201
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Kwon JW, Choi JA, Shin EY, La TY, Jee DH, Chung YW, Cho YK. Effect of trapping vascular endothelial growth factor-A in a murine model of dry eye with inflammatory neovascularization. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1541-1548. [PMID: 27990354 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether trapping vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) would suppress angiogenesis and inflammation in dry eye corneas in a murine corneal suture model. METHODS We established two groups of animals, one with non-dry eyes and the other with induced dry eyes. In both groups, a corneal suture model was used to induce inflammation and neovascularization. Each of two groups was again divided into three subgroups according to the treatment; subgroup I (aflibercept), subgroup II (dexamethasone) and subgroup III (phosphate buffered saline, PBS). Corneas were harvested and immunohistochemical staining was performed to compare the extents of neovascularization and CD11b+ cell infiltration. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify the expression of inflammatory cytokines and VEGF-A in the corneas. RESULTS Trapping VEGF-A with aflibercept resulted in significantly decreased angiogenesis and inflammation compared with the dexamethasone and PBS treatments in the dry eye corneas (all P<0.05), but with no such effects in non-dry eyes. The anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of VEGF-A trapping were stronger than those of dexamethasone in both dry eye and non-dry eye corneas (all P<0.05). The levels of RNA expression of VEGF-A, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in the aflibercept subgroup were significantly decreased compared with those in the PBS subgroup in the dry eye group. CONCLUSION Compared with non-dry eye corneas, dry eye corneas have greater amounts of inflammation and neovascularization and also have a more robust response to anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic agents after ocular surface surgery. Trapping VEGF-A is effective in decreasing both angiogenesis and inflammation in dry eye corneas after ocular surface surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, South Korea
| | - Jin A Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Shin
- Research Institute of Medical Science, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do16247, South Korea
| | - Tae Yoon La
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jee
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, South Korea
| | - Yeon Woong Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, South Korea
| | - Yang Kyung Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, South Korea
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202
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Blitvich BJ, Wang T, Saxena V, Zeng S, Harmon KM, Raymond MD, Goins KM, Reed CR, Mullins RF, Greiner MA. West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Mouse Cornea Tissue. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1185-1191. [PMID: 27672204 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro and ex vivo susceptibility of human corneal cells to West Nile virus (WNV) infection and evaluate the ability of the virus to disseminate to the corneas of infected mice. Human corneal epithelial cells were challenged with WNV, incubated for 1-6 days, and tested for evidence of WNV infection. Viral RNA and antigen were detected at every time point, and the virus reached a peak titer of 2.5 × 107 plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL at 3 days postinoculation (PI). Corneas procured from donors were incubated in culture dishes containing WNV for 1-5 days and tested for evidence of WNV. Viral RNA and antigen were detected, and the virus reached a mean peak titer of 4.9 × 104 pfu/mL at 5 days PI. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with WNV, and their eyes were harvested at 2, 5, and 8 days PI and tested for evidence of WNV. Viral RNA was detected in corneas of four of nine systemically infected mice as early as 2 days PI. We conclude that human corneal cells support WNV replication in vitro and ex vivo, and WNV may disseminate into the corneas of experimentally infected mice. These findings indicate that corneal transmission cannot be ruled out as a novel mode of human-to-human WNV transmission and additional experiments should be conducted to assess this risk further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Shemin Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Matthew D Raymond
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Kenneth M Goins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa
| | | | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark A Greiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. .,Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa
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203
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Quiroz-Mercado J, Ramírez-Velázquez N, Partido G, Zenteno E, Chávez R, Agundis-Mata C, Jiménez-Martínez MC, Garfias Y. Tissue and cellular characterisation of nucleolin in a murine model of corneal angiogenesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:1753-63. [PMID: 27313162 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal neovascularisation (CNV), with consequent loss of transparency, is due to an imbalance of proangiogenic factors. Cell-surface nucleolin (NCL) has been associated with neo-angiogenesis. There are studies identifying NCL translocation from nucleus to the cell surface, which is essential for endothelial cell proliferation. To find the possible role of NCL in the generation of corneal neovessels, the aim of this study is to characterise the NCL presence and cell-localisation in non-injured corneas, as well as to describe the changes in NCL cell and tissue localisation in CNV, and to analyse the effect of bevacizumab on NCL cellular and tissular distribution. METHODS Suture-induced CNV was performed in mice. The corneal tissues were obtained and the histological and co-immunofluorescence assays were performed using different proteins, such as CD31, cadherin and isolectin B4. To determine the possible role of VEGF in NCL presence and localisation in our CNV model, bevacizumab was concomitantly used. RESULTS Nucleolin was principally observed in the nucleus of the basal epithelial cells of normal corneas. Interestingly, angiogenesis-induced changes were observed in the localisation of NCL, not only in tissue but also at the cellular level where NCL was extranuclear in epithelial cells, stromal cells and neovessels. In contrast, these changes were reverted when bevacizumab was used. Besides, NCL was able to stain only aberrant corneal neovessels in comparison with retinal vessels. CONCLUSIONS NCL mobilisation outside the nucleus during angiogenesis could have a possible role as a proangiogenic molecule in the corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Quiroz-Mercado
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800, Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Ramírez-Velázquez
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Partido
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Chávez
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Concepción Agundis-Mata
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Carmen Jiménez-Martínez
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, 06800, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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204
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Gurung HR, Carr MM, Carr DJJ. Cornea lymphatics drive the CD8 + T-cell response to herpes simplex virus-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:87-98. [PMID: 27577867 PMCID: PMC5209249 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the cornea induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-dependent lymphangiogenesis. However, the extent to which HSV-1-induced corneal lymphangiogenesis impacts the adaptive immune response has not been characterized. Here, we used floxed VEGF-A mice to study the importance of newly created corneal lymphatic vessels in the host adaptive immune response to infection. Whereas the mice infected with the parental virus (strain SC16) exhibited robust corneal lymphangiogenesis, mice that received the recombinant virus (SC16 ICP0-Cre) that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), an HSV-1 immediate early gene, showed a significant reduction in lymphangiogenesis. There was no difference in virus recovered from the cornea of mice infected with SC16 vs SC16 ICP0-Cre. However, viral loads were significantly elevated in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice with reduced corneal lymphangiogenesis. The increase in viral titer correlated with a significant loss of HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells that traffic to the TG of mice infected with the recombinant virus. Intrastromal delivery of size exclusion dye (FITC-dextran) revealed a time-dependent defect in the ability of the lymphatic vessels in SC16 ICP0-Cre infected mice to transport soluble antigen from the cornea to the draining lymph nodes. We interpret these results to suggest that the newly created lymphatic vessels in the cornea driven by HSV-1 infection are critical in the delivery of soluble viral antigen to the draining lymph node and subsequent development of the CD8+ T cell response to HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R Gurung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Meghan M Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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205
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Kong B, Mi S. Electrospun Scaffolds for Corneal Tissue Engineering: A Review. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080614. [PMID: 28773745 PMCID: PMC5509008 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Corneal diseases constitute the second leading cause of vision loss and affect more than 10 million people globally. As there is a severe shortage of fresh donated corneas and an unknown risk of immune rejection with traditional heterografts, it is very important and urgent to construct a corneal equivalent to replace pathologic corneal tissue. Corneal tissue engineering has emerged as a practical strategy to develop corneal tissue substitutes, and the design of a scaffold with mechanical properties and transparency similar to that of natural cornea is paramount for the regeneration of corneal tissues. Nanofibrous scaffolds produced by electrospinning have high surface area-to-volume ratios and porosity that simulate the structure of protein fibers in native extra cellular matrix (ECM). The versatilities of electrospinning of polymer components, fiber structures, and functionalization have made the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds with suitable mechanical strength, transparency and biological properties for corneal tissue engineering feasible. In this paper, we review the recent developments of electrospun scaffolds for engineering corneal tissues, mainly including electrospun materials (single and blended polymers), fiber structures (isotropic or anisotropic), functionalization (improved mechanical properties and transparency), applications (corneal cell survival, maintenance of phenotype and formation of corneal tissue) and future development perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Kong
- Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Macromolecular Platforms for Translational Medicine and Bio-Manufacturing Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Insititute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shengli Mi
- Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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206
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Yoshikawa Y, Yamada T, Tai-Nagara I, Okabe K, Kitagawa Y, Ema M, Kubota Y. Developmental regression of hyaloid vasculature is triggered by neurons. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1175-83. [PMID: 27325890 PMCID: PMC4925022 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular development involves not only vascular growth, but also regression of transient or unnecessary vessels. Hyaloid vasculature is the temporary circulatory system in fetal eyes, which spontaneously degenerates when the retinal blood vessels start to grow. Failure of the hyaloid vessels to regress leads to disease in humans, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, which causes severe intraocular hemorrhage and impairs visual function. However, the mechanism underlying the endogenous program that mediates spontaneous regression of the hyaloid vessels is not well understood. In this study, we identify a robust switch triggering this program directed by neurons in mice. Marked up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) occurs in retinal neurons just after birth via distal-multipotent-mesodermal enhancer, a hemangioblast-specific enhancer of VEGFR2. Genetic deletion of neuronal VEGFR2 interrupts this program, resulting in massive hyaloid vessels that persist even during late postnatal days. This abnormality is caused by excessive VEGF proteins in the vitreous cavity as a result of impairment in the neuronal sequestration of VEGF. Collectively, our data indicate that neurons trigger transition from the fetal to the postnatal circulatory systems in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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207
