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Liu X, Chen Z, Ouyang G, Song T, Liang H, Liu W, Xiao W. ELL Protein-associated Factor 2 (EAF2) Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling through a Direct Interaction with Smad3. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25933-45. [PMID: 26370086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of in vitro and in vivo studies has shown that EAF2 can affect multiple signaling pathways involved in cellular processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects have remained elusive. Here we report the discovery of a new functional link between EAF2 and TGF-β signaling. Promoter reporter assays indicated that EAF2 suppresses Smad3 transcriptional activity, resulting in inhibition of TGF-β signaling. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that EAF2 specifically interacts with Smad3 in vitro and in vivo but not with other Smad proteins. In addition, we observed that EAF2 binding does not alter Smad3 phosphorylation but causes Smad3 cytoplasmic retention, competes with Smad4 for binding to Smad3, and prevents p300-Smad3 complex formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EAF2 suppresses both TGF-β-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and TGF-β-induced cell migration. This study identifies and characterizes a novel repressor of TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China, Department of Reproduction, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tieshan Song
- Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China, and
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China,
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202
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Pal A, Donato NJ. Ubiquitin-specific proteases as therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 16:461. [PMID: 25606592 PMCID: PMC4384352 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Key mediators of signaling pathways in breast cancer involve post-translational protein modification, primarily mediated through phosphorylation and ubiquitination. While previous studies focused on phosphorylation events, more recent analysis suggests that ubiquitin plays a parallel and equally important role in several signaling and cell regulatory events in breast cancer. Availability of new tools capable of sensitive detection of gene mutations and aberrant expression of genes and proteins coupled with gene-specific knockdown and silencing protocols have provided insight into the previously unexplored ubiquitin regulatory process within these tumors. Ubiquitin-specific proteases are one class of enzymes with protein deubiquitinating activity, making up the majority of protein deubiquitinating diversity within mammalian cells. Ubiquitin-specific proteases are also emerging as potential therapeutic targets in many diseases, including cancer. In this report, we summarize the involvement of this class of enzymes in breast cancer signaling and cell regulation and illustrate the potential for additional studies to define novel targets and approaches in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Pal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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203
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Cohen-Solal KA, Boregowda RK, Lasfar A. RUNX2 and the PI3K/AKT axis reciprocal activation as a driving force for tumor progression. Mol Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26204939 PMCID: PMC4513933 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first reported role of the transcription factor RUNX2 in osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and migration to its involvement in promigratory/proinvasive behavior of breast, prostate, and thyroid cancer cells, osteosarcoma, or melanoma cells, RUNX2 currently emerges as a key player in metastasis. In this review, we address the interaction of RUNX2 with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, one of the critical axes controlling cancer growth and metastasis. AKT, either by directly phosphorylating/activating RUNX2 or phosphorylating/inactivating regulators of RUNX2 stability or activity, contributes to RUNX2 transcriptional activity. Reciprocally, the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by RUNX2 regulation of its different components has been described in non-transformed and transformed cells. This mutual activation in the context of cancer cells exhibiting constitutive AKT activation and high levels of RUNX2 might constitute a major driving force in tumor progression and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.
| | - Rajeev K Boregowda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
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204
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Sahtoe DD, Sixma TK. Layers of DUB regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:456-67. [PMID: 26073511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes, such as (iso-)peptidases, are potentially hazardous for cells. To neutralize their potential danger, tight control of their activities has evolved. Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are isopeptidases involved in eukaryotic ubiquitylation. They reverse ubiquitin signals by hydrolyzing ubiquitin adducts, giving them control over all aspects of ubiquitin biology. The importance of DUB function is underscored by their frequent deregulation in human disease, making these enzymes potential drug targets. Here, we review the different layers of DUB enzyme regulation. We discuss how post-translational modification (PTM), regulatory domains within DUBs, and incorporation of DUBs into macromolecular complexes contribute to their activity. We conclude that most DUBs are likely to use a combination of these basic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny D Sahtoe
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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205
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Yang J, Xu P, Han L, Guo Z, Wang X, Chen Z, Nie J, Yin S, Piccioni M, Tsun A, Lv L, Ge S, Li B. Cutting Edge: Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 4 Promotes Th17 Cell Function under Inflammation by Deubiquitinating and Stabilizing RORγt. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4094-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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206
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Xiao L, Peng X, Liu F, Tang C, Hu C, Xu X, Wang M, Luo Y, Yang S, Song P, Xiao P, Kanwar YS, Sun L. AKT regulation of mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal dialysis is modulated by Smurf2 and deubiquitinating enzyme USP4. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:7. [PMID: 25885904 PMCID: PMC4369877 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a key role in mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) during peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the role of Akt in MMT transformation in PD is not clear. Results In this study, we observed that the phosphorylated form of protein kinase B (Akt), termed as pAkt, was up-regulated in the peritoneum of mice undergoing PD. It was associated with thickening of the peritoneum and up-regulation of TGF-β1. Upregulation of pAkt paralleled with the increased expression of Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2), Vimentin and fibronectin (FN), and decreased expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (Smad7) and Zonula Occludens protein 1(ZO-1) in mice undergoing PD treatment and in TGF-β1 induced human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). These changes were reversed with the treatment of a PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 in vivo or in cells transfected with Akt dominant-negative (Akt-DN) plasmids in vitro. Increased Smurf2 expression in HPMCs, induced by TGF-β1 was accompanied with altered expression of Transforming growth factor receptor I (TβR-I), Smad7, ZO-1, Vimentin and FN via Akt modulation. In addition, inhibition of Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 4 (USP4) decreased TGF- β1-induced expression of TβR-I and reversed the altered expression of Smad7, Smurf2, ZO-1 and Vimentin. Moreover, TGF-β1 accentuated the interactions between Smurf2 and Smad7, while reduced the association between TβR-I and Smurf2. These interactions were reversed by the treatment of Akt-DN and USP4 siRNA, respectively. Conclusions These data implied that Akt mediated MMT in PD via Smurf2 modulation/and or Smad7 degradation while conceivably maintaining the TβRI stability, most likely by the USP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Chengyuan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Chun Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Shikun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Panai Song
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Departments of Pathology & Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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207
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Thien A, Prentzell MT, Holzwarth B, Kläsener K, Kuper I, Boehlke C, Sonntag AG, Ruf S, Maerz L, Nitschke R, Grellscheid SN, Reth M, Walz G, Baumeister R, Neumann-Haefelin E, Thedieck K. TSC1 activates TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling in growth arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Dev Cell 2015; 32:617-30. [PMID: 25727005 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tuberous sclerosis proteins TSC1 and TSC2 are key integrators of growth factor signaling. They suppress cell growth and proliferation by acting in a heteromeric complex to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In this study, we identify TSC1 as a component of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-Smad2/3 pathway. Here, TSC1 functions independently of TSC2. TSC1 interacts with the TGF-β receptor complex and Smad2/3 and is required for their association with one another. TSC1 regulates TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and target gene expression and controls TGF-β-induced growth arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Hyperactive Akt specifically activates TSC1-dependent cytostatic Smad signaling to induce growth arrest. Thus, TSC1 couples Akt activity to TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling. This has implications for cancer treatments targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt because they may impair tumor-suppressive cytostatic TGF-β signaling by inhibiting Akt- and TSC1-dependent Smad activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Thien
