201
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Lee HJ, Gutierrez‐Garcia R, Vilchez D. Embryonic stem cells: a novel paradigm to study proteostasis? FEBS J 2016; 284:391-398. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Lee
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Germany
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez‐Garcia
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Germany
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202
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The life cycle of the 26S proteasome: from birth, through regulation and function, and onto its death. Cell Res 2016; 26:869-85. [PMID: 27444871 PMCID: PMC4973335 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is a large, ∼2.5 MDa, multi-catalytic ATP-dependent protease complex that serves as the degrading arm of the ubiquitin system, which is the major pathway for regulated degradation of cytosolic, nuclear and membrane proteins in all eukaryotic organisms.
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203
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Lenzi P, Lazzeri G, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Gambardella S, Salvetti A, Fornai F. The Autophagoproteasome a Novel Cell Clearing Organelle in Baseline and Stimulated Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:78. [PMID: 27493626 PMCID: PMC4955296 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein clearing pathways named autophagy (ATG) and ubiquitin proteasome (UP) control homeostasis within eukaryotic cells, while their dysfunction produces neurodegeneration. These pathways are viewed as distinct biochemical cascades occurring within specific cytosolic compartments owing pathway-specific enzymatic activity. Recent data strongly challenged the concept of two morphologically distinct and functionally segregated compartments. In fact, preliminary evidence suggests the convergence of these pathways to form a novel organelle named autophagoproteasome. This is characterized in the present study by using a cell line where, mTOR activity is upregulated and autophagy is suppressed. This was reversed dose-dependently by administering the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Thus, we could study autophagoproteasomes when autophagy was either suppressed or stimulated. The occurrence of autophagoproteasome was shown also in non-human cell lines. Ultrastructural morphometry, based on the stochiometric binding of immunogold particles allowed the quantitative evaluation of ATG and UP component within autophagoproteasomes. The number of autophagoproteasomes increases following mTOR inhibition. Similarly, mTOR inhibition produces overexpression of both LC3 and P20S particles. This is confirmed by the fact that the ratio of free vs. autophagosome-bound LC3 is similar to that measured for P20S, both in baseline conditions and following mTOR inhibition. Remarkably, within autophagoproteasomes there is a slight prevalence of ATG compared with UP components for low rapamycin doses, whereas for higher rapamycin doses UP increases more than ATG. While LC3 is widely present within cytosol, UP is strongly polarized within autophagoproteasomes. These fine details were evident at electron microscopy but could not be deciphered by using confocal microscopy. Despite its morphological novelty autophagoproteasomes appear in the natural site where clearing pathways (once believed to be anatomically segregated) co-exist and they are likely to interact at molecular level. In fact, LC3 and P20S co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting a specific binding and functional interplay, which may be altered by inhibiting mTOR. In summary, ATG and UP often represent two facets of a single organelle, in which unexpected amount of enzymatic activity should be available. Thus, autophagoproteasome may represent a sophisticated ultimate clearing apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carla L Busceti
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy; Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), NeuromedPozzilli, Italy
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204
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205
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Exercise in an electrotactic flow chamber ameliorates age-related degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28064. [PMID: 27305857 PMCID: PMC4910109 DOI: 10.1038/srep28064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration is a senescence process that occurs in all living organisms. Although tremendous efforts have been exerted to alleviate this degenerative tendency, minimal progress has been achieved to date. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which shares over 60% genetic similarities with humans, is a model animal that is commonly used in studies on genetics, neuroscience, and molecular gerontology. However, studying the effect of exercise on C. elegans is difficult because of its small size unlike larger animals. To this end, we fabricated a flow chamber, called “worm treadmill,” to drive worms to exercise through swimming. In the device, the worms were oriented by electrotaxis on demand. After the exercise treatment, the lifespan, lipofuscin, reproductive capacity, and locomotive power of the worms were analyzed. The wild-type and the Alzheimer’s disease model strains were utilized in the assessment. Although degeneration remained irreversible, both exercise-treated strains indicated an improved tendency compared with their control counterparts. Furthermore, low oxidative stress and lipofuscin accumulation were also observed among the exercise-treated worms. We conjecture that escalated antioxidant enzymes imparted the worms with an extra capacity to scavenge excessive oxidative stress from their bodies, which alleviated the adverse effects of degeneration. Our study highlights the significance of exercise in degeneration from the perspective of the simple life form, C. elegans.
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206
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Joshi KK, Matlack TL, Rongo C. Dopamine signaling promotes the xenobiotic stress response and protein homeostasis. EMBO J 2016; 35:1885-901. [PMID: 27261197 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms encounter environmental conditions that adversely affect protein homeostasis (proteostasis), including extreme temperatures, toxins, and pathogens. It is unclear how they use sensory signaling to detect adverse conditions and then activate stress response pathways so as to offset potential damage. Here, we show that dopaminergic mechanosensory neurons in C. elegans release the neurohormone dopamine to promote proteostasis in epithelia. Signaling through the DA receptor DOP-1 activates the expression of xenobiotic stress response genes involved in pathogenic resistance and toxin removal, and these genes are required for the removal of unstable proteins in epithelia. Exposure to a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) results in elevated removal of unstable proteins in epithelia, and this enhancement requires DA signaling. In the absence of DA signaling, nematodes show increased sensitivity to pathogenic bacteria and heat-shock stress. Our results suggest that dopaminergic sensory neurons, in addition to slowing down locomotion upon sensing a potential bacterial feeding source, also signal to frontline epithelia to activate the xenobiotic stress response so as to maintain proteostasis and prepare for possible infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K Joshi
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tarmie L Matlack
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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207
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Lifespan-regulating genes in C. elegans. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2016; 2:16010. [PMID: 28721266 PMCID: PMC5514992 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the aging process have garnered much attention in recent decades because aging is the most significant risk factor for many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cancer. Until recently, the aging process was not considered to be an actively regulated process; therefore, discovering that the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway is a lifespan-regulating genetic pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans was a major breakthrough that changed our understanding of the aging process. Currently, it is thought that animal lifespans are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The genes involved in lifespan regulation are often associated with major signaling pathways that link the rate of aging to environmental factors. Although many of the major mechanisms governing the aging process have been identified from studies in short-lived model organisms such as yeasts, worms and flies, the same mechanisms are frequently observed in mammals, indicating that the genes and signaling pathways that regulate lifespan are highly conserved among different species. This review summarizes the lifespan-regulating genes, with a specific focus on studies in C. elegans.
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208
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Liebl MP, Hoppe T. It's all about talking: two-way communication between proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways via ubiquitin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C166-78. [PMID: 27225656 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00074.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective degradation of proteins requires a fine-tuned coordination of the two major proteolytic pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. Substrate selection and proteolytic activity are defined by a plethora of regulatory cofactors influencing each other. Both proteolytic pathways are initiated by ubiquitylation to mark substrate proteins for degradation, although the size and/or topology of the modification are different. In this context E3 ubiquitin ligases, ensuring the covalent attachment of activated ubiquitin to the substrate, are of special importance. The regulation of E3 ligase activity, competition between different E3 ligases for binding E2 conjugation enzymes and substrates, as well as their interplay with deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) represent key events in the cross talk between the UPS and autophagy. The coordination between both degradation routes is further influenced by heat shock factors and ubiquitin-binding proteins (UBPs) such as p97, p62, or optineurin. Mutations in enzymes and ubiquitin-binding proteins or a general decline of both proteolytic systems during aging result in accumulation of damaged and aggregated proteins. Thus further mechanistic understanding of how UPS and autophagy communicate might allow therapeutic intervention especially against age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina P Liebl
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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209
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Nakayama H, Nishida K, Otsu K. Macromolecular Degradation Systems and Cardiovascular Aging. Circ Res 2016; 118:1577-92. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related cardiovascular diseases are a rapidly increasing problem worldwide. Cardiac aging demonstrates progressive decline of diastolic dysfunction of ventricle and increase in ventricular and arterial stiffness accompanied by increased fibrosis stimulated by angiotensin II and proinflammatory cytokines. Reactive oxygen species and multiple signaling pathways on cellular senescence play major roles in the process. Aging is also associated with an alteration in steady state of macromolecular dynamics including a dysfunction of protein synthesis and degradation. Currently, impaired macromolecular degradation is considered to be closely related to enhanced inflammation and be involved in the process and mechanism of cardiac aging. Herein, we review the role and mechanisms of the degradation system of intracellular macromolecules in the process and pathophysiology of cardiovascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakayama
- From the Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (H.N.); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom (K.N., K.O.)
| | - Kazuhiko Nishida
- From the Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (H.N.); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom (K.N., K.O.)
| | - Kinya Otsu
- From the Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (H.N.); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom (K.N., K.O.)
