201
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Koch K, Hartmann R, Tsiampali J, Uhlmann C, Nickel AC, He X, Kamp MA, Sabel M, Barker RA, Steiger HJ, Hänggi D, Willbold D, Maciaczyk J, Kahlert UD. A comparative pharmaco-metabolomic study of glutaminase inhibitors in glioma stem-like cells confirms biological effectiveness but reveals differences in target-specificity. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 32337072 PMCID: PMC7162917 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells upregulate anabolic processes to maintain high rates of cellular turnover. Limiting the supply of macromolecular precursors by targeting enzymes involved in biosynthesis is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Several tumors excessively metabolize glutamine to generate precursors for nonessential amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids, in a process called glutaminolysis. Here we show that pharmacological inhibition of glutaminase (GLS) eradicates glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), a small cell subpopulation in glioblastoma (GBM) responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. Treatment with small molecule inhibitors compound 968 and CB839 effectively diminished cell growth and in vitro clonogenicity of GSC neurosphere cultures. However, our pharmaco-metabolic studies revealed that only CB839 inhibited GLS enzymatic activity thereby limiting the influx of glutamine derivates into the TCA cycle. Nevertheless, the effects of both inhibitors were highly GLS specific, since treatment sensitivity markedly correlated with GLS protein expression. Strikingly, we found GLS overexpressed in in vitro GSC models as compared with neural stem cells (NSC). Moreover, our study demonstrates the usefulness of in vitro pharmaco-metabolomics to score target specificity of compounds thereby refining drug development and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Koch
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry and JuStruct: Juelich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Julia Tsiampali
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Uhlmann
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Nickel
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and WT/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel A. Kamp
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Sabel
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Roger A. Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and WT/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry and JuStruct: Juelich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw Maciaczyk
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulf D. Kahlert
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen/Duesseldorf, Germany
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202
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Dietary modifications for enhanced cancer therapy. Nature 2020; 579:507-517. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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203
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Comito G, Ippolito L, Chiarugi P, Cirri P. Nutritional Exchanges Within Tumor Microenvironment: Impact for Cancer Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2020; 10:396. [PMID: 32266157 PMCID: PMC7105815 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic tissues are composed not only by tumor cells but also by several non-transformed stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells, that actively participate to tumor progression. Starting from the very beginning of carcinogenesis, tumor cells, through the release of paracrine soluble factors and vesicles, i.e., exosomes, modify the behavior of the neighboring cells, so that they can give efficient support for cancer cell proliferation and spreading. A mandatory role in tumor progression has been recently acknowledged to metabolic deregulation. Beside undergoing a metabolic reprogramming coherent to their high proliferation rate, tumor cells also rewire the metabolic assets of their stromal cells, educating them to serve as nutrient donors. Hence, an alteration in the composition and in the flow rate of many nutrients within tumor microenvironment has been associated with malignancy progression. This review is focused on metabolic remodeling of the different cell populations within tumor microenvironment, dealing with reciprocal re-education through the symbiotic sharing of metabolites, behaving both as nutrients and as transcriptional regulators, describing their impact on tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Ippolito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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204
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Boon R, Kumar M, Tricot T, Elia I, Ordovas L, Jacobs F, One J, De Smedt J, Eelen G, Bird M, Roelandt P, Doglioni G, Vriens K, Rossi M, Vazquez MA, Vanwelden T, Chesnais F, El Taghdouini A, Najimi M, Sokal E, Cassiman D, Snoeys J, Monshouwer M, Hu WS, Lange C, Carmeliet P, Fendt SM, Verfaillie CM. Amino acid levels determine metabolism and CYP450 function of hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1393. [PMID: 32170132 PMCID: PMC7069944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting drug-induced liver injury in a preclinical setting remains challenging, as cultured primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), and hepatoma cells exhibit poor drug biotransformation capacity. We here demonstrate that hepatic functionality depends more on cellular metabolism and extracellular nutrients than on developmental regulators. Specifically, we demonstrate that increasing extracellular amino acids beyond the nutritional need of HLCs and HepG2 cells induces glucose independence, mitochondrial function, and the acquisition of a transcriptional profile that is closer to PHHs. Moreover, we show that these high levels of amino acids are sufficient to drive HLC and HepG2 drug biotransformation and liver-toxin sensitivity to levels similar to those in PHHs. In conclusion, we provide data indicating that extracellular nutrient levels represent a major determinant of cellular maturity and can be utilized to guide stem cell differentiation to the hepatic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Boon
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Tricot
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Elia
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Ordovas
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation (BSICoS) Group, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, IIS Aragón University of Zaragoza, Aragon I + D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jennifer One
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan De Smedt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center of Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew Bird
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Roelandt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ginevra Doglioni
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Vriens
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Aguirre Vazquez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanwelden
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Chesnais
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adil El Taghdouini
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Universit Catholique de Louvain & Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Universit Catholique de Louvain & Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Universit Catholique de Louvain & Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mario Monshouwer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christian Lange
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center of Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center of Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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205
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Novel insights into astrocyte-mediated signaling of proliferation, invasion and tumor immune microenvironment in glioblastoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110086. [PMID: 32172060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be the most aggressive cancer of the brain. The dismal prognosis is largely attributed to the microenvironment surrounding tumor cells. Astrocytes, the main component of the GBM microenvironment, play several fundamental physiological roles in the central nervous system. During the development of GBM, tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) directly contact GBM cells, which activate astrocytes to form reactive astrocytes, facilitating tumor progression, proliferation and migration through multiple well-understood signaling pathways. Notably, TAAs also influence GBM cell behaviors via suppressing immune responses and enhancing the chemoradiotherapy resistance of tumor cells. These new activities are closely linked with the treatment and prognosis of GBM. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding new functions of reactive astrocytes, including TAA-cancer cell interactions, mechanisms involved in immunosuppressive regulation, and chemoradiotherapy resistance. It is expected that these updated experimental or clinical studies of TAAs may provide a promising approach for GBM treatment in the near future.
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206
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Nitrogen Metabolism in Cancer and Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:408-424. [PMID: 32302552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As one of the fundamental requirements for cell growth and proliferation, nitrogen acquisition and utilization must be tightly regulated. Nitrogen can be generated from amino acids (AAs) and utilized for biosynthetic processes through transamination and deamination reactions. Importantly, limitations of nitrogen availability in cells can disrupt the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and other important nitrogen-containing compounds. Rewiring cellular metabolism to support anabolic processes is a feature common to both cancer and proliferating immune cells. In this review, we discuss how nitrogen is utilized in biosynthetic pathways and highlight different metabolic and oncogenic programs that alter the flow of nitrogen to sustain biomass production and growth, an important emerging feature of cancer and immune cell proliferation.
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207
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Bayram S, Fürst S, Forbes M, Kempa S. Analysing central metabolism in ultra-high resolution: At the crossroads of carbon and nitrogen. Mol Metab 2020; 33:38-47. [PMID: 31928927 PMCID: PMC7056925 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cell metabolism can be characterised by adaptive metabolic alterations, which support abnormal proliferative cell growth with high energetic demand. De novo nucleotide biosynthesis is essential for providing nucleotides for RNA and DNA synthesis, and drugs targeting this biosynthetic pathway have proven to be effective anticancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, cancers are often able to circumvent chemotherapeutic interventions and become therapy resistant. Our understanding of the changing metabolic profile of the cancer cell and the mode of action of therapeutics is dependent on technological advances in biochemical analysis. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review begins with information about carbon- and nitrogen-donating pathways to build purine and pyrimidine moieties in the course of nucleotide biosynthesis. We discuss the application of stable isotope resolved metabolomics to investigate the dynamics of cancer cell metabolism and outline the benefits of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry, which enables multiple tracer studies. CONCLUSION With the technological advances in mass spectrometry that allow for the analysis of the metabolome in high resolution, the application of stable isotope resolved metabolomics has become an important technique in the investigation of biological processes. The literature in the area of isotope labelling is dominated by 13C tracer studies. Metabolic pathways have to be considered as complex interconnected networks and should be investigated as such. Moving forward to simultaneous tracing of different stable isotopes will help elucidate the interplay between carbon and nitrogen flow and the dynamics of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Bayram
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Fürst
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Martin Forbes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany.