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirja Tamara Prentzell
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Holzwarth
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Molecular Immunology (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ineke Kuper
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Annika G Sonntag
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ruf
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Research Training Group (RTG) 1104, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Maerz
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Nitschke
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reth
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Research Training Group (RTG) 1104, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; ZBMZ Centre for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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208
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Li Y, Drabsch Y, Pujuguet P, Ren J, van Laar T, Zhang L, van Dam H, Clément-Lacroix P, Ten Dijke P. Genetic depletion and pharmacological targeting of αv integrin in breast cancer cells impairs metastasis in zebrafish and mouse xenograft models. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:28. [PMID: 25849225 PMCID: PMC4381510 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increased expression of αv integrins is frequently associated with tumor cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis, and correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, the mechanism by which αv integrins can enhance breast cancer progression is still largely unclear. The effects of therapeutic targeting of αv integrins in breast cancer also have yet to be investigated. Methods We knocked down αv integrin in MDA-MB-231 and MCF10A-M4 breast cancer cells, or treated these cells with the αv antagonist GLPG0187. The effects of αv integrin depletion on mesenchymal markers, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and TGF-β-induced target gene expression were analyzed in MDA-MB-231 cells by RNA analysis or Western blotting. The function of αv integrin on breast cancer cell migration was investigated by transwell assay in vitro, and its effect on breast cancer progression was assessed by both zebrafish and mouse xenografts in vivo. In the mouse model, GLPG0187 was administered separately, or in combination with the standard-of-care anti-resorptive agent zoledronate and the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel, to study the effects of combinational treatments on breast cancer metastasis. Results Genetic interference and pharmacological targeting of αv integrin with GLPG0187 in different breast cancer cell lines inhibited invasion and metastasis in the zebrafish or mouse xenograft model. Depletion of αv integrin in MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited the expression of mesenchymal markers and the TGF-β/Smad response. TGF-β induced αv integrin mRNA expression and αv integrin was required for TGF-β-induced breast cancer cell migration. Moreover, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with non-peptide RGD antagonist GLPG0187 decreased TGF-β signaling. In the mouse xenografts GLPG0187 inhibited the progression of bone metastasis. Maximum efficacy of inhibition of bone metastasis was achieved when GLPG0187 was combined with the standard-of-care metastatic breast cancer treatments. Conclusion These findings show that αv integrin is required for efficient TGF-β/Smad signaling and TGF-β-induced breast cancer cell migration, and for maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype of the breast cancer cells. Our results also provide evidence that targeting αv integrin could be an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of breast cancer tumors and/or metastases that overexpress αv integrin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0537-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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209
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Heo MJ, Kim YM, Koo JH, Yang YM, An J, Lee SK, Lee SJ, Kim KM, Park JW, Kim SG. microRNA-148a dysregulation discriminates poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in association with USP4 overexpression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2792-806. [PMID: 24798342 PMCID: PMC4058045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is classified as a poor prognostic tumor, and becomes frequently aggressive. MicroRNAs emerge as key contributors to tumor progression. This study investigated whether miR-148a dysregulation differentiates poor prognosis of HCC, exploring new targets of miR-148a. miR-148a dysregulation discriminated not only the overall survival and recurrence free survival rates of HCC, but the microvascular invasion. In the human HCC samples, ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4) and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) were up-regulated as the new targets of miR-148a. USP4 and S1P1 were up-regulated in mesenchymal-type liver-tumor cells with miR-148a dysregulation, facilitating migration and proliferation of tumor cells. The inverse relationship between miR-148a and the identified targets was verified in a tumor xenograft model. In the analysis of human samples, the expression of USP4, but not S1P1, correlated with the decrease of miR-148a. In a heterotropic patient-derived HCC xenograft model, USP4 was also overexpressed in G1 and G2 tumors when miR-148a was dysregulated, reflecting the closer link between miR-148a and USP4 for a shift in the expansion phase of tumorgraft. In conclusion, miR-148a dysregulation affects the poor prognosis of HCC. Of the identified targets of miR-148a, USP4 overexpression may contribute to HCC progression towards more aggressive feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jeong Heo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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210
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Bu F, Liu X, Li J, Chen S, Tong X, Ma C, Mao H, Pan F, Li X, Chen B, Xu L, Li E, Kou G, Han J, Guo S, Zhao J, Guo Y. TGF-β1 induces epigenetic silence of TIP30 to promote tumor metastasis in esophageal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2120-33. [PMID: 25544767 PMCID: PMC4385840 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1, a potent EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) inducer present in the tumor microenvironment, is involved in the metastasis and progression of various carcinomas, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). TIP30 (30kDa HIV-1 Tat interacting protein) is a putative tumor metastasis suppressor. Here, we found TIP30 was decreased in cells undergoing EMT induced by TGF-β1, an occurrence that was related to promoter hypermethylation. TGF-β1 induced TIP30 hypermethylation via increasing DNMT1 and DNMT3A expression, which could be restored by TGF-β antibodies. In our in vitro and in vivo studies, we showed that silence of TIP30 led to EMT, enhanced migrative and invasive abilities of ESCC cells, promoted tumor metastasis in xenografted mice; alternatively, overexpression of TIP30 inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT, and metastatic abilities of ESCC cells. Mechanically, TIP30 silencing induced the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of β-catenin in an AKT-dependent manner, which further resulted in the initiation of EMT. Consistently, TIP30 was frequently methylated and downregulated in ESCC patients. Loss of TIP30 correlated with nuclear β-catenin and aberrant E-cadherin expression. TIP30 was a powerful marker in predicting the prognosis of ESCC. Taken together, our results suggest a novel and critical role of TIP30 involved in TGF-β1-induced activation of AKT/β-catenin signaling and ESCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bu
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- The 150 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Luoyang, P.R.China
| | - Jingjing Li
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shukun Chen
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tong
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chunsheng Ma
- The 150 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Luoyang, P.R.China
| | - Hui Mao
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R.China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R.China
| | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R.China
| | - Geng Kou
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Shangjing Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Guo
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
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211
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Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) play important roles and therefore are potential drug targets in various diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. In this review, we recapitulate structure-function studies of the most studied DUBs including USP7, USP22, CYLD, UCHL1, BAP1, A20, as well as ataxin 3 and connect them to regulatory mechanisms and their growing protein interaction networks. We then describe DUBs that have been associated with endocrine carcinogenesis with a focus on prostate, ovarian, and thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and adrenocortical carcinoma. The goal is enhancing our understanding of the connection between dysregulated DUBs and cancer to permit the design of therapeutics and to establish biomarkers that could be used in diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pfoh
- Department of BiologyYork University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J1P3
| | - Ira Kay Lacdao
- Department of BiologyYork University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J1P3
| | - Vivian Saridakis
- Department of BiologyYork University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J1P3
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212