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Chang JH, Putra I, Huang YH, Chang M, Han K, Zhong W, Gao X, Wang S, Dugas-Ford J, Nguyen T, Hong YK, Azar DT. Limited versus total epithelial debridement ocular surface injury: Live fluorescence imaging of hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in Prox1-GFP/Flk1::Myr-mCherry mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2148-56. [PMID: 27233452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemical staining experiments have shown that both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis occur following severe corneal and conjunctival injury and that the neovascularization of the cornea often has severe visual consequences. To better understand how hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are induced by different degrees of ocular injury, we investigated patterns of injury-induced corneal neovascularization in live Prox1-GFP/Flk1::myr-mCherry mice, in which blood and lymphatic vessels can be imaged simultaneously in vivo. METHODS The eyes of Prox1-GFP/Flk1::myr-mCherry mice were injured according to four models based on epithelial debridement of the: A) central cornea (a 1.5-mm-diameter circle of tissue over the corneal apex), B) total cornea, C) bulbar conjunctiva, and D) cornea+bulbar conjunctiva. Corneal blood and lymphatic vessels were imaged on days 0, 3, 7, and 10 post-injury, and the percentages of the cornea containing blood and lymphatic vessels were calculated. RESULTS Neither central corneal nor bulbar conjunctival debridement resulted in significant vessel growth in the mouse cornea, whereas total corneal and corneal+bulbar conjunctival debridement did. On day 10 in the central cornea, total cornea, bulbar conjunctiva, and corneal+bulbar conjunctival epithelial debridement models, the percentage of the corneal surface that was occupied by blood vessels (hemangiogenesis) was 1.9±0.8%, 7.14±2.4%, 2.29±1%, and 15.05±2.14%, respectively, and the percentage of the corneal surface that was occupied by lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) was 2.45±1.51%, 4.85±0.95%, 2.95±1.27%, and 4.15±3.85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Substantial corneal debridement was required to induce corneal neovascularization in the mouse cornea, and the corneal epithelium may therefore be partially responsible for maintaining corneal avascularity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that GFP/Flk1::myr-mCherry mice are a useful model for studying coordinated hemangiogenic and lymphangiogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ilham Putra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyuyeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinbo Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shuangyong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Dugas-Ford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tara Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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208
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Abdelfattah NS, Amgad M, Zayed AA, Hussein H, Abd El-Baky N. Molecular underpinnings of corneal angiogenesis: advances over the past decade. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:768-79. [PMID: 27275438 PMCID: PMC4886880 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is maintained in an avascular state by maintaining an environment whereby anti-angiogenic factors take the upper hand over factors promoting angiogenesis. Many of the common pathologies affecting the cornea involve the disruption of such equilibrium and the shift towards new vessel formation, leading to corneal opacity and eventually-vision loss. Therefore it is of paramount importance that the molecular underpinnings of corneal neovascularization (CNV) be clearly understood, in order to develop better targeted treatments. This article is a review of the literature on the recent discoveries regarding pro-angiogenic factors of the cornea (such as vascular endothelial growth factors, fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases) and anti-angiogenic factors of the cornea (such as endostatins and neostatins). Further, we review the molecular underpinnings of lymphangiogenesis, a process now known to be almost separate from (yet related to) hemangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Amgad
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11111, Egypt
| | - Amira A. Zayed
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
| | - Heba Hussein
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11111, Egypt
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Antibody Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 22033, Egypt
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209
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Connor AJ, Nowak RP, Lorenzon E, Thomas M, Herting F, Hoert S, Quaiser T, Shochat E, Pitt-Francis J, Cooper J, Maini PK, Byrne HM. An integrated approach to quantitative modelling in angiogenesis research. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:0546. [PMID: 26289655 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process by which new vessels form from existing ones, plays an important role in many developmental processes and pathological conditions. We study angiogenesis in the context of a highly controllable experimental environment: the cornea micropocket assay. Using a multidisciplinary approach that combines experiments, image processing and analysis, and mathematical modelling, we aim to provide mechanistic insight into the action of two angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). We use image analysis techniques to extract quantitative data, which are both spatially and temporally resolved, from experimental images, and we develop a mathematical model, in which the corneal vasculature evolves in response to both VEGF-A and bFGF. The experimental data are used for model parametrization, while the mathematical model is used to assess the utility of the cornea micropocket assay and to characterize proposed synergies between VEGF-A and bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Connor
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Erica Lorenzon
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology DTA, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Thomas
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Ophthalmology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Herting
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology DTA, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoert
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology DTA, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tom Quaiser
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Eliezer Shochat
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joe Pitt-Francis
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
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210
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Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, Keegan D, Hogg RE, Ambati BK. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:64-102. [PMID: 27156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, much research and effort has been invested in the identification of different biomarkers to predict disease incidence, identify at risk individuals, elucidate causative pathophysiological etiologies, guide screening, monitoring and treatment parameters, and predict disease outcomes. To date, a host of genetic, environmental, proteomic, and cellular targets have been identified as both risk factors and potential biomarkers for AMD. Despite this, their use has been confined to research settings and has not yet crossed into the clinical arena. A greater understanding of these factors and their use as potential biomarkers for AMD can guide future research and clinical practice. This article will discuss known risk factors and novel, potential biomarkers of AMD in addition to their application in both academic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Lambert
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hanan ElShelmani
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Malkit K Singh
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fiona C Mansergh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael A Wride
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maximilian Padilla
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David Keegan
- Mater Misericordia Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science Block A, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Co.Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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211
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Ferrari G, Giacomini C, Bignami F, Moi D, Ranghetti A, Doglioni C, Naldini L, Rama P, Mazzieri R. Angiopoietin 2 expression in the cornea and its control of corneal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100:1005-1010. [PMID: 27146154 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define proangiogenic angiopoietin 2 (ANG2) expression and role(s) in human and mouse vascularised corneas. Further, to evaluate the effect of ANG2 inhibition on corneal neovascularisation (CNV). METHODS CNV was induced in FVB mice by means of intrastromal suture placement. One group of animals was sacrificed 10 days later; corneas were immunostained for ANG2 and compared with (i) mouse non-vascularised corneas and (ii) human vascularised and non-vascularised corneas. A second group of CNV animals was treated systemically with an anti-ANG2 antibody. After 10 days, the corneas were whole-mounted, stained for CD31 and LYVE1 and lymphatic/blood vessels quantified. In another set of experiments, the corneal basal Bowman membrane was either (i) removed or (ii) left in place. After 2 or 10 days the corneas were removed and immunostained for collagen IV, ANG2, CD31, LYVE1, CD11b and MRC1 markers. RESULTS In human beings and mice, ANG2 is expressed only in the epithelium, and, mildly, in the endothelium, of the avascular cornea. Instead, it is expressed in the epithelium, endothelium and stroma of vascularised corneas. Disruption of the Bowman membrane is associated with a significant increase of (i) ANG2 stromal expression and (ii) proangiogenic macrophage infiltration in the corneal stroma. Finally, blocking ANG2 significantly reduced hemangiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Balancing proper healing and good vision is crucial in the cornea, constantly exposed to potential injuries. In this paper, we suggest the existence of a mechanism regulating the onset of inflammation (and associated CNV) depending on injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ferrari
- Eye Repair Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomini
- Eye Repair Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Bignami
- Eye Repair Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Moi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Ranghetti
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Naldini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Eye Repair Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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212
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Cvekl A, Callaerts P. PAX6: 25th anniversary and more to learn. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:10-21. [PMID: 27126352 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-binding transcription factor PAX6 was cloned 25 years ago by multiple teams pursuing identification of human and mouse eye disease causing genes, cloning vertebrate homologues of pattern-forming regulatory genes identified in Drosophila, or abundant eye-specific transcripts. Since its discovery in 1991, genetic, cellular, molecular and evolutionary studies on Pax6 mushroomed in the mid 1990s leading to the transformative thinking regarding the genetic program orchestrating both early and late stages of eye morphogenesis as well as the origin and evolution of diverse visual systems. Since Pax6 is also expressed outside of the eye, namely in the central nervous system and pancreas, a number of important insights into the development and function of these organs have been amassed. In most recent years, genome-wide technologies utilizing massively parallel DNA sequencing have begun to provide unbiased insights into the regulatory hierarchies of specification, determination and differentiation of ocular cells and neurogenesis in general. This review is focused on major advancements in studies on mammalian eye development driven by studies of Pax6 genes in model organisms and future challenges to harness the technology-driven opportunities to reconstruct, step-by-step, the transition from naïve ectoderm, neuroepithelium and periocular mesenchyme/neural crest cells into the three-dimensional architecture of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; The Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, K.U. Leuven, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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213
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Wholemount imaging reveals abnormalities of the aqueous outflow pathway and corneal vascularity in Foxc1 and Bmp4 heterozygous mice. Exp Eye Res 2016; 146:293-303. [PMID: 27068508 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the FOXC1/Foxc1 gene in humans and mice and Bmp4 in mice are associated with congenital anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and the development of the aqueous outflow structures throughout the limbus. The aim of this study was to advance our understanding of anterior segment abnormalities in mouse models of ASD using a 3-D imaging approach. Holistic imaging information combined with quantitative measurements were carried out on PECAM-1 stained individual components of the aqueous outflow vessels and corneal vasculature of Foxc1(+/-) on the C57BL/6Jx129 and ICR backgrounds, Bmp4(+/-) ICR mice, and wildtype mice from each background. In both wildtype and heterozygotes, singular, bifurcated and plexus forms of Schlemm's canal were noted. Of note, missing portions of the canal were seen in the heterozygous groups but not in wildtype animals. In general, we found the number of collector channels to be reduced in both heterozygotes. Lastly, we found a significant increase in the complexity of the corneal arcades and their penetration into the cornea in heterozygotes as compared with wild types. In conclusion, our 3-D imaging studies have revealed a more complex arrangement of both the aqueous vessels and corneal arcades in Foxc1(+/-) and Bmp4(+/-) heterozygotes, and further advance our understanding of how such abnormalities could impact on IOP and the aetiology of glaucoma.