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210
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Kaushik S, Cuervo AM. Proteostasis and aging. Nat Med 2016; 21:1406-15. [PMID: 26646497 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of intracellular damage is an almost universal hallmark of aging. An improved understanding of the systems that contribute to cellular protein quality control has shed light on the reasons for the increased vulnerability of the proteome to stress in aging cells. Maintenance of protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is attained through precisely coordinated systems that rapidly correct unwanted proteomic changes. Here we focus on recent developments that highlight the multidimensional nature of the proteostasis networks, which allow for coordinated protein homeostasis intracellularly, in between cells and even across organs, as well as on how they affect common age-associated diseases when they malfunction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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211
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Semren N, Welk V, Korfei M, Keller IE, Fernandez IE, Adler H, Günther A, Eickelberg O, Meiners S. Regulation of 26S Proteasome Activity in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016. [PMID: 26207697 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2270oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The ubiquitin-proteasome system is critical for maintenance of protein homeostasis by degrading polyubiquitinated proteins in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. Cell and protein homeostasis are altered upon pathological tissue remodeling. Dysregulation of the proteasome has been reported for several chronic diseases of the heart, brain, and lung. We hypothesized that proteasome function is altered upon fibrotic lung remodeling, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). OBJECTIVES To investigate proteasome function during myofibroblast differentiation. METHODS We treated lung fibroblasts with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and examined proteasome composition and activity. For in vivo analysis, we used mouse models of lung fibrosis and fibrotic human lung tissue. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We demonstrate that induction of myofibroblast differentiation by TGF-β involves activation of the 26S proteasome, which is critically dependent on the regulatory subunit Rpn6. Silencing of Rpn6 in primary human lung fibroblasts counteracted TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Activation of the 26S proteasome and increased expression of Rpn6 were detected during bleomycin-induced lung remodeling and fibrosis. Importantly, Rpn6 is overexpressed in myofibroblasts and basal cells of the bronchiolar epithelium in lungs of patients with IPF, which is accompanied by enhanced protein polyubiquitination. CONCLUSIONS We identified Rpn6-dependent 26S proteasome activation as an essential feature of myofibroblast differentiation in vitro and in vivo, and our results suggest it has an important role in IPF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Semren
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), LMU, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Welk
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), LMU, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Korfei
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ilona E Keller
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), LMU, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Isis E Fernandez
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), LMU, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- 3 Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany.,4 Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany; and.,5 European IPF Network and European IPF Registry, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), LMU, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Meiners
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), LMU, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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212
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Roles for ROS and hydrogen sulfide in the longevity response to germline loss in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2832-41. [PMID: 27140632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524727113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, removing germ cells slows aging and extends life. Here we show that transcription factors that extend life and confer protection to age-related protein-aggregation toxicity are activated early in adulthood in response to a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a shift in sulfur metabolism. Germline loss triggers H2S production, mitochondrial biogenesis, and a dynamic pattern of ROS in specific somatic tissues. A cytoskeletal protein, KRI-1, plays a key role in the generation of H2S and ROS. These kri-1-dependent redox species, in turn, promote life extension by activating SKN-1/Nrf2 and the mitochondrial unfolded-protein response, respectively. Both H2S and, remarkably, kri-1-dependent ROS are required for the life extension produced by low levels of the superoxide-generator paraquat and by a mutation that inhibits respiration. Together our findings link reproductive signaling to mitochondria and define an inducible, kri-1-dependent redox-signaling module that can be invoked in different contexts to extend life and counteract proteotoxicity.
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213
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Lapierre LR, Kumsta C, Sandri M, Ballabio A, Hansen M. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of autophagy in aging. Autophagy 2016; 11:867-80. [PMID: 25836756 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1034410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a major intracellular degradation process recognized as playing a central role in cell survival and longevity. This multistep process is extensively regulated at several levels, including post-translationally through the action of conserved longevity factors such as the nutrient sensor TOR. More recently, transcriptional regulation of autophagy genes has emerged as an important mechanism for ensuring the somatic maintenance and homeostasis necessary for a long life span. Autophagy is increased in many long-lived model organisms and contributes significantly to their longevity. In turn, conserved transcription factors, particularly the helix-loop-helix transcription factor TFEB and the forkhead transcription factor FOXO, control the expression of many autophagy-related genes and are important for life-span extension. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the contribution of these transcription factors to macroautophagy regulation in the context of aging. We also review current research on epigenetic changes, such as histone modification by the deacetylase SIRT1, that influence autophagy-related gene expression and additionally affect aging. Understanding the molecular regulation of macroautophagy in relation to aging may offer new avenues for the treatment of age-related diseases.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Atg, autophagy related
- BNIP3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3
- CaN, calcineurin; HDAC, histone deacetylase
- FOXO
- HAT, histone acetyltransferase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- PDPK1/2, 3-phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1/2
- PtdIns3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
- SIRT1
- TFEB
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TOR, target of rapamycin
- TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex
- UVRAG, UV radiation resistance associated.
- acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A
- autophagy
- epigenetics
- longevity
- miRNA
- transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Lapierre
- a Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute ; La Jolla , CA USA
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214
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Valenzano DR, Benayoun BA, Singh PP, Zhang E, Etter PD, Hu CK, Clément-Ziza M, Willemsen D, Cui R, Harel I, Machado BE, Yee MC, Sharp SC, Bustamante CD, Beyer A, Johnson EA, Brunet A. The African Turquoise Killifish Genome Provides Insights into Evolution and Genetic Architecture of Lifespan. Cell 2016; 163:1539-54. [PMID: 26638078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lifespan is a remarkably diverse trait ranging from a few days to several hundred years in nature, but the mechanisms underlying the evolution of lifespan differences remain elusive. Here we de novo assemble a reference genome for the naturally short-lived African turquoise killifish, providing a unique resource for comparative and experimental genomics. The identification of genes under positive selection in this fish reveals potential candidates to explain its compressed lifespan. Several aging genes are under positive selection in this short-lived fish and long-lived species, raising the intriguing possibility that the same gene could underlie evolution of both compressed and extended lifespans. Comparative genomics and linkage analysis identify candidate genes associated with lifespan differences between various turquoise killifish strains. Remarkably, these genes are clustered on the sex chromosome, suggesting that short lifespan might have co-evolved with sex determination. Our study provides insights into the evolutionary forces that shape lifespan in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elisa Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Paul D Etter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | | | - David Willemsen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Rongfeng Cui
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Itamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Ben E Machado
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Muh-Ching Yee
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Sabrina C Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Andreas Beyer
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
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215
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Sunshine AB, Ong GT, Nickerson DP, Carr D, Murakami CJ, Wasko BM, Shemorry A, Merz AJ, Kaeberlein M, Dunham MJ. Aneuploidy shortens replicative lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aging Cell 2016; 15:317-24. [PMID: 26762766 PMCID: PMC4783355 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy and aging are correlated; however, a causal link between these two phenomena has remained elusive. Here, we show that yeast disomic for a single native yeast chromosome generally have a decreased replicative lifespan. In addition, the extent of this lifespan deficit correlates with the size of the extra chromosome. We identified a mutation in BUL1 that rescues both the lifespan deficit and a protein trafficking defect in yeast disomic for chromosome 5. Bul1 is an E4 ubiquitin ligase adaptor involved in a protein quality control pathway that targets membrane proteins for endocytosis and destruction in the lysosomal vacuole, thereby maintaining protein homeostasis. Concurrent suppression of the aging and trafficking phenotypes suggests that disrupted membrane protein homeostasis in aneuploid yeast may contribute to their accelerated aging. The data reported here demonstrate that aneuploidy can impair protein homeostasis, shorten lifespan, and may contribute to age-associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Sunshine
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonFoege Building, Room S403B, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355065SeattleWA98195‐5065USA
| | - Giang T. Ong
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonFoege Building, Room S403B, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355065SeattleWA98195‐5065USA
| | - Daniel P. Nickerson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB J‐355, 1705 NE Pacific St, UW box 357350SeattleWA98195‐7350USA
| | - Daniel Carr
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB D‐514, 1705 NE Pacific St, Box 357470SeattleWA98195‐7470USA
| | - Christopher J. Murakami
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB D‐514, 1705 NE Pacific St, Box 357470SeattleWA98195‐7470USA
| | - Brian M. Wasko
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB D‐514, 1705 NE Pacific St, Box 357470SeattleWA98195‐7470USA
| | - Anna Shemorry
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB D‐514, 1705 NE Pacific St, Box 357470SeattleWA98195‐7470USA
| | - Alexey J. Merz
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB J‐355, 1705 NE Pacific St, UW box 357350SeattleWA98195‐7350USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonRoom HSB D‐514, 1705 NE Pacific St, Box 357470SeattleWA98195‐7470USA
| | - Maitreya J. Dunham
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonFoege Building, Room S403B, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355065SeattleWA98195‐5065USA
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Chatty Mitochondria: Keeping Balance in Cellular Protein Homeostasis. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:577-586. [PMID: 27004699 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional cellular organelles that host many biochemical pathways including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Defective mitochondria pose a threat to cellular homeostasis and compensatory responses exist to curtail the source of stress and/or its consequences. The mitochondrial proteome comprises proteins encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Disturbances in protein homeostasis may originate from mistargeting of nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins. Defective protein import and accumulation of mistargeted proteins leads to stress that triggers translation alterations and proteasomal activation. These cytosolic pathways are complementary to the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) that aims to increase the capacity of protein quality control mechanisms inside mitochondria. They constitute putative targets for interventions aimed at increasing the fitness, stress resistance, and longevity of cells and organisms.