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Herhaus L, Al-Salihi MA, Dingwell KS, Cummins TD, Wasmus L, Vogt J, Ewan R, Bruce D, Macartney T, Weidlich S, Smith JC, Sapkota GP. USP15 targets ALK3/BMPR1A for deubiquitylation to enhance bone morphogenetic protein signalling. Open Biol 2015; 4:140065. [PMID: 24850914 PMCID: PMC4042855 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase ALK3/BMPR1A mediates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling through phosphorylation and activation of SMADs 1/5/8. SMAD6, a transcriptional target of BMP, negatively regulates the BMP pathway by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases and targeting ALK3 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Here, we identify a deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 as an interactor of SMAD6 and ALK3. We show that USP15 enhances BMP-induced phosphorylation of SMAD1 by interacting with and deubiquitylating ALK3. RNAi-mediated depletion of USP15 increases ALK3 K48-linked polyubiquitylation, and reduces both BMP-induced SMAD1 phosphorylation and transcription of BMP target genes. We also show that loss of USP15 expression from mouse myoblast cells inhibits BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, USP15 modulates BMP-induced phosphorylation of SMAD1 and transcription during Xenopus embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herhaus
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mazin A Al-Salihi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kevin S Dingwell
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Timothy D Cummins
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lize Wasmus
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Janis Vogt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Richard Ewan
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Bruce
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Simone Weidlich
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - James C Smith
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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213
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Nyati S, Schinske-Sebolt K, Pitchiaya S, Chekhovskiy K, Chator A, Chaudhry N, Dosch J, Van Dort ME, Varambally S, Kumar-Sinha C, Nyati MK, Ray D, Walter NG, Yu H, Ross BD, Rehemtulla A. The kinase activity of the Ser/Thr kinase BUB1 promotes TGF-β signaling. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra1. [PMID: 25564677 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, which contributes to development and disease. Upon binding TGF-β, the type I receptor (TGFBRI) binds TGFBRII, leading to the activation of the transcription factors SMAD2 and SMAD3. Using an RNA interference screen of the human kinome and a live-cell reporter for TGFBR activity, we identified the kinase BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-1) as a key mediator of TGF-β signaling. BUB1 interacted with TGFBRI in the presence of TGF-β and promoted the heterodimerization of TGFBRI and TGFBRII. Additionally, BUB1 interacted with TGFBRII, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex. Knocking down BUB1 prevented the recruitment of SMAD3 to the receptor complex, the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 and their interaction with SMAD4, SMAD-dependent transcription, and TGF-β-mediated changes in cellular phenotype including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion. Knockdown of BUB1 also impaired noncanonical TGF-β signaling mediated by the kinases AKT and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). The ability of BUB1 to promote TGF-β signaling depended on the kinase activity of BUB1. A small-molecule inhibitor of the kinase activity of BUB1 (2OH-BNPP1) and a kinase-deficient mutant of BUB1 suppressed TGF-β signaling and formation of the ternary complex in various normal and cancer cell lines. 2OH-BNPP1 administration to mice bearing lung carcinoma xenografts reduced the amount of phosphorylated SMAD2 in tumor tissue. These findings indicated that BUB1 functions as a kinase in the TGF-β pathway in a role beyond its established function in cell cycle regulation and chromosome cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Nyati
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya
- Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katerina Chekhovskiy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Areeb Chator
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nauman Chaudhry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Dosch
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcian E Van Dort
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nils G Walter
- Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian Dale Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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214
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The DUSP-Ubl domain of USP4 enhances its catalytic efficiency by promoting ubiquitin exchange. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5399. [PMID: 25404403 PMCID: PMC4243247 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease USP4 is emerging as an important regulator of cellular pathways, including the TGF-β response, NF-κB signalling and splicing, with possible roles in cancer. Here we show that USP4 has its catalytic triad arranged in a productive conformation. Nevertheless, it requires its N-terminal DUSP–Ubl domain to achieve full catalytic turnover. Pre-steady-state kinetics measurements reveal that USP4 catalytic domain activity is strongly inhibited by slow dissociation of ubiquitin after substrate hydrolysis. The DUSP–Ubl domain is able to enhance ubiquitin dissociation, hence promoting efficient turnover. In a mechanism that requires all USP4 domains, binding of the DUSP–Ubl domain promotes a change of a switching loop near the active site. This ‘allosteric regulation of product discharge’ provides a novel way of regulating deubiquitinating enzymes that may have relevance for other enzyme classes. Ubiquitin-specific protease USP4 regulates several cellular signalling pathways. Here, Clerici et al. show that the DUSP–Ubl domain of USP4 is required for full catalytic activity, by enhancing the release of ubiquitin from the catalytic site after substrate hydrolysis.
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215
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García-Caballero A, Gadotti VM, Stemkowski P, Weiss N, Souza IA, Hodgkinson V, Bladen C, Chen L, Hamid J, Pizzoccaro A, Deage M, François A, Bourinet E, Zamponi GW. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP5 modulates neuropathic and inflammatory pain by enhancing Cav3.2 channel activity. Neuron 2014; 83:1144-58. [PMID: 25189210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are essential contributors to the transmission of nociceptive signals in the primary afferent pain pathway. Here, we show that T-type calcium channels are ubiquitinated by WWP1, a plasma-membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase that binds to the intracellular domain III-IV linker region of the Cav3.2 T-type channel and modifies specific lysine residues in this region. A proteomic screen identified the deubiquitinating enzyme USP5 as a Cav3.2 III-IV linker interacting partner. Knockdown of USP5 via shRNA increases Cav3.2 ubiquitination, decreases Cav3.2 protein levels, and reduces Cav3.2 whole-cell currents. In vivo knockdown of USP5 or uncoupling USP5 from native Cav3.2 channels via intrathecal delivery of Tat peptides mediates analgesia in both inflammatory and neuropathic mouse models of mechanical hypersensitivity. Altogether, our experiments reveal a cell signaling pathway that regulates T-type channel activity and their role in nociceptive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin García-Caballero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinicius M Gadotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Stemkowski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norbert Weiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ivana A Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victoria Hodgkinson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris Bladen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jawed Hamid
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne Pizzoccaro
- Laboratories of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, IFR3 Universités Montpellier I&II, Montpellier, France
| | - Mickael Deage
- Laboratories of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, IFR3 Universités Montpellier I&II, Montpellier, France
| | - Amaury François
- Laboratories of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, IFR3 Universités Montpellier I&II, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourinet
- Laboratories of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, IFR3 Universités Montpellier I&II, Montpellier, France
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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216
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Herhaus L, Sapkota GP. The emerging roles of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) in the TGFβ and BMP pathways. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2186-92. [PMID: 25007997 PMCID: PMC4443431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family of cytokines, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), play fundamental roles in development and tissue homeostasis. Hence, aberrant TGFβ/BMP signalling is associated with several human diseases such as fibrosis, bone and immune disorders, cancer progression and metastasis. Consequently, targeting TGFβ signalling for intervention potentially offers therapeutic opportunities against these diseases. Many investigations have focussed on understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of TGFβ signalling. One of the key areas has been to investigate the regulation of the protein components of the TGFβ/BMP signal transduction pathways by ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation. In the last 15years, extensive research has led to the discovery and characterisation of several E3 ubiquitin ligases that influence the TGFβ pathway. However, the research on DUBs regulating the TGFβ pathway has received prominence only recently and is still an emerging field. This review will provide a concise summary of our current understanding of how DUBs regulate TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herhaus
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, United Kingdom.