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208
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Zhao H, Raines LN, Huang SCC. Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism as Hallmarks for Innate Immune Cell Activation and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030562. [PMID: 32121028 PMCID: PMC7140477 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is now understood to be fundamentally linked to intrinsic and/or extrinsic metabolic processes which are essential for immune cells to survive, proliferate, and perform their effector functions. Moreover, disruption or dysregulation of these pathways can result in detrimental outcomes and underly a number of pathologies in both communicable and non-communicable diseases. In this review, we discuss how the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids in particular can modulate innate immunity and how perturbations in these pathways can result in failure of these immune cells to properly function or induce unfavorable phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (H.Z.); (L.N.R.)
| | - Lydia N. Raines
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (H.Z.); (L.N.R.)
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (H.Z.); (L.N.R.)
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-368-3909
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209
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Ngoi NYL, Eu JQ, Hirpara J, Wang L, Lim JSJ, Lee SC, Lim YC, Pervaiz S, Goh BC, Wong ALA. Targeting Cell Metabolism as Cancer Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:285-308. [PMID: 31841375 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolic pathways to keep up with biosynthetic and reduction-oxidation needs during tumor proliferation and metastasis. The common induction of metabolic pathways during cancer progression, regardless of cancer histio- or genotype, makes cancer metabolism an attractive target for therapeutic exploitation. Recent Advances: Emerging data suggest that these altered pathways may even result in resistance to anticancer therapies. Identifying specific metabolic dependencies that are unique to cancer cells has proved challenging in this field, limiting the therapeutic window for many candidate drug approaches. Critical Issues: Cancer cells display significant metabolic flexibility in nutrient-limited environments, hampering the longevity of suppressing cancer metabolism through any singular approach. Combinatorial "synthetic lethal" approaches may have a better chance for success and promising strategies are reviewed here. The dynamism of the immune system adds a level of complexity, as various immune populations in the tumor microenvironment often share metabolic pathways with cancer, with successive alterations during immune activation and quiescence. Decoding the reprogramming of metabolic pathways within cancer cells and stem cells, as well as examining metabolic symbiosis between components of the tumor microenvironment, would be essential to further meaningful drug development within the tumor's metabolic ecosystem. Future Directions: In this article, we examine evidence for the therapeutic potential of targeting metabolic alterations in cancer, and we discuss the drawbacks and successes that have stimulated this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Qing Eu
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayshree Hirpara
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joline S J Lim
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yaw-Chyn Lim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea L A Wong
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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210
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Abstract
High plasticity to utilize different nutrients to adapt metabolic stress is one of the hallmarks for cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which cancer cells reprogram metabolic machinery in response to metabolic stress remain largely unclear. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Wang et al. (2019) report that glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) induces an unconventional regulation of the NF-κB pathway under glucose deprivation, thereby stimulating glycolysis in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Di Conza
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chin-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland.
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211
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Liu P, Lu D, Al-Ameri A, Wei X, Ling S, Li J, Zhu H, Xie H, Zhu L, Zheng S, Xu X. Glutamine synthetase promotes tumor invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma through mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:246-257. [PMID: 31652385 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glutamine synthetase (GS) levels increase gradually with the development of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of GS and the underlying mechanism of GS promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invasion. METHODS Serum concentration of GS and α-fetoprotein (AFP) in HCC patients, liver cirrhosis patients, and healthy individuals were detected. The GS-mRNA level and its prognostic value were explored in an independent HCC cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. GS expression in HCC tissue and matched para-tumor tissue was determined. The effect of GS on HCC invasion was assessed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The serum GS and AFP level in HCC patients was higher than that in healthy controls and liver cirrhosis patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for HCC diagnosis was 0.848 and 0.861 for GS and AFP, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of GS for diagnosis of AFP-negative HCC was 0.913. Combining GS with AFP achieved a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 93%, respectively. The GS level was higher in tumor tissues than that in para-tumor tissues. High GS expression was associated with poor prognosis of moderately differentiated HCC patients. In vitro, GS exerted an influence on HCC cell migration by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The lung and liver metastatic model of HCC further confirmed that GS expression affected the invasion of HCC cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS GS is a useful biomarker for HCC diagnosis, especially for AFP-negative patients. In addition, GS affects HCC metastasis through mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abdulahad Al-Ameri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunbin Ling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Medical oncology, Zhejiang, Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
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212
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Hu J, Chen Q, Ding X, Zheng X, Tang X, Li S, Yang H. Glutamine metabolism in the proliferation of GS-expression pituitary tumor cells. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:EC-19-0515.R1. [PMID: 32069221 PMCID: PMC7077521 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many cancer cells cannot survive without exogenous glutamine (Gln),however, cancer cells expressed glutamine synthetase (GS) do not have this restriction. Previous metabolomics studies have indicated that glutamine metabolism is altered during pituitary tumorigenesis. However, the main role of Gln in pituitary adenoma (PA) pathophysiology remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of GS and the main role of Gln in human PAs. METHODS We used cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry to assess the effect of Gln depletion on three different pituitary cell lines and human primary PA cells. Then investigated the expression level of Gln synthetase (GS) in 24 human PA samples. At last, we used LC-MS/MS to identify the differences in metabolites of PA cells after the blockage of both endogenous and exogenous Gln. RESULTS PA cell lines showed different sensitivities to Gln starvation, and the sensitivity is correlated with GS expression level. GS expressed in 21 out of the 24 human PA samples. Furthermore, a positive p53 and ki-67 index was correlated with a higher GS expression level (p<0.05). Removal of both endogenous and exogenous Gln from GS-expressing PA cells resulted in blockage of nucleotide metabolism and cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that GS is needed for PA cells to proliferation during Gln deprivation, and most human PA cells express GS and might have a negative response to exogenous Gln depletion. Moreover, Gln is mainly responsible for nucleotide metabolism in the proliferation of GS-expressing pituitary tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingbo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Tang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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213
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Obara-Michlewska M, Szeliga M. Targeting Glutamine Addiction in Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020310. [PMID: 32013066 PMCID: PMC7072559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common malignant brain tumors are those of astrocytic origin, gliomas, with the most aggressive glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) among them. Despite efforts, medicine has not made progress in terms of the prognosis and life expectancy of glioma patients. Behind the malignant phenotype of gliomas lies multiple genetic mutations leading to reprogramming of their metabolism, which gives those highly proliferating cells an advantage over healthy ones. The so-called glutamine addiction is a metabolic adaptation that supplements oxidative glycolysis in order to secure neoplastic cells with nutrients and energy in unfavorable conditions of hypoxia. The present review aims at presenting the research and clinical attempts targeting the different metabolic pathways involved in glutamine metabolism in gliomas. A brief description of the biochemistry of glutamine transport, synthesis, and glutaminolysis, etc. will forego a detailed comparison of the therapeutic strategies undertaken to inhibit glutamine utilization by gliomas.