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214
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Swamynathan S, Delp EE, Harvey SAK, Loughner CL, Raju L, Swamynathan SK. Corneal Expression of SLURP-1 by Age, Sex, Genetic Strain, and Ocular Surface Health. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7888-96. [PMID: 26670825 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although secreted Ly6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related protein-1 (Slurp1) transcript is highly abundant in the mouse cornea, corresponding protein expression remains uncharacterized. Also, SLURP1 was undetected in previous tear proteomics studies, resulting in ambiguity about its baseline levels. Here, we examine mouse corneal Slurp1 expression in different sexes, age groups, strains, and health conditions, and quantify SLURP1 in human tears from healthy or inflamed ocular surfaces. METHODS Expression of Slurp1 in embryonic day-13 (E13), E16, postnatal day-1 (PN1), PN10, PN20, and PN70 Balb/C, FVBN, C57Bl/6, and DBA/2J mouse corneas, Klf4Δ/ΔCE corneas with corneal epithelial-specific ablation of Klf4, migrating cells in wild-type corneal epithelial wound edge, and in corneas exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) poly(I:C), zymosan-A, or Pam3Csk4 was examined by QPCR, immunoblots, and immunofluorescent staining. Human SLURP1 levels were quantified by ELISA in tears from 34 men and women aged 18 to 80 years. RESULTS Expression of Slurp1, comparable in different strains and sexes, was low in E13, E16, PN1, and PN10 mouse corneas, and increased rapidly after eyelid opening in a Klf4-dependent manner. We found Slurp1 was downregulated in corneas exposed to PAMPs, and in migrating cells at the wound edge. Human SLURP1 expression, comparable in different sexes and age groups, was significantly decreased in tears from inflamed ocular surfaces (0.34%) than those from healthy individuals (0.77%). CONCLUSIONS These data describe the influence of age, sex, genetic background, and ocular surface health on mouse corneal expression of Slurp1, establish the baseline for human tear SLURP1 expression, and identify SLURP1 as a useful diagnostic and/or therapeutic target for inflammatory ocular surface disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emili E Delp
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stephen A K Harvey
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chelsea L Loughner
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Leela Raju
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Department of Cell Biology, Un
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215
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Regenfuß B, Dreisow ML, Hos D, Masli S, Bock F, Cursiefen C. The Naïve Murine Cornea as a Model System to Identify Novel Endogenous Regulators of Lymphangiogenesis: TRAIL and rtPA. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 13:76-84. [PMID: 26091403 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the murine cornea, which is an established model for analyzing pathologic lymphatic vessel growth, phenotypic heterogeneity of the endogenous lymphatic vessels in the limbus of the cornea was previously described. In this study, the cornea of BALB/c, C57BL/6, and FVB mice with different limbal lymphangiogenic phenotypes was analyzed to identify novel candidates potentially influencing lymphatic vessel growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Pathway specific expression analysis of the cornea was performed to identify novel candidate genes. Corneal protein expression of the respective candidates was analyzed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. The effect of the candidates on proliferation of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) was analyzed by BrdU proliferation ELISA. Thirteen genes were differentially regulated in corneas of mouse strains with more endogenous limbal lymphatic vessels (high-lymphangiogenic) (C57BL/6) compared to mouse strains with less endogenous limbal lymphatic vessels (low-lymphangiogenic) (BALB/c, FVB). Two candidates, Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 10 (Tnfsf10/Trail) and Plasminogen activator, tissue (Plat/tPA) were expressed in the cornea of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice on the protein level. In vitro, Trail and recombinant tPA inhibited the proliferation of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Molecular analysis of the naive cornea in mouse strains with different limbal lymphatic phenotypes is a valuable model to identify novel endogenous regulators of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Regenfuß
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne , Germany
| | | | - Deniz Hos
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Sharmila Masli
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Felix Bock
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne , Germany
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216
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Nie C, Zhang MN, Zhao HW, Olsen TD, Jackman K, Hu LN, Ma WP, Chen XF, Wang J, Zhang Y, Gao TS, Uehara H, Ambati BK, Luo L. Correlation of in vivo and in vitro methods in measuring choroidal vascularization volumes using a subretinal injection induced choroidal neovascularization model. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:1516-22. [PMID: 26021510 PMCID: PMC4733772 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.157681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo quantification of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) based on noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination and in vitro choroidal flatmount immunohistochemistry stained of CNV currently were used to evaluate the process and severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) both in human and animal studies. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between these two methods in murine CNV models induced by subretinal injection. METHODS CNV was developed in 20 C57BL6/j mice by subretinal injection of adeno-associated viral delivery of a short hairpin RNA targeting sFLT-1 (AAV.shRNA.sFLT-1), as reported previously. After 4 weeks, CNV was imaged by OCT and fluorescence angiography. The scaling factors for each dimension, x, y, and z (μm/pixel) were recorded, and the corneal curvature standard was adjusted from human (7.7) to mice (1.4). The volume of each OCT image stack was calculated and then normalized by multiplying the number of voxels by the scaling factors for each dimension in Seg3D software (University of Utah Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, available at http://www.sci.utah.edu/cibc-software/seg3d.html). Eighteen mice were prepared for choroidal flatmounts and stained by CD31. The CNV volumes were calculated using scanning laser confocal microscopy after immunohistochemistry staining. Two mice were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin for observing the CNV morphology. RESULTS The CNV volume calculated using OCT was, on average, 2.6 times larger than the volume calculated using the laser confocal microscopy. The correlation statistical analysis showed OCT measuring of CNV correlated significantly with the in vitro method (R 2 =0.448, P = 0.001, n = 18). The correlation coefficient for CNV quantification using OCT and confocal microscopy was 0.693 (n = 18, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There is a fair linear correlation on CNV volumes between in vivo and in vitro methods in CNV models induced by subretinal injection. The result might provide a useful evaluation of CNV both for the studies using CNV models induced by subretinal injection and human AMD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
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217
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Chen L, Martino V, Dombkowski A, Williams T, West-Mays J, Gage PJ. AP-2β Is a Downstream Effector of PITX2 Required to Specify Endothelium and Establish Angiogenic Privilege During Corneal Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1072-81. [PMID: 26968737 PMCID: PMC4790471 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The homeodomain transcription factor, PITX2, is at the apex of a genetic pathway required for corneal development, but the critical effector genes regulated by the PITX2 remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to discover and validate PITX2-dependent mechanisms required for specifying cell lineages and establishing angiogenic privilege within the developing cornea. METHODS Microarrays were used to compare gene expression in corneas isolated from temporal Pitx2 knockout embryos and control littermates. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry was used to further validate Tfap2b expression differences in Pitx2 knockout versus control corneas. In situ hybridization and protein immunohistochemistry were used to assay eyes of a Tfap2b allelic series of embryos to identify differentiated cellular lineages in the cornea, blood vessel endothelium, or lymphatic vessel endothelium. RESULTS We show that PITX2 is required for the expression of Tfap2b, encoding the AP-2β transcription factor, in the neural crest during corneal development. Markers of differentiated corneal epithelium and stroma are expressed in the absence of AP-2β. In contrast, markers of differentiated corneal endothelium are not expressed in the absence of AP-2β. Endomucin+ blood vessels are present throughout the developing corneal stroma in the absence of AP-2β, whereas LYVE1+ lymphatic vessels are not found. CONCLUSIONS The AP-2β transcription factor is an important effector of PITX2 function during corneal development, required for differentiation of corneal endothelium and establishment of angiogenic privilege. Unlike PITX2, AP-2β is not required for the early expression of available lineage specific markers for the corneal epithelium and stroma during embryogenesis, nor establishment of lymphangiogenic privilege. Therefore, additional PITX2-dependent factors likely regulate these latter processes during embryonic development. These results extend our understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating cornea development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Vanessa Martino
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Dombkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado–Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Judith West-Mays
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J. Gage
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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218