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217
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Zhou F, Li F, Xie F, Zhang Z, Huang H, Zhang L. TRAF4 mediates activation of TGF-β signaling and is a biomarker for oncogenesis in breast cancer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:1172-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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218
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Zheng H, Shen M, Zha YL, Li W, Wei Y, Blanco MA, Ren G, Zhou T, Storz P, Wang HY, Kang Y. PKD1 phosphorylation-dependent degradation of SNAIL by SCF-FBXO11 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:358-373. [PMID: 25203322 PMCID: PMC4159622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination is often initiated by the reactivation of an embryonic development program referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The transcription factor SNAIL promotes EMT and elicits associated pathological characteristics such as invasion, metastasis, and stemness. To better understand the posttranslational regulation of SNAIL, we performed a luciferase-based, genome-wide E3 ligase siRNA library screen and identified SCF-FBXO11 as an important E3 that targets SNAIL for ubiquitylation and degradation. Furthermore, we discovered that SNAIL degradation by FBXO11 is dependent on Ser-11 phosphorylation of SNAIL by protein kinase D1 (PKD1). FBXO11 blocks SNAIL-induced EMT, tumor initiation, and metastasis in multiple breast cancer models. These findings establish the PKD1-FBXO11-SNAIL axis as a mechanism of posttranslational regulation of EMT and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiu Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Minhong Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Program of Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yin-Lian Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mario Andres Blanco
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guangwen Ren
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program of Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Griffin Building, Room 306, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Genomic Instability and Tumor Progression Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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219
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Pal A, Young MA, Donato NJ. Emerging potential of therapeutic targeting of ubiquitin-specific proteases in the treatment of cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4955-66. [PMID: 25172841 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a therapeutic focus and target for the treatment of cancer. The most clinically successful UPS-active agents (bortezomib and lenalidomide) are limited in application to hematologic malignancies, with only marginal efficacy in solid tumors. Inhibition of specific ubiquitin E3 ligases has also emerged as a valid therapeutic strategy, and many targets are currently being investigated. Another emerging and promising approach in regulation of the UPS involves targeting deubiquitinases (DUB). The DUBs comprise a relatively small group of proteins, most with cysteine protease activity that target several key proteins involved in regulation of tumorigenesis, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. Through their multiple contacts with ubiquitinated protein substrates involved in these pathways, DUBs provide an untapped means of modulating many important regulatory proteins that support oncogenic transformation and progression. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) are one class of DUBs that have drawn special attention as cancer targets, as many are differentially expressed or activated in tumors or their microenvironment, making them ideal candidates for drug development. This review attempts to summarize the USPs implicated in different cancers, the current status of USP inhibitor-mediated pharmacologic intervention, and future prospects for USP inhibitors to treat diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew A Young
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas J Donato
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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220
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Rodríguez JA. Interplay between nuclear transport and ubiquitin/SUMO modifications in the regulation of cancer-related proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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221
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Li J, Tan Q, Yan M, Liu L, Lin H, Zhao F, Bao G, Kong H, Ge C, Zhang F, Yu T, Li J, He X, Yao M. miRNA-200c inhibits invasion and metastasis of human non-small cell lung cancer by directly targeting ubiquitin specific peptidase 25. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:166. [PMID: 24997798 PMCID: PMC4105889 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that miR-200c is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its precise biological role remains largely elusive. METHODS The functions of miR-200c and USP25 in migration/invasion and lung metastasis formation were determined by transwell and tail vein injection assays, respectively. The potential regulatory targets of miR-200c were determined by prediction tools, correlation with target protein expression, and luciferase reporter assay. The mRNA expression levels of miR-200c and USP25 were examined in NSCLC cell lines and patient specimens using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The protein expression levels of USP25 were examined in NSCLC cell lines and patient specimens using western blot and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS We demonstrated that over-expression of miR-200c inhibited NSCLC cells migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and lung metastasis formation in vivo. Further studies revealed that USP25 was a downstream target of miR-200c in NSCLC cells as miR-200c bound directly to the 3'-untranslated region of USP25, thus reducing both the messenger RNA and protein levels of USP25. Silencing of the USP25 gene recapitulated the effects of miR-200c over-expression. Clinical analysis indicated that miR-200c was negatively correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis in NSCLC patients. Moreover, USP25 protein and mRNA level expressions were higher in NSCLC patients, compared to healthy control, and correlated with clinical stage and lymphatic node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that miR-200c exerts tumor-suppressive effects for NSCLC through the suppression of USP25 expression and suggests a new therapeutic application of miR-200c in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, China.
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222
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The self-limiting dynamics of TGF-β signaling in silico and in vitro, with negative feedback through PPM1A upregulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003573. [PMID: 24901250 PMCID: PMC4105941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β/Smad signaling system decreases its activity through strong negative regulation. Several molecular mechanisms of negative regulation have been published, but the relative impact of each mechanism on the overall system is unknown. In this work, we used computational and experimental methods to assess multiple negative regulatory effects on Smad signaling in HaCaT cells. Previously reported negative regulatory effects were classified by time-scale: degradation of phosphorylated R-Smad and I-Smad-induced receptor degradation were slow-mode effects, and dephosphorylation of R-Smad was a fast-mode effect. We modeled combinations of these effects, but found no combination capable of explaining the observed dynamics of TGF-β/Smad signaling. We then proposed a negative feedback loop with upregulation of the phosphatase PPM1A. The resulting model was able to explain the dynamics of Smad signaling, under both short and long exposures to TGF-β. Consistent with this model, immuno-blots showed PPM1A levels to be significantly increased within 30 min after TGF-β stimulation. Lastly, our model was able to resolve an apparent contradiction in the published literature, concerning the dynamics of phosphorylated R-Smad degradation. We conclude that the dynamics of Smad negative regulation cannot be explained by the negative regulatory effects that had previously been modeled, and we provide evidence for a new negative feedback loop through PPM1A upregulation. This work shows that tight coupling of computational and experiments approaches can yield improved understanding of complex pathways. TGF-β signaling pathway regulates a variety of cellular responses, such as differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Phosphorylated R-Smad, the central signaling protein in this pathway, exhibits self-limiting behaviors: it not only decreases quickly after TGF-β is removed, but it also decreases slowly when TGF-β remains abundant. These two self-limiting behaviors are important to understand clearly because diseases such as cancer and fibrosis might benefit from treatments to decrease Smad signaling. Several negative regulatory effects have been reported previously, and we studied the dynamics of these effects with computational modeling. Analyzing the timing of negative regulation revealed that the three most widely accepted effects were not sufficient to explain the observed declines. After considering and excluding several alternative models, we arrived at a model in which TGF-β upregulated the phosphatase PPM1A. We tested for PPM1A upregulation in cell culture experiments. In addition, our model was able to explain why different durations of TGF-β exposure could cause seemingly opposite results about the importance of Smad degradation.