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214
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Lee P, Malik D, Perkons N, Huangyang P, Khare S, Rhoades S, Gong YY, Burrows M, Finan JM, Nissim I, Gade TPF, Weljie AM, Simon MC. Targeting glutamine metabolism slows soft tissue sarcoma growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:498. [PMID: 31980651 PMCID: PMC6981153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells frequently utilize glutamine to meet bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapid cell growth. However, glutamine dependence can be highly variable between in vitro and in vivo settings, based on surrounding microenvironments and complex adaptive responses to glutamine deprivation. Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are mesenchymal tumours where cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the primary approach for metastatic or unresectable disease. Therefore, it is critical to identify alternate therapies to improve patient outcomes. Using autochthonous STS murine models and unbiased metabolomics, we demonstrate that glutamine metabolism supports sarcomagenesis. STS subtypes expressing elevated glutaminase (GLS) levels are highly sensitive to glutamine starvation. In contrast to previous studies, treatment of autochthonous tumour-bearing animals with Telaglenastat (CB-839), an orally bioavailable GLS inhibitor, successfully inhibits undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) tumour growth. We reveal glutamine metabolism as critical for sarcomagenesis, with CB-839 exhibiting potent therapeutic potential. Glutamine is an energetic source required for the proliferation of cancer cells. Here, the authors show that soft tissue sarcomas expressing high levels of glutaminase (GLS) are particularly sensitive to glutamine starvation and GLS inhibition in tumour-bearing allograft and autochthonous mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Lee
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dania Malik
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Perkons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peiwei Huangyang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sanika Khare
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Seth Rhoades
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yao-Yu Gong
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle Burrows
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer M Finan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Itzhak Nissim
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terence P F Gade
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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215
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Fernández-García J, Altea-Manzano P, Pranzini E, Fendt SM. Stable Isotopes for Tracing Mammalian-Cell Metabolism In Vivo. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:185-201. [PMID: 31955965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is at the cornerstone of all cellular functions and mounting evidence of its deregulation in different diseases emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive understanding of metabolic regulation at the whole-organism level. Stable-isotope measurements are a powerful tool for probing cellular metabolism and, as a result, are increasingly used to study metabolism in in vivo settings. The additional complexity of in vivo metabolic measurements requires paying special attention to experimental design and data interpretation. Here, we review recent work where in vivo stable-isotope measurements have been used to address relevant biological questions within an in vivo context, summarize different experimental and data interpretation approaches and their limitations, and discuss future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Patricia Altea-Manzano
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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216
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Casciano JC, Perry C, Cohen-Nowak AJ, Miller KD, Vande Voorde J, Zhang Q, Chalmers S, Sandison ME, Liu Q, Hedley A, McBryan T, Tang HY, Gorman N, Beer T, Speicher DW, Adams PD, Liu X, Schlegel R, McCarron JG, Wakelam MJO, Gottlieb E, Kossenkov AV, Schug ZT. MYC regulates fatty acid metabolism through a multigenic program in claudin-low triple negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:868-884. [PMID: 31942031 PMCID: PMC7078291 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is a key metabolic pathway for the growth of triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), particularly those that have high expression of MYC. However, the underlying mechanism by which MYC promotes FAO remains poorly understood. Methods We used a combination of metabolomics, transcriptomics, bioinformatics, and microscopy to elucidate a potential mechanism by which MYC regulates FAO in TNBC. Results We propose that MYC induces a multigenic program that involves changes in intracellular calcium signalling and fatty acid metabolism. We determined key roles for fatty acid transporters (CD36), lipases (LPL), and kinases (PDGFRB, CAMKK2, and AMPK) that each contribute to promoting FAO in human mammary epithelial cells that express oncogenic levels of MYC. Bioinformatic analysis further showed that this multigenic program is highly expressed and predicts poor survival in the claudin-low molecular subtype of TNBC, but not other subtypes of TNBCs, suggesting that efforts to target FAO in the clinic may best serve claudin-low TNBC patients. Conclusion We identified critical pieces of the FAO machinery that have the potential to be targeted for improved treatment of patients with TNBC, especially the claudin-low molecular subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Casciano
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Caroline Perry
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Adam J Cohen-Nowak
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katelyn D Miller
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Johan Vande Voorde
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Susan Chalmers
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Mairi E Sandison
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ann Hedley
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tony McBryan
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Gorman
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Beer
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David W Speicher
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Adams
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Center for Cell Reprogramming, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Center for Cell Reprogramming, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington D.C., 20057, USA
| | - John G McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | | | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron St. Bat Galim, 3525433, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary T Schug
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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217
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Schoonjans CA, Gallez B. Metabolic Plasticity of Tumor Cells: How They Do Adapt to Food Deprivation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:109-123. [PMID: 32130696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism is a key hallmark of cancer cells and an enticing target for cancer treatment. Since the last 10 years, research on cancer metabolism has moved from pathway attention to network consideration. This metabolic complexity continuously adapt to new constraints in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will highlight striking changes in cancer cell metabolism compared to normal cells. Understanding this tumor metabolic plasticity suggests potential new targets and innovative combinatorial treatments for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline A Schoonjans
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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218
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Vettore L, Westbrook RL, Tennant DA. New aspects of amino acid metabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:150-156. [PMID: 31819187 PMCID: PMC7052246 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An abundant supply of amino acids is important for cancers to sustain their proliferative drive. Alongside their direct role as substrates for protein synthesis, they can have roles in energy generation, driving the synthesis of nucleosides and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis. As cancer cells exist within a complex and often nutrient-poor microenvironment, they sometimes exist as part of a metabolic community, forming relationships that can be both symbiotic and parasitic. Indeed, this is particularly evident in cancers that are auxotrophic for particular amino acids. This review discusses the stromal/cancer cell relationship, by using examples to illustrate a number of different ways in which cancer cells can rely on and contribute to their microenvironment - both as a stable network and in response to therapy. In addition, it examines situations when amino acid synthesis is driven through metabolic coupling to other reactions, and synthesis is in excess of the cancer cell's proliferative demand. Finally, it highlights the understudied area of non-proteinogenic amino acids in cancer metabolism and their potential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Vettore
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca L Westbrook
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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219
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Bi J, Chowdhry S, Wu S, Zhang W, Masui K, Mischel PS. Altered cellular metabolism in gliomas - an emerging landscape of actionable co-dependency targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:57-70. [PMID: 31806884 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is a hallmark of gliomas. Propelled by a set of recent technological advances, new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma metabolism are rapidly emerging. In this Review, we focus on the dynamic nature of glioma metabolism and how it is shaped by the interaction between tumour genotype and brain microenvironment. Recent advances integrating metabolomics with genomics are discussed, yielding new insight into the mechanisms that drive glioma pathogenesis. Studies that shed light on interactions between the tumour microenvironment and tumour genotype are highlighted, providing important clues as to how gliomas respond to and adapt to their changing tissue and biochemical contexts. Finally, a road map for the discovery of potential new glioma drug targets is suggested, with the goal of translating these new insights about glioma metabolism into clinical benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Bi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sudhir Chowdhry
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sihan Wu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kenta Masui
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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220
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Altea-Manzano P, Broekaert D, Duarte JAG, Fernández-García J, Planque M, Fendt SM. Analyzing the Metabolism of Metastases in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2088:93-118. [PMID: 31893372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0159-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis formation is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. It has recently emerged that cancer cells adapt their metabolism to successfully transition through the metastatic cascade. Consequently, measuring and analyzing the in vivo metabolism of metastases has the potential to reveal novel treatment strategies to prevent metastasis formation. Here, we describe two different metastasis mouse models and how their metabolism can be analyzed with metabolomics and 13C tracer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Altea-Manzano
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Broekaert
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - João A G Duarte
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juan Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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221
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Amino Acid-Mediated Metabolism: A New Power to Influence Properties of Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6919463. [PMID: 31885621 PMCID: PMC6915148 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6919463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-renewal and differentiation potentials of stem cells are dependent on amino acid (AA) metabolism. We review the literature on the metabolic preference of both cancer and noncancer stem cells. The balance in AA metabolism is responsible for maintaining the functionality of noncancer stem cells, and altering the levels of AAs can influence the malignant biological behavior of cancer stem cells. AAs are considered nutrients participating in metabolism and playing a critical role in maintaining the activity of normal stem cells and the effect of therapy of cancer stem cells. Targeting AA metabolism helps inhibit the stemness of cancer stem cells and remodels the function of normal stem cells. This review summarizes the metabolic characteristics and regulation pathways of AA in different stem cells, not only from the nutritional perspective but also from the genomic perspective that have been reported in the recent five years. In addition, we briefly survey new therapeutic modalities that may help eradicate cancer stem cells by exploiting nutrient deprivation. Understanding AA uptake characteristics helps researchers define the preference for AA in different stem cells and enables clinicians make timely interventions to specifically target the cell behavior.