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Ferrara N, Adamis AP, Albeck M, Sredni B. Ten years of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:385-403. [PMID: 26775688 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), a crucial regulator of both normal and pathological angiogenesis, has revealed innovative therapeutic approaches in oncology and ophthalmology. The first VEGFA inhibitor, bevacizumab, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2004 for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, and the first VEGFA inhibitors in ophthalmology, pegaptanib and ranibizumab, were approved in 2004 and 2006, respectively. To mark this tenth anniversary of anti-VEGFA therapy, we discuss the discovery of VEGFA, the successes and challenges in the development of VEGFA inhibitors and the impact of these agents on the treatment of cancers and ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napoleone Ferrara
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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219
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Kwiatkowski SC, Ojeda AF, Lwigale PY. PlexinD1 is required for proper patterning of the periocular vascular network and for the establishment of corneal avascularity during avian ocular development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:128-39. [PMID: 26783882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anterior eye is comprised of an avascular cornea surrounded by a dense periocular vascular network and therefore serves as an excellent model for angiogenesis. Although signaling through PlexinD1 underlies various vascular patterning events during embryonic development, its role during the formation of the periocular vascular network is yet to be determined. Our recent study showed that PlexinD1 mRNA is expressed by periocular angioblasts and blood vessels during ocular vasculogenesis in patterns that suggest its involvement with Sema3 ligands that are concurrently expressed in the anterior eye. In this study, we used in vivo knockdown experiments to determine the role of PlexinD1 during vascular patterning in the anterior eye of the developing avian embryos. Knockdown of PlexinD1 in the anterior eye caused mispatterning of the vascular network in the presumptive iris, which was accompanied by lose of vascular integrity and profuse hemorrhaging in the anterior chamber. We also observed ectopic vascularization of the cornea in PlexinD1 knockdown eyes, which coincided with the formation of the limbal vasculature in controls. Finally we show that Sema3E and Sema3C transcripts are expressed in ocular tissue that is devoid of vasculature. These results indicate that PlexinD1 plays a critical role during vascular patterning in the iris and limbus, and is essential for the establishment of corneal avascularity during development. We conclude that PlexinD1 is involved in vascular response to antiangiogenic Sema3 signaling that guides the formation of the iris and limbal blood vessels by inhibiting VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Kwiatkowski
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77025, United States
| | - Ana F Ojeda
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77025, United States
| | - Peter Y Lwigale
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77025, United States.
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220
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Aplin AC, Nicosia RF. Hypoxia paradoxically inhibits the angiogenic response of isolated vessel explants while inducing overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:133-46. [PMID: 26748649 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-015-9493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate how changes in O2 levels affected angiogenesis in vascular organ culture. Although hypoxia is a potent inducer of angiogenesis, aortic rings cultured in collagen paradoxically failed to produce an angiogenic response in 1-4 % O2. Additionally, aortic neovessels preformed in atmospheric O2 lost pericytes and regressed at a faster rate than control when exposed to hypoxia. Aortic explants remained viable in hypoxia and produced an angiogenic response when returned to atmospheric O2. Hypoxic aortic rings were unresponsive to VEGF, while increased oxygenation of the system dose-dependently enhanced VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Hypoxia-induced refractoriness to angiogenic stimulation was not restricted to the aorta because similar results were obtained with vena cava explants or isolated endothelial cells. Unlike endothelial cells, aorta-derived mural cells were unaffected by hypoxia. Hypoxia downregulated expression in aortic explants of key signaling molecules including VEGFR2, NRP1 and Prkc-beta while upregulating expression of VEGFR1. Medium conditioned by hypoxic cultures exhibited angiostatic and anti-VEGF activities likely mediated by sVEGFr1. Hypoxia reduced expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in endothelial cells while upregulating VEGFR1 in macrophages and VEGF in both macrophages and mural cells. Thus, changes in O2 levels profoundly affect the endothelial response to angiogenic stimuli. These results suggest that hypoxia-induced angiogenesis is fine-tuned by complex regulatory mechanisms involving not only production of angiogenic factors including VEGF but also differential regulation of VEGFR expression in different cell types and production of inhibitors of VEGF function such as sVEGFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred C Aplin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberto F Nicosia
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service (S-113-Lab), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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221
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Ikeda T, Yoshitomi Y, Saito H, Shimasaki T, Yamaya H, Kobata T, Ishigaki Y, Tomosugi N, Yoshitake Y, Yonekura H. Regulation of soluble Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) production by hnRNP D and protein arginine methylation. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 413:155-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fink J, Koo BK. Clonal Evolution of Stem Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 908:11-25. [PMID: 27573765 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of gastrointestinal epithelial stem cells is a rapidly developing area of adult stem cell research. The discovery of Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells has enabled us to study many hidden aspects of the biology of gastrointestinal adult stem cells. Marked by Lgr5 and Troy, several novel endodermal stem cells have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract. A precise working model of stem cell propagation, dynamics, and plasticity has been revealed by a genetic labeling method, termed lineage tracing. This chapter introduces the reidentification of crypt base columnar cells as Lgr5(+) stem cells in the intestine. Subsequently, it will discuss dynamic clonal evolution and cellular plasticity in the intestinal stem cell zone, as well as in stem cell zones of stomach glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Fink
- Department of Genetics, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Department of Genetics, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Treacy O, Fahy G, Ritter T, O'Flynn L. Corneal Immunosuppressive Mechanisms, Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) and Their Role in Allograft Rejection. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1371:205-14. [PMID: 26530803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is the most frequently performed transplant procedure in humans. Human leukocyte antigen matching, while imperative for other types of organ transplants, is usually not performed before cornea transplantation. With the use of topical steroid immunosuppressants, which are subsequently tailed off to almost zero, most corneal transplants will not be rejected in recipients with low risk of graft rejection. This phenomenon has been described as immune privilege by Medawar many years ago. However, this immune privilege is relative and can be easily eroded, e.g. by postoperative nonspecific inflammation or other causes of corneal or ocular inflammation. Interestingly, corneas that are at high risk of rejection have a higher failure rate than other organs. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to provide a better understanding of corneal immune privilege. This chapter will review current knowledge on ocular immunosuppressive mechanisms including anterior chamber-associated immune deviation and discuss their role(s) in corneal allograft rejection. Ultimately, this evolving information will be of benefit in developing therapeutic strategies to prevent corneal transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Treacy
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerry Fahy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Chang JH, Huang YH, Cunningham CM, Han KY, Chang M, Seiki M, Zhou Z, Azar DT. Matrix metalloproteinase 14 modulates signal transduction and angiogenesis in the cornea. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:478-97. [PMID: 26647161 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is transparent and avascular, and retention of these characteristics is critical to maintaining vision clarity. Under normal conditions, wound healing in response to corneal injury occurs without the formation of new blood vessels; however, neovascularization may be induced during corneal wound healing when the balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic mediators is disrupted to favor angiogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are key factors in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, contribute to the maintenance of this balance, and in pathologic instances, can contribute to its disruption. Here, we elaborate on the facilitative role of MMPs, specifically MMP-14, in corneal neovascularization. MMP-14 is a transmembrane MMP that is critically involved in extracellular matrix proteolysis, exosome transport, and cellular migration and invasion, processes that are critical for angiogenesis. To aid in developing efficacious therapies that promote healing without neovascularization, it is important to understand and further investigate the complex pathways related to MMP-14 signaling, which can also involve vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, Wnt/β-catenin, transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor or chemokines, epidermal growth factor, prostaglandin E2, thrombin, integrins, Notch, Toll-like receptors, PI3k/Akt, Src, RhoA/RhoA kinase, and extracellular signal-related kinase. The involvement and potential contribution of these signaling molecules or proteins in neovascularization are the focus of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu-Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christy M Cunningham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Hos D, Bucher F, Regenfuss B, Dreisow ML, Bock F, Heindl LM, Eming SA, Cursiefen C. IL-10 Indirectly Regulates Corneal Lymphangiogenesis and Resolution of Inflammation via Macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:159-71. [PMID: 26608451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of IL-10, a primarily anti-inflammatory cytokine, in the regulation of inflammatory lymphangiogenesis is undetermined. Herein, we show that IL-10 modulates corneal lymphangiogenesis and resolution of inflammation. IL-10 was not expressed in healthy corneas but was up-regulated in inflamed corneas by infiltrating macrophages. Macrophages up-regulated the expression of prolymphangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor-C upon stimulation with IL-10. Consistently, corneal inflammation resulted in reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and decreased corneal lymphangiogenesis in IL-10-deficient mice (IL-10(-/-)). The effect of IL-10 on lymphangiogenesis was indirect via macrophages, because IL-10 did not directly affect lymphatic endothelial cells. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the numbers of infiltrating macrophages increased and remained elevated in inflamed corneas of IL-10(-/-) mice, indicating that IL-10 deficiency led to more severe and prolonged inflammation. The corneal phenotype of IL-10 deficient mice was mimicked in mice with conditional deletion of Stat3 in myeloid cells (lysozyme M Cre mice Stat3(fl/fl) mice), corroborating the critical role of macrophages in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, local treatment with IL-10 promoted lymphangiogenesis and faster egress of macrophages from inflamed corneas. Taken together, we demonstrate that IL-10 indirectly regulates inflammatory corneal lymphangiogenesis via macrophages. Reduced lymphangiogenesis in IL-10(-/-) and lysozyme M Cre Stat3(fl/fl) mice is associated with more severe inflammatory responses, whereas IL-10 treatment results in faster resolution of inflammation. IL-10 might be used therapeutically to terminate pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Franziska Bucher
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Regenfuss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Janelidze S, Lindqvist D, Francardo V, Hall S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Adler CH, Beach TG, Serrano GE, van Westen D, Londos E, Cenci MA, Hansson O. Increased CSF biomarkers of angiogenesis in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2015; 85:1834-42. [PMID: 26511451 PMCID: PMC4662706 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study biomarkers of angiogenesis in Parkinson disease (PD), and how these are associated with clinical characteristics, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and cerebrovascular disease. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 38 elderly controls and 100 patients with PD (82 without dementia and 18 with dementia) were included from the prospective Swedish BioFinder study. CSF samples were analyzed for the angiogenesis biomarkers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); its receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2; placental growth factor (PlGF); angiopoietin 2 (Ang2); and interleukin-8. BBB permeability, white matter lesions (WMLs), and cerebral microbleeds (CMB) were assessed. CSF angiogenesis biomarkers were also measured in 2 validation cohorts: (1) 64 controls and 87 patients with PD with dementia; and (2) 35 controls and 93 patients with neuropathologically confirmed diagnosis of PD with and without dementia. Results: Patients with PD without dementia displayed higher CSF levels of VEGF, PlGF, and sVEGFR-2, and lower levels of Ang2, compared to controls. Similar alterations in VEGF, PlGF, and Ang2 levels were observed in patients with PD with dementia. Angiogenesis markers were associated with gait difficulties and orthostatic hypotension as well as with more pronounced BBB permeability, WMLs, and CMB. Moreover, higher levels of VEGF and PlGF levels were associated with increased CSF levels of neurofilament light (a marker of neurodegeneration) and monocyte chemotactic protein–1 (a marker of glial activation). The main results were validated in the 2 additional cohorts. Conclusions: CSF biomarkers of angiogenesis are increased in PD, and they are associated with gait difficulties, BBB dysfunction, WMLs, and CMB. Abnormal angiogenesis may be important in PD pathogenesis and contribute to dopa-resistant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Veronica Francardo
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Hall
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charles H Adler
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas G Beach
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Danielle van Westen
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Londos
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Angela Cenci
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences (S.J., E.L., O.H.), Lund University, Malmö; the Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L., S.H.), Division of Psychiatry (D.L.), Department of Experimental Medical Science (V.F., M.A.C.), and Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology (D.v.W.), Lund University, Lund; Psychiatry Skåne (D.L.), Lund; the Department of Neurology (S.H.) and Memory Clinic (E.L., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK; The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (K.B.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; and Imaging and Function (D.v.W.), Skåne University Health Care, Lund, Sweden
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Zhang J, Zhou H, Jiang S, Jin J, Li W, Wang W, Su SB. AA092, an annonaceous acetogenin mimetic, attenuates angiogenesis in a mouse model of inflammation-induced corneal neovascularization. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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228
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Royer DJ, Zheng M, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Granulocytes in Ocular HSV-1 Infection: Opposing Roles of Mast Cells and Neutrophils. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3763-75. [PMID: 26066745 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The contributions of mast cells (MCs) to immunologic defense against pathogens in the eye are unknown. We have characterized pericorneal MCs as tissue-resident innate sentinels and determined their impact on the immune response to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), a common ocular pathogen. METHODS The impact of mast cells on the immune response to HSV-1 infection was investigated using MC-deficient Kit(W-sh) mice. Virus titers, inflammatory cytokine production, eicosanoid profiles, cellular immune responses, and ocular pathology were evaluated and compared with C57BL/6J mice during an acute corneal HSV-1 infection. RESULTS Corneas of Kit(W-sh) mice have higher viral titers, increased edema, and greater leukocyte infiltration following HSV-1 infection. Following infection, cytokine profiles were slightly elevated overall in Kit(W-sh) mice. Eicosanoid profiles were remarkably different only when comparing uninfected corneas from both groups. Neutrophils within infected corneas expressed HSV-1 antigen, lytic genes, and served as a disease-causing vector when adoptively transferred into immunocompromised animals. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells did not infiltrate into the cornea or suppress the expansion, recruitment, or cytokine production by CD8+ T cells following acute HSV-1 infection. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings provide new insight into host defense in the cornea and the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection by identifying previously unacknowledged MCs as protective innate sentinels for infection of the ocular surface and reinforcing that neutrophils are detrimental to corneal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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229
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McAlvin JB, Zhan C, Dohlman JC, Kolovou PE, Salvador-Culla B, Kohane DS. Corneal Anesthesia With Site 1 Sodium Channel Blockers and Dexmedetomidine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3820-6. [PMID: 26066750 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Amino-amide or amino-ester local anesthetics, which are currently used for topical ocular anesthesia, are short acting and may delay corneal healing with long-term use. In contrast, site 1 sodium channel blockers (S1SCBs) are potent local anesthetics with minimal adverse tissue reaction. In this study, we examined topical local anesthesia with two S1SCBs, tetrodotoxin (TTX) or saxitoxin (STX) individually or in combination with α2-adrenergic receptor agonists (dexmedetomidine or clonidine), and compared them with the amino-ester ocular anesthetic proparacaine. The effect of test solutions on corneal healing was also studied. METHODS Solutions of TTX ± dexmedetomidine, TTX ± clonidine, STX ± dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine, or proparacaine were applied to the rat cornea. Tactile sensitivity was measured by recording the blink response to probing of the cornea with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. The duration of corneal anesthesia was calculated. Cytotoxicity from anesthetic solutions was measured in vitro. The effect on corneal healing was measured in vivo after corneal debridement followed by repeated drug administration. RESULTS Addition of dexmedetomidine to TTX or STX significantly prolonged corneal anesthesia beyond that of either drug alone, whereas clonidine did not. Tetrodotoxin or STX coadministered with dexmedetomidine resulted in two to three times longer corneal anesthesia than did proparacaine. S1SCB-dexmedetomidine formulations were not cytotoxic. Corneal healing was not delayed significantly by any of the test solutions. CONCLUSIONS Coadministration of S1SCBs with dexmedetomidine provided prolonged corneal anesthesia without delaying corneal wound healing. Such formulations may be useful for the management of acute surgical and nonsurgical corneal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brian McAlvin
- Department of Medicine Division of Medicine Critical Care, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Med
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jenny C Dohlman
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Paraskevi E Kolovou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Borja Salvador-Culla
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research I