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217
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Bott LC, Badders NM, Chen KL, Harmison GG, Bautista E, Shih CCY, Katsuno M, Sobue G, Taylor JP, Dantuma NP, Fischbeck KH, Rinaldi C. A small-molecule Nrf1 and Nrf2 activator mitigates polyglutamine toxicity in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1979-1989. [PMID: 26962150 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease) is one of nine neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by expansion of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats. Intracellular accumulation of abnormal proteins in these diseases, a pathological hallmark, is associated with defects in protein homeostasis. Enhancement of the cellular proteostasis capacity with small molecules has therefore emerged as a promising approach to treatment. Here, we characterize a novel curcumin analog, ASC-JM17, as an activator of central pathways controlling protein folding, degradation and oxidative stress resistance. ASC-JM17 acts on Nrf1, Nrf2 and Hsf1 to increase the expression of proteasome subunits, antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperones. We show that ASC-JM17 ameliorates toxicity of the mutant androgen receptor (AR) responsible for SBMA in cell, fly and mouse models. Knockdown of the Drosophila Nrf1 and Nrf2 ortholog cap 'n' collar isoform-C, but not Hsf1, blocks the protective effect of ASC-JM17 on mutant AR-induced eye degeneration in flies. Our observations indicate that activation of the Nrf1/Nrf2 pathway is a viable option for pharmacological intervention in SBMA and potentially other polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bott
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Nisha M Badders
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ke-Lian Chen
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George G Harmison
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elaine Bautista
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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218
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Akhoon BA, Pandey S, Tiwari S, Pandey R. Withanolide A offers neuroprotection, ameliorates stress resistance and prolongs the life expectancy of Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2016; 78:47-56. [PMID: 26956478 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Withanolide A (steroidal lactone) forms the major constituent of the most popular herbal drug in Ayurvedic medicine, Ashwagandha. It has been used since ancient times as an alternative medicine for the treatment of a variety of age related disorders. Here we provide multiple lines of evidence indicating that Withanolide A improves healthspan, delays age-associated physiological changes and also extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. We also report several neuroprotective benefits of this natural product, including its anti-amyloidogenic effects, alleviation of α-synuclein aggregation and neuroprotection through modulation of neural mediators like acetylcholine. We observed that Withanolide A mediates lifespan extension and promotes stress resistance via insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway. Such findings could be helpful to develop a therapeutic medicine from this natural product for the prevention or reversal of age-related ailments and to improve the survival of patients suffering from Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Akhlaq Akhoon
- Microbial Technology and Nematology Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Swapnil Pandey
- Microbial Technology and Nematology Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Sudeep Tiwari
- Microbial Technology and Nematology Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Microbial Technology and Nematology Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
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219
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DAF-16 and TCER-1 Facilitate Adaptation to Germline Loss by Restoring Lipid Homeostasis and Repressing Reproductive Physiology in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005788. [PMID: 26862916 PMCID: PMC4749232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of the proliferating germline extends lifespan in C. elegans. This phenomenon provides a unique platform to understand how complex metazoans retain metabolic homeostasis when challenged with major physiological perturbations. Here, we demonstrate that two conserved transcription regulators essential for the longevity of germline-less adults, DAF-16/FOXO3A and TCER-1/TCERG1, concurrently enhance the expression of multiple genes involved in lipid synthesis and breakdown, and that both gene classes promote longevity. Lipidomic analyses revealed that key lipogenic processes, including de novo fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride production, desaturation and elongation, are augmented upon germline removal. Our data suggest that lipid anabolic and catabolic pathways are coordinately augmented in response to germline loss, and this metabolic shift helps preserve lipid homeostasis. DAF-16 and TCER-1 also perform essential inhibitory functions in germline-ablated animals. TCER-1 inhibits the somatic gene-expression program that facilitates reproduction and represses anti-longevity genes, whereas DAF-16 impedes ribosome biogenesis. Additionally, we discovered that TCER-1 is critical for optimal fertility in normal adults, suggesting that the protein acts as a switch supporting reproductive fitness or longevity depending on the presence or absence of the germline. Collectively, our data offer insights into how organisms adapt to changes in reproductive status, by utilizing the activating and repressive functions of transcription factors and coordinating fat production and degradation. The balance between production and breakdown of fats is critical for health, especially during reproduction-related changes such as onset of puberty or menopause. However, little is known about how animals retain a balanced metabolism when undergoing major life events. Here, we have used a C. elegans mutant that successfully adapts to loss of reproductive cells to address this question. Our data suggest that the conserved proteins DAF-16/FOXO3A and TCER-1/TCERG1 mediate a coordinated increase in fat synthesis and degradation when the reproductive cells are lost. This coupling likely helps the animal to manage the lipids that would have been deposited in eggs as yolk, thus preventing metabolic disarray. These proteins also inhibit processes that would have normally supported reproduction. Together the activities of these transcription regulators allow the mutant to convert a debilitating loss of fertility into improved health and longevity. We also report that TCER-1 promotes reproductive health in normal adults, whereas when procreation is impeded, it switches roles to repress fertility and enhance lipid equilibrium. These observations offer insights into how complex organisms coordinate their metabolism to suit their reproductive needs.