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222
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O'Sullivan D, Sanin DE, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Metabolic interventions in the immune response to cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:324-335. [PMID: 30820043 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At the centre of the therapeutic dilemma posed by cancer is the question of how to develop more effective treatments that discriminate between normal and cancerous tissues. Decades of research have shown us that universally applicable principles are rare, but two well-accepted concepts have emerged: first, that malignant transformation goes hand in hand with distinct changes in cellular metabolism; second, that the immune system is critical for tumour control and clearance. Unifying our understanding of tumour metabolism with immune cell function may prove to be a powerful approach in the development of more effective cancer therapies. Here, we explore how nutrient availability in the tumour microenvironment shapes immune responses and identify areas of intervention to modulate the metabolic constraints placed on immune cells in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Sullivan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David E Sanin
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany. .,University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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223
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Luan S, Yang K, Zheng M, Li K, Chen L, Li H. Adapalene inhibits ovarian cancer ES-2 cells growth by targeting glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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224
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Dysregulation of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase in cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 467:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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225
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Garcia-Bermudez J, Williams RT, Guarecuco R, Birsoy K. Targeting extracellular nutrient dependencies of cancer cells. Mol Metab 2019; 33:67-82. [PMID: 31926876 PMCID: PMC7056928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands of their high proliferation rates and environment. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells may result in strong dependencies on nutrients that could be exploited for therapy. While these dependencies may be in part due to the nutrient environment of tumors, mutations or expression changes in metabolic genes also reprogram metabolic pathways and create addictions to extracellular nutrients. Scope of review This review summarizes the major nutrient dependencies of cancer cells focusing on their discovery and potential mechanisms by which metabolites become limiting for tumor growth. We further detail available therapeutic interventions based on these metabolic features and highlight opportunities for restricting nutrient availability as an anti-cancer strategy. Major conclusions Strategies to limit nutrients required for tumor growth using dietary interventions or nutrient degrading enzymes have previously been suggested for cancer therapy. The best clinical example of exploiting cancer nutrient dependencies is the treatment of leukemia with l-asparaginase, a first-line chemotherapeutic that depletes serum asparagine. Despite the success of nutrient starvation in blood cancers, it remains unclear whether this approach could be extended to other solid tumors. Systematic studies to identify nutrient dependencies unique to individual tumor types have the potential to discover targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Bermudez
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Robert T Williams
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohiverth Guarecuco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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226
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Cantor JR. The Rise of Physiologic Media. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:854-861. [PMID: 31623927 PMCID: PMC7001851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Developed decades ago, traditional culture media were not intended to resemble the metabolic composition of human blood, and indeed poorly do so. Yet, despite what is now a clear recognition that environmental factors influence metabolism, such media remain standard to in vitro studies across virtually all areas of biological research. The recent development of physiologic media, like other efforts designed to address the modeling capacity of cell culture, holds immense potential to improve understanding and interpretation of diverse biological and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cantor
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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227
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Abstract
The way cancer cells utilize nutrients to support their growth and proliferation is determined by cancer cell-intrinsic and cancer cell-extrinsic factors, including interactions with the environment. These interactions can define therapeutic vulnerabilities and impact the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Diet-mediated changes in whole-body metabolism and systemic nutrient availability can affect the environment that cancer cells are exposed to within tumours, and a better understanding of how diet modulates nutrient availability and utilization by cancer cells is needed. How diet impacts cancer outcomes is also of great interest to patients, yet clear evidence for how diet interacts with therapy and impacts tumour growth is lacking. Here we propose an experimental framework to probe the connections between diet and cancer metabolism. We examine how dietary factors may affect tumour growth by altering the access to and utilization of nutrients by cancer cells. Our growing understanding of how certain cancer types respond to various diets, how diet impacts cancer cell metabolism to mediate these responses and whether dietary interventions may constitute new therapeutic opportunities will begin to provide guidance on how best to use diet and nutrition to manage cancer in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Lien
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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228
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Bott AJ, Shen J, Tonelli C, Zhan L, Sivaram N, Jiang YP, Yu X, Bhatt V, Chiles E, Zhong H, Maimouni S, Dai W, Velasquez S, Pan JA, Muthalagu N, Morton J, Anthony TG, Feng H, Lamers WH, Murphy DJ, Guo JY, Jin J, Crawford HC, Zhang L, White E, Lin RZ, Su X, Tuveson DA, Zong WX. Glutamine Anabolism Plays a Critical Role in Pancreatic Cancer by Coupling Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1287-1298.e6. [PMID: 31665640 PMCID: PMC6886125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is thought to play an important role in cancer cells by being deaminated via glutaminolysis to α-ketoglutarate (aKG) to fuel the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Supporting this notion, aKG supplementation can restore growth/survival of glutamine-deprived cells. However, pancreatic cancers are often poorly vascularized and limited in glutamine supply, in alignment with recent concerns on the significance of glutaminolysis in pancreatic cancer. Here, we show that aKG-mediated rescue of glutamine-deprived pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) cells requires glutamate ammonia ligase (GLUL), the enzyme responsible for de novo glutamine synthesis. GLUL-deficient PDAC cells are capable of the TCA cycle but defective in aKG-coupled glutamine biosynthesis and subsequent nitrogen anabolic processes. Importantly, GLUL expression is elevated in pancreatic cancer patient samples and in mouse PDAC models. GLUL ablation suppresses the development of KrasG12D-driven murine PDAC. Therefore, GLUL-mediated glutamine biosynthesis couples the TCA cycle with nitrogen anabolism and plays a critical role in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Bott
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Genetics Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 07794, USA
| | - Jianliang Shen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Claudia Tonelli
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Le Zhan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Nithya Sivaram
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
| | - Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Eric Chiles
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sara Maimouni
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Stephani Velasquez
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ji-An Pan
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Richard Z Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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229
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Natarajan SK, Venneti S. Glutamine Metabolism in Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1628. [PMID: 31652923 PMCID: PMC6893651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells. Tumor cells rewire their metabolism to support their uncontrolled proliferation by taking up nutrients from the microenvironment. The amino acid glutamine is a key nutrient that fuels biosynthetic processes including ATP generation, redox homeostasis, nucleotide, protein, and lipid synthesis. Glutamine as a precursor for the neurotransmitter glutamate, and plays a critical role in the normal functioning of the brain. Brain tumors that grow in this glutamine/glutamate rich microenvironment can make synaptic connections with glutamatergic neurons and reprogram glutamine metabolism to enable their growth. In this review, we examine the functions of glutamate/glutamine in the brain and how brain tumor cells reprogram glutamine metabolism. Altered glutamine metabolism can be leveraged to develop non-invasive imaging strategies and we review these imaging modalities. Finally, we examine if targeting glutamine metabolism could serve as a therapeutic strategy in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Natarajan
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 41804, USA.