| | - Daniel S Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Qian BZ, Zhang H, Li J, He T, Yeo EJ, Soong DYH, Carragher NO, Munro A, Chang A, Bresnick AR, Lang RA, Pollard JW. FLT1 signaling in metastasis-associated macrophages activates an inflammatory signature that promotes breast cancer metastasis. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1433-48. [PMID: 26261265 PMCID: PMC4548055 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the link between inflammation and cancer initiation is well established, its role in metastatic diseases, the primary cause of cancer deaths, has been poorly explored. Our previous studies identified a population of metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs) recruited to the lung that promote tumor cell seeding and growth. Here we show that FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1, also known as VEGFR1) labels a subset of macrophages in human breast cancers that are significantly enriched in metastatic sites. In mouse models of breast cancer pulmonary metastasis, MAMs uniquely express FLT1. Using several genetic models, we show that macrophage FLT1 signaling is critical for metastasis. FLT1 inhibition does not affect MAM recruitment to metastatic lesions but regulates a set of inflammatory response genes, including colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), a central regulator of macrophage biology. Using a gain-of-function approach, we show that CSF1-mediated autocrine signaling in MAMs is downstream of FLT1 and can restore the tumor-promoting activity of FLT1-inhibited MAMs. Thus, CSF1 is epistatic to FLT1, establishing a link between FLT1 and inflammatory responses within breast tumor metastases. Importantly, FLT1 inhibition reduces tumor metastatic efficiency even after initial seeding, suggesting that these pathways represent therapeutic targets in metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Zhi Qian
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute; and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute; and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Tianfang He
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Eun-Jin Yeo
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Daniel Y H Soong
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute; and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute; and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison Munro
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute; and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alvin Chang
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute; and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Hod T, Cerdeira AS, Karumanchi SA. Molecular Mechanisms of Preeclampsia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a023473. [PMID: 26292986 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 wk of gestation. It is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Exciting discoveries in the last decade have contributed to a better understanding of the molecular basis of this disease. Epidemiological, experimental, and therapeutic studies from several laboratories have provided compelling evidence that an antiangiogenic state owing to alterations in circulating angiogenic factors leads to preeclampsia. In this review, we highlight the role of key circulating antiangiogenic factors as pathogenic biomarkers and in the development of novel therapies for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Hod
- Department of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02214
| | - Ana Sofia Cerdeira
- Department of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02214 Gulbenkian Program for Advanced Medical Education, 1067-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02214 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
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Han KY, Dugas-Ford J, Lee H, Chang JH, Azar DT. MMP14 Cleavage of VEGFR1 in the Cornea Leads to a VEGF-Trap Antiangiogenic Effect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5450-6. [PMID: 26284550 PMCID: PMC4544186 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the possible antiangiogenic effect of metalloproteinase (MMP) 14 cleavage of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) in the cornea. METHODS Recombinant mouse (rm) VEGFR1 was incubated with various concentrations of recombinant MMP14 to examine proteolysis in vitro. The reaction mixture was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue. The fragments resulting from rmVEGFR1 cleavage by MMP14 were subjected to Edman degradation, and the amino acid sequences were aligned with rmVEGFR1 sequences. Surface plasmon resonance was used to determine the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) between MMP14 and rmVEGFR1. The KD value of rmVEGFR1 and the 59.8-kDa cleavage product binding to VEGF-A₁₆₅ was also determined. Cell proliferation assays were performed in the presence of VEGF-A₁₆₅ plus the 59.8-kDa VEGFR1 fragment or VEGF-A₁₆₅ alone. RESULTS Matrix metalloproteinase 14 binds and cleaves rmVEGFR1 to produce 59.8-kDa (N-terminal fragment, Ig domains 1-5), 35-kDa (C-terminal fragment containing IgG and His-tag), and 21-kDa (Ig domains 6-7) fragments. The 59.8-kDa fragment showed binding to VEGF-A₁₆₅ and inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell mitogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VEGFR1 cleavage by MMP14 in the cornea leads to a VEGF-trap effect, reducing the proangiogenic effect of VEGF-A₁₆₅, thereby reducing corneal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jennifer Dugas-Ford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hyun Lee
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dimitri T. Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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233
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Beack S, Choi JS, Lee JH, Kim H, Kim KH, Joo CK, Hahn SK. Two-photon microscopy of a Flt1 peptide-hyaluronate conjugate. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2315-24. [PMID: 26228271 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Two-photon microscopy was performed to visualize ocular distribution of Flt1 peptide-hyaluronate (HA) conjugate micelles for eye drop treatment of corneal neovascularization. MATERIALS & METHODS Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate micelles were topically administered to the eye for two-photon microscopy and antiangiogenic effect assessment after silver nitrate cauterization. RESULTS In vivo two-photon microscopy revealed that Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate micelles were absorbed and remained on the corneal epithelia with an increased residence time, facilitating the corneal delivery of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) as a model drug. Furthermore, repeated eye drops of Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate micelles showed comparable therapeutic effect to the subconjunctival injection on the corneal neovascularization. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION We confirmed the feasibility of Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate micelles for eye drop treatment of corneal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songeun Beack
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jun-Sub Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Seoul St., Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Division of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Choun-Ki Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Seoul St., Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Liu Y, Li B, Wang X, Li G, Shang R, Yang J, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Hao P. Angiotensin-(1-7) Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth and Angiogenesis via Complex Interactions of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor, Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor and Mas Receptor. Mol Med 2015. [PMID: 26225830 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently confirmed that angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue using a murine hepatoma model. Angiotensin(Ang)-(1-7) has been found beneficial in ameliorating lung cancer and prostate cancer. Which receptor of Ang-(1-7) is activated to mediate its effects is much speculated. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ang-(1-7) on hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as the probable mechanisms. H22 hepatoma-bearing mice were randomly divided into five groups for treatment: mock group, low-dose Ang-(1-7), high-dose Ang-(1-7), high-dose Ang-(1-7) + A779 and high-dose Ang-(1-7) + PD123319. Ang-(1-7) treatment inhibited tumor growth time- and dose-dependently by arresting tumor proliferation and promoting tumor apoptosis as well as inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. The effects of Ang-(1-7) on tumor proliferation and apoptosis were reversed by coadministration with A779 or PD123319, whereas the effects on tumor angiogenesis were completely reversed by A779 but not by PD123319. Moreover, Ang-(1-7) downregulated AT1R mRNA, upregulated mRNA levels of Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) and Mas receptor (MasR) and p38-MAPK phosphorylation and suppressed H22 cell-endothelial cell communication. Thus, Ang-(1-7) administration suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma via complex interactions of AT1R, AT2R and MasR and may provide a novel and promising approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, Shandong Provincial Medical Imaging Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jinan Central Hospital, Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ximing Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, Shandong Provincial Medical Imaging Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Faraj LA, Said DG, Al-Aqaba M, Otri AM, Dua HS. Clinical evaluation and characterisation of corneal vascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:315-22. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Improved Angiogenesis in Response to Localized Delivery of Macrophage-Recruiting Molecules. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131643. [PMID: 26132702 PMCID: PMC4489184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful engineering of complex organs requires improved methods to promote rapid and stable vascularization of artificial tissue scaffolds. Toward this goal, tissue engineering strategies utilize the release of pro-angiogenic growth factors, alone or in combination, from biomaterials to induce angiogenesis. In this study we have used intravital microscopy to define key, dynamic cellular changes induced by the release of pro-angiogenic factors from polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogels transplanted in vivo. Our data show robust macrophage recruitment when the potent and synergistic angiogenic factors, PDGFBB and FGF2 were used as compared with VEGF alone and intravital imaging suggested roles for macrophages in endothelial tip cell migration and anastomosis, as well as pericyte-like behavior. Further data from in vivo experiments show that delivery of CSF1 with VEGF can dramatically improve the poor angiogenic response seen with VEGF alone. These studies show that incorporating macrophage-recruiting factors into the design of pro-angiogenic biomaterial scaffolds is a key strategy likely to be necessary for stable vascularization and survival of implanted artificial tissues.