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220
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Keith SA, Maddux SK, Zhong Y, Chinchankar MN, Ferguson AA, Ghazi A, Fisher AL. Graded Proteasome Dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans Activates an Adaptive Response Involving the Conserved SKN-1 and ELT-2 Transcription Factors and the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005823. [PMID: 26828939 PMCID: PMC4734690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of cellular proteins in a biologically active and structurally stable state is a vital endeavor involving multiple cellular pathways. One such pathway is the ubiquitin-proteasome system that represents a major route for protein degradation, and reductions in this pathway usually have adverse effects on the health of cells and tissues. Here, we demonstrate that loss-of-function mutants of the Caenorhabditis elegans proteasome subunit, RPN-10, exhibit moderate proteasome dysfunction and unexpectedly develop both increased longevity and enhanced resistance to multiple threats to the proteome, including heat, oxidative stress, and the presence of aggregation prone proteins. The rpn-10 mutant animals survive through the activation of compensatory mechanisms regulated by the conserved SKN-1/Nrf2 and ELT-2/GATA transcription factors that mediate the increased expression of genes encoding proteasome subunits as well as those mediating oxidative- and heat-stress responses. Additionally, we find that the rpn-10 mutant also shows enhanced activity of the autophagy-lysosome pathway as evidenced by increased expression of the multiple autophagy genes including atg-16.2, lgg-1, and bec-1, and also by an increase in GFP::LGG-1 puncta. Consistent with a critical role for this pathway, the enhanced resistance of the rpn-10 mutant to aggregation prone proteins depends on autophagy genes atg-13, atg-16.2, and prmt-1. Furthermore, the rpn-10 mutant is particularly sensitive to the inhibition of lysosome activity via either RNAi or chemical means. We also find that the rpn-10 mutant shows a reduction in the numbers of intestinal lysosomes, and that the elt-2 gene also plays a novel and vital role in controlling the production of functional lysosomes by the intestine. Overall, these experiments suggest that moderate proteasome dysfunction could be leveraged to improve protein homeostasis and organismal health and longevity, and that the rpn-10 mutant provides a unique platform to explore these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Keith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Maddux
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Aging, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yayu Zhong
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Aging, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meghna N. Chinchankar
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Aging, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Annabel A. Ferguson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Rangos Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alfred L. Fisher
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Aging, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio GRECC, South Texas VA Healthcare System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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221
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Cai MJ, Zhao WL, Jing YP, Song Q, Zhang XQ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. 20-hydroxyecdysone activates Forkhead box O to promote proteolysis during Helicoverpa armigera molting. Development 2016; 143:1005-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin inhibits transcription factor forkhead box O (FoxO) activity, and the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) activates FoxO; however, the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that 20E upregulates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase (PTEN) expression to activate FoxO, thereby promoting proteolysis during molting in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. FoxO expression is increased during molting and metamorphosis. The knockdown of FoxO in fifth instar larvae results in larval molting failure. 20E induces FoxO non-phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Insulin, via Akt, induces FoxO phosphorylation and cytoplasm localization. 20E represses insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and FoxO phosphorylation. 20E, via ecdysone receptor B1 (EcRB1) and the ultraspiracle protein (USP1), upregulates PTEN expression, which represses Akt phosphorylation, thereby repressing FoxO phosphorylation. The non-phosphorylated FoxO enters the nucleus and attaches to a FoxO binding element in the upstream region of the Broad isoform 7 (BrZ7) gene to regulate BrZ7 transcription under 20E induction. 20E upregulates FoxO expression via EcRB1 and USP1. FoxO regulation of BrZ7 expression regulates CarboxypeptidaseA expression for final proteolysis during insect molting. Hence, 20E activates FoxO via upregulating PTEN expression to counteract insulin activity and promote proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yu-Pu Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qian Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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222
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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223
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Moll L, Ben-Gedalya T, Reuveni H, Cohen E. The inhibition of IGF-1 signaling promotes proteostasis by enhancing protein aggregation and deposition. FASEB J 2015; 30:1656-69. [PMID: 26722006 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-281675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that the alteration of aging by reducing the activity of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) cascade protects nematodes and mice from neurodegeneration-linked, toxic protein aggregation (proteotoxicity) raises the prospect that IIS inhibitors bear therapeutic potential to counter neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we reported that NT219, a highly efficient IGF-1 signaling inhibitor, protects model worms from the aggregation of amyloid β peptide and polyglutamine peptides that are linked to the manifestation of Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, respectively. Here, we employed cultured cell systems to investigate whether NT219 promotes protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in mammalian cells and to explore its underlying mechanisms. We found that NT219 enhances the aggregation of misfolded prion protein and promotes its deposition in quality control compartments known as "aggresomes." NT219 also elevates the levels of certain molecular chaperones but, surprisingly, reduces proteasome activity and impairs autophagy. Our findings show that IGF-1 signaling inhibitors in general and NT219 in particular can promote proteostasis in mammalian cells by hyperaggregating hazardous proteins, thereby bearing the potential to postpone the onset and slow the progression of neurodegenerative illnesses in the elderly.-Moll, L., Ben-Gedalya, T., Reuveni, H., Cohen, E. The inhibition of IGF-1 signaling promotes proteostasis by enhancing protein aggregation and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Moll
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; and TyrNovo Limited, Herzliya Pituach, Israel
| | - Tziona Ben-Gedalya
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; and TyrNovo Limited, Herzliya Pituach, Israel
| | - Hadas Reuveni
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; and TyrNovo Limited, Herzliya Pituach, Israel
| | - Ehud Cohen
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; and TyrNovo Limited, Herzliya Pituach, Israel
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224
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cAMP-induced phosphorylation of 26S proteasomes on Rpn6/PSMD11 enhances their activity and the degradation of misfolded proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E7176-85. [PMID: 26669444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522332112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rates of protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPS) are determined by their rates of ubiquitination, we show here that the proteasome's capacity to degrade ubiquitinated proteins is also tightly regulated. We studied the effects of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on proteolysis by the UPS in several mammalian cell lines. Various agents that raise intracellular cAMP and activate PKA (activators of adenylate cyclase or inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4) promoted degradation of short-lived (but not long-lived) cell proteins generally, model UPS substrates having different degrons, and aggregation-prone proteins associated with major neurodegenerative diseases, including mutant FUS (Fused in sarcoma), SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), TDP43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43), and tau. 26S proteasomes purified from these treated cells or from control cells and treated with PKA degraded ubiquitinated proteins, small peptides, and ATP more rapidly than controls, but not when treated with protein phosphatase. Raising cAMP levels also increased amounts of doubly capped 26S proteasomes. Activated PKA phosphorylates the 19S subunit, Rpn6/PSMD11 (regulatory particle non-ATPase 6/proteasome subunit D11) at Ser14. Overexpression of a phosphomimetic Rpn6 mutant activated proteasomes similarly, whereas a nonphosphorylatable mutant decreased activity. Thus, proteasome function and protein degradation are regulated by cAMP through PKA and Rpn6, and activation of proteasomes by this mechanism may be useful in treating proteotoxic diseases.