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230
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Loponte S, Lovisa S, Deem AK, Carugo A, Viale A. The Many Facets of Tumor Heterogeneity: Is Metabolism Lagging Behind? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1574. [PMID: 31623133 PMCID: PMC6826850 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor functional heterogeneity has been recognized for decades, and technological advancements are fueling renewed interest in uncovering the cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence tumor development and therapeutic response. Intratumoral heterogeneity is now arguably one of the most-studied topics in tumor biology, leading to the discovery of new paradigms and reinterpretation of old ones, as we aim to understand the profound implications that genomic, epigenomic, and functional heterogeneity hold with regard to clinical outcomes. In spite of our improved understanding of the biological complexity of cancer, characterization of tumor metabolic heterogeneity has lagged behind, lost in a century-old controversy debating whether glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration is more influential. But is tumor metabolism really so simple? Here, we review historical and current views of intratumoral heterogeneity, with an emphasis on summarizing the emerging data that begin to illuminate just how vast the spectrum of metabolic strategies a tumor can employ may be, and what this means for how we might interpret other tumor characteristics, such as mutational landscape, contribution of microenvironmental influences, and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Loponte
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Angela K Deem
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- TRACTION platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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231
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Dai Z, Yang S, Xu L, Hu H, Liao K, Wang J, Wang Q, Gao S, Li B, Lai L. Identification of Cancer-associated metabolic vulnerabilities by modeling multi-objective optimality in metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:124. [PMID: 31601242 PMCID: PMC6785927 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells undergo global reprogramming of cellular metabolism to satisfy demands of energy and biomass during proliferation and metastasis. Computational modeling of genome-scale metabolic models is an effective approach for designing new therapeutics targeting dysregulated cancer metabolism by identifying metabolic enzymes crucial for satisfying metabolic goals of cancer cells, but nearly all previous studies neglect the existence of metabolic demands other than biomass synthesis and trade-offs between these contradicting metabolic demands. It is thus necessary to develop computational models covering multiple metabolic objectives to study cancer metabolism and identify novel metabolic targets. METHODS We developed a multi-objective optimization model for cancer cell metabolism at genome-scale and an integrated, data-driven workflow for analyzing the Pareto optimality of this model in achieving multiple metabolic goals and identifying metabolic enzymes crucial for maintaining cancer-associated metabolic phenotypes. Using this workflow, we constructed cell line-specific models for a panel of cancer cell lines and identified lists of metabolic targets promoting or suppressing cancer cell proliferation or the Warburg Effect. The targets were then validated using knockdown and over-expression experiments in cultured cancer cell lines. RESULTS We found that the multi-objective optimization model correctly predicted phenotypes including cell growth rates, essentiality of metabolic genes and cell line specific sensitivities to metabolic perturbations. To our surprise, metabolic enzymes promoting proliferation substantially overlapped with those suppressing the Warburg Effect, suggesting that simply targeting the overlapping enzymes may lead to complicated outcomes. We also identified lists of metabolic enzymes important for maintaining rapid proliferation or high Warburg Effect while having little effect on the other. The importance of these enzymes in cancer metabolism predicted by the model was validated by their association with cancer patient survival and knockdown and overexpression experiments in a variety of cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm this multi-objective optimization model as a novel and effective approach for studying trade-off between metabolic demands of cancer cells and identifying cancer-associated metabolic vulnerabilities, and suggest novel metabolic targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Dai
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Program of Cancer Research, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Program of Cancer Research, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongrong Hu
- Program of Cancer Research, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Kun Liao
- Program of Cancer Research, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianghuang Wang
- Program of Cancer Research, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuaishi Gao
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Li
- Program of Cancer Research, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Luhua Lai
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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232
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Grkovski M, Goel R, Krebs S, Staton KD, Harding JJ, Mellinghoff IK, Humm JL, Dunphy MPS. Pharmacokinetic Assessment of 18F-(2 S,4 R)-4-Fluoroglutamine in Patients with Cancer. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:357-366. [PMID: 31601700 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.229740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
18F-(2S,4R)-4-fluoroglutamine (18F-FGln) is an investigational PET radiotracer for imaging tumor glutamine flux and metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate its pharmacokinetic properties in patients with cancer. Methods: Fifty lesions from 41 patients (21 men and 20 women, aged 54 ± 14 y) were analyzed. Thirty-minute dynamic PET scans were performed concurrently with a rapid intravenous bolus injection of 232 ± 82 MBq of 18F-FGln, followed by 2 static PET scans at 97 ± 14 and 190 ± 12 min after injection. Five patients also underwent a second 18F-FGln study 4-13 wk after initiation of therapy with glutaminase, dual TORC1/2, or programmed death-1 inhibitors. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma and metabolite fractions and to scale the image-derived input function. Regions of interest were manually drawn to calculate SUVs. Pharmacokinetic modeling with both reversible and irreversible 1- and 2-tissue-compartment models was performed to calculate the kinetic rate constants K 1, k 2, k 3, and k 4 The analysis was repeated with truncated 30-min dynamic datasets. Results: Intratumor 18F-FGln uptake patterns demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in different lesion types. In most lesions, the reversible 2-tissue-compartment model was chosen as the most appropriate according to the Akaike information criterion. K 1, a surrogate biomarker for 18F-FGln intracellular transport, was the kinetic rate constant that was most correlated both with SUV at 30 min (Spearman ρ = 0.71) and with SUV at 190 min (ρ = 0.51). Only K 1 was reproducible from truncated 30-min datasets (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.96). k 3, a surrogate biomarker for glutaminolysis rate, was relatively low in about 50% of lesions. Treatment with glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 substantially reduced the glutaminolysis rates as measured by k 3 Conclusion: 18F-FGln dynamic PET is a sensitive tool for studying glutamine transport and metabolism in human malignancies. Analysis of dynamic data facilitates better understanding of 18F-FGln pharmacokinetics and may be necessary for response assessment to targeted therapies that impact intracellular glutamine pool size and tumor glutaminolysis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Grkovski
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Simone Krebs
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kevin D Staton
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James J Harding
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mark P S Dunphy
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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233
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Chinopoulos C, Seyfried TN. Mitochondrial Substrate-Level Phosphorylation as Energy Source for Glioblastoma: Review and Hypothesis. ASN Neuro 2019; 10:1759091418818261. [PMID: 30909720 PMCID: PMC6311572 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418818261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant of the primary adult brain cancers. Ultrastructural and biochemical evidence shows that GBM cells exhibit mitochondrial abnormalities incompatible with energy production through oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Under such conditions, the mitochondrial F0-F1 ATP synthase operates in reverse at the expense of ATP hydrolysis to maintain a moderate membrane potential. Moreover, expression of the dimeric M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase in GBM results in diminished ATP output, precluding a significant ATP production from glycolysis. If ATP synthesis through both glycolysis and OxPhos was impeded, then where would GBM cells obtain high-energy phosphates for growth and invasion? Literature is reviewed suggesting that the succinate-CoA ligase reaction in the tricarboxylic acid cycle can substantiate sufficient ATP through mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation (mSLP) to maintain GBM growth when OxPhos is impaired. Production of high-energy phosphates would be supported by glutaminolysis—a hallmark of GBM metabolism—through the sequential conversion of glutamine → glutamate → alpha-ketoglutarate → succinyl CoA → succinate. Equally important, provision of ATP through mSLP would maintain the adenine nucleotide translocase in forward mode, thus preventing the reverse-operating F0-F1 ATP synthase from depleting cytosolic ATP reserves. Because glucose and glutamine are the primary fuels driving the rapid growth of GBM and most tumors for that matter, simultaneous restriction of these two substrates or inhibition of mSLP should diminish cancer viability, growth, and invasion.