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237
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Uehara H, Das SK, Cho YK, Archer B, Ambati BK. Comparison of the Anti-angiogenic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Two Antibiotics: Clarithromycin Versus Moxifloxacin. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:474-84. [PMID: 26125497 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1037926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clarithromycin is a 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic with anti-inflammatory as well as antibacterial activity, and has been used worldwide. Moxifloxacin is a leading fourth generation quinolone antibiotic that has been used worldwide perioperatively. We intended to evaluate whether clarithromycin can suppress angiogenesis and inflammation in the cornea, and to compare the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of the two antibiotics, clarithromycin and moxifloxacin. METHODS We made a murine corneal suture model and tested the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of clarithromycin (5 mg/ml) and moxifloxacin (5 mg/ml) in two randomly divided groups. Dexamethasone (5 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. After making two sutures on the cornea, we performed subconjunctival injections (10 μl) on each group on the day of suture, and every day thereafter until the 8th day post-suture. After harvesting corneas on the 8th post-suture day for immunohistochemical staining, we compared neovascularization (NV), lymphangiogenesis (LY) and inflammatory cell infiltration among the groups. RESULTS Clarithromycin suppressed NV, LY and inflammatory infiltration, compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). However, moxifloxacin did not suppress NV, LY, or inflammatory infiltration, compared with PBS. Comparison between clarithromycin and moxifloxacin, clarithromycin showed a tendency of decreasing LY (p = 0.063) and had less inflammatory cell infiltration (p < 0.05) than did the moxifloxacin group. The anti-(lymph)angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of clarithromycin were as high as those of dexamethasone. CONCLUSION Clarithromycin suppressed LY and inflammation in the cornea, and its anti-inflammatory effect was significantly superior to that of moxifloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Uehara
- a Moran Eye Center, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA and
| | - Subrata K Das
- a Moran Eye Center, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA and
| | - Yang Kyung Cho
- b Department of Ophthalmology , St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Bonnie Archer
- a Moran Eye Center, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA and
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Wu WK, Georgiadis A, Copland DA, Liyanage S, Luhmann UFO, Robbie SJ, Liu J, Wu J, Bainbridge JW, Bates DO, Ali RR, Nicholson LB, Dick AD. IL-4 regulates specific Arg-1(+) macrophage sFlt-1-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2324-35. [PMID: 26079814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the main drivers for neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration is activation of innate immunity in the presence of macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that T helper cell type 2 cytokines and, in particular, IL-4 condition human and murine monocyte phenotype toward Arg-1(+), and their subsequent behavior limits angiogenesis by increasing soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) gene expression. We document that T helper cell type 2 cytokine-conditioned murine macrophages neutralize vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial cell proliferation (human umbilical vein endothelial cell and choroidal vasculature) in a sFlt-1-dependent manner. We demonstrate that in vivo intravitreal administration of IL-4 attenuates laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (L-CNV) due to specific IL-4 conditioning of macrophages. IL-4 induces the expression of sFlt-1 by resident CD11b(+) retinal microglia and infiltrating myeloid cells but not from retinal pigment epithelium. IL-4-induced suppression of L-CNV is not prevented when sFlt-1 expression is attenuated in retinal pigment epithelium. IL-4-mediated suppression of L-CNV was abrogated in IL-4R-deficient mice and in bone marrow chimeras reconstituted with myeloid cells that had undergone lentiviral-mediated shRNA silencing of sFlt-1, demonstrating the critical role of this cell population. Together, these data establish how lL-4 directly drives macrophage sFlt-1 production expressing an Arg-1(+) phenotype and support the therapeutic potential of targeted IL-4 conditioning within the tissue to regulate disease conditions such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Wu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Copland
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sidath Liyanage
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich F O Luhmann
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J Robbie
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahui Wu
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James W Bainbridge
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R Ali
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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239
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Selvaraj D, Gangadharan V, Michalski CW, Kurejova M, Stösser S, Srivastava K, Schweizerhof M, Waltenberger J, Ferrara N, Heppenstall P, Shibuya M, Augustin HG, Kuner R. A Functional Role for VEGFR1 Expressed in Peripheral Sensory Neurons in Cancer Pain. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:780-96. [PMID: 26058077 PMCID: PMC4469373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer pain is a debilitating disorder and a primary determinant of the poor quality of life. Here, we report a non-vascular role for ligands of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family in cancer pain. Tumor-derived VEGF-A, PLGF-2, and VEGF-B augment pain sensitivity through selective activation of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) expressed in sensory neurons in human cancer and mouse models. Sensory-neuron-specific genetic deletion/silencing or local or systemic blockade of VEGFR1 prevented tumor-induced nerve remodeling and attenuated cancer pain in diverse mouse models in vivo. These findings identify a therapeutic potential for VEGFR1-modifying drugs in cancer pain and suggest a palliative effect for VEGF/VEGFR1-targeting anti-angiogenic tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepitha Selvaraj
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vijayan Gangadharan
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph W Michalski
- Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Kurejova
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stösser
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kshitij Srivastava
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schweizerhof
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul Heppenstall
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Dental and Medical University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Ludolph-Krehl-Straße 14, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Eghrari AO, Riazuddin SA, Gottsch JD. Overview of the Cornea: Structure, Function, and Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:7-23. [PMID: 26310146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is a transparent tissue with significant refractive and barrier functions. The epithelium serves as the principal barrier to fluid and pathogens, a function performed through production of tight junctions, and constant repopulation through differentiation and maturation of dividing cells in its basal cell layer. It is supported posteriorly by basement membrane and Bowman's layer and assists in maintenance of stromal dehydration. The stroma composes the majority of corneal volume, provides support and clarity, and assists in ocular immunity. The posterior cornea, composed of Descemet membrane and endothelium, is essential for stromal dehydration, maintained through tight junctions and endothelial pumps. Corneal development begins with primitive formation of epithelium and lens, followed by waves of migration from cells of neural crest origin between these two structures to produce the stroma and endothelium. Descemet membrane is secreted by the latter and gradually thickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen O Eghrari
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Amer Riazuddin
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Gottsch
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Corneal Development: Different Cells from a Common Progenitor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:43-59. [PMID: 26310148 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of the vertebrate cornea is a multistep process that involves cellular interactions between various ectodermal-derived tissues. Bilateral interactions between the neural ectoderm-derived optic vesicles and the cranial ectoderm give rise to the presumptive corneal epithelium and other epithelia of the ocular surface. Interactions between the neural tube and the adjacent ectoderm give rise to the neural crest cells, a highly migratory and multipotent cell population. Neural crest cells migrate between the lens and presumptive corneal epithelium to form the corneal endothelium and the stromal keratocytes. The sensory nerves that abundantly innervate the corneal stroma and epithelium originate from the neural crest- and ectodermal placode-derived trigeminal ganglion. Concomitant with corneal innervation is the formation of the limbal vascular plexus and the establishment of corneal avascularity. This review summarizes historical and current research to provide an overview of the genesis of the cellular layers of the cornea, corneal innervation, and avascularity.
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242
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Sugaya S, Chen WS, Cao Z, Kenyon KR, Yamaguchi T, Omoto M, Hamrah P, Panjwani N. Comparison of galectin expression signatures in rejected and accepted murine corneal allografts. Cornea 2015; 34:675-681. [PMID: 25961492 PMCID: PMC4430336 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although members of the galectin family of carbohydrate-binding proteins are thought to play a role in the immune response and regulation of allograft survival, little is known about the galectin expression signature in failed corneal grafts. The aim of this study was to compare the galectin expression pattern in accepted and rejected murine corneal allografts. METHODS Using BALB/c mice as recipients and C57BL/6 mice as donors, a total of 57 transplants were successfully performed. One week after transplantation, the grafts were scored for opacity by slit-lamp microscopy. Opacity scores of 3+ or greater on postoperative week 4 were considered rejected. Grafted corneas were harvested on postoperative week 4, and their galectin expressions were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS As determined by the Western blot analyses, galectins-1, 3, 7, 8 and 9 were expressed in normal corneas. Although in both accepted and rejected grafts, expression levels of the 5 lectins were upregulated compared with normal corneas, there were distinct differences in the expression levels of galectins-8 and 9 between accepted and rejected grafts, as both the Western blot and immunofluorescence staining revealed that galectin-8 is upregulated, whereas galectin-9 is downregulated in the rejected grafts compared with the accepted grafts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that corneal allograft rejection is associated with increased galectin-8 expression and reduced galectin-9 expression, support the hypothesis that galectin-8 may reduce graft survival, whereas galectin-9 may promote graft survival. As a potential therapeutic intervention, inhibition of galectin-8 and/or treatment with exogenous galectin-9 may enhance corneal allograft survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sugaya
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Sheng Chen
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Kenyon
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Takefumi Yamaguchi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Masashiro Omoto
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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243
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Nanomedicine approaches for corneal diseases. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:277-98. [PMID: 25941990 PMCID: PMC4493512 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases are the third leading cause of blindness globally. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, antibiotics and tissue transplantation are currently used to treat corneal pathological conditions. However, barrier properties of the ocular surface necessitate high concentration of the drugs applied in the eye repeatedly. This often results in poor efficacy and several side-effects. Nanoparticle-based molecular medicine seeks to overcome these limitations by enhancing the permeability and pharmacological properties of the drugs. The promise of nanomedicine approaches for treating corneal defects and restoring vision without side effects in preclinical animal studies has been demonstrated. Numerous polymeric, metallic and hybrid nanoparticles capable of transporting genes into desired corneal cells to intercept pathologic pathways and processes leading to blindness have been identified. This review provides an overview of corneal diseases, nanovector properties and their applications in drug-delivery and corneal disease management.