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225
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Lynn DA, Dalton HM, Sowa JN, Wang MC, Soukas AA, Curran SP. Omega-3 and -6 fatty acids allocate somatic and germline lipids to ensure fitness during nutrient and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15378-83. [PMID: 26621724 PMCID: PMC4687584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514012112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals in nature are continually challenged by periods of feast and famine as resources inevitably fluctuate, and must allocate somatic reserves for reproduction to abate evolutionary pressures. We identify an age-dependent lipid homeostasis pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans that regulates the mobilization of lipids from the soma to the germline, which supports fecundity but at the cost of survival in nutrient-poor and oxidative stress environments. This trade-off is responsive to the levels of dietary carbohydrates and organismal oleic acid and is coupled to activation of the cytoprotective transcription factor SKN-1 in both laboratory-derived and natural isolates of C. elegans. The homeostatic balance of lipid stores between the somatic and germ cells is mediated by arachidonic acid (omega-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (omega-3) precursors of eicosanoid signaling molecules. Our results describe a mechanism for resource reallocation within intact animals that influences reproductive fitness at the cost of somatic resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Lynn
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Hans M Dalton
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Jessica N Sowa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sean P Curran
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089;
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226
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Rangaraju S, Solis GM, Thompson RC, Gomez-Amaro RL, Kurian L, Encalada SE, Niculescu AB, Salomon DR, Petrascheck M. Suppression of transcriptional drift extends C. elegans lifespan by postponing the onset of mortality. eLife 2015; 4:e08833. [PMID: 26623667 PMCID: PMC4720515 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Longevity mechanisms increase lifespan by counteracting the effects of aging. However, whether longevity mechanisms counteract the effects of aging continually throughout life, or whether they act during specific periods of life, preventing changes that precede mortality is unclear. Here, we uncover transcriptional drift, a phenomenon that describes how aging causes genes within functional groups to change expression in opposing directions. These changes cause a transcriptome-wide loss in mRNA stoichiometry and loss of co-expression patterns in aging animals, as compared to young adults. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, we show that extending lifespan by inhibiting serotonergic signals by the antidepressant mianserin attenuates transcriptional drift, allowing the preservation of a younger transcriptome into an older age. Our data are consistent with a model in which inhibition of serotonergic signals slows age-dependent physiological decline and the associated rise in mortality levels exclusively in young adults, thereby postponing the onset of major mortality. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08833.001 All organisms age, leading to gradual declines in the body’s systems and eventually death. How certain genetic mutations and drugs delay the effects of aging and promote survival to an older age is a question many researchers are exploring. One way this problem is investigated is by looking at how the activity – or expression – of different genes changes during aging. Scientists interested in understanding aging and longevity often study a simple worm called Caenorhabditis elegans. This worm normally lives for about three weeks, and young C. elegans are able to produce offspring within days of hatching. This accelerated life cycle allows scientists to observe the entire lifespan of the worms. Over time, experiments have shown that DNA damage, changes in behavior and changes to gene expression are all markers of aging in the worms. Now, Rangaraju et al. describe how changes in gene expression patterns that begin early in the lives of C. elegans shorten their lifespan. Specifically, in groups of genes that work together, some genes increase expression, while others decrease expression with age. This phenomenon is called “transcriptional drift” and leads to an age-associated loss of coordination among groups of genes that help orchestrate specific tasks. Rangaraju et al. show that an antidepressant called mianserin prevents transcriptional drift in many of C. elegans’ genes: young worms treated with the drug resist the effects of aging on the transcriptome and maintain coordinated patterns of gene expression for longer. Maintaining coordinated patterns of gene expression postpones the onset of age-related bodily declines and extends the life of treated worms by extending the duration of young adulthood and postponing the onset of age-associated death. The drug also appears to protect against stress-induced changes in gene expression. This suggests that some of the age-related shifts in gene expression occur when cells fail to recover normal gene expression patterns after a stressful event. Questions that remain to be investigated in future studies are whether other longevity mechanisms also extend lifespan by preserving coordinated gene expression patterns, and whether other longevity mechanisms act by extending specific periods of life. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08833.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Rangaraju
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gregory M Solis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ryan C Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Rafael L Gomez-Amaro
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Leo Kurian
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Alexander B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Daniel R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael Petrascheck
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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227
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Finley D, Chen X, Walters KJ. Gates, Channels, and Switches: Elements of the Proteasome Machine. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:77-93. [PMID: 26643069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome has emerged as an intricate machine that has dynamic mechanisms to regulate the timing of its activity, its selection of substrates, and its processivity. The 19-subunit regulatory particle (RP) recognizes ubiquitinated proteins, removes ubiquitin, and injects the target protein into the proteolytic chamber of the core particle (CP) via a narrow channel. Translocation into the CP requires substrate unfolding, which is achieved through mechanical force applied by a hexameric ATPase ring of the RP. Recent cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) studies have defined distinct conformational states of the RP, providing illustrative snapshots of what appear to be progressive steps of substrate engagement. Here, we bring together this new information with molecular analyses to describe the principles of proteasome activity and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Protein Processing Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kylie J Walters
- Protein Processing Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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228
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Vanhooren V, Navarrete Santos A, Voutetakis K, Petropoulos I, Libert C, Simm A, Gonos ES, Friguet B. Protein modification and maintenance systems as biomarkers of ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 151:71-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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229
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Abstract
Although proteasomes are critical in cell regulation and cancer therapy, little is known about the factors regulating proteasome content or activity. In this issue, Zhang et al. (2015) report that miR-101 suppresses the expression of chaperone POMP and 20S assembly, and certain cancers raise proteasome content by losing miR-101.
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230
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Abstract
The autophagic system is involved in both bulk degradation of primarily long-lived cytoplasmic proteins as well as in selective degradation of cytoplasmic organelles. Autophagic flux is often defined as a measure of autophagic degradation activity, and a number of methods are currently utilized to assess autophagic flux. However, despite major advances in measuring various molecular aspects of the autophagic machinery, we remain less able to express autophagic flux in a highly sensitive, robust, and well-quantifiable manner. Here, we describe a conceptual framework for defining and measuring autophagosome flux at the single-cell level. The concept discussed here is based on the theoretical framework of metabolic control analysis, which distinguishes between the pathway along which there is a flow of material and the quantitative measure of this flow. By treating the autophagic system as a multistep pathway with each step characterized by a particular rate, we are able to provide a single-cell fluorescence live-cell imaging-based approach that describes the accurate assessment of the complete autophagosome pool size, the autophagosome flux, and the transition time required to turn over the intracellular autophagosome pool. In doing so, this perspective provides clarity on whether the system is at steady state or in a transient state moving towards a new steady state. It is hoped that this theoretical account of quantitatively measuring autophagosome flux may contribute towards a new direction in the field of autophagy, a standardized approach that allows the establishment of systematic flux databases of clinically relevant cell and tissue types that serve as important model systems for human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Loos
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science ; University of Stellenbosch ; Stellenbosch , South Africa
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231
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Chondrogianni N, Voutetakis K, Kapetanou M, Delitsikou V, Papaevgeniou N, Sakellari M, Lefaki M, Filippopoulou K, Gonos ES. Proteasome activation: An innovative promising approach for delaying aging and retarding age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:37-55. [PMID: 25540941 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process accompanied by a progressive accumulation of damage in all constituent macromolecules (nucleic acids, lipids and proteins). Accumulation of damage in proteins leads to failure of proteostasis (or vice versa) due to increased levels of unfolded, misfolded or aggregated proteins and, in turn, to aging and/or age-related diseases. The major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, have been shown to dysfunction during aging and age-related diseases. Regarding the proteasome, it is well established that it can be activated either through genetic manipulation or through treatment with natural or chemical compounds that eventually result to extension of lifespan or deceleration of the progression of age-related diseases. This review article focuses on proteasome activation studies in several species and cellular models and their effects on aging and longevity. Moreover, it summarizes findings regarding proteasome activation in the major age-related diseases as well as in progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Voutetakis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Delitsikou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianthi Sakellari
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece; Örebro University, Medical School, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Lefaki
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Filippopoulou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece; Örebro University, Medical School, Örebro, Sweden.