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223
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Boja ES, Rodriguez H. Proteogenomic convergence for understanding cancer pathways and networks. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:22. [PMID: 24994965 PMCID: PMC4067069 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past several decades, the understanding of cancer at the molecular level has been primarily focused on mechanisms on how signaling molecules transform homeostatically balanced cells into malignant ones within an individual pathway. However, it is becoming more apparent that pathways are dynamic and crosstalk at different control points of the signaling cascades, making the traditional linear signaling models inadequate to interpret complex biological systems. Recent technological advances in high throughput, deep sequencing for the human genomes and proteomic technologies to comprehensively characterize the human proteomes in conjunction with multiplexed targeted proteomic assays to measure panels of proteins involved in biologically relevant pathways have made significant progress in understanding cancer at the molecular level. It is undeniable that proteomic profiling of differentially expressed proteins under many perturbation conditions, or between normal and "diseased" states is important to capture a first glance at the overall proteomic landscape, which has been a main focus of proteomics research during the past 15-20 years. However, the research community is gradually shifting its heavy focus from that initial discovery step to protein target verification using multiplexed quantitative proteomic assays, capable of measuring changes in proteins and their interacting partners, isoforms, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in response to stimuli in the context of signaling pathways and protein networks. With a critical link to genotypes (i.e., high throughput genomics and transcriptomics data), new and complementary information can be gleaned from multi-dimensional omics data to (1) assess the effect of genomic and transcriptomic aberrations on such complex molecular machinery in the context of cell signaling architectures associated with pathological diseases such as cancer (i.e., from genotype to proteotype to phenotype); and (2) target pathway- and network-driven changes and map the fluctuations of these functional units (proteins) responsible for cellular activities in response to perturbation in a spatiotemporal fashion to better understand cancer biology as a whole system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2580, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2580, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA
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224
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Orlova VV, van den Hil FE, Petrus-Reurer S, Drabsch Y, Ten Dijke P, Mummery CL. Generation, expansion and functional analysis of endothelial cells and pericytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1514-31. [PMID: 24874816 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes are of great interest for research on vascular development and disease, as well as for future therapy. This protocol describes the efficient generation of ECs and pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) under defined conditions. Essential steps for hPSC culture, differentiation, isolation and functional characterization of ECs and pericytes are described. Substantial numbers of both cell types can be derived in only 2-3 weeks: this involves differentiation (10 d), isolation (1 d) and 4 or 10 d of expansion of ECs and pericytes, respectively. We also describe two assays for functional evaluation of hPSC-derived ECs: (i) primary vascular plexus formation upon coculture with hPSC-derived pericytes and (ii) incorporation in the vasculature of zebrafish xenografts in vivo. These assays can be used to test the quality and drug sensitivity of hPSC-derived ECs and model vascular diseases with patient-derived hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Orlova
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francijna E van den Hil
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Petrus-Reurer
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Drabsch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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225
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Harper S, Gratton HE, Cornaciu I, Oberer M, Scott D, Emsley J, Dreveny I. Structure and catalytic regulatory function of ubiquitin specific protease 11 N-terminal and ubiquitin-like domains. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2966-78. [PMID: 24724799 PMCID: PMC4020902 DOI: 10.1021/bi500116x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin specific protease 11 (USP11) is implicated in DNA repair, viral RNA replication, and TGFβ signaling. We report the first characterization of the USP11 domain architecture and its role in regulating the enzymatic activity. USP11 consists of an N-terminal "domain present in USPs" (DUSP) and "ubiquitin-like" (UBL) domain, together referred to as DU domains, and the catalytic domain harboring a second UBL domain. Crystal structures of the DU domains show a tandem arrangement with a shortened β-hairpin at the two-domain interface and altered surface characteristics compared to the homologues USP4 and USP15. A conserved VEVY motif is a signature feature at the two-domain interface that shapes a potential protein interaction site. Small angle X-ray scattering and gel filtration experiments are consistent with the USP11DU domains and full-length USP11 being monomeric. Unexpectedly, we reveal, through kinetic assays of a series of deletion mutants, that the catalytic activity of USP11 is not regulated through intramolecular autoinhibition or activation by the N-terminal DU or UBL domains. Moreover, ubiquitin chain cleavage assays with all eight linkages reveal a preference for Lys(63)-, Lys(6)-, Lys(33)-, and Lys(11)-linked chains over Lys(27)-, Lys(29)-, and Lys(48)-linked and linear chains consistent with USP11's function in DNA repair pathways that is mediated by the protease domain. Our data support a model whereby USP11 domains outside the catalytic core domain serve as protein interaction or trafficking modules rather than a direct regulatory function of the proteolytic activity. This highlights the diversity of USPs in substrate recognition and regulation of ubiquitin deconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Harper
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley E. Gratton
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Cornaciu
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße
50/3, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße
50/3, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David
J. Scott
- School
of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Dreveny
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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226
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Wahane SD, Hellbach N, Prentzell MT, Weise SC, Vezzali R, Kreutz C, Timmer J, Krieglstein K, Thedieck K, Vogel T. PI3K-p110-alpha-subtype signalling mediates survival, proliferation and neurogenesis of cortical progenitor cells via activation of mTORC2. J Neurochem 2014; 130:255-67. [PMID: 24645666 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of the cerebral cortex is controlled by growth factors among which transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) have a central role. The TGFβ- and IGF1-pathways cross-talk and share signalling molecules, but in the central nervous system putative points of intersection remain unknown. We studied the biological effects and down-stream molecules of TGFβ and IGF1 in cells derived from the mouse cerebral cortex at two developmental time points, E13.5 and E16.5. IGF1 induces PI3K, AKT and the mammalian target of rapamycin complexes (mTORC1/mTORC2) primarily in E13.5-derived cells, resulting in proliferation, survival and neuronal differentiation, but has small impact on E16.5-derived cells. TGFβ has little effect at E13.5. It does not activate the PI3K- and mTOR-signalling network directly, but requires its activity to mediate neuronal differentiation specifically at E16.5. Our data indicate a central role of mTORC2 in survival, proliferation as well as neuronal differentiation of E16.5-derived cortical cells. mTORC2 promotes these cellular processes and is under control of PI3K-p110-alpha signalling. PI3K-p110-beta signalling activates mTORC2 in E16.5-derived cells but it does not influence cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. This finding indicates that different mTORC2 subtypes may be implicated in cortical development and that these subtypes are under control of different PI3K isoforms. Within developing cortical cells TGFβ- and IGF-signalling activities are timely separated. TGFβ dominates in E16.5-derived cells and drives neuronal differentiation. IGF influences survival, proliferation and neuronal differentiation in E13.5-derived cells. mTORC2-signalling in E16.5-derived cells influences survival, proliferation and differentiation, activated through PI3K-p110-alpha. PI3K-p110-beta-signalling activates a different mTORC2. Both PI3K/mTORC2-signalling pathways are required but not directly activated in TGFβ-mediated neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Dhanraj Wahane
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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227
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Xie F, Zhang Z, van Dam H, Zhang L, Zhou F. The regulation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling by protein deubiquitination. Protein Cell 2014; 5:503-17. [PMID: 24756567 PMCID: PMC4085288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) members are key cytokines that control embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis via transmembrane TGF-β type II (TβR II) and type I (TβRI) and serine/threonine kinases receptors. Aberrant activation of TGF-β signaling leads to diseases, including cancer. In advanced cancer, the TGF-β/SMAD pathway can act as an oncogenic factor driving tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and thus is considered to be a therapeutic target. The activity of TGF-β/SMAD pathway is known to be regulated by ubiquitination at multiple levels. As ubiquitination is reversible, emerging studies have uncovered key roles for ubiquitin-removals on TGF-β signaling components by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). In this paper, we summarize the latest findings on the DUBs that control the activity of the TGF-β signaling pathway. The regulatory roles of these DUBs as a driving force for cancer progression as well as their underlying working mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Xie
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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228
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COP1 and GSK3β cooperate to promote c-Jun degradation and inhibit breast cancer cell tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1075-85. [PMID: 24027432 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High abundance of c-Jun is detected in invasive breast cancer cells and aggressive breast tumor malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that a major cause of high c-Jun abundance in invasive breast cancer cells is prolonged c-Jun protein stability owing to poor poly-ubiquitination of c-Jun. Among the known c-Jun-targeting E3 ligases, we identified constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) as an E3 ligase responsible for c-Jun degradation in less invasive breast cancer cells because depletion of COP1 reduced c-Jun poly-ubiquitination leading to the stabilization of c-Jun protein. In a panel of breast cancer cell lines, we observed an inverse association between the levels of COP1 and c-Jun. However, overexpressing COP1 alone was unable to decrease c-Jun level in invasive breast cancer cells, indicating that efficient c-Jun protein degradation necessitates an additional event. Indeed, we found that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitors elevated c-Jun abundance in less invasive breast cancer cells and that GSK3β nonphosphorylable c-Jun-T239A mutant displayed greater protein stability and poorer poly-ubiquitination compared to the wild-type c-Jun. The ability of simultaneously enforced expression of COP1 and constitutively active GSK3β to decrease c-Jun abundance in invasive breast cancer cells allowed us to conclude that c-Jun is negatively regulated through the coordinated action of COP1 and GSK3β. Importantly, co-expressing COP1 and active GSK3β blocked in vitro cell growth/migration and in vivo metastasis of invasive breast cancer cells. Gene expression profiling of breast tumor specimens further revealed that higher COP1 expression correlated with better recurrence-free survival. Our study supports the notion that COP1 is a suppressor of breast cancer progression.