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244
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Pradhan N, Guha R, Chowdhury S, Nandi S, Konar A, Hazra S. Curcumin nanoparticles inhibit corneal neovascularization. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1095-106. [PMID: 25877858 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Corneal neovascularization is a leading cause for compromised vision. Therapeutic prevention of corneal neovascularization is a major clinical challenge, and there is a compelling need to seek effective and safe therapy for this pathology. This study is aimed to evaluate curcumin nanoparticle for prevention of corneal neovascularization. MePEG-PCL nanoparticles were successfully prepared and characterized. The nanoparticle of curcumin has shown increased efficiency in preventing angiogenic sprouting in vitro. Topical delivery of curcumin nanoparticle in the eye showed enhanced retention of curcumin in the cornea, and significant improvement in prevention of corneal neovascularization over free curcumin as graded clinically and by histopathology; suppression in the expression of VEGF, inflammatory cytokines, and MMP was evidenced in the treated cornea. Curcumin inhibited NFκB in LPS-induced corneal cells. Histopathology and scanning electron microscopy showed absence of any adverse change in the corneal structure following application of curcumin nanoparticle. Therefore, we conclude that curcumin nanoparticle can be a potential candidate for prevention of corneal neovascularization. KEY MESSAGE • Curcumin nanoparticles show enhanced retention of curcumin in the cornea. • Curcumin NPs suppress the expression of VEGF, inflammatory cytokines, and MMP. • Curcumin NPs prevent corneal neovascularization by suppressing the NFκB pathway. • Curcumin NPs may be a promising candidate for prevention of corneal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirparaj Pradhan
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68 Kshudiram Bose Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sushovan Chowdhury
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudip Nandi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Aditya Konar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sarbani Hazra
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68 Kshudiram Bose Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India.
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245
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Wang Z, Tao J, Zhang Q, Wei M. Effect of oxygen and glucose deprivation on VEGF and its receptors in microvascular endothelial cells co-cultured with mast cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1016-25. [PMID: 25850685 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between angiogenesis and the differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors in myocardial microvascular endothelial cells (MMVECs) co-cultured with mast cells (MCs) or mast cell granules (MCGs) under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). MMVECs and MCs were isolated from Wistar rats. MCs spontaneously degranulated in OGD. The expression of VEGF peaked at 8 h and decreased from 16 h in OGD. However, the expression of its receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1), and fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1), decreased significantly, and angiogenic potential of MMVECs decreased in OGD. Expression of VEGF, Flt-1, and Flk-1 increased significantly when MMVECs were co-cultured with MCGs or active MCs, but MCs had only a limited ability to induce angiogenesis in OGD. The angiogenic potential of MMVECs cultured in OGD (even with MCGs) was inferior to that of MMVECs cultured under normoxic conditions. OGD have a profound effect on angiogenesis, which is more pronounced than the effect of MCs on angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Shanghai Sixth Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yin shan Road, Shanghai, 200223, China.,Division of Cardiology, Yancheng First Hospital, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | | | - Meng Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Shanghai Sixth Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yin shan Road, Shanghai, 200223, China
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246
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Han Y, Shao Y, Liu T, Qu YL, Li W, Liu Z. Therapeutic effects of topical netrin-4 inhibits corneal neovascularization in alkali-burn rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122951. [PMID: 25853509 PMCID: PMC4390284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrins are secreted molecules involved in axon guidance and angiogenesis. However, the role of netrins in the vasculature remains unclear. Netrin-4 and netrin-1 have been found to be either pro- or antiangiogenic factors. Previously, we found that netrin-1 acts as an anti-angiogenic factor in rats by inhibiting alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization. Here, we further investigate the effects of netrin-4, another member of the same netrin family, on neovascularization in vitro and in vivo. We found that netrin-4 functions similarly as netrin-1 in angiogenesis. In vitro angiogenesis assay shows that netrin-4 affected human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation, viability and proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Netrin-4 was topically applied in vivo to alkali-burned rat corneas on day 0 (immediately after injury) and/or day 10 post-injury. Netrin-4 subsequently suppressed and reversed corneal neovascularization. Netrin-4 inhibited corneal epithelial and stromal cell apoptosis, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but promoted pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) expression, decreased NK-KB p65 expression, and inhibits neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. These results indicate that netrin-4 shed new light on its potential roles in treatmenting for angiogenic diseases that affect the ocular surface, as well as other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Han
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang-Luowa Qu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
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Parker MW, Linkugel AD, Goel HL, Wu T, Mercurio AM, Vander Kooi CW. Structural basis for VEGF-C binding to neuropilin-2 and sequestration by a soluble splice form. Structure 2015; 23:677-87. [PMID: 25752543 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is a potent lymphangiogenic cytokine that signals via the coordinated action of two cell surface receptors, Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) and VEGFR-3. Diseases associated with both loss and gain of VEGF-C function, lymphedema and cancer, respectively, motivate studies of VEGF-C/Nrp2 binding and inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that VEGF-C binding to Nrp2 is regulated by C-terminal proteolytic maturation. The structure of the VEGF-C C terminus in complex with the ligand binding domains of Nrp2 demonstrates that a cryptic Nrp2 binding motif is released upon proteolysis, allowing specific engagement with the b1 domain of Nrp2. Based on the identified structural requirements for Nrp2 binding to VEGF-C, we hypothesized that the endogenous secreted splice form of Nrp2, s9Nrp2, may function as a selective inhibitor of VEGF-C. We find that s9Nrp2 forms a stable dimer that potently inhibits VEGF-C/Nrp2 binding and cellular signaling. These data provide critical insight into VEGF-C/Nrp2 binding and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Parker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Andrew D Linkugel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Transplantation of PEDF-transfected pigment epithelial cells inhibits corneal neovascularization in a rabbit model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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249
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Angiopoietin-like 7 is an anti-angiogenic protein required to prevent vascularization of the cornea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116838. [PMID: 25622036 PMCID: PMC4306551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to identify the anti-angiogenic molecule expressed in corneal keratocytes that is responsible for maintaining the avascularity of the cornea. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with either human dermal fibroblasts or with human corneal keratocytes under serum-free conditions. The areas that exhibited blood vessel formation were estimated by immunostaining the cultures with an antitibody against CD31, a blood vessel marker. We also performed microarray gene-expression analysis and selected one molecule, angiopoietin-like 7 (ANGPTL7) for further functional studies conducted with the keratocytes and in vivo in mice. Results Areas showing blood vessel formation in normal serum-free medium were conditions were markedly smaller when HUVECs were co-cultured with corneal keratocytes than when they were co-cultured with the dermal fibroblasts under the same conditions. Microarray analysis revealed that ANGPTL7 expression was higher in keratocytes than in dermal fibroblasts. In vitro, inhibiting ANGPTL7 expression by using a specific siRNA led to greater tube formation than did the transfection of cells with a control siRNA, and this increase in tube formation was abolished when recombinant ANGPTL7 protein was added to the cultures. In vivo, intrastromal injections of an ANGPTL7 PshRNA into the avascular corneal stroma of mice resulted in the growth of blood vessels. Conclusions ANGPTL7, which is abundantly expressed in keratocytes, plays a major role in maintaining corneal avascularity and transparency.
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250
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Angiogenesis in the developing spinal cord: blood vessel exclusion from neural progenitor region is mediated by VEGF and its antagonists. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116119. [PMID: 25585380 PMCID: PMC4293145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels in the central nervous system supply a considerable amount of oxygen via intricate vascular networks. We studied how the initial vasculature of the spinal cord is formed in avian (chicken and quail) embryos. Vascular formation in the spinal cord starts by the ingression of intra-neural vascular plexus (INVP) from the peri-neural vascular plexus (PNVP) that envelops the neural tube. At the ventral region of the PNVP, the INVP grows dorsally in the neural tube, and we observed that these vessels followed the defined path at the interface between the medially positioned and undifferentiated neural progenitor zone and the laterally positioned differentiated zone. When the interface between these two zones was experimentally displaced, INVP faithfully followed a newly formed interface, suggesting that the growth path of the INVP is determined by surrounding neural cells. The progenitor zone expressed mRNA of vascular endothelial growth factor-A whereas its receptor VEGFR2 and FLT-1 (VEGFR1), a decoy for VEGF, were expressed in INVP. By manipulating the neural tube with either VEGF or the soluble form of FLT-1, we found that INVP grew in a VEGF-dependent manner, where VEGF signals appear to be fine-tuned by counteractions with anti-angiogenic activities including FLT-1 and possibly semaphorins. These results suggest that the stereotypic patterning of early INVP is achieved by interactions between these vessels and their surrounding neural cells, where VEGF and its antagonists play important roles.
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