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234
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Peng Y, Fu S, Hu W, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Tan R, Sun LQ. Glutamine synthetase facilitates cancer cells to recover from irradiation-induced G2/M arrest. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:43-51. [PMID: 31526079 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1665394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiation of cancer cells can be either intrinsic or acquired, leading to treatment failure. In response to DNA damage caused by IR, cancer cells are arrested in cell cycle showing limited proliferation and increased apoptosis. However, radiation-resistant cells are able to overcome the cell cycle block and proceed to proliferation, for which the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we showed that radioresistant cells exhibited a recoverable G2/M phase during prolonged cell cycle and manifested lower apoptosis rate and more colony formation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that glutamine synthetase (GS, GLUL) gene was highly expressed in radioresistant cancer cells in comparison with the parental cells, which was in accordance with the G2/M arrest after ionizing radiation. Knocking out of GS in radioresistant cells resulted in a delayed G2/M recovery and lowered proliferation rate after ionizing radiation treatment, which was accompanied with increased inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1 at Y15 and downregulated Cdc25B, a dual specific phosphatase of CDK1. Moreover, there was an enhanced complex formation of CDK1 and Cyclin B1 when the cells were rescued by re-introducing GS. In vivo, knocking down of GS significantly sensitized CNE2-R xenografts to RT in mice. In this study, we demonstrate a novel role of glutamine synthetase independent of metabolic function in promoting recovery from G2/M arrest caused by ionizing radiation, thus, causing cancer cell resistance to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Peng
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shujun Fu
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of MolecularRadiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of MolecularRadiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yanfang Qiu
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of MolecularRadiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Tan
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of MolecularRadiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Departmen of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of MolecularRadiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Changsha, China
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235
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Wu Q, Li B, Li Z, Li J, Sun S, Sun S. Cancer-associated adipocytes: key players in breast cancer progression. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31500658 PMCID: PMC6734503 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are one of the primary stromal cells in many tissues, and they are considered to play an active role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) are not only found adjacent to cancer cells, but also communicate with cancer cells through releasing various factors that can mediate local and systemic effects. The adipocyte-cancer cell crosstalk leads to phenotypical and functional changes of both cell types, which can further enhance tumor progression. Indeed, obesity, which is associated with an increase in adipose mass and an alteration of adipose tissue, is becoming pandemic in some countries and it is now considered to be an independent risk factor for cancer progression. In this review, we focus on the potential mechanisms involved with special attention to the adipocyte-cancer cell circle in breast cancer. We envisage that besides having a direct impact on tumor cells, CAAs systemically preconditions the tumor microenvironment by favoring anti-tumor immunity. A better understanding of cancer-associated adipocytes and the key molecular events in the adipocyte-cancer cell crosstalk will provide insights into tumor biology and permit the optimization of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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236
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Gimple RC, Bhargava S, Dixit D, Rich JN. Glioblastoma stem cells: lessons from the tumor hierarchy in a lethal cancer. Genes Dev 2019; 33:591-609. [PMID: 31160393 PMCID: PMC6546059 DOI: 10.1101/gad.324301.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gimple et al. provide a review of the most recent evidence regarding the existence of GSCs in glioblastoma tumors and progress made in defining their key molecular regulators. Glioblastoma ranks among the most lethal of all human cancers. Glioblastomas display striking cellular heterogeneity, with stem-like glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) at the apex. Although the original identification of GSCs dates back more than a decade, the purification and characterization of GSCs remains challenging. Despite these challenges, the evidence that GSCs play important roles in tumor growth and response to therapy has grown. Like normal stem cells, GSCs are functionally defined and distinguished from their differentiated tumor progeny at core transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic regulatory levels, suggesting that no single therapeutic modality will be universally effective against a heterogenous GSC population. Glioblastomas induce a systemic immunosuppression with mixed responses to oncoimmunologic modalities, suggesting the potential for augmentation of response with a deeper consideration of GSCs. Unfortunately, the GSC literature has been complicated by frequent use of inferior cell lines and a lack of proper functional analyses. Collectively, glioblastoma offers a reliable cancer to study cancer stem cells to better model the human disease and inform improved biologic understanding and design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Deobrat Dixit
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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237
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Sun W, Luan S, Qi C, Tong Q, Yan S, Li H, Zhang Y. Aspulvinone O, a natural inhibitor of GOT1 suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells growth by interfering glutamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:111. [PMID: 31470862 PMCID: PMC6717386 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinctive from their normal counterparts, cancer cells exhibit unique metabolic dependencies on glutamine to fuel anabolic processes. Specifically, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells rely on an unconventional metabolic pathway catalyzed by aspartate transaminase 1 (GOT1) to rewire glutamine metabolism and support nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production. Thus, the important role of GOT1 in energy metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) balance demonstrates that targeting GOT1 may serve as an important therapeutic target in PDAC. METHODS To assay the binding affinity between Aspulvinone O (AO) and GOT1 proteins, the virtual docking, microscale thermophoresis (MST), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) methods were employed. GOT1 was silenced in several PDAC cell lines. The level of OCR and ECR were assayed by seahorse. To evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of AO, the xenograft model was built in CB17/scid mouse. RESULTS Screening of an in-house natural compound library identified the AO as a novel inhibitor of GOT1 and repressed glutamine metabolism, which sensitizes PDAC cells to oxidative stress and suppresses cell proliferation. Virtual docking analysis suggested that AO could bind to the active site of GOT1 and form obvious hydrophobic interaction with Trp141 together with hydrogen bonds with Thr110 and Ser256. Further in vitro validation, including MST, CETSA and DARTS, further demonstrated the specific combining capacity of AO. We also show that the selective inhibition of GOT1 by AO significantly reduces proliferation of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings identify AO as a potent bioactive inhibitor of GOT1 and a novel anti-tumour agent for PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shanshan Luan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qingyi Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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238
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SILAC-Based Quantification of TGFBR2-Regulated Protein Expression in Extracellular Vesicles of Microsatellite Unstable Colorectal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174162. [PMID: 31454892 PMCID: PMC6747473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite unstable (MSI) colorectal cancers (CRCs) are characterized by mutational inactivation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor Type 2 (TGFBR2). TGFBR2-deficient CRCs present altered target gene and protein expression. Such cellular alterations modulate the content of CRC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs function as couriers of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in intercellular communication. At a qualitative level, we have previously shown that TGFBR2 deficiency causes overall alterations in the EV protein content. To deepen the basic understanding of altered protein dynamics, this work aimed to determine TGFBR2-dependent EV protein signatures in a quantitative manner. Using a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) approach for mass spectrometry-based quantification, 48 TGFBR2-regulated proteins were identified in MSI CRC-derived EVs. Overall, TGFBR2 deficiency caused upregulation of several EV proteins related to the extracellular matrix and nucleosome as well as downregulation of proteasome-associated proteins. The present study emphasizes the general overlap of proteins between EVs and their parental CRC cells but also highlights the impact of TGFBR2 deficiency on EV protein composition. From a clinical perspective, TGFBR2-regulated quantitative differences of protein expression in EVs might nominate novel biomarkers for liquid biopsy-based MSI typing in the future.