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229
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Jacq X, Kemp M, Martin NMB, Jackson SP. Deubiquitylating enzymes and DNA damage response pathways. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:25-43. [PMID: 23712866 PMCID: PMC3756857 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like factors has emerged as a general mechanism to regulate myriad intra-cellular processes. The addition and removal of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins from factors has recently been demonstrated as a key mechanism to modulate DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. It is thus, timely to evaluate the potential for ubiquitin pathway enzymes as DDR drug targets for therapeutic intervention. The synthetic lethal approach provides exciting opportunities for the development of targeted therapies to treat cancer: most tumours have lost critical DDR pathways, and thus rely more heavily on the remaining pathways, while normal tissues are still equipped with all DDR pathways. Here, we review key deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) involved in DDR pathways, and describe how targeting DUBs may lead to selective therapies to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Jacq
- MISSION Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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230
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Roy LO, Poirier MB, Fortin D. Transforming growth factor-beta and its implication in the malignancy of gliomas. Target Oncol 2014; 10:1-14. [PMID: 24590691 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-014-0308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumors. They are characterized by enhanced growing capabilities, neoangiogenic proliferation, and extensive infiltration of the brain parenchyma, which make their complete surgical resection impossible. Together with transient and refractory responses to standard therapy, these aggressive neoplasms are incurable and present a median survival of 12 to 14 months. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine of which two of the three isoforms expressed in humans have been shown to be overexpressed proportionally to the histologic grade of glioma malignancy. The increase of chromosomal aberrations and genetic mutations observed in glioma cells turns TGF-β into an oncogene. For that reason, it plays critical roles in glioma progression through induction of several genes implicated in many carcinogenic processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. Consequently, investigators have begun developing innovative therapeutics targeting this growth factor or its signaling pathway in an attempt to hinder TGF-β's appalling effects in order to refine the treatment of malignant gliomas and improve their prognosis. In this paper, we extensively review the TGF-β-induced oncogenic pathways and discuss the diverse new molecules targeting this growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent-Olivier Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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231
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Nuclear receptor NR4A1 promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis by activating TGF-β signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3388. [PMID: 24584437 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In advanced cancers, the TGF-β pathway acts as an oncogenic factor and is considered to be a therapeutic target. Here using a genome-wide cDNA screen, we identify nuclear receptor NR4A1 as a strong activator of TGF-β signalling. NR4A1 promotes TGF-β/SMAD signalling by facilitating AXIN2-RNF12/ARKADIA-induced SMAD7 degradation. NR4A1 interacts with SMAD7 and AXIN2, and potently and directly induces AXIN2 expression. Whereas loss of NR4A1 inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, slight NR4A1 ectopic expression stimulates metastasis in a TGF-β-dependent manner. Importantly, inflammatory cytokines potently induce NR4A1 expression, and potentiate TGF-β-mediated breast cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Notably, NR4A1 expression is elevated in breast cancer patients with high immune infiltration and its expression weakly correlates with phosphorylated SMAD2 levels, and is an indicator of poor prognosis. Our results uncover inflammation-induced NR4A1 as an important determinant for hyperactivation of pro-oncogenic TGF-β signalling in breast cancer.
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232
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Dou QP. Deubiquitinating Enzymes as Novel Targets for Cancer Therapies. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7123001 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06752-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most ubiquitinated proteins can be recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome. In the meantime, protein deubiquitination by various deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) regulates protein stability within cells, and it can counterbalance intracellular homeostasis mediated by ubiquitination. Numerous reports have demonstrated that an aberrant process of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) regulated by the ubiquitination and deubiquitination systems results in failure of balancing between protein stability and degradation, and this failure can lead to tumorigenesis in various organs and tissues of mammals. The identification of molecular properties for various DUBs is very critical to understand cancer development and tumorigenesis. Therefore, knowledge of DUBs and their association with cancer and diseases is indispensible for developing effective inhibitors for DUBs. This chapter describes various features and functions of cancer-related DUBs. In addition, we summarize several inhibitors that specifically target certain DUBs in cancer and suggest that DUBs may be one of the most ideal and attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Ping Dou
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan USA
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233
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Jinushi M. Yin and yang of tumor inflammation: how innate immune suppressors shape the tumor microenvironments. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1277-85. [PMID: 24272248 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition-mediated sensing systems direct host immunity towards either antitumor immunosurveillance or protumorigenic inflammation. These activities imply dual and conflicting roles in the regulation of tumor-associated inflammation. On the one hand, recent evidence has revealed that several signaling components and cell-surface receptors suppress innate immune signals and constitute a negative feedback machinery preventing excess and continuous inflammation within tumor microenvironments. On the other hand, these same components also negatively regulate intrinsic tumorigenic activities by targeting nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-mediated antiapoptotic and inflammatory signals. Furthermore, the activation status of innate immune suppressors may reflect the functional plasticity of interactions between tumor cells and innate immune cells and determine whether tumor inflammation supports anti- or pro-tumorigenic responses. Thus, innate immune suppressors may provide valuable information about the immunogenic or tumorigenic status of tumor-associated inflammation thereby serving as potential biomarkers that predict tumor progression. Comprehensive analysis for identifying general and unique features of each innate immune suppressor in the regulation of tumor inflammation should explore the development of new biomarkers for improving future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
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234
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Magliozzi R, Low TY, Weijts BGMW, Cheng T, Spanjaard E, Mohammed S, van Veen A, Ovaa H, de Rooij J, Zwartkruis FJT, Bos JL, de Bruin A, Heck AJR, Guardavaccaro D. Control of epithelial cell migration and invasion by the IKKβ- and CK1α-mediated degradation of RAPGEF2. Dev Cell 2013; 27:574-85. [PMID: 24290981 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell migration is crucial for the development and regeneration of epithelial tissues. Aberrant regulation of epithelial cell migration has a major role in pathological processes such as the development of cancer metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Here, we report that in response to factors that promote cell motility, the Rap guanine exchange factor RAPGEF2 is rapidly phosphorylated by I-kappa-B-kinase-β and casein kinase-1α and consequently degraded by the proteasome via the SCF(βTrCP) ubiquitin ligase. Failure to degrade RAPGEF2 in epithelial cells results in sustained activity of Rap1 and inhibition of cell migration induced by HGF, a potent metastatic factor. Furthermore, expression of a degradation-resistant RAPGEF2 mutant greatly suppresses dissemination and metastasis of human breast cancer cells. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism regulating migration and invasion of epithelial cells and establish a key direct link between IKKβ and cell motility controlled by Rap-integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Magliozzi
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teck Yew Low
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart G M W Weijts
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tianhong Cheng
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Spanjaard
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van Veen
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fried J T Zwartkruis
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Guardavaccaro
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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235
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Zhang L, Zhou F, ten Dijke P. Signaling interplay between transforming growth factor-β receptor and PI3K/AKT pathways in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:612-20. [PMID: 24239264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways are used in cells to control numerous responses, including proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. TGF-β is known for its cytostatic effects in premalignant states and its pro-oncogenic activity in advanced cancers. The pro-cell survival response exerted by growth-factor-mediated activation of PI3K/AKT has been linked to stimulation of tumor formation. Both TGF-β receptor and PI3K/AKT pathways were initially modeled as linear signaling conduits. Although early studies suggested that these two pathways might counteract each other in balancing cell survival, emerging evidence has uncovered multiple modes of intricate signal integration and obligate collaboration in driving cancer progression. These new insights provide the rationale for exploring their dual targeting in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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236
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Drabsch Y, He S, Zhang L, Snaar-Jagalska BE, ten Dijke P. Transforming growth factor-β signalling controls human breast cancer metastasis in a zebrafish xenograft model. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R106. [PMID: 24196484 PMCID: PMC3978640 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling pathway is known to control human breast cancer invasion and metastasis. We demonstrate that the zebrafish xenograft assay is a robust and dependable animal model for examining the role of pharmacological modulators and genetic perturbation of TGF-β signalling in human breast tumour cells. METHODS We injected cancer cells into the embryonic circulation (duct of cuvier) and examined their invasion and metastasis into the avascular collagenous tail. Various aspects of the TGF-β signalling pathway were blocked by chemical inhibition, small interfering RNA (siRNA), or small hairpin RNA (shRNA). Analysis was conducted using fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Breast cancer cells with different levels of malignancy, according to in vitro and in vivo mouse studies, demonstrated invasive and metastatic properties within the embryonic zebrafish model that nicely correlated with their differential tumourigenicity in mouse models. Interestingly, MCF10A M2 and M4 cells invaded into the caudal hematopoietic tissue and were visible as a cluster of cells, whereas MDA MB 231 cells invaded into the tail fin and were visible as individual cells. Pharmacological inhibition with TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitors or tumour specific Smad4 knockdown disturbed invasion and metastasis in the zebrafish xenograft model and closely mimicked the results we obtained with these cells in a mouse metastasis model. Inhibition of matrix metallo proteinases, which are induced by TGF-β in breast cancer cells, blocked invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish-embryonic breast cancer xenograft model is applicable for the mechanistic understanding, screening and development of anti-TGF-β drugs for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in a timely and cost-effective manner.
