesters is described. The method relies on the side-chain immobilization of a variety of Fmoc-amino acids, protected at their C-termini, on solid supports. Once anchored, peptides were constructed using solid-phase peptide synthesis according to the Fmoc protocol. After unmasking the C-terminal carboxylate, either thiols or amino acid thioesters were coupled to afford, after cleavage, peptide and glycopeptide thioesters in high yields. Using this method a significant proportion of the proteinogenic amino acids could be incorporated as C-terminal amino acid residues, therefore providing access to a large number of potential targets that can serve as acyl donors in subsequent ligation reactions. The utility of this methodology was exemplified in the synthesis of a 28 amino acid glycopeptide thioester, which was further elaborated to an N-terminal fragment of the glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) by native chemical ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ficht
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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237
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Dziadek S, Jacques S, Bundle D. A Novel Linker Methodology for the Synthesis of Tailored Conjugate Vaccines Composed of Complex Carbohydrate Antigens and Specific TH‐Cell Peptide Epitopes. Chemistry 2008; 14:5908-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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238
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Merkel L, Beckmann HSG, Wittmann V, Budisa N. Efficient N-Terminal Glycoconjugation of Proteins by the N-End Rule. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1220-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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239
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Geng Y, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Stereoselectivity investigation on glycosylation of oxazolidinone protected 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose donors based on pre-activation protocol. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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240
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241
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Bernardes GJL, Chalker JM, Errey JC, Davis BG. Facile Conversion of Cysteine and Alkyl Cysteines to Dehydroalanine on Protein Surfaces: Versatile and Switchable Access to Functionalized Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5052-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja800800p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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242
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Gamblin DP, van Kasteren SI, Chalker JM, Davis BG. Chemical approaches to mapping the function of post-translational modifications. FEBS J 2008; 275:1949-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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243
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Kuijpers BHM, Groothuys S, Hawner C, Dam JT, Quaedflieg PJLM, Schoemaker HE, Delft FLV, Rutjes FPJT. Cu-Catalyzed Formation of Triazole-Linked Glycoamino Acids and Application in Chemoenzymatic Peptide Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. M. Kuijpers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Stan Groothuys
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Hawner
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen ten Dam
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. L. M. Quaedflieg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans E. Schoemaker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris L. van Delft
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products - Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis & Development, P.O. Box 18, NL-6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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244
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Bernardes G, Grayson E, Thompson S, Chalker J, Errey J, El Oualid F, Claridge T, Davis B. From Disulfide- to Thioether-Linked Glycoproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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245
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246
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update covering the period 2001-2002. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:125-201. [PMID: 18247413 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is the second update of the original review on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates that was published in 1999. It covers fundamental aspects of the technique as applied to carbohydrates, fragmentation of carbohydrates, studies of specific carbohydrate types such as those from plant cell walls and those attached to proteins and lipids, studies of glycosyl-transferases and glycosidases, and studies where MALDI has been used to monitor products of chemical synthesis. Use of the technique shows a steady annual increase at the expense of older techniques such as FAB. There is an increasing emphasis on its use for examination of biological systems rather than on studies of fundamental aspects and method development and this is reflected by much of the work on applications appearing in tabular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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247
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Wilkinson BL, Innocenti A, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Poulsen SA. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases with glycosyltriazole benzene sulfonamides. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1945-53. [PMID: 18307288 DOI: 10.1021/jm701426t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A library of glycoconjugate benzene sulfonamides have been synthesized and investigated for their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of physiologically relevant human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isozymes: hCA I, II, and tumor-associated IX. Our synthetic strategy directly links the known CA pharmacophore (ArSO 2NH 2) to a sugar "tail" moiety through a rigid 1,2,3-triazole linker unit using the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction or "click chemistry". Many of the glycoconjugates were potent CA inhibitors and exhibited some isozyme selectivity. In particular, the methyl-D-glucuronate triazoles 6 and 14 were potent inhibitors of hCA IX (K(i)s 9.9 and 8.4 nM, respectively) with selectivity also favoring this isozyme. Other exceptional compounds included the deprotected beta-D-ribofuranosyl triazole 15 and alpha-D-mannosyl triazole 17, which were potent and selective hCA II inhibitors (K(i) 7.5 nM and K(i) 2.3 nM, respectively). Collectively, the results confirm that modification of ring size, stereochemical configuration, and chain length in the sugar tail moiety of glycoconjugate CA inhibitors permits tunable potency and selectivity that may constitute an important avenue for the future development of efficacious and selective CA-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L Wilkinson
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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248
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Cudic M, Burstein GD. Preparation of glycosylated amino acids suitable for Fmoc solid-phase assembly. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 494:187-208. [PMID: 18726575 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-419-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many biological interactions and functions are mediated by glycans, consequently leading to the emerging importance of carbohydrate and glycoconjugate chemistry in the design of novel drug therapeutics. Despite the challenges that carbohydrate moieties bring into the synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins, considerable progress has been made during recent decades. Glycopeptides carrying many simple glycans have been chemically synthesized, enzymatic approaches have been utilized to introduce more complex glycans, and most recently native chemical ligation has enabled synthesis of glycoproteins from well-designed peptide and glycopeptide building blocks. Currently, general synthetic methodology for glycopeptides relies on preformed glycosylated amino acids for the stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis. The formation of glycosidic bonds is of fundamental importance in the assembly of glycopeptides. As such, every glycosylation has to be regarded as a unique problem, demanding considerable systematic research. In this chapter we will summarize the most common chemical methods for the stereoselective synthesis of N- and O-glycosylated amino acids. The particular emphasis will be given to the preparation of building blocks for use in solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis based on the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protective group strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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249
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Kleinert M, Winkler T, Terfort A, Lindhorst TK. A modular approach for the construction and modification of glyco-SAMs utilizing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2118-32. [DOI: 10.1039/b801595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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250
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Park S, Lee MR, Shin I. Chemical tools for functional studies of glycans. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:1579-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b713011m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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