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239
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Zhou W, Wahl DR. Metabolic Abnormalities in Glioblastoma and Metabolic Strategies to Overcome Treatment Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091231. [PMID: 31450721 PMCID: PMC6770393 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor and is nearly universally fatal. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have had limited success in GBM, leaving surgery, alkylating chemotherapy and ionizing radiation as the standards of care. Like most cancers, GBMs rewire metabolism to fuel survival, proliferation, and invasion. Emerging evidence suggests that this metabolic reprogramming also mediates resistance to the standard-of-care therapies used to treat GBM. In this review, we discuss the noteworthy metabolic features of GBM, the key pathways that reshape tumor metabolism, and how inhibiting abnormal metabolism may be able to overcome the inherent resistance of GBM to radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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240
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Möller J, Bhat K, Riecken K, Pörtner R, Zeng AP, Jandt U. Process-induced cell cycle oscillations in CHO cultures: Online monitoring and model-based investigation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2931-2943. [PMID: 31342512 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of process strategies on the dynamics of cell population heterogeneities in mammalian cell culture is still not well understood. We recently found that the progression of cells through the cell cycle causes metabolic regulations with variable productivities in antibody-producing Chimese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. On the other hand, it is so far unknown how bulk cultivation conditions, for example, variable nutrient concentrations depending on process strategies, can influence cell cycle-derived population dynamics. In this study, process-induced cell cycle synchronization was assessed in repeated-batch and fed-batch cultures. An automated flow cytometry set-up was developed to measure the cell cycle distribution online, using antibody-producing CHO DP-12 cells transduced with the cell cycle-specific fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system. On the basis of the population-resolved model, feeding-induced partial self-synchronization was predicted and the results were evaluated experimentally. In the repeated-batch culture, stable cell cycle oscillations were confirmed with an oscillating G1 phase distribution between 41% and 72%. Furthermore, oscillations of the cell cycle distribution were simulated and determined in a (bolus) fed-batch process with up to 25 × 1 0 6 cells/ml. The cell cycle synchronization arose with pulse feeding only and ceased with continuous feeding. Both simulated and observed oscillations occurred at higher frequencies than those observable based on regular (e.g., daily) sample analysis, thus demonstrating the need for high-frequency online cell cycle analysis. In summary, we showed how experimental methods combined with simulations enable the improved assessment of the effects of process strategies on the dynamics of cell cycle-dependent population heterogeneities. This provides a novel approach to understand cell cycle regulations, control cell population dynamics, avoid inadvertently induced oscillations of cell cycle distributions and thus to improve process stability and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Möller
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Krathika Bhat
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
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241
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Wu WC, Sun HW, Chen J, OuYang HY, Yu XJ, Chen HT, Shuang ZY, Shi M, Wang Z, Zheng L. Immunosuppressive Immature Myeloid Cell Generation Is Controlled by Glutamine Metabolism in Human Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1605-1618. [PMID: 31387898 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells are one of the prominent components of solid tumors, serving as major immune regulators for the tumor microenvironment (TME) and an obstacle for immune-checkpoint blocking (ICB) therapy. However, it remains unclear how metabolic processes regulate the generation of suppressive myeloid cells in the TME. Here, we found that hematopoietic precursor cells are enriched in the tissues of several types of human cancer and can differentiate into immature myeloid cells (IMC). Tumor-infiltrating IMCs are highly immunosuppressive, glycolytic, and proliferative, as indicated by high levels of M-CSFR, Glut1, and Ki67. To elucidate the role of metabolism in regulating the generation of IMCs, we induced suppressive IMCs from hematopoietic precursor cells with GM-CSF and G-CSF in vitro We found that the generation of suppressive IMCs was accompanied by increased glycolysis, but not affected by glucose deprivation due to alternative catabolism. Generation of IMCs relied on glutaminolysis, regardless of glucose availability. Glutamine metabolism not only supported the expansion of IMCs with glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate but also regulated the suppressive capacity through the glutamate-NMDA receptor axis. Moreover, inhibition of glutaminase GLS1 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 treatment, with reduced arginase 1+ myeloid cells, increased CD8+, IFNγ+ and granzyme B+ T cells, and delayed tumor growth in an ICB-resistant mouse model. Our work identified a novel regulatory mechanism of glutamine metabolism in controlling the generation of suppressive IMCs in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Han-Yue OuYang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Juan Yu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tian Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Yu Shuang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zilian Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China. .,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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242
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Gao X, Sanderson SM, Dai Z, Reid MA, Cooper DE, Lu M, Richie JP, Ciccarella A, Calcagnotto A, Mikhael PG, Mentch SJ, Liu J, Ables G, Kirsch DG, Hsu DS, Nichenametla SN, Locasale JW. Dietary methionine influences therapy in mouse cancer models and alters human metabolism. Nature 2019; 572:397-401. [PMID: 31367041 PMCID: PMC6951023 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition exerts considerable effects on health, and dietary interventions are commonly used to treat diseases of metabolic aetiology. Although cancer has a substantial metabolic component1, the principles that define whether nutrition may be used to influence outcomes of cancer are unclear2. Nevertheless, it is established that targeting metabolic pathways with pharmacological agents or radiation can sometimes lead to controlled therapeutic outcomes. By contrast, whether specific dietary interventions can influence the metabolic pathways that are targeted in standard cancer therapies is not known. Here we show that dietary restriction of the essential amino acid methionine-the reduction of which has anti-ageing and anti-obesogenic properties-influences cancer outcome, through controlled and reproducible changes to one-carbon metabolism. This pathway metabolizes methionine and is the target of a variety of cancer interventions that involve chemotherapy and radiation. Methionine restriction produced therapeutic responses in two patient-derived xenograft models of chemotherapy-resistant RAS-driven colorectal cancer, and in a mouse model of autochthonous soft-tissue sarcoma driven by a G12D mutation in KRAS and knockout of p53 (KrasG12D/+;Trp53-/-) that is resistant to radiation. Metabolomics revealed that the therapeutic mechanisms operate via tumour-cell-autonomous effects on flux through one-carbon metabolism that affects redox and nucleotide metabolism-and thus interact with the antimetabolite or radiation intervention. In a controlled and tolerated feeding study in humans, methionine restriction resulted in effects on systemic metabolism that were similar to those obtained in mice. These findings provide evidence that a targeted dietary manipulation can specifically affect tumour-cell metabolism to mediate broad aspects of cancer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sydney M Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ziwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Reid
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amy Ciccarella
- Penn State University Clinical Research Center, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ana Calcagnotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Peter G Mikhael
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha J Mentch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gene Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring, NY, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Hsu
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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243
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Macpherson JA, Theisen A, Masino L, Fets L, Driscoll PC, Encheva V, Snijders AP, Martin SR, Kleinjung J, Barran PE, Fraternali F, Anastasiou D. Functional cross-talk between allosteric effects of activating and inhibiting ligands underlies PKM2 regulation. eLife 2019; 8:e45068. [PMID: 31264961 PMCID: PMC6636998 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several enzymes can simultaneously interact with multiple intracellular metabolites, however, how the allosteric effects of distinct ligands are integrated to coordinately control enzymatic activity remains poorly understood. We addressed this question using, as a model system, the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). We show that the PKM2 activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) alone promotes tetramerisation and increases PKM2 activity, but addition of the inhibitor L-phenylalanine (Phe) prevents maximal activation of FBP-bound PKM2 tetramers. We developed a method, AlloHubMat, that uses eigenvalue decomposition of mutual information derived from molecular dynamics trajectories to identify residues that mediate FBP-induced allostery. Experimental mutagenesis of these residues identified PKM2 variants in which activation by FBP remains intact but cannot be attenuated by Phe. Our findings reveal residues involved in FBP-induced allostery that enable the integration of allosteric input from Phe and provide a paradigm for the coordinate regulation of enzymatic activity by simultaneous allosteric inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Macpherson
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alina Theisen
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Louise Fets
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C Driscoll
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vesela Encheva
- Proteomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Proteomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Martin
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Kleinjung