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237
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Clague MJ, Barsukov I, Coulson JM, Liu H, Rigden DJ, Urbé S. Deubiquitylases from genes to organism. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1289-315. [PMID: 23899565 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is a major posttranslational modification that controls most complex aspects of cell physiology. It is reversed through the action of a large family of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) that are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets for a number of disease conditions. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the complement of human DUBs, indicating structural motifs, typical cellular copy numbers, and tissue expression profiles. We discuss the means by which specificity is achieved and how DUB activity may be regulated. Generically DUB catalytic activity may be used to 1) maintain free ubiquitin levels, 2) rescue proteins from ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and 3) control the dynamics of ubiquitin-mediated signaling events. Functional roles of individual DUBs from each of five subfamilies in specific cellular processes are highlighted with an emphasis on those linked to pathological conditions where the association is supported by whole organism models. We then specifically consider the role of DUBs associated with protein degradative machineries and the influence of specific DUBs upon expression of receptors and channels at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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238
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Teng Y, Xie X, Walker S, White DT, Mumm JS, Cowell JK. Evaluating human cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:453. [PMID: 24089705 PMCID: PMC3852235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo metastasis assays have traditionally been performed in mice, but the process is inefficient and costly. However, since zebrafish do not develop an adaptive immune system until 14 days post-fertilization, human cancer cells can survive and metastasize when transplanted into zebrafish larvae. Despite isolated reports, there has been no systematic evaluation of the robustness of this system to date. METHODS Individual cell lines were stained with CM-Dil and injected into the perivitelline space of 2-day old zebrafish larvae. After 2-4 days fish were imaged using confocal microscopy and the number of metastatic cells was determined using Fiji software. RESULTS To determine whether zebrafish can faithfully report metastatic potential in human cancer cells, we injected a series of cells with different metastatic potential into the perivitelline space of 2 day old embryos. Using cells from breast, prostate, colon and pancreas we demonstrated that the degree of cell metastasis in fish is proportional to their invasion potential in vitro. Highly metastatic cells such as MDA231, DU145, SW620 and ASPC-1 are seen in the vasculature and throughout the body of the fish after only 24-48 hours. Importantly, cells that are not invasive in vitro such as T47D, LNCaP and HT29 do not metastasize in fish. Inactivation of JAK1/2 in fibrosarcoma cells leads to loss of invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo, and in zebrafish these cells show limited spread throughout the zebrafish body compared with the highly metastatic parental cells. Further, knockdown of WASF3 in DU145 cells which leads to loss of invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo also results in suppression of metastasis in zebrafish. In a cancer progression model involving normal MCF10A breast epithelial cells, the degree of invasion/metastasis in vitro and in mice is mirrored in zebrafish. Using a modified version of Fiji software, it is possible to quantify individual metastatic cells in the transparent larvae to correlate with invasion potential. We also demonstrate, using lung cancers, that the zebrafish model can evaluate the metastatic ability of cancer cells isolated from primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish model described here offers a rapid, robust, and inexpensive means of evaluating the metastatic potential of human cancer cells. Using this model it is possible to critically evaluate whether genetic manipulation of signaling pathways affects metastasis and whether primary tumors contain metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiayang Xie
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Steven Walker
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David T White
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - John K Cowell
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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239
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Zhang L, Zhou F, García de Vinuesa A, de Kruijf EM, Mesker WE, Hui L, Drabsch Y, Li Y, Bauer A, Rousseau A, Sheppard KA, Mickanin C, Kuppen PJK, Lu CX, Ten Dijke P. TRAF4 promotes TGF-β receptor signaling and drives breast cancer metastasis. Mol Cell 2013; 51:559-72. [PMID: 23973329 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β signaling is a therapeutic target in advanced cancers. We identified tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) as a key component mediating pro-oncogenic TGF-β-induced SMAD and non-SMAD signaling. Upon TGF-β stimulation, TRAF4 is recruited to the active TGF-β receptor complex, where it antagonizes E3 ligase SMURF2 and facilitates the recruitment of deubiquitinase USP15 to the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI). Both processes contribute to TβRI stabilization on the plasma membrane and thereby enhance TGF-β signaling. In addition, the TGF-β receptor-TRAF4 interaction triggers Lys 63-linked TRAF4 polyubiquitylation and subsequent activation of the TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK)1. TRAF4 is required for efficient TGF-β-induced migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and breast cancer metastasis. Elevated TRAF4 expression correlated with increased levels of phosphorylated SMAD2 and phosphorylated TAK1 as well as poor prognosis among breast cancer patients. Our results demonstrate that TRAF4 can regulate the TGF-β pathway and is a key determinant in breast cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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240
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García-Santisteban I, Peters GJ, Giovannetti E, Rodríguez JA. USP1 deubiquitinase: cellular functions, regulatory mechanisms and emerging potential as target in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:91. [PMID: 23937906 PMCID: PMC3750636 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein ubiquitination is emerging as a key process for maintaining cell homeostasis, and the enzymes that participate in this process, in particular E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), are increasingly being regarded as candidates for drug discovery. Human DUBs are a group of approximately 100 proteins, whose cellular functions and regulatory mechanisms remain, with some exceptions, poorly characterized. One of the best-characterized human DUBs is ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1), which plays an important role in the cellular response to DNA damage. USP1 levels, localization and activity are modulated through several mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, autocleavage/degradation and phosphorylation, ensuring that USP1 function is carried out in a properly regulated spatio-temporal manner. Importantly, USP1 expression is deregulated in certain types of human cancer, suggesting that USP1 could represent a valid target in cancer therapy. This view has gained recent support with the finding that USP1 inhibition may contribute to revert cisplatin resistance in an in vitro model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we describe the current knowledge on the cellular functions and regulatory mechanisms of USP1. We also summarize USP1 alterations found in cancer, combining data from the literature and public databases with our own data. Finally, we discuss the emerging potential of USP1 as a target, integrating published data with our novel findings on the effects of the USP1 inhibitor pimozide in combination with cisplatin in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia García-Santisteban
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Antonio Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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241
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Shimmi O, Newfeld SJ. New insights into extracellular and post-translational regulation of TGF-β family signalling pathways. J Biochem 2013; 154:11-9. [PMID: 23698094 PMCID: PMC3693483 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted proteins are present in all multicellular animals. TGF-β proteins are versatile intercellular signalling molecules that orchestrate cell fate decisions during development and maintain homeostasis in adults. The Smad family of signal transducers implements TGF-β signals in responsive cells. Given the ability of TGF-β ligands to induce dramatic responses in target cells, numerous regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent unintended consequences. Here we review new reports of extracellular and post-translational regulation in Drosophila and vertebrates. Extracellular topics include the regulation of TGF-β signalling range and the coordination between tissue morphogenesis and TGF-β signalling. Post-translational topics include the regulation of TGF-β signal transduction by Gsk3-β phosphorylation of Smads and by cycles of Smad mono- and deubiquitylation. Extension of the ubiquitylation data to the Hippo pathway is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Stuart J. Newfeld
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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242
