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Kondo S, Hirakawa H, Ikegami T, Uehara T, Agena S, Uezato J, Kinjyo H, Kise N, Yamashita Y, Tanaka K, Hasegawa N, Kiyuna A, Maeda H, Suzuki M, Gahana A. Raptor and rictor expression in patients with human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:87. [PMID: 33482765 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite reports of a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activation, the role of the mTOR pathway, especially raptor and rictor, in HPV-related head and neck cancer is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the mTOR pathway in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods The present study involved two strategies. The first was to investigate the activity of mTOR and mTOR-related complexes in high-risk HPV-positive (UM-SCC47 and CaSki) and HPV-negative (SCC-4 and SAS) cancer cell lines. The second was to elucidate mTOR complex expression in 80 oropharyngeal cancer tissues and to examine the relationship between mTOR complex expression and survival in patients with OPSCC. Results The UM-SCC47 and CaSki cell lines showed high gene and protein expression of raptor. They also exhibited G1/S and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest following 24 h incubation with 6 μM temsirolimus, a rapamycin analog, and temsirolimus administration inhibited their growth. HPV-related OPSCC samples showed high gene and protein expression of raptor and rictor compared with HPV-unrelated OPSCC. In addition, HPV-related OPSCC patients with high raptor and rictor expression tended to have a worse prognosis than those with low or medium expression. Conclusions These results suggest that raptor and rictor have important roles in HPV-related OPSCC and that temsirolimus is a potential therapeutic agent for patients with HPV-related OPSCC. This is the first report to reveal the overexpression of raptor and rictor in HPV-related OPSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07794-9.
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Abstract
Inhibition of mTORC1 (mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1) with the pharmaceutical rapamycin prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of model organisms including rodents, with evidence now emerging that rapamycin and its analogs may also have rejuvenative effects in dogs and humans. However, the side effects associated with long-term rapamycin treatment, many of which are due to inhibition of a second mTOR complex, mTORC2, have seemed to preclude the routine use of rapamycin as a therapy for age-related diseases. Here, we discuss recent findings suggesting that strong, chronic inhibition of both mTOR complexes may not be necessary to realize the geroprotective effects of rapamycin. Instead, modestly but specifically inhibiting mTORC1 via a variety of emerging techniques, including intermittent or transient treatment with rapamycin derivatives, or specific dietary regimens, may be sufficient to promote health and longevity with reduced side effects. We will also discuss prospects for the development of new molecules that, by harnessing the detailed molecular understanding of mTORC1 signaling developed over the last decade, will provide new routes to the selective inhibition of mTORC1. We conclude that therapies based on the selective inhibition of mTORC1 may soon permit the safer treatment of diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Dumas
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Hernandez SF, Chisholm S, Borger D, Foster R, Rueda BR, Growdon WB. Ridaforolimus improves the anti-tumor activity of dual HER2 blockade in uterine serous carcinoma in vivo models with HER2 gene amplification and PIK3CA mutation. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:570-579. [PMID: 27017985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine serous carcinomas (USC) harbor simultaneous HER2 (ERBB2) over-expression and gain of function mutations in PIK3CA. These concurrent alterations may uncouple single agent anti-HER2 therapeutic efficacy making inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) a promising option to heighten anti-tumor response. METHODS Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess proliferation, cell death and anti-tumor activity of ridaforolimus, lapatinib and combination lapatinib, trastuzumab (L/T) and ridaforolimus. With institutional approval, NOD/SCID mice bearing xenografts of non-immortalized, HER2 gene amplified cell lines (ARK1, ARK2) with and without PIK3CA gene mutations were divided into four arm cohorts. Ridaforolimus was administered alone and in combination with L/T. Tumor volumes were assessed and posttreatment analysis was performed. RESULTS We observed dose dependent in vitro abrogation of downstream target proteins including phospho-AKT and phospho-S6. In both in vivo models, single agent ridaforolimus impaired xenograft tumor growth. Combination ridaforolimus and L/T, however, further improved the observed anti-tumor activity only in the ARK1 model with the PIK3CA gene mutation (E542K). The addition of mTOR inhibition to dual HER2 blockade added no additional anti-tumor effects in the ARK2 xenografts. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of downstream pathway alterations following in vivo treatment revealed dual HER2 blockade with ridaforolimus was necessary to induce apoptosis, decrease proliferation and abrogate phospho-S6 protein expression in the PIK3CA mutated model. CONCLUSIONS These pilot data suggest that PIK3CA gene mutation may be an effective biomarker for selecting those HER2 over-expressing USC tumors most likely to benefit from mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia F Hernandez
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Chisholm
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Darrell Borger
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rosemary Foster