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232
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Steinbaugh MJ, Narasimhan SD, Robida-Stubbs S, Moronetti Mazzeo LE, Dreyfuss JM, Hourihan JM, Raghavan P, Operaña TN, Esmaillie R, Blackwell TK. Lipid-mediated regulation of SKN-1/Nrf in response to germ cell absence. eLife 2015. [PMID: 26196144 PMCID: PMC4541496 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, ablation of germline stem cells (GSCs) extends lifespan, but also increases fat accumulation and alters lipid metabolism, raising the intriguing question of how these effects might be related. Here, we show that a lack of GSCs results in a broad transcriptional reprogramming in which the conserved detoxification regulator SKN-1/Nrf increases stress resistance, proteasome activity, and longevity. SKN-1 also activates diverse lipid metabolism genes and reduces fat storage, thereby alleviating the increased fat accumulation caused by GSC absence. Surprisingly, SKN-1 is activated by signals from this fat, which appears to derive from unconsumed yolk that was produced for reproduction. We conclude that SKN-1 plays a direct role in maintaining lipid homeostasis in which it is activated by lipids. This SKN-1 function may explain the importance of mammalian Nrf proteins in fatty liver disease and suggest that particular endogenous or dietary lipids might promote health through SKN-1/Nrf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John M Hourihan
- Department of Genetics and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | | | - Reza Esmaillie
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States
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233
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Mistargeted mitochondrial proteins activate a proteostatic response in the cytosol. Nature 2015; 524:485-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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234
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Kirstein J, Morito D, Kakihana T, Sugihara M, Minnen A, Hipp MS, Nussbaum-Krammer C, Kasturi P, Hartl FU, Nagata K, Morimoto RI. Proteotoxic stress and ageing triggers the loss of redox homeostasis across cellular compartments. EMBO J 2015; 34:2334-49. [PMID: 26228940 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular proteostasis network integrates the protein folding and clearance machineries in multiple sub-cellular compartments of the eukaryotic cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of membrane and secretory proteins. A distinctive feature of the ER is its tightly controlled redox homeostasis necessary for the formation of inter- and intra-molecular disulphide bonds. Employing genetically encoded in vivo sensors reporting on the redox state in an organelle-specific manner, we show in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that the redox state of the ER is subject to profound changes during worm lifetime. In young animals, the ER is oxidizing and this shifts towards reducing conditions during ageing, whereas in the cytosol the redox state becomes more oxidizing with age. Likewise, the redox state in the cytosol and the ER change in an opposing manner in response to proteotoxic challenges in C. elegans and in HeLa cells revealing conservation of redox homeostasis. Moreover, we show that organelle redox homeostasis is regulated across tissues within C. elegans providing a new measure for organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Kirstein
- Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daisuke Morito
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taichi Kakihana
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munechika Sugihara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anita Minnen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Prasad Kasturi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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235
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Castillo-Quan JI, Kinghorn KJ, Bjedov I. Genetics and pharmacology of longevity: the road to therapeutics for healthy aging. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 90:1-101. [PMID: 26296933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging can be defined as the progressive decline in tissue and organismal function and the ability to respond to stress that occurs in association with homeostatic failure and the accumulation of molecular damage. Aging is the biggest risk factor for human disease and results in a wide range of aging pathologies. Although we do not completely understand the underlying molecular basis that drives the aging process, we have gained exceptional insights into the plasticity of life span and healthspan from the use of model organisms such as the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Single-gene mutations in key cellular pathways that regulate environmental sensing, and the response to stress, have been identified that prolong life span across evolution from yeast to mammals. These genetic manipulations also correlate with a delay in the onset of tissue and organismal dysfunction. While the molecular genetics of aging will remain a prosperous and attractive area of research in biogerontology, we are moving towards an era defined by the search for therapeutic drugs that promote healthy aging. Translational biogerontology will require incorporation of both therapeutic and pharmacological concepts. The use of model organisms will remain central to the quest for drug discovery, but as we uncover molecular processes regulated by repurposed drugs and polypharmacy, studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapeutic index will slowly become more prevalent in aging research. As we move from genetics to pharmacology and therapeutics, studies will not only require demonstration of life span extension and an underlying molecular mechanism, but also the translational relevance for human health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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236
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Abstract
Components or downstream targets of many signaling pathways such as Insulin/IGF-1 and TOR, as well as genes involved in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics can extend worm lifespan 20% or more. The C. elegans gene pch-2 and its homologs, including TRIP13 in humans, have been studied for their functions in cell mitosis and meiosis, but have never been implicated in lifespan regulation. Here we show that over-expression of TRIP13 in human fibroblasts confers resistance to environmental stressors such as UV radiation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, pch-2 overexpression in C. elegans extends worm lifespan, and enhances worm survival in response to various stressors. Conversely, reducing pch-2 expression with RNAi shortens worm lifespan. Additional genetic epistasis analysis indicates that the molecular mechanism of pch-2 in worm longevity is tied to functions of the sirtuin family, implying that pch-2 is another chromatin regulator for worm longevity. These findings suggest a novel function of the pch-2 gene involved in lifespan determination.
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237
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Labbadia J, Morimoto RI. Repression of the Heat Shock Response Is a Programmed Event at the Onset of Reproduction. Mol Cell 2015. [PMID: 26212459 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is essential for proteostasis and cellular health. In metazoans, aging is associated with a decline in quality control, thus increasing the risk for protein conformational disease. Here, we show that in C. elegans, the HSR declines precipitously over a 4 hr period in early adulthood coincident with the onset of reproductive maturity. Repression of the HSR occurs due to an increase in H3K27me3 marks at stress gene loci, the timing of which is determined by reduced expression of the H3K27 demethylase jmjd-3.1. This results in a repressed chromatin state that interferes with HSF-1 binding and suppresses transcription initiation in response to stress. The removal of germline stem cells preserves jmjd-3.1 expression, suppresses the accumulation of H3K27me3 at stress gene loci, and maintains the HSR. These findings suggest that competing requirements of the germline and soma dictate organismal stress resistance as animals begin reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Labbadia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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238
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Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) Protects against Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:740162. [PMID: 26236426 PMCID: PMC4508469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) is a native plant found throughout South America. Several studies have shown that Carqueja has antioxidant activity in vitro, as well as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, antihepatotoxic, and antimutagenic properties. However, studies regarding its antioxidant potential in vivo are limited. In this study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to examine the antioxidant effects of a Carqueja hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) on stress resistance and lifespan and to investigate whether CHE has a protective effect in a C. elegans model for Alzheimer's disease. Here, we show for the first time, using in vivo assays, that CHE treatment improved oxidative stress resistance by increasing survival rate and by reducing ROS levels under oxidative stress conditions independently of the stress-related signaling pathways (p38, JNK, and ERK) and transcription factors (SKN-1/Nrf and DAF-16/Foxo) tested here. CHE treatment also increased the defenses against β-amyloid toxicity in C. elegans, in part by increasing proteasome activity and the expression of two heat shock protein genes. Our findings suggest a potential neuroprotective use for Carqueja, supporting the idea that dietary antioxidants are a promising approach to boost the defensive systems against stress and neurodegeneration.
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239
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The Deubiquitylase MATH-33 Controls DAF-16 Stability and Function in Metabolism and Longevity. Cell Metab 2015; 22:151-63. [PMID: 26154057 PMCID: PMC4502596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
FOXO family transcription factors are downstream effectors of Insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) and major determinants of aging in organisms ranging from worms to man. The molecular mechanisms that actively promote DAF16/FOXO stability and function are unknown. Here we identify the deubiquitylating enzyme MATH-33 as an essential DAF-16 regulator in IIS, which stabilizes active DAF-16 protein levels and, as a consequence, influences DAF-16 functions, such as metabolism, stress response, and longevity in C. elegans. MATH-33 associates with DAF-16 in cellulo and in vitro. MATH-33 functions as a deubiquitylase by actively removing ubiquitin moieties from DAF-16, thus counteracting the action of the RLE-1 E3-ubiquitin ligase. Our findings support a model in which MATH-33 promotes DAF-16 stability in response to decreased IIS by directly modulating its ubiquitylation state, suggesting that regulated oscillations in the stability of DAF-16 protein play an integral role in controlling processes such as metabolism and longevity.