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Mialki RK, Zhao J, Wei J, Mallampalli DF, Zhao Y. Overexpression of USP14 protease reduces I-κB protein levels and increases cytokine release in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15437-41. [PMID: 23615914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c112.446682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway of non-lysosomal intracellular protein degradation, playing an important role in a variety of cellular responses including cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a component of proteasome regulatory subunit 19 S that regulates deubiquitinated proteins entering inside the proteasome core 20 S. The role of USP14 in protein degradation is still controversial. Several studies suggest that USP14 plays an inhibitory role in protein degradation. Here, in contrast, overexpression of USP14 induced I-κB degradation, which increased cytokine release in lung epithelial cells. Overexpression of HA-tagged USP14 (HA-USP14) reduced I-κB protein levels by increasing the I-κB degradation rate in mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE12). I-κB polyubiquitination was reduced in HA-USP14-overexpressed MLE12 cells, suggesting that USP14 regulates I-κB degradation by removing its ubiquitin chain, thus promoting the deubiquitinated I-κB degradation within the proteasome. Interestingly, we found that USP14 was associated with RelA, a binding partner of I-κB, suggesting that RelA is the linker between USP14 and I-κB. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment induced serine phosphorylation of USP14 as well as further reducing I-κB levels in HA-USP14-overexpressed MLE12 cells as compared with empty vector transfected cells. Further, overexpression of HA-USP14 increased the LPS-, TNFα-, or Escherichia coli-induced IL-8 release in human lung epithelial cells. This study suggests that USP14 removes the ubiquitin chain of I-κB, therefore inducing I-κB degradation and increasing cytokine release in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Mialki
- Department of Medicine and the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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243
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Wang L, Zhao W, Zhang M, Wang P, Zhao K, Zhao X, Yang S, Gao C. USP4 positively regulates RIG-I-mediated antiviral response through deubiquitination and stabilization of RIG-I. J Virol 2013; 87:4507-15. [PMID: 23388719 PMCID: PMC3624380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00031-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination plays an essential role in the regulation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) activation and the antiviral immune response. However, the function of the opposite process of deubiquitination in RIG-I activation remains elusive. In this study, we have identified the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (USP4) as a new regulator for RIG-I activation through deubiquitination and stabilization of RIG-I. USP4 expression was attenuated after virus-induced RIG-I activation. Overexpression of USP4 significantly enhanced RIG-I protein expression and RIG-I-triggered beta interferon (IFN-β) signaling and, at the same time, inhibited vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of USP4 expression had an opposite effect. Furthermore, USP4 was found to interact with RIG-I and remove K48-linked polyubiquitination chains from RIG-I. Therefore, we identified USP4 as a new positive regulator for RIG-I that acts through deubiquitinating K48-linked ubiquitin chains and stabilizing RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education & Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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244
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Hou X, Wang L, Zhang L, Pan X, Zhao W. Ubiquitin-specific protease 4 promotes TNF-α-induced apoptosis by deubiquitination of RIP1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:311-6. [PMID: 23313255 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common type of cancer. Better understanding of molecular aberrations associated with HNSCC might identify new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this disease. In this study, we found ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (USP4) was significantly upregulated in HNSCC. USP4 negatively regulates RIP1-mediated NF-κB activation and promotes TNF-α-induced apoptosis in FaDu cells. USP4 directly interacts with receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and deubiquitinates K63-linked ubiquitination from RIP1. Therefore, our results indicate that USP4 has tumor suppressor roles in HNSCC and suggest USP4 as a potential therapeutic target for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Hou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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245
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The role of deubiquitinating enzymes in synaptic function and nervous system diseases. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:892749. [PMID: 23316392 PMCID: PMC3536295 DOI: 10.1155/2012/892749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by ubiquitin has emerged as a critical regulator of synapse development and function. Ubiquitination is a reversible modification mediated by the concerted action of a large number of specific ubiquitin ligases and ubiquitin proteases, called deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). The balance of activity of these enzymes determines the localization, function, and stability of target proteins. While some DUBs counter the action of specific ubiquitin ligases by removing ubiquitin and editing ubiquitin chains, other DUBs function more generally to maintain the cellular pool of free ubiquitin monomers. The importance of DUB function at the synapse is underscored by the association of specific mutations in DUB genes with several neurological disorders. Over the last decade, although much research has led to the identification and characterization of many ubiquitin ligases at the synapse, our knowledge of the relevant DUBs that act at the synapse has lagged. This review is focused on highlighting our current understanding of DUBs that regulate synaptic function and the diseases that result from dysfunction of these DUBs.
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246
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Abstract
The basic elements of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway were revealed more than a decade ago. Since then, the concept of how the TGFβ signal travels from the membrane to the nucleus has been enriched with additional findings, and its multifunctional nature and medical relevance have relentlessly come to light. However, an old mystery has endured: how does the context determine the cellular response to TGFβ? Solving this question is key to understanding TGFβ biology and its many malfunctions. Recent progress is pointing at answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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247
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Liang L, Fan Y, Cheng J, Cheng D, Zhao Y, Cao B, Ma L, An L, Jia W, Su X, Yang J, Zhang H. TAK1 ubiquitination regulates doxorubicin-induced NF-κB activation. Cell Signal 2012; 25:247-54. [PMID: 22981905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents- and radiation therapy-induced NF-κB activation in cancer cells contributes to aggressive tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation during cancer treatment. TAK1 has been shown to be required for genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB activation. However, whether TAK1 ubiquitination is involved in genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB activation remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that TAK1 ubiquitination plays an important role in the positive and negative regulation of doxorubicin (Dox)-induced NF-κB activation. We found that TAK1 was required for Dox-induced NF-κB activation. At the early stage of Dox treatment, Dox induced Lys63-linked TAK1 polyubiquitination at lysine 158 residue. USP4 inhibited Dox-induced TAK1 Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and knockdown of USP4 enhanced Dox-induced NF-κB activation. At the late stage of Dox treatment, Dox induced Lys48-linked TAK1 polyubiquitination to promote TAK1 degradation. ITCH inhibited Dox-induced NF-κB activation by promoting Lys48-linked TAK1 polyubiquitination and its subsequent degradation. Our study indicates that TAK1 ubiquitination plays critical roles in the regulation of Dox-induced NF-κB activation. Thus, intervention of TAK1 kinase activity or TAK1 Lys63-linked polyubiquitination pathways might greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Department of Tumor Chemotherapy and Radiation Sickness in Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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248
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Clague M, Liu H, Urbé S. Governance of Endocytic Trafficking and Signaling by Reversible Ubiquitylation. Dev Cell 2012; 23:457-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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249
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF-β) pathway is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis at different levels. Two studies now identify deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) for the TGF-β type I receptor. Both ubiquitin-specific peptidase-4 (USP4) and -15 (USP15) extend the life of activated receptors against the negative pressure of receptor-ubiquitinating complexes, but through distinct modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Aggarwal
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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