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Whitfield B Growdon
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Emons G, Kurzeder C, Schmalfeldt B, Neuser P, de Gregorio N, Pfisterer J, Park-Simon TW, Mahner S, Schröder W, Lück HJ, Heubner ML, Hanker L, Thiel F, Hilpert F. Temsirolimus in women with platinum-refractory/resistant ovarian cancer or advanced/recurrent endometrial carcinoma. A phase II study of the AGO-study group (AGO-GYN8). Gynecol Oncol 2015; 140:450-6. [PMID: 26731724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate activity and toxicity of mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in patients with platinum-refractory/resistant ovarian cancer (OC) or advanced/recurrent endometrial carcinoma (EC). METHODS Women with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer were eligible, when they had progression during treatment with a platinum based regimen or within 6 months after receiving a platinum based regimen and a previous taxane treatment. Women with advanced/recurrent EC, no longer amenable to curative surgery and/or radiotherapy were eligible when they had no previous or only adjuvant chemotherapy. Preceding endocrine therapy for metastatic/recurrent disease was allowed. Patients received weekly IV infusions of 25mg temsirolimus. Primary endpoint was progression free survival rate after 4 months (OC) or 6 months (EC). A two stage design was applied. RESULTS Forty-four patients (OC: n=22; EC: n=22) were enrolled and received temsirolimus treatment. Median age was 56 years (OC) or 63 years (EC). After eight weeks of treatment, 10 of 21 evaluable patients in the OC cohort and 8 of 20 evaluable patients in the EC cohort had progressive disease. Thus efficacy did not meet the predefined levels during the first stage of recruitment and the trial was stopped. Some patients in both cohorts had long lasting PFS (>7 months). Toxicity of temsirolimus was mild. CONCLUSIONS Temsirolimus treatment was well tolerated in our patients, but did not meet the predefined efficacy criteria. In our study as in other trials on rapalogs in OC or EC, a few patients had long lasting disease stabilisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Emons
- Klinikum Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Kurzeder
- Kliniken Essen Mitte, Evang. Huyssens Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Gynäkologische Onkologie, Henricistraße 92, 45136 Essen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Schmalfeldt
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Frauen- und Poliklinik, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
| | - Petra Neuser
- Koordinierungszentrum für Klinische Studien (KKS), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus de Gregorio
- Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Universitätsfrauenklinik, Prittwitzstr. 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jacobus Pfisterer
- Städtisches Klinikum Solingen, Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Gotenstraße 1, 42653 Solingen, Germany.
| | - Tjoung-Won Park-Simon
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Frauenklinik, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sven Mahner
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Klinik und Poliklinik für Gynäkologie, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Willibald Schröder
- GYNAEKOLOGIKUM Bremen, Praxisklinik für Gynäkologische Onkologie und Operative Gynäkologie, Schwachhauser Heerstr. 367, 28211, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Lück
- Gynäkologisch-onkologische Praxis, Pelikanplatz 23, 30177 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Leonhard Heubner
- Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lars Hanker
- Klinikum der J. W. Goethe-Universität, Zentrum für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Falk Thiel
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Klinik für Frauenheilkunde, Universitätsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Felix Hilpert
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 24, 24105 Kiel, Germany,.
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Abstract
Aging can be defined as the progressive decline in tissue and organismal function and the ability to respond to stress that occurs in association with homeostatic failure and the accumulation of molecular damage. Aging is the biggest risk factor for human disease and results in a wide range of aging pathologies. Although we do not completely understand the underlying molecular basis that drives the aging process, we have gained exceptional insights into the plasticity of life span and healthspan from the use of model organisms such as the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Single-gene mutations in key cellular pathways that regulate environmental sensing, and the response to stress, have been identified that prolong life span across evolution from yeast to mammals. These genetic manipulations also correlate with a delay in the onset of tissue and organismal dysfunction. While the molecular genetics of aging will remain a prosperous and attractive area of research in biogerontology, we are moving towards an era defined by the search for therapeutic drugs that promote healthy aging. Translational biogerontology will require incorporation of both therapeutic and pharmacological concepts. The use of model organisms will remain central to the quest for drug discovery, but as we uncover molecular processes regulated by repurposed drugs and polypharmacy, studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapeutic index will slowly become more prevalent in aging research. As we move from genetics to pharmacology and therapeutics, studies will not only require demonstration of life span extension and an underlying molecular mechanism, but also the translational relevance for human health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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