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240
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Koyuncu S, Irmak D, Saez I, Vilchez D. Defining the General Principles of Stem Cell Aging: Lessons from Organismal Models. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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241
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Walther DM, Kasturi P, Zheng M, Pinkert S, Vecchi G, Ciryam P, Morimoto RI, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M, Mann M, Hartl FU. Widespread Proteome Remodeling and Aggregation in Aging C. elegans. Cell 2015; 161:919-32. [PMID: 25957690 PMCID: PMC4643853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with a progressive decline of proteostasis, but how this process affects proteome composition remains largely unexplored. Here, we profiled more than 5,000 proteins along the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. We find that one-third of proteins change in abundance at least 2-fold during aging, resulting in a severe proteome imbalance. These changes are reduced in the long-lived daf-2 mutant but are enhanced in the short-lived daf-16 mutant. While ribosomal proteins decline and lose normal stoichiometry, proteasome complexes increase. Proteome imbalance is accompanied by widespread protein aggregation, with abundant proteins that exceed solubility contributing most to aggregate load. Notably, the properties by which proteins are selected for aggregation differ in the daf-2 mutant, and an increased formation of aggregates associated with small heat-shock proteins is observed. We suggest that sequestering proteins into chaperone-enriched aggregates is a protective strategy to slow proteostasis decline during nematode aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Walther
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Prasad Kasturi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Giulia Vecchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Prajwal Ciryam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | | | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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242
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Pickering AM, Lehr M, Miller RA. Lifespan of mice and primates correlates with immunoproteasome expression. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2059-68. [PMID: 25866968 PMCID: PMC4463211 DOI: 10.1172/jci80514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is large variation in lifespan among different species, and there is evidence that modulation of proteasome function may contribute to longevity determination. Comparative biology provides a powerful tool for identifying genes and pathways that control the rate of aging. Here, we evaluated skin-derived fibroblasts and demonstrate that among primate species, longevity correlated with an elevation in proteasomal activity as well as immunoproteasome expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Immunoproteasome enhancement occurred with a concurrent increase in other elements involved in MHC class I antigen presentation, including β-2 microglobulin, (TAP1), and TAP2. Fibroblasts from long-lived primates also appeared more responsive to IFN-γ than cells from short-lived primate species, and this increase in IFN-γ responsiveness correlated with elevated expression of the IFN-γ receptor protein IFNGR2. Elevation of immunoproteasome and proteasome activity was also observed in the livers of long-lived Snell dwarf mice and in mice exposed to drugs that have been shown to extend lifespan, including rapamycin, 17-α-estradiol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. This work suggests that augmented immunoproteasome function may contribute to lifespan differences in mice and among primate species.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/physiopathology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Janus Kinases/physiology
- Longevity/drug effects
- Longevity/immunology
- Longevity/physiology
- Male
- Masoprocol/pharmacology
- Mice/physiology
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Oxidative Stress
- Primates/physiology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/biosynthesis
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/chemistry
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Subunits
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- STAT Transcription Factors/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Species Specificity
- Up-Regulation
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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243
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Milan G, Romanello V, Pescatore F, Armani A, Paik JH, Frasson L, Seydel A, Zhao J, Abraham R, Goldberg AL, Blaauw B, DePinho RA, Sandri M. Regulation of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system by the FoxO transcriptional network during muscle atrophy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6670. [PMID: 25858807 PMCID: PMC4403316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stresses like low nutrients, systemic inflammation, cancer or infections provoke a catabolic state characterized by enhanced muscle proteolysis and amino acid release to sustain liver gluconeogenesis and tissue protein synthesis. These conditions activate the family of Forkhead Box (Fox) O transcription factors. Here we report that muscle-specific deletion of FoxO members protects from muscle loss as a result of the role of FoxOs in the induction of autophagy–lysosome and ubiquitin–proteasome systems. Notably, in the setting of low nutrient signalling, we demonstrate that FoxOs are required for Akt activity but not for mTOR signalling. FoxOs control several stress–response pathways such as the unfolded protein response, ROS detoxification, DNA repair and translation. Finally, we identify FoxO-dependent ubiquitin ligases including MUSA1 and a previously uncharacterised ligase termed SMART (Specific of Muscle Atrophy and Regulated by Transcription). Our findings underscore the central function of FoxOs in coordinating a variety of stress-response genes during catabolic conditions. FoxO transcription factors promote muscle atrophy in response to stresses such as low nutrient availability. By generating muscle-specific FoxO triple-knockout mice, Milan et al. identify mechanisms by which the FoxO transcriptional network coordinates autophagic and proteasomal protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Milan
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Vanina Romanello
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Pescatore
- 1] Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Ji-Hye Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Laura Frasson
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Anke Seydel
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Reimar Abraham
- Department of Cancer Biology, U3 Pharma GmbH, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Alfred L Goldberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Marco Sandri
- 1] Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy [3] Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35129 Padova, Italy [4] Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3AoG4, Canada [5] Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy
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244
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Periz G, Lu J, Zhang T, Kankel MW, Jablonski AM, Kalb R, McCampbell A, Wang J. Regulation of protein quality control by UBE4B and LSD1 through p53-mediated transcription. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002114. [PMID: 25837623 PMCID: PMC4383508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control is essential for clearing misfolded and aggregated proteins from the cell, and its failure is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we identify two genes, ufd-2 and spr-5, that when inactivated, synergistically and robustly suppress neurotoxicity associated with misfolded proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of human orthologs ubiquitination factor E4 B (UBE4B) and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), respectively encoding a ubiquitin ligase and a lysine-specific demethylase, promotes the clearance of misfolded proteins in mammalian cells by activating both proteasomal and autophagic degradation machineries. An unbiased search in this pathway reveals a downstream effector as the transcription factor p53, a shared substrate of UBE4B and LSD1 that functions as a key regulator of protein quality control to protect against proteotoxicity. These studies identify a new protein quality control pathway via regulation of transcription factors and point to the augmentation of protein quality control as a wide-spectrum antiproteotoxicity strategy. A new protein quality control regulatory pathway is identified in which a ubiquitin ligase and a lysine-specific demethylase act together on the transcription factor p53 to control protein degradation systems. To function properly, proteins must assume their correct three-dimensional shapes. There are numerous mechanisms within the cell, collectively referred to as protein quality control (PQC), that verify proper folding. If abnormal folding is detected, PQC can either help the protein to refold or target it for degradation. Failures in protein folding and PQC lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which often self-associate into large aggregations that are thought to be the underlying cause of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we use the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to understand how cells handle disease-associated misfolded proteins. In a large-scale genetic screen, we discovered two suppressor genes, ufd-2 and spr-5, which encode a ubiquitin ligase and a lysine-specific demethylase, respectively. When these two proteins are inactivated, we observe a marked reduction in the toxicity of several misfolded proteins. ufd-2 and spr-5 are conserved in humans (UBE4B and LSD1, respectively), as are their effects on misfolded proteins. We show that UBE4B and LSD1 regulate the activity of protein degradation machineries including the proteasome and autophagosomes. Using microarrays and biochemical analyses, we identify p53 as a key downstream transcription factor that mediates the action of UBE4B and LSD1 on protein clearance. This work establishes p53 as a regulator of proteome integrity and uncovers a new protein quality control pathway that could potentially be exploited to increase the degradation of misfolded proteins in diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Periz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Neuroscience, Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiayin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Neuroscience, Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Neuroscience, Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Kankel
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Jablonski
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert Kalb
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Neuroscience, Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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245
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Abstract
Loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a common feature of aging and disease that is characterized by the appearance of nonnative protein aggregates in various tissues. Protein aggregation is routinely suppressed by the proteostasis network (PN), a collection of macromolecular machines that operate in diverse ways to maintain proteome integrity across subcellular compartments and between tissues to ensure a healthy life span. Here, we review the composition, function, and organizational properties of the PN in the context of individual cells and entire organisms and discuss the mechanisms by which disruption of the PN, and related stress response pathways, contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. We explore emerging evidence that disease susceptibility arises from early changes in the composition and activity of the PN and propose that a more complete understanding of the temporal and spatial properties of the PN will enhance our ability to develop effective treatments for protein conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Labbadia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208;
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246