- Computational Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Perdita E Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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244
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Marzagalli M, Raimondi M, Fontana F, Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Limonta P. Cellular and molecular biology of cancer stem cells in melanoma: Possible therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:221-235. [PMID: 31265892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a tumor characterized by a very high level of heterogeneity, responsible for its malignant behavior and ability to escape from standard therapies. In this review we highlight the molecular and biological features of the subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), well known to be characterized by self-renewal properties, deeply involved in triggering the processes of tumor generation, metastasis, progression and drug resistance. From the molecular point of view, melanoma CSCs are identified and characterized by the expression of stemness markers, such as surface markers, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, embryonic stem cells and intracellular markers. These cells are endowed with different functional features. In particular, they play pivotal roles in the processes of tumor dissemination, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, mediated by specific intracellular signaling pathways; moreover, they are characterized by a unique metabolic reprogramming. As reported for other types of tumors, the CSCs subpopulation in melanoma is also characterized by a low immunogenic profile as well as by the ability to escape the immune system, through the expression of a negative modulation of T cell functions and the secretion of immunosuppressive factors. These biological features allow melanoma CSCs to escape standard treatments, thus being deeply involved in tumor relapse. Targeting the CSCs subpopulation is now considered an attractive treatment strategy; in particular, combination treatments, based on both CSCs-targeting and standard drugs, will likely increase the therapeutic options for melanoma patients. The characterization of CSCs in liquid biopsies from single patients will pave the way towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Roberta M Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
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245
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Miao L, Jiang Z, Wang J, Yang N, Qi Q, Zhou W, Feng Z, Li W, Zhang Q, Huang B, Chen A, Zhang D, Zhao P, Li X. Epithelial membrane protein 1 promotes glioblastoma progression through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:605-614. [PMID: 31233190 PMCID: PMC6609345 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant intracranial tumor. Although the affected patients are usually treated with surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the median survival time for GBM patients is still approximately 12–14 months. Identifying the key molecular mechanisms and targets of GBM development may therefore lead to the development of improved therapies for GBM patients. In the present study, the clinical significance and potential function of epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) in malignant gliomas were investigated. Increased EMP1 expression was associated with increasing tumor grade (P<0.001) and worse prognosis in patients (P<0.001) based on TCGA, Rembrandt and CGGA databases for human gliomas. In vitro, gene silencing of EMP1 in U87MG and P3 GBM (primary glioma) cells significantly inhibited tumor proliferation and invasion. In addition, it was revealed that activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is the driving force of EMP1-promoted glioma progression. Finally, it was demonstrated, using an intracranial GBM animal model, that EMP1 knockdown significantly inhibits tumor growth in vivo and increases overall survival in tumor-bearing animals. Our research provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying EMP1 knockdown-mediated inhibition of GBM cell invasion and raises the possibility that targeting of EMP1 may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zichao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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246
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Jiang J, Srivastava S, Zhang J. Starve Cancer Cells of Glutamine: Break the Spell or Make a Hungry Monster? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060804. [PMID: 31212591 PMCID: PMC6627209 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct from normal differentiated tissues, cancer cells reprogram nutrient uptake and utilization to accommodate their elevated demands for biosynthesis and energy production. A hallmark of these types of reprogramming is the increased utilization of, and dependency on glutamine, a nonessential amino acid, for cancer cell growth and survival. It is well-accepted that glutamine is a versatile biosynthetic substrate in cancer cells beyond its role as a proteinogenic amino acid. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that glutamine metabolism is regulated by many factors, including tumor origin, oncogene/tumor suppressor status, epigenetic alternations and tumor microenvironment. However, despite the emerging understanding of why cancer cells depend on glutamine for growth and survival, the contribution of glutamine metabolism to tumor progression under physiological conditions is still under investigation, partially because the level of glutamine in the tumor environment is often found low. Since targeting glutamine acquisition and utilization has been proposed to be a new therapeutic strategy in cancer, it is central to understand how tumor cells respond and adapt to glutamine starvation for optimized therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first summarize the diverse usage of glutamine to support cancer cell growth and survival, and then focus our discussion on the influence of other nutrients on cancer cell adaptation to glutamine starvation as well as its implication in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Sankalp Srivastava
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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247
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García-Cañaveras JC, Chen L, Rabinowitz JD. The Tumor Metabolic Microenvironment: Lessons from Lactate. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3155-3162. [PMID: 31171526 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular milieu of tumors is generally assumed to be immunosuppressive due in part to metabolic factors. Here, we review methods for probing the tumor metabolic microenvironment. In parallel, we consider the resulting available evidence, with a focus on lactate, which is the most strongly increased metabolite in bulk tumors. Limited microenvironment concentration measurements suggest depletion of glucose and modest accumulation of lactate (less than 2-fold). Isotope tracer measurements show rapid lactate exchange between the tumor and circulation. Such exchange is catalyzed by MCT transporters, which cotransport lactate and protons (H+). Rapid lactate exchange seems at odds with tumor lactate accumulation. We propose a potential resolution to this paradox. Because of the high pH of tumor cells relative to the microenvironment, H+-coupled transport by MCTs tends to drive lactate from the interstitium into tumor cells. Accordingly, lactate may accumulate preferentially in tumor cells, not the microenvironment. Thus, although they are likely subject to other immunosuppressive metabolic factors, tumor immune cells may not experience a high lactate environment. The lack of clarity regarding microenvironmental lactate highlights the general need for careful metabolite measurements in the tumor extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C García-Cañaveras
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Li Chen
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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248
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The Pleiotropic Effects of Glutamine Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060770. [PMID: 31167399 PMCID: PMC6627534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic programs are known to be altered in cancers arising from various tissues. Malignant transformation can alter signaling pathways related to metabolism and increase the demand for both energy and biomass for the proliferating cancerous cells. This scenario is further complexed by the crosstalk between transformed cells and the microenvironment. One of the most common metabolic alterations, which occurs in many tissues and in the context of multiple oncogenic drivers, is the increased demand for the amino acid glutamine. Many studies have attributed this increased demand for glutamine to the carbon backbone and its role in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle anaplerosis. However, an increasing number of studies are now emphasizing the importance of glutamine functioning as a proteogenic building block, a nitrogen donor and carrier, an exchanger for import of other amino acids, and a signaling molecule. Herein, we highlight the recent literature on glutamine’s versatile role in cancer, with a focus on nitrogen metabolism, and therapeutic implications of glutamine metabolism in cancer.
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249
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Abstract
Proliferation requires that cells accumulate sufficient biomass to grow and divide. Cancer cells within tumors must acquire a variety of nutrients, and tumor growth slows or stops if necessary metabolites are not obtained in sufficient quantities. Importantly, the metabolic demands of cancer cells can be different from those of untransformed cells, and nutrient accessibility in tumors is different than in many normal tissues. Thus, cancer cell survival and proliferation may be limited by different metabolic factors than those that are necessary to maintain noncancerous cells. Understanding the variables that dictate which nutrients are critical to sustain tumor growth may identify vulnerabilities that could be used to treat cancer. This review examines the various cell-autonomous, local, and systemic factors that determine which nutrients are limiting for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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250
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Ackermann T, Tardito S. Cell Culture Medium Formulation and Its Implications in Cancer Metabolism. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:329-332. [PMID: 31208694 PMCID: PMC6557711 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Historic cell culture media were designed to ensure continuous cancer cell proliferation in vitro. However, their composition does not recapitulate the nutritional environment of the tumor. Recent studies show that novel media formulations alleviate the nonphysiological constraints imposed by historic media, and lead to cell culture results that are more relevant to tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ackermann
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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