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Fawcett EM, Hoyt JM, Johnson JK, Miller DL. Hypoxia disrupts proteostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2015; 14:92-101. [PMID: 25510338 PMCID: PMC4326909 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is fundamentally important for cell metabolism, and as a consequence, O2 deprivation (hypoxia) can impair many essential physiological processes. Here, we show that an active response to hypoxia disrupts cellular proteostasis – the coordination of protein synthesis, quality control, and degradation that maintains the functionality of the proteome. We have discovered that specific hypoxic conditions enhance the aggregation and toxicity of aggregation-prone proteins that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Our data indicate this is an active response to hypoxia, rather than a passive consequence of energy limitation. This response to hypoxia is partially antagonized by the conserved hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, hif-1. We further demonstrate that exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protects animals from hypoxia-induced disruption of proteostasis. H2S has been shown to protect against hypoxic damage in mammals and extends lifespan in nematodes. Remarkably, our data also show that H2S can reverse detrimental effects of hypoxia on proteostasis. Our data indicate that the protective effects of H2S in hypoxia are mechanistically distinct from the effect of H2S to increase lifespan and thermotolerance, suggesting that control of proteostasis and aging can be dissociated. Together, our studies reveal a novel effect of the hypoxia response in animals and provide a foundation to understand how the integrated proteostasis network is integrated with this stress response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Fawcett
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA 98195‐7350USA
| | - Jill M. Hoyt
- Department of Biochemistry University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA 98195‐7350USA
| | | | - Dana L. Miller
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA 98195‐7350USA
- Department of Biochemistry University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA 98195‐7350USA
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247
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Yao Y, Tsuchiyama S, Yang C, Bulteau AL, He C, Robison B, Tsuchiya M, Miller D, Briones V, Tar K, Potrero A, Friguet B, Kennedy BK, Schmidt M. Proteasomes, Sir2, and Hxk2 form an interconnected aging network that impinges on the AMPK/Snf1-regulated transcriptional repressor Mig1. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004968. [PMID: 25629410 PMCID: PMC4309596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated proteasome activity extends lifespan in model organisms such as yeast, worms and flies. This pro-longevity effect might be mediated by improved protein homeostasis, as this protease is an integral module of the protein homeostasis network. Proteasomes also regulate cellular processes through temporal and spatial degradation of signaling pathway components. Here we demonstrate that the regulatory function of the proteasome plays an essential role in aging cells and that the beneficial impact of elevated proteasome capacity on lifespan partially originates from deregulation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Proteasome-mediated lifespan extension activity was carbon-source dependent and cells with enhancement proteasome function exhibited increased respiratory activity and oxidative stress response. These findings suggested that the pro-aging impact of proteasome upregulation might be related to changes in the metabolic state through a premature induction of respiration. Deletion of yeast AMPK, SNF1, or its activator SNF4 abrogated proteasome-mediated lifespan extension, supporting this hypothesis as the AMPK pathway regulates metabolism. We found that the premature induction of respiration in cells with increased proteasome activity originates from enhanced turnover of Mig1, an AMPK/Snf1 regulated transcriptional repressor that prevents the induction of genes required for respiration. Increasing proteasome activity also resulted in partial relocation of Mig1 from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Collectively, the results argue for a model in which elevated proteasome activity leads to the uncoupling of Snf1-mediated Mig1 regulation, resulting in a premature activation of respiration and thus the induction of a mitohormetic response, beneficial to lifespan. In addition, we observed incorrect Mig1 localization in two other long-lived yeast aging models: cells that overexpress SIR2 or deleted for the Mig1-regulator HXK2. Finally, compromised proteasome function blocks lifespan extension in both strains. Thus, our findings suggest that proteasomes, Sir2, Snf1 and Hxk2 form an interconnected aging network that controls metabolism through coordinated regulation of Mig1. Advanced cellular age is associated with decreased efficiency of the proteostasis network. The proteasome, a protease in the cytoplasm and nuclei of eukaryotic cells, is an important component of this network. Recent studies demonstrate that increased proteasome capacity has a positive impact on longevity. The underlying mechanisms, however, have not been fully identified. Here we report that proteasomes are involved in regulating the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway and thus participate in correct metabolic adaptation. We find that Mig1, a transcriptional repressor downstream of yeast AMPK, Snf1, is a proteasome target and a negative regulator of lifespan. Increased proteasome activity results in enhanced turnover and incorrect localization of Mig1. The reduced Mig1 levels result in the induction of respiration and upregulation of the oxidative stress response. Premature Mig1 inactivation is also observed in two additional long-lived strains that overexpress SIR2 or are deleted for HXK2 and lifespan extension in both strains requires correct proteasome function. Our results uncover an interconnected network comprised of the proteasome, Sir2 and AMPK/Hxk2 signaling that impacts longevity through regulation of Mig1 and modulates respiratory metabolism. Mechanistic information on the cross-communication between these pathways is expected to facilitate the identification of novel pro-aging interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Ciyu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Chong He
- Buck Institute, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Brett Robison
- Buck Institute, Novato, California, United States of America
| | | | - Delana Miller
- Buck Institute, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Valeria Briones
- Buck Institute, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Krisztina Tar
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anahi Potrero
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Brian K. Kennedy
- Buck Institute, Novato, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (BKK)
| | - Marion Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (BKK)
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Base-CP proteasome can serve as a platform for stepwise lid formation. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20140173. [PMID: 26182356 PMCID: PMC4438304 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
26S proteasome, a major regulatory protease in eukaryotes, consists of a 20S proteolytic core particle (CP) capped by a 19S regulatory particle (RP). The 19S RP is divisible into base and lid sub-complexes. Even within the lid, subunits have been demarcated into two modules: module 1 (Rpn5, Rpn6, Rpn8, Rpn9 and Rpn11), which interacts with both CP and base sub-complexes and module 2 (Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpn12 and Rpn15) that is attached mainly to module 1. We now show that suppression of RPN11 expression halted lid assembly yet enabled the base and 20S CP to pre-assemble and form a base-CP. A key role for Regulatory particle non-ATPase 11 (Rpn11) in bridging lid module 1 and module 2 subunits together is inferred from observing defective proteasomes in rpn11–m1, a mutant expressing a truncated form of Rpn11 and displaying mitochondrial phenotypes. An incomplete lid made up of five module 1 subunits attached to base-CP was identified in proteasomes isolated from this mutant. Re-introducing the C-terminal portion of Rpn11 enabled recruitment of missing module 2 subunits. In vitro, module 1 was reconstituted stepwise, initiated by Rpn11–Rpn8 heterodimerization. Upon recruitment of Rpn6, the module 1 intermediate was competent to lock into base-CP and reconstitute an incomplete 26S proteasome. Thus, base-CP can serve as a platform for gradual incorporation of lid, along a proteasome assembly pathway. Identification of proteasome intermediates and reconstitution of minimal functional units should clarify aspects of the inner workings of this machine and how multiple catalytic processes are synchronized within the 26S proteasome holoenzymes. Defective proteasome 19S regulatory particles (RPs) were identified in rpn11f–m1, a proteasomal mutant with mitochondrial phenotypes. The Rpn11 subunit initiates assembly of a five-subunit lid module competent to integrate into pre-assembled base-20S core particle (CP), with subsequent recruitment of remaining lid subunits.
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249
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Khodakarami A, Saez I, Mels J, Vilchez D. Mediation of organismal aging and somatic proteostasis by the germline. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:3. [PMID: 25988171 PMCID: PMC4428440 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental interventions that reduce reproduction cause an extension in lifespan. In invertebrates, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, the aging of the soma is regulated by signals from the germline. Indeed, ablation of germ cells significantly extends lifespan. Notably, germline-deficient animals exhibit heightened resistance to proteotoxic stress. This phenotype correlates with increased potential of intracellular clearance mechanisms such as the proteasome and autophagy in somatic tissues. Here we review the molecular mechanisms by which signals from the germline regulate lifespan in C. elegans with special emphasis on clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirabbas Khodakarami
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel Saez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Mels
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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250
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Yang W, Li LG, Liu RD, Sun GG, Liu CY, Zhang SB, Jiang P, Zhang X, Ren HJ, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular identification and characterization of Trichinella spiralis proteasome subunit beta type-7. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:18. [PMID: 25582125 PMCID: PMC4297437 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous study showed that Trichinella spiralis proteasome subunit beta type-7 (Tspst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (IIL) compared to muscle larvae (ML), which was screened by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and confirmed by real-time PCR. Tspst may be related to the larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The aim of this study was to identify Tspst and to investigate its immune protection against intestinal T. spiralis infection. Methods The Tspst gene encoding a 29 kDa protein from T. spiralis infective larvae was cloned, and recombinant Tspst protein (rTspst) was produced in an Escherichia coli expression system. The rTspst was used to immunize BALB/c mice. Anti-rTspst antibodies were used to determine the immunolocolization of Tspst in the parasite. Transcription and expression of Tspst at T. spiralis different developmental stages were observed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence test (IFT). The in vitro or in vivo immune protection of anti-rTspst serum or rTspst against intestinal T. spiralis infection in BALB/c mice was evaluated. Results Anti-rTspst serum recognized the native Tspst protein with 29 kDa in ML crude antigens. Transcription and expression of gene was observed at all T. spiralis different developmental stages (IIL, adult worms, newborn larvae, and ML). An immunolocalization analysis identified Tspst in the cuticle and internal organs of the parasite. An in vitro invasion assay showed that, when anti-rTspst serum, serum of mice infected with T. spiralis or normal mouse serum were added to the medium, the invasion rate of the infective larvae in an IEC monolayer was 25.2%, 11.4%, and 79%, respectively (P < 0.05), indicating that anti-rTspst serum partially prevented the larval invasion of IECs. After a challenge infection with T. spiralis muscle larvae, mice immunized with rTspst conferred a 45.7% reduction in adult worm burden in intestines. Conclusions In the present study, Tspst was first identified and characterized. Tspst is an invasion-related protein of T. spiralis IIL and could be considered as a potential vaccine candidate antigen against intestinal T. spiralis infection that merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Ge Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Chun Ying Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Bing Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Jun Ren